Advanced Placement English

Voltaire: Candide

Notes
Book 1 Westphalia (wst-flye, -fl-e) A historical region and former duchy of westcentral Germany east of the Rhine River. The duchy was created in the 12th century and was administered for many centuries by ecclesiastical princes, especially the archbishop of Cologne. The Peace of Westphalia (1648) marked the end of the Thirty Years' War. Napoleon seized the area in 1807 and designated a portion of it as the kingdom of Westphalia, to be ruled by his brother Jrme. The region became part of Prussia after 1815. - Westphalian adjective & noun almoner (lme-ner, me-) noun 1. One who distributes alms. 2. Chiefly British. A hospital social worker. [Middle English aumoner, from Old French aumonier, from amosne, alms, from Late Latin elemosyna, alms. See alms.] preceptor (pr-spter, prspter) noun 1. A teacher; an instructor. 2. An expert or a specialist, such as a physician, who gives practical experience and training to a student, especially of medicine or nursing. 3. The head of a preceptory. [Middle English, from Latin prceptor, from prcipere, to teach. See precept.] - preceptorial (prsp-tr-el, -tor-) adjective - preceptorially adverb [Leibnitz or Leibniz (lbnts, lp-), Baron Gottfried Wilhelm von, 1646-1716 German philosopher and mathematician. He invented differential and integral calculus independently of Newton and proposed the metaphysical theory that we live in "the best of all possible worlds."] Book 2 Bulgaria (bl-gr-e, bl-) A country of southeast Europe on the Black Sea. Settled in the 6th century A.D. by Slavic tribes, it was ruled by Turkey from the late 14th to the early 20th century. Sofia is the capital and the largest city. Population, 8,960,679. free will noun 1. The ability or discretion to choose; free choice: chose to remain behind of my own free will. 2. The power, attributed especially to human beings, of making free choices that are unconstrained by external circumstances or by an agency such as fate or divine will. [Middle English fre wil, translation of Late Latin liberum arbitrium : Latin liberum, free + Latin arbitrium, will.] Abares < Alaric (ler-k), A.D. 370?-410, King of the Visigoths (395-410) who plundered Greece in 395 and attacked Italy, conquering Rome in 410. Te Deum (t dem, -m, t dem) noun A hymn of praise to God sung as part of a liturgy. [From Late Latin T Deum (laudmus), You, God, (we praise), the opening words of the hymn : Latin t, you + Latin deum, accusative of deus, god.] Book 3 Antichrist (nt-krst), in Christian belief, a person who will lead the forces of evil on earth against the forces of Jesus Christ. He will be destroyed by Jesus at the Second Coming (1 John 2.18-22; 4.3; 2 John 7; and Rev. 13). Book 4 Anabaptist (ne-bptst) noun A member of a radical movement of the 16thcentury Reformation which believed in the primacy of the Bible, in baptism as an external witness of the believer's personal covenant of inner faith, and in separation of church from state and of believers from nonbelievers.- Anabaptism noun

[From Late Greek anabaptizein, to baptize again : Greek ana-, ana- + Greek baptizein, to baptize (from baptein, to dip).] Jesuit (jzh-t, jz-, -y-) noun 1. Roman Catholic Church. A member of the Society of Jesus, an order founded by Saint Ignatius of Loyola in 1534. 2. Often jesuit. One given to subtle casuistry. [French Jsuite, from Jsus, Jesus, from Late Latin Isus. See Jesus.] - Jesuitical adjective, - Jesuitically adverb Society of Jesus, , religious order of the Roman Catholic Church founded (1534-39) by St. Ignatius of Loyola. Its members, called Jesuits, have a highly disciplined structure and are especially devoted to the pope. They were a major force in the Counter Reformation and were leaders in European education. Their missionary work in China, Paraguay, and Canada was remarkable. In 1773, under pressure from the Bourbon monarchies, Pope Clement XIV suppressed the order, but it was restored in 1814. Jesuits have a tradition of learning and science, e.g., St. Robert Bellarmine and Teilhard De Chardin. pox (pks) noun 1. A disease such as chickenpox or smallpox, characterized by purulent skin eruptions that may leave pockmarks. 2. Syphilis. 3. Archaic. Misfortune and calamity. [Alteration of pocks, from Middle English, pl. of pocke, pokke. Lisbon (lzben) The capital and largest city of Portugal, in the western part of the country on the Tagus River estuary. An ancient Iberian settlement, it was held by the Phoenicians and Carthaginians, taken by the Romans in 205 B.C., and conquered by the Moors c. A.D. 714. Reconquered by the Portuguese in 1147, it flourished in the 16th century during the heyday of colonial expansion in Africa and India. The city was devastated by a major earthquake on 1 November 1755. Population, 807,167.

