Tp 3: Qun s - Tm hiu v o chng n

L ra phn 3 ca chuyn mc [?] ny mnh s ly mt ch khc ngoi Qun s, nhng do thy phn ln anh ch em u ang rt ho hc vi ch trn nn hm nay mnh xin lm tip mt bi vi ni dung l o chng n (AC). AC l mt loi o gip m khi mc vo, n s gip cho ta khng b tn thng bi nhng vin n bn ra t cc khu sng. Ni cch khc, ta c th tr nn bt t (hoc gn nh bt t) trc nhng pht sng . Tuy nhin, v qut dy c mng tay nhn, o gip xn c u n to. AC ch c kh nng chu c mt s loi v kh nht nh, nu i phng dng sng ci hay i bc th tt nht bn nn chy tht nhanh l va. MC LC: 1. GII THIU 2. O GIP MM - O GIP CNG 3. O GIP CHT LNG (O CHNG N BNG CHT LNG) 4. KH NNG NGN CHN ST THNG - PHN CP O CHNG N 5. NN CHN LOI O CHNG N NO? 6. HNH NH 7. VIDEO

1. GII THIU:

T thi xa xa, cc chin binh c i bit dng nhiu loi vt liu khc nhau lm o gip cho mnh. Chng c th lm t da th (ngi c i) hoc cc tm st thp m binh lnh Trung c s dng. T th k th 15, con ngi ch to ra nhng loi o gip phc tp m khi mc chng, h s tr nn gn nh bt t trc dao kim, sng n. Sang th k 16, vi s pht trin ca i bc v cc loi sng hin i, th cuc dn b thay i do gi y sng ng c th bn ra nhng vin n bay vi tc cc k nhanh, c kh nng xuyn thng c nhng tm thp mng. Mc d ngi ta c th lm cho o gip st dy hn nhng b li, ngi mc s tr nn nng n, cng knh v chm chp. Sau , mi cho n thp nin 60 ca th k trc, cc k s mi c th to ra nhng chic AC ng tin cy nhng li c mng cao v mc vo thy thoi mi nh qun o thng thng. Loi AC ny l o gip mm, khng dng st thp m c dt t cc si vt liu siu chc. Nhn chung, c 2 loi AC: Soft Body Armor: o gip mm, c dt t cc si vt liu siu chc. Nng khong vi kg Hard Body Armor: o gip cng, n cc tm st thp hoc gm. C th nng hn 10 kg. Ngoi ra cn c mt loi AC tin tin khc va c pht trin thnh cng gn y, l AC bng cht lng (Liquid Body Armor) s dng 1 trong 2 loi cht lng c bit

tng cng cng cho si KEVLAR.

o gip cng hot ng tng t nh o gip st ca binh lnh Trung c thi xa, dng cng ca cc tm st thp lm lch vin n hoc dao kim. Khi vin n chm vo o gip v tc ng mt lc cc ln ln , o gip cng s tc ng tr li mt lc tng t ln vin n lm cho n b bin dng, v vy o s khng b thng. Tuy o gip cng c an ton cao hn so vi o gip mm dt t si, nhng ngi mc n phi chu mt sc nng ln hn rt nhiu. Cnh st v b i ch dng loi gip cng trong trng hp b tn cng dy c, cn trong cc nhim v thng ngy th h ch mc o gip mm m thi, va nh nhng li va m i nh o vi thng thng. O GIP BNG GM? C l bn s thc mc ti sao ngi ta li dng gm ch to AC. Gm m ta thng thy n rt gin v d v. Nhng tht ra, gm c rt nhiu loi khc nhau. Loi gm dng sn xut AC c gi l Oxt Nhm (Alumin) c cng thc ha hc l Al 2O3 vi cng cao. Sapphire cng c cu to t hp cht ny. Ngoi ra ngi ta cn dng c nha PolyEtylen lm vt liu ch to AC, n dy hn gm, khng chc nh gm nhng b li n nh hn.

