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Hybrid electric vehicle
A
hybrid electric vehicle
(HEV) is ahybrid vehiclewhich combines aconventional propulsionsystem with arechargeable energy storage system (RESS) to achieve better fuel economy than aconventional vehicle. It includes a propulsion system additional to theelectric motors, to be not hampered byrangefrom a charging unit like a batteryelectric vehicle(BEV).
ThePriusis one of Toyota's top sellers in theUnited States. There are over 1 millionworldwideTheEscape Hybridis launched in 2004, is aPetrol-electric hybrid vehicle poweredversion of the Ford Escape SUV.
Modernmass-producedHEVs prolongthe charge on their batteries by capturingkinetic energyviaregenerative braking, and some HEVs can use theinternalcombustion engine(ICE) to generateelectricity by spinning anelectricalgenerator (often amotor-generator ) to either recharge the battery or directlyfeed power to an electric motor thatdrives the vehicle. Many HEVsreduceidle emissions byshutting downthe ICE atidleand restarting it when needed(start-stop system). An HEV's engine issmaller than a non-hybrid petroleum fuelvehicleand may be run at variousspeeds, providing more efficiency.HEVs became widely available to the public in the late 1990s with theintroduction of theHonda InsightandToyota Prius. HEVs are viewed by someautomakersas a core segment of thefutureautomotive market.
 
 Futurist 
magazine recently included hybridelectric vehicles as cars of the near future.
 
History
In 1901, while employed at Lohner Coach Factory,Ferdinand Porschedesigned the "
Mixte
", a series-hybridvehicle based on his earlier "
System Lohner-Porsche
" electric carriage. TheMixte broke several Austrian speedrecords, and also won theExelberg Rally in 1901 with Porsche himself driving.The Mixte used agasoline engine  powering agenerator , which in turn powered electrichub motors, with asmall battery pack for reliability. It had arange of 50 km, a top speed of 50 km/hand a power of 5.22kWduring 20minutes.In 1905, H. Piper filed a US patentapplication for a hybrid vehicle.The 1915
 Dual Power 
, made by theWoods Motor Vehicleelectric car maker,had a four-cylinder ICE and an electricmotor. Below 15 mph (25 km/h) theSubmitted by: Rahul Raj1
 
Hybrid electric vehicle
electric motor alone drove the vehicle,drawing power from a battery pack, andabove this speed the "main" engine cutin to take the car up to its 35 mph(55 km/h) top speed. About 600 weremade up to 1918.In 1931 Erich Gaichen invented anddrove from Altenburg to Berlin a 1/2horse power electric car containingfeatures later incorporated into hybridcars. Its maximum speed was 25 miles per hour, but it was licensed by theMotor Transport Office, taxed by theGerman Revenue Department and patented by the German Reichs-PatentAmt. The car battery was re-charged bythe motor when the car went downhill.Additional power to charge the batterywas provided by a cylinder of compressed air which was re-charged bysmall air pumps activated by vibrationsof the chassis and the brakes and byigniting oxyhydrogen gas. An account of the car and his characterization as a"crank inventor" can be found in Arthur Koestler's autobiography, Arrow in theBlue, pages 269-271, which summarizea contemporaneous newspaper accountwritten by Koestler. No production beyond the prototype was reported.
Forefathers of current technology
A more recent working prototype of theHEV was built byVictor Wouk (one of the scientists involved with theHenneyKilowatt, the first transistor-basedelectric car). Wouk's work with HEVs inthe 1960s and 1970s earned him the titleas the "Godfather of the Hybrid". Wouk installed a prototype hybrid drivetrain(with a 16 kWelectric motor ) into a1972Buick Skylark provided by GM for the 1970 Federal Clean Car IncentiveProgram, but the program was stopped by theUnited States EnvironmentalProtection Agency(EPA) in 1976 whileEric Stork, the head of the EPA at thetime, was accused of a prejudicial coverup.The regenerative braking system, thecore design concept of most productionHEVs, was developed byelectricalengineer David Arthursaround 1978usingoff-the shelf components and anOpel GT.However thevoltage controller   to link the batteries, motor (a jet-enginestarter motor), and DCgenerator wasArthurs'. The vehicle exhibited 75 miles per US gallon (3.1 L/100 km; 90 mpg
-imp
)fuel efficiencyand plans for it (as wellas somewhat updated versions) are stillavailable through theMother Earth Newsweb site. The Mother Earth News'own 1980 version claimed nearly84 miles per US gallon (2.8 L/100 km;101 mpg
-imp
).In 1989,Audiproduced its firstiteration of the Audi Duo (or Audi 100 Avant duo)experimental vehicle, aplug-in parallelhybridbased on theAudi 100Avant quattro. This car had a 12.6bhpSiemens  electric motor which drove the rear wheels. Atrunk -mountednickel- cadmium batterysuppliedenergyto the motor that drove the rear wheels. Thevehicle's front wheels were powered bya 2.3-litre five-cylinder engine with anoutput of 136 bhp. The intent was to produce a vehicle which could operateon the engine in the country and electricmode in the city. Mode of operationcould be selected by the driver. Just tenvehicles are believed to have been made;onedrawback was that due to the extraweight of the electric drive, the vehicleswere less efficient when running on their Submitted by: Rahul Raj2
 
Hybrid electric vehicle
engines alone than standard Audi 100swith the same engine.Two years later, Audi, unveiled thesecond duo generation - likewise basedon the Audi 100 Avant quattro. Onceagain this featured an electric motor, a28.6 bhp three-phase machine, drivingthe rear wheels. This time, however, therear wheels were additionally poweredvia theTorsen differentialfrom the mainengine compartment, which housed a2.0-litre four-cylinder engine.TheBill Clintonadministration initiatedthePartnership for a New Generation of Vehicles(PNGV) program on29September 1993that involvedChrysler , Ford,General Motors,USCAR , the DoE, and other various governmentalagencies to engineer the next efficientand clean vehicle. The NRCcitedautomakers’ moves to produce HEVs asevidence that technologies developedunder PNGV were being rapidly adoptedon production lines, as called for under Goal 2. Based on information receivedfrom automakers, NRC reviewersquestioned whether the “Big Three”would be able to move from the concept phase to cost effective, pre-production prototypevehicles by 2004, as set out inGoal 3. The program was replaced bythe hydrogen-focusedFreedomCAR  initiative by theGeorge W. Bush administration in 2001, an initiative tofund research too risky for the privatesector to engage in, with the long-termgoal of developing effectively carbonemission- and petroleum-free vehicles.
Production HEVs
Hybrid Vehicle Sales Chart, byGreenCar Congress; Toyota: 85 %Automotive hybrid technology becamesuccessful in the 1990s when theHondaInsightandToyota Priusbecame available. These vehicles have a directlinkage from the ICE to the drivenwheels, so the engine can provideacceleration power.The Prius has been in high demand since2004. Newer designs have moreconventional appearance and are lessexpensive, often appearing and performing identically to their non-hybrid counterparts while delivering40% better fuel efficiency. TheHondaCivic Hybridappears identical to thenon-hybrid version, for instance, butdelivers about 50 miles per US gallon(4.7 L/100 km; 60 mpg
-imp
). Theredesigned 2004 Toyota Prius improved passenger room, cargo area, and power output, while increasing energyefficiency and reducing emissions. TheHonda Insight, while not matching thedemand of the Prius, stopped being produced after 2006 and has a devoted base of owners. In 2004, Honda alsoSubmitted by: Rahul Raj3
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