Book 5 a priori ( pr-r, -or, pr-r, -or) adjective. 1. Proceeding from a known or assumed cause to a necessarily related effect; deductive. 2. Based on a hypothesis or theory rather than on experiment or experience. 3. Made before or without examination; not supported by factual study. [Medieval Latin prior : , from + prior, former.] - a priori adverb, - a priority (-r-t, -r-) noun Batavia: (be-tv-e) Jakarta or Djakarta (je-kr te) The capital and largest city of Indonesia, on the northeast coast of Java. Founded c. 1619 by the Dutch, it became an important center of the Dutch East India Company and was renamed Jakarta after Indonesia became independent in 1949. Population, 6,503,449. familiar (fe-mlyer) adjective, noun 1. a close friend or associate. 2. an attendant spirit, often taking animal form. 3. one who performs domestic service in the household of a high official. 4. A person who frequents a place. - famil iarly adverb [Middle English, from Old French familier, from Latin familiris, domestic, from familia, family.] inquisition (nkw-zshen, ng-) noun 1. The act of inquiring into a matter; an investigation. See Synonyms at inquiry. 2. Law. a. An inquest. b. The verdict of a judicial inquiry. 3. a. Inquisition. A tribunal formerly held in the Roman Catholic Church and directed at the suppression of heresy. b. An investigation that violates the privacy or rights of individuals. c. A rigorous, harsh interrogation.- inquisitional adjective [Middle English inquisicioun, from Old French inquisicion, from Latin inqustio, inqustion-, from inqustus, past participle of inqurere, to inquire.] original sin noun According to Christian theology, the condition of sin that marks all human beings as a result of Adam's first act of disobedience.

fall (fl) verb, noun 12. a. A moral lapse. b. A loss of chastity. 13. Often Fall. Theology. The loss of innocence and grace resulting from Adam's eating the forbidden fruit in the Garden of Eden. Oporto (o-prto, o-por-) also Porto or Prto (prt) A city of northwest Portugal near the mouth of the Douro River north of Lisbon. Probably of preRoman origin, it was captured by the Moors in 716. Its wine trade was established in 1678. Population, 327,368. Book 6 auto-da-f (to-de-f, outo-) noun, plural autos-da-f (toz-, outoz-) 1. Public announcement of the sentences imposed on persons tried by the Inquisition and the public execution of those sentences by the secular authorities. 2. The burning of a heretic at the stake. [Portuguese auto da f : auto, act + da, of the + f, faith.] Coimbra (ko-mbre, kwm-, kwN-) A city of central Portugal north-northeast of Lisbon. It is noted for its university, founded in Lisbon in the 1290's and transferred to Coimbra in 1540. Population, 74,616. Biscayner < Biscay (bsk), Bay of An arm of the Atlantic Ocean indenting the western coast of Europe from Brittany in northwest France southward to northwest Spain. Book 7 Anthony of Padua (pj-e, pdy-e), Saint, 1195-1231 Portuguese-born Franciscan monk who, according to legend, once preached to an attentive school of fish. James of Compostela, Saint Book 8 miserere (mze-rr, -rr) noun 1. Miserere a. The 51st Psalm. b. A musical setting of this psalm. 2. a. A prayer for mercy. b. An expression of lamentation or complaint. 3. See misericord.