2. O GIP MM - O GIP CNG:

O GIP MM: l o gip th ti sao li mm? Mm th lm sao chng c sng n? hiu nguyn tc lm vic ca o gip mm, bn ch cn nh bn trong o, cc si vt liu c dt thnh mt tm li siu chc.

Cho d hnh dung, bn hy tng tng n tm li ca khung thnh th mn trong bng . Li khung thnh c lm t cc si dy di, kt an xen ln nhau v buc cht vo khung. Khi bn st tung li, tri bng s tin v khung thnh mang theo mt ngun nng lng di dng ng nng. Khi bng chm li, n s tc dng lc ln mt im trn tm li v y li di ngc v pha sau khung thnh. Cc si dy ca li cng s b tc ng ko ra pha sau theo, lm tiu tn nng lng ca tri bng t mt im thnh ra lan ta khp li, gip n dng li.

Carbon Nanotube Chnh kt cu an xen ca tm li mi c th lm tiu tn nng lng ca tri bng. Khi tri bng chm vo mt si dy ca li v y n v pha sau, do c kt an xen nn si dy cng ko theo cc si dy ngang, dc khc ra sau, c th si ny ko theo si khc lm cho c tm li b ko v pha sau khung thnh v nh m n hp thu c ht ton b nng lng chuyn ng ca tri bng. o gip mm cng vy, bn trong o cng c mt tm li siu chc ging nh tm li khung thnh. Ch c iu n c an dy c hn v dng loi vt liu cng cp hn c th chng chi c vi vin n, vn bay nhanh hn rt nhiu so vi tri bng. Vt liu lm AC thng dng nht l si KEVLAR ca hng DuPont. KEVLAR l mt loi si nh nh si vi truyn thng nhng n khe hn gp 5 ln mt mnh thp c cng khi lng. V khi c an thnh mt tm di dy c th n s c kh nng hp thu mt lng ln nng lng t u n bay ti. Khng nhng dng chn ng u n, AC cn phi bo v ngi mc khi nhng tn thng do u n gy ra, tuy n khng chm vo da tht ngi mc nhng do tc bay qu nhanh v mnh nn u n vn c th khin ta b tn thng nghim trng. Nhng nu c mc AC th chuyn ny s khng xy ra. VT LIU LM O CHNG N: Thng dng nht l si KEVLAR nhng bn cnh cn c nhiu loi vt liu khc ang c pht trin, v d nh siVectran, khe gp i KEVLAR v cng hn st thp t 5-10 ln. Ngoi ra ngi ta cn dng c si t nhn lm ra vt liu c tn l Biosteel. Mt si Biosteel c th khe gp 20 ln so vi mt si thp. Ngay c lng g cng c tn dng lm vt liu cho AC. Cc nh nghin cu ca trng i hc Nebraska -Lincoln (M) xe cc cng lng g li thnh mt loi vi rt cng m li nh, c kh nng chng c n do bn trong lng g c cu trc hnh t ong. Ngoi ra cn c mt loi vt liu khc cng kh tim nng l Carbon Nanotube, c cho l khe hn c t nhn ni trn. Tuy nhin loi vt liu ny vn cn him v vi lm t

n cn him hn. Gi ca n cng kh "cht": 500$ cho mi gram. O GIP CNG:

o gip cng ngoi cc lp si nh o gip mm th pha trc n cn c mt tm vt liu cng lm bng kim loi hoc gm. u n trc khi chm vo tm li si th n phi chm vo tm gm/thp ny trc. Chnh tm gm ny s lm gim i mt phn tc ca u n, dng cng ca mnh ph v hnh dng kh ng hc ca n, lm cho u n b bin dng v gim sc st thng. Hnh minh ha bn di cho thy khi u n chm vo lp gm, n s b ph hy trc khi chm vo lp si.

3. O GIP CHT LNG (O CHNG N BNG CHT LNG):

o gip cht lng l mt trong nhng bc pht trin mi nht trong ngnh ch to AC. Bn cnh vic tn dng cc loi vt liu c cng cao th ngi ta cn dng ti mt s cht lng c bit tng thm kh nng bo v ca o. y, khng phi ngi ta bm nc vo trong AC m l nhng si KEVLAR qua 1 trong 2 cht lng c bit tng cng cng cho n. Thng thng, mt chic AC s c t 20 -40 lp si KEVLAR, lm

cho o tr nn kh nng n (khong 4,5 kg). Tuy nhin nu s dng cng ngh cht lng ny th ch cn 4 lp si KEVLAR thi cng sc mnh tng ng vi 14 lp KEVLAR khi cha dng cht lng, do gip lm gim sc nng ca o i kh nhiu. y c 2 loi cht lng, tng ng vi 2 loi AC mi, l: 1. Shear-Thickening Fluid (STF): Cht lng c kh nng ng cng t ngt mi khi c va chm mnh t bn ngoi. 2. Magnetorheological Fluid (MR): Cht lng c kh nng to thnh lp tng bo v bng st mi khi c t trng xut hin. SHEAR-THICKENING FLUID (STF): STF lc bnh thng s tn ti di dng cht lng, nhng khi c mt vt th no chm vo n vi tc nhanh v mnh (v d nh u n, mi dao) th ngay lp tc, n s ng cng li. Tc ng cng ca STF din ra kh nhanh, ch trong vng vi mili -giy (1 giy = 1.000 mili-giy) v sau khi khng cn lc tc dng ln na th n s tr v trng thi lng ban u. minh ha, bn c th trn bt bp vi nc ging nh trong video di y. Khi t t nhng tay vo hn hp ny th bn s cm thy n mm v "lng". Cn khi bn p mnh vo n th n s cng nh b tng. Qu trnh ny c th c gii thch nh sau: Cht lng STF tht ra l mt cht keo, cha cc ht cc k nh l lng bn trong n. Bnh thng, cc ht ny y ln nhau vi mt lc kh yu khng b dnh vo nhau cng nh khng b y xung di y. Nhng khi c lc tc ng mnh t bn ngoi, lc ny s p o lc y ca mi ht khin cho chng phi b dnh vo nhau, to thnh nhiu khi ng c gi l HydroCluster. Khi khng cn lc tc ng na th cc ht li tip tc y ln nhau v khi HydroCluster s b tan r.

Hnh trn khi cha c lc tc ng, cc ht y hn n ln nhau. Hnh di l khi c lc tc ng vo, cc ht bm dnh ly nhau to thnh bc mn bo v. Cht lng dng trong AC chnh l Glycol PolyEtylen, cn cc ht bn trong chng l ht Silic Oxt (Silica). Silic Oxt c rt nhiu trong ct, thch anh. Cn Glycol PolyEtylen l mt loi polyme c dng nhiu trong thuc nhun trng v du bi trn. Do cc ht Silic Oxt ny rt nh, ng knh ch c vi Nanomt (1 mm = 1.000.000 nm) nn mt s ti liu cn gi y l sn phm ca cng ngh Nano. Cch ch to AC cht lng dng STF: u tin, ngi ta s pha long STF trong Etanol, sau nhng si KEVLAR qua STF b pha long ny ri t n vo l sy lm bc hi cht Etanol. Kt qu l ta c c si KEVLAR c tng cng STF do cc ht Silic Oxt thm vo cc si vi, to thnh mt lp mng bo v cho n. Khi c lc tc ng t bn ngoi (nh u n, dao kim) th lp mng ny s t ngt ng cng li lm tiu hao sc mnh ca vt th . Sau khi chn xong, lp o ny s mm tr li nh bnh thng. Qua kim tra trong phng th nghim cho thy, si KEVLAR c tng cng STF cng mm do v linh hot nh si KEVLAR thng thng, ch khc ch n cng hn rt nhiu. Do

ngi ta khng cn lm qu nhiu lp KEVLAR trong AC na. V sau khi c nhng qua STF th ch cn 4 lp KEVLAR ny thi cng sc mnh tng ng vi 14 lp KEVLAR thng thng. Thm mt li im na l lp KEVLAR c STF khng b vin n lm lm i nhiu nh lp KEVLAR thng, nn ngi mc s t cm thy au khi b trng n hn.