[Latin, have mercy, the first word of the psalm, imperative sing. of miserr, to feel pity, from miser, wretched.] Book 9 Captivity in Babylon, in the history of Israel, the period from the fall of Jerusalem (586 B.C.) to the reconstruction in Palestine of a new Jewish state (after 538 B.C.). Following the capture of the city by the Babylonians, thousands of Jews were deported to Mesopotamia. In 538 B.C. the Persian King Cyrus the Great decreed the restoration of worship at Jerusalem. The century following this decree was the time of Jewish reintegration into a national and religious unit. Galilean also Galilaean (gle-len) noun 1. A native or inhabitant of Galilee. 2. A Christian. 3. Jesus. adjective: Of or relating to Galilee or its people. excommunication (kske-myn-kshen) noun 1. The act of depriving of the right of church membership by ecclesiastical authority. 2. The state of being excommunicated. 3. A formal ecclesiastical censure that deprives a person of the right to belong to a church. [Middle English excommunicaten, from Late Latin excommnicre, excommnict- : Latin ex-, ex- + Latin commnicre, to share (from Latin commnis, common). See common.] - excommunicative (-ktv, -ke-) or excommu nicatory (-ke-tr, -tor) adjective - excommunicator noun Andalusian (-zhen, -shen) adjective & noun < Andalusia (nde-lzhe, -zh-e, -sh-e), A region of southern Spain on the Mediterranean Sea, the Strait of Gibraltar, and the Atlantic Ocean. The area contains magnificent Moorish architecture, including the historic towns of Seville, Granada, and Crdoba. Cdiz (ke-dz, kdz, k-, kthth, -ths) A city of southwest Spain northwest of Gibraltar on the Gulf of Cdiz, an inlet of the Atlantic Ocean. Cdiz was founded c. 1100 B.C. by Phoenicians and passed to the Carthaginians (c. 500 B.C.), Romans (third century A.D.), Moors (711), and the kingdom of Castile (1262). Its port was a base for Spanish treasure ships after the conquest of the Americas. Population, 160,839.
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Book 11 Venus of Medici (Greek, 3d cent. B.C.), one of the most famous of the sculptures now in the Uffizi Gallery in Florence. Massa Carara Massa (mse) is a city of north-central Italy near the Ligurian Sea north of Leghorn. It was the capital of an independent principality and duchy from the 15th to the 19th century. Population, 65,726. opera buffe (It. opera buffa [per-e bfe, pre, p-r bf f] noun, Music. A comic opera of the 18th century. [Italian : opera, opera + buffa, feminine of buffo , comic.] Gaeta (g-te, -t) A city of west-central Italy northwest of Naples on the Gulf of Gaeta, an inlet of the Tyrrhenian Sea. Gaeta was a favorite resort of the ancient Romans and a prosperous duchy from the 9th to the 12th century, when it was conquered by the Normans. Population, 22,605. St. Peters in Rome principal church of Roman Catholicism and one of the largest churches in world, built mainly between 1506 and 1626 on the site of earlier churches. Urban VIII dedicated the church in 1626. Bernini completed (1629-62) the great design, creating a forecourt with an elliptical piazza bounded by quadruple colonnades. The Dome of St. Peter's stands 404 ft (123 m) from the pavement and has an interior diameter of 137 ft (42 m). in articulo mortis, Latin, at the moment of death Knights of Malta Knights Hospitalers, members of the military religious order of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem, called also the Knights of St. John, of Jerusalem, of Rhodes, or of Malta. The order grew out of an 11th-cent. pilgrims' hospital in the Holy Land. As a military order it grew rich and powerful. After the Saracen conquest (1291) of Akko, the Knights took Rhodes (1310), which they defended (1480) against the Ottoman sultan Muhammad II but yielded (1522) to Sulayman I. Emperor Charles V gave them Malta (1530),
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which they defended against the Turks. After the Turkish defeat (1571) at Lepanto, the Hospitalers engaged peacefully in hospital work until Napoleon seized Malta (1798). The order as constituted in the 19th cent. bears little relation to the old order. Morocco (me-rko) A country of northwest Africa on the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. Inhabited from ancient times by Berbers, the region became a Roman province in the 1st century B.C. and was overrun by Arabs in the 7th century A.D. European powers first penetrated the area in the 15th century and increasingly disputed control of Morocco until 1912, when the French gained a protectorate over most of the territory. Morocco achieved independence in 1956. Rabat is the capital and Casablanca the largest city. Population, 20,419,555. - Moroccan adjective & noun Mount Atlas, in the Atlas Mountains A system of ranges and plateaus of northwest Africa extending from southwest Morocco to northern Tunisia between the Sahara Desert and the Mediterranean Sea and rising to 4,167.8 m (13,665 ft). Moor (mr) noun 1. A member of a Moslem people of mixed Berber and Arab descent, now living chiefly in northwest Africa. 2. One of the Moslems who invaded Spain in the 8th century and established a civilization in Andalusia that lasted until the late 15th century. 3. A student at or athlete from Alhambra [California] High School. [Middle English More, from Old French, from Medieval Latin Morus, from Latin Maurus, Mauritanian, from Greek Mauros.] Mahomet: Mohammed (mo-hmd, -hmd, m -) also Muhammad (m-), 570?-632 Arab prophet of Islam. At the age of 40 he began to preach as God's prophet of the true religion. Mohammed established a theocratic state at Medina after 622 and began to convert Arabia to Islam.