Mt chic o chng n KEVLAR c STF sau khi b trng n MAGNETORHEOLOGICAL (MR): Cht th 2 dng trong AC cht lng l Magnetorheological. Khc vi STF l cht keo th MR li l mt loi du, bn trong cha cc ht st v cc ht ny cng tri l lng trong cht lng MR. Cc ht st ny chim t 20-40% th tch ca cht lng bao quanh chng v c ng knh t 3-10 micromt (1 mm = 1.000 micromt). Tuy nh nh vy nhng sc mnh m n mang li l rt ln. V l st nn khi c t trng xut hin, cc ht st s xp thnh hng, lm cho cht lng MR bin thnh cht rn v to thnh mt lp mng bo v bng st v cng cng v chc khe. Trong video minh ha di y, ngi ta du thc vt vo cc ht st to thnh mt cht lng cha st. Khi mang cc nam chm gn hn hp ny th cht lng lp tc bin thnh cht rn.

Hin tng ny cng d hiu, khi c t trng (nam chm) th cc ht st s xp thnh hng ngay ngn, lm cho cht lng cha chng cng tr nn ng c theo. Qu trnh ng c ny din ra trong khong 20 phn ngn giy (20 mili-giy), chm hn nhiu so vi STF. Ty vo cu to, kch thc ca cht lng, hnh dng v mnh ca t trng m hiu qu ca s ng c c th khc nhau. V d nu ta dng cc ht st hnh cu th khi c t trng, cc ht ny c th trt ln nhau, to thnh mt bc mng bo v khng c vng chc cho lm. V vy m ngi ta ang nghin cu tm hiu xem hnh th no ca ht st l ph hp nht ch to AC.

Khi c t trng, cc ht st lp tc xp ngay ngn thnh hng Nh vy, si KEVLAR c nhng qua cht lng MR, khi gp t trng s c thm mt lp o gip st to ra bi cc ht st, lm tng kh nng bo v ca AC. Tuy nhin, vn l mc o vo ri th ly t trng u ra? Vin n bn ti khng to ra c t trng cho cc ht st. V vy cc nh nghin cu d nh s gn cc bng mch in t vo AC khi cn, ngi mc ch cn bt cng tc c dng in chy qua o, to ra t trng v th l AC s cng ln. Hnh thc bo v ny c l khng an ton cho lm bi n i hi s ch ng ca ngi mc, nu ra chin trn m bn qun bt cng tc, o ht pin th coi nh tiu. Tin mi ngy 16/06/2011: AC bng cht lng c sn xut thnh cng. Thng trc, Phng ph nghim thuc B quc phng M phi hp vi CIA v FBI bt u cho sn xut hng lot AC loi ny. Tp on v kh quc phng BAE Systems s chu trch nhim sn xut AC bng cht lng.

Trn y l 2 loi cht lng c dng trong ch to o gip. Ngoi lm AC ra th n cn c mt s cng dng khc, v d nh lm chn chng bom n, ch to giy cho cc vn ng vin nhy d hoc lm ng phc cho cc lnh canh trong tri giam, v h thng xuyn phi i mt vi cc loi v kh t ch trong nh t nh li dao v cc vt nhn khc. Tm tt u nhc im ca 2 loi cht lng:

4. KH NNG NGN CHN ST THNG - PHN CP O CHNG N:

phn trn, chng ta hnh dung AC hot ng ging nh cch m tm li khung thnh chn c qu bng. Khi st bng tung li, tm li s b y ra pha sau mt khong kh xa ri t t mi chn n li c, nhng i vi AC th khng lm nh vy. Bi v nu u n bay qu su vo trong da tht ca ngi mc th n c th gy ra nhng tn thng trm trng cho h. Cho nn, thay v u n "m" mt lc nhn vo 1 im trn c th ngi mc th AC s phn tn lc ta u ra xung quanh, nh m sc tn ph ca u n cng b phn tn v yu i rt nhiu. lm c iu ny, cc si vt liu ca o cn phi c an tht cht vo nhau v mi si trc khi an cn c xon li tng cng chc. Bn cnh , ngi ta cn ph ln chng mt loi nha (Resin) v cho kp gia 2 lp nha khc na. Nh , ngi mc AC vn s cm nhn c lc ca u vin n chm vo ngi, nhng sc p ca u n s lan ta ra khp phn thn trn vi mt lc yu i rt nhiu, nn h s khng b chn thng nng.

AC cn phi c lm t nhiu lp tng kh nng chn ng u n. Nu ch c mt lp vt liu duy nht th kh nng u n m su vo c th l rt cao. V th khi c nhiu lp bo v, mi lp chn mt t, u n chm vo lp u tin, b ngn i mt t, chm vo lp th hai, li b ngn i na, c th dn dn u n s b hp thu ht ton b nng lng v dng li hon ton ngi mc khng b tn thng. Thng thng mt chic AC s c t 20-40 lp KEVLAR. Ngoi ra, AC cn khin cho u n phi b bin dng sau khi n bn vo o. u vin n thng c hnh dng thon v nhn tng lc m xuyn, nhng khi c AC, lc tc dng ngc li ca o s lm cho u n b bp mo v xe ra xung quanh, phn no lm gim i tc v kh nng m xuyn ca chng. N ging nh khi bn nm mt cc t st vo tng th t st s b bp d i vy.

Khi u n chm vo AC, o s lm phn tn lc tc ng ca u n ra xung quanh gim st thng, ng thi lm bin dng u n.

V nh mnh ni u bi, v qut dy c mng tay nhn, o gip xn c u n to. AC ch c th gip bn "bt t" mt s gii hn nht nh, qu gii hn ny th AC khng cn tc dng na. V khoa hc qun s khng ngng pht trin, ngy cng c nhiu loi sng c cng ph ln, tc bn nhanh v mnh nn ngi ta lun phi nghin cu ch to ra nhng loi AC mi c sc bo v cao hn. Ri sau li c sng mnh hn khc ch n, mi vic c th m tip din.

Mt trc (hnh tri) v sau ca mt tm thp dng trong AC b bn vi pht sng trng. Tt c cc u n u b bp mo. Tuy lm cho tm thp b lm xung nhng khng c pht sng no khin cho ngi mc b thng c. PHN CP O CHNG N: Hin nay, xt v cp bo v, AC c phn thnh 6 mc l: Loi I, IIA, II, IIIA, III v loi IV, vi kh nng chng n tng dn t I n IV, loi I yu nht v loi IV l mnh nht. Bng phn hng ny c s dng M v do Vin T php Quc gia, thuc B T php Hoa K cp giy chng nhn. Ty vo loi vt liu v cu trc thit k m AC s c phn thnh 1 trong 6 loi trn. Mi loi ch c th chng chi c mt s loi v kh nht nh. V d AC loi I ch c th chng c cc u n c tc bay tm 330 m/s. Nu mc o loi ny m bn a ngc ra cho AK -47 n (710 m/s) th ng hi ti sao bn cht. Cc loi AC hng cao khc thm ch cn chng c c sng my v Shotgun. Trong s 6 loi trn, t loi I cho n IIIA l AC mm, c th mc du bn trong lp o s mi hay qun o thng thng. Cn loi III v IV l AC cng.