Book 12 Naples (npelz) Also Napoli (np-l). A city of south-central Italy on the Bay of Naples, an arm of the Tyrrhenian Sea. Founded by Greeks c. 600 B.C., Naples was conquered by the Romans in the fourth century B.C. and eventually became an independent duchy (eighth century A.D.) and capital of the kingdom of Naples (1282-1860). It is a major seaport and a commercial, cultural, and tourist center. Population, 1,210,503. Ceuta (syte, th-t, s-) A Spanish city of northwest Africa, an enclave in Morocco on the Strait of Gibraltar. A flourishing trade city under the Arabs, it was taken by the Portuguese in 1415 and passed to Spain in 1580. Population, 68,882. Algiers (l-jrz) The capital and largest city of Algeria, in the north on the Bay of Algiers, an arm of the Mediterranean Sea. An ancient North African port, Population, 1,523,000. dey (d) noun 1. Used formerly as the title of the governor of Algiers before the French conquest in 1830. 2. Used formerly as the title for rulers of the states of Tunis and Tripoli. [French, from Turkish day, maternal uncle.] aga also agha (ge, ge) noun Used as a title for a civil or military leader, especially in Turkey. [Turkish aGa, from Old Turkic aqa, older brother.] Iman, var. of imam also Imam (-mm) noun. Islam. 1. a. In law and theology, the caliph who is successor to Mohammed as the lawful supreme leader of the Islamic community. b. The male prayer leader in a mosque. c. The Moslem worshiper who leads the recitation of prayer when two or more worshipers are present. 2. a. A male leader regarded by Shiites as a descendant of Mohammed divinely appointed to guide human beings. b. An earthly representative of the 12 such leaders recognized by the majority form of Shiism. 3. A ruler claiming descent from Mohammed and exercising authority in an Islamic state. 4. a. Any

one of the founders of the four schools of law and theology. b. An authoritative scholar who founds a school of law or theology. 5. Used as a title for such a man. [Arabic 'imm, leader, imam, from 'amma, to lead.] Boyard, var. of boyar (bo-yr, boier) noun A member of a class of higher Russian nobility that until the time of Peter I headed the civil and military administration of the country and participated in an early duma. [From boiaren, from Russian boyarin, from Old Russian boljarin, from Turkic baylar, pl. of bay, rich; akin to Turkish bay, rich, gentleman.] Book 13 Buenos Ayres, Fr. for Buenos Aires (bwnes r z, rz, bwns rs) The capital and largest city of Argentina, in the eastern part of the country on the Ro de la Plata. Founded by the Spanish in 1536, it became the national capital in 1862. The highly industrialized city is also a major port. Population, 2,922,829. Alcalde (l-kld, l-) noun The mayor or chief judicial official of a Spanish town. [Spanish, from Arabic al-qd : al, the + qd, judge (from qad, to judge).] Book 14 assumption (e-smpshen) noun 7. Assumption a. Theology. The bodily taking up of the Virgin Mary into heaven after her death. b. A Christian feast celebrating this event. c. August 15, the day on which this feast is observed. [Middle English assumpcion, from Latin assumptio, assumption-, adoption, from assumptus, past participle of assmere, to adopt.] Father Provincial a priest serving as a major official of a province province (prvns) noun 2. Ecclesiastical. A division of territory under the jurisdiction of an archbishop. [Middle English, from Old French, from Latin provincia.]

Book 16 centaur (sntr) noun Greek Mythology, One of a race of monsters having the head, arms, and trunk of a man and the body and legs of a horse. [Middle English, from Latin Centaurus, from Greek Kentauros.] faun (fn) noun Roman Mythology, Any of a group of rural deities represented as having the body of a man and the horns, ears, tail, and sometimes legs of a goat. [Middle English, from Old French, from Latin Faunus, Faunus.] satyr (ster, ster) noun 1. Often Satyr. Greek Mythology. A woodland creature depicted as having the pointed ears, legs, and short horns of a goat and a fondness for unrestrained revelry. 2. A licentious man; a lecher. 3. A man who is affected by satyriasis. 4. Any of various butterflies of the family Satyridae, having brown wings marked with eyelike spots. [Middle English satire, from Old French, from Latin satyrus, from Greek saturos.] - satyric (s-trk, se-) or satyrical (--kel) adjective Oreillons a fictitous tribbe. The name probably derives from the Spanish orejones, big or pierced ears, but the French word oreillons means mumps. Book 17 Cayenne (k-n, k-) The capital of French Guiana, on Cayenne Island at the mouth of the Cayenne River. Founded by the French in 1643, it was the center of a penal colony from the 1850's until the 1940's. Population, 38,093. Tucumn or San Miguel de Tucumn (sn m-gl de tke-mn, sn m-gl d tk-mn) A city of northern Argentina at the foot of an eastern range of the Andes north-northwest of Crdoba. The country's independence was proclaimed here in July 1816. Population, 392,751. public house, noun Chiefly British. A place, such as a tavern or bar, that is licensed to sell alcoholic beverages. Book 18 Inca (ngke), noun, plural Inca or Incas
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1. a. A member of the group of Quechuan peoples of highland Peru who established an empire from northern Ecuador to central Chile before the Spanish conquest. b. A ruler or high-ranking member of the Inca empire. 2. A member of any of the peoples ruled by the Incas. [Spanish, from Quechua inka, ruler, man of royal lineage.] El Dorado (l de-rdo), legendary land of the Golden Man, a place of gold and plenty sought by Spanish Conquistadors in the New World from the mid-16th cent. Its location shifted as new regions were explored. Similar legends appeared in the W United States. Raleigh (rl) or Ralegh, Sir Walter, 1554?1618, English soldier, explorer, courtier, and man of letters. A favorite of Elizabeth I, and a rival of Robert Devereux, earl of Essex, Raleigh was given position and vast estates in Ireland. He conceived and organized the colonizing expeditions to America that ended tragically with the "lost colony" on Roanoke Island, Va. With Christopher Marlowe and George Chapman, he was associated with the poetic group known as the "school of night," which won a reputation for atheism. In 1595 he embarked on an expedition up the Orinoco R. in Guiana in search of El Dorado. His fortunes fell with the accession of James I, who was convinced of his enmity. He was convicted of treason and imprisoned in the tower. Released in 1616, he made another expedition to the Orinoco in search of gold. It failed, and he returned to England where he was executed under the original sentence of treason. Raleigh wrote poetry, political essays, and philosophical treatises. Book 19 Suriname (sr-nme) also Surinam (sre-nm , -nm), Formerly Dutch Guiana (dch g-ne, -ne, g-). A country of northeast South America on the Atlantic Ocean. First colonized by the British, the region was ceded to the Dutch in 1667 and became an autonomous territory of the Netherlands in 1954. Full independence was achieved in 1975. Paramaribo is the capital and the largest city. Population, 354,860. - Surinamese (-n-mz, -ms) adjective & noun Martin, many suggest, derives his philosophy from the works of Pierre Bayle, 1647-1706, a