Qu trnh u n b bin dng khi tc ng vo o chng n Cng c nhiu lp bo v th AC cng c an ton cao. Mt s loi AC thm ch cn cho php bn gn thm mt hoc nhiu lp bo v na tng thm tnh an ton. Trong , c mt cch lm kh ph bin l gn thm lp bo v ti o trn. Khi cn, bn c th cho thm mt ming kim loi hoc gm vo trong ti o ny tng dy ca vng nhy cm, khi khng cn na th c th rt n ra d dng. kim tra mc hiu qu ca AC, khng c bin php no hu hiu hn l cm sng ri bn trc tip vo n. Cc nh nghin cu dng mi loi n, bn t mi gc khc nhau t nhiu khong cch o kh nng bo v ca tng loi o . Mt chic AC c gi l lm vic hiu qu khi n c th chng c u n t mt loi v kh nht nh, mt khong cch nht nh m khng gy ra tn thng nghim trng cho ngi mc. th nghim, ngi ta t mt khi t st ng sau lp AC gi lp da tht ca con ngi. Nu sau khi bn m khi t st ny b bin dng nhiu hn mt mc no th coi nh AC ny khng hiu qu i vi loi sng . Bng phn hng o chng n:

 5. NN CHN LOI O CHNG N NO?

Khi mc AC ri th ai cng mun o ca mnh chng n tt nht. Nhng ty vo tng tnh hung s dng m bn nn chn cho mnh mt chic o c mc bo v ph hp. Nu bn l mt cnh st i tun tra trn ph th khng c l do g phi mc mt b o gip cng nng trch nh chin binh thi Trung c. o gip cng tuy c an ton cao nhng n cng gy ra nhiu phin phc: Ngi mc s khng cm thy thoi mi v gim i tnh do dai ca mnh, lm cn tr cng vic ca mt cnh st nh tun tra, ui bt cp... Khi mc mt chic AC cng knh, k tn cng c th nhn ra rng bn ang mc AC nn chng s ch nhm vo nhng ch khng c AC bo v, v d nh u. Khng ai mun ngi khc cha sng nhm thng vo u ca mnh c v xc sut "xuyn to" s tng cao.

AC cng nng th s kh chu cng tng theo, khin cho ngi mc khng cn mun eo chng na. V vy m cc s cnh st lun rt cn thn trong vic chn la AC cho nhn vin ca mnh, khuyn khch h mc trong lc lm vic. VN ta cng t sn xut thnh cng o gip chng n vo nm 2003. y l sn phm ca Trung tm Cng ngh vt liu, Vin nghin cu ng dng cng ngh (B Khoa hc Cng ngh). o gip c th chng cc loi n b binh thng dng nh CKC, K54, AK... c ch to ch yu t cc si Kevlar 129, Spectra 1000, Boron... AC ca Vit Nam c trng lng va phi (2,2-5 kg) ph hp vi th trng ngi VN, gi thnh thp hn sn phm nhp m vn c tnh nng bo v tng ng. V d nh loi AC ca binh lnh M s dng trong chin tranh Iraq tr gi 1.000-1.500 USD/chic th AC ca VN qua kim nghim cng c cht lng tng ng nhng gi thnh ch bng 2/3.

nh: Google

6. HNH NH:
Mt bui th nghim o chng n din ra vo ngy 13/09/1923 ti Washington, M. Trong nh l cnh ngi Ph cnh st trng Charles W. Smith ca ht Frederick (Maryland) cm khu sng lc c nng .38 bn vo ngc ng W.H. Murphy ca cng ty Protective Garment (New York) ti mt n cnh st. ng Murphy c mc o chng n v ngi bn ng cch ng cha y 3 mt. Vin n sau c tng li cho ngi Ph cnh st trng lm vt k nim (gunpundit.com).

Cc b phn ca mt o chng n

Mt chic o chng n na

o gip ca B binh-Thit gip c trong Chin thanh th gii ln th 1, nm 1918

--------------- .:: HT ::. ---------------