French philosopher and critic. Considered the progenitor of 18th-century rationalism, he compiled the famous Dictionnaire Historique et Critique (1697) and championed the cause of religious tolerance. Amsterdam (mster-dm) The constitutional capital and largest city of the Netherlands, in the western part of the country on the Ij, an inlet of the Ijsselmeer. Linked to the North Sea by a ship canal, the city has an important stock exchange and is a major center of the diamond-cutting industry. Population, 676,439. Book 21 St. Germain: the area on the left bank of the Seine in Paris surrounding the 11th-cebtury Gothic church of St. Germain des Prs, onceanbd still a busy commercial area. Book 22 Prigord: A province of southwestern France, known especiially for its food. Comedie: the Comdie Franaise, state theater company of France, located in Paris and established in 1680 by Louis XIV. It was formed by merging the troupes of the Hotel Guenegaud and Hotel de Bourgogne. Closed during the French Revolution, it was reorganized in 1803 under Napoleon I. It performs the finest works of French drama in a varied, although generally traditional repertory. The company has no stars; all permanent associates enjoy equal status. folliculaire: a word created by the translator. It suggests feuilleton, a pamphlet or article of fiction or criticism inserted into a newspaper and folie, madness. The original reads, A F. The name Voltaire omits is probably the Frron named in the Dover edition note. Faubourg St.-Honor, a fashionable neighborhood in Paris. faro (fro) noun, Games. A card game in which the players wager, or punt on the top card of the dealer's pack. [Alteration of Pharaoh.]

Jansenism (jnse-nzem) noun The theological principles of Cornelis Jansen, which emphasize predestination, deny free will, and maintain that human nature is incapable of good and were condemned as heretical by the Roman Catholic Church. - Jansenist noun, - Jan senistic adjective Molinism: The opinions of the Spanish Jesuit Molina (1535-1600) on the relationship between grace and free will. Dieppe (d-p, dyp) A city of northeast France on the English Channel north of Rouen. It is a port for channel steamers and a beach resort. Allied forces led a disastrous commando attack on the city (August 19, 1942) to test the strength of German defenses. Population, 35,957. Portsmouth (prtsmeth, port-) A borough of southern England on the English Channel opposite the Isle of Wight. Chartered in 1194, it is a major naval base. Population, 187,900. Book 24 carnival (krne-vel) noun A festival marked by merrymaking and feasting during the season just before Lent. b. Merrymaking and feasting just before Lent. [Italian carnevale, from Old Italian carnelevare, Shrovetide : carne, meat (from Latin caro, carn-) + levare, to remove (from Latin levre, to raise).] St. Marks Piazza, It.: Piazza San Marco, the great square in front of St. Marks Cathedral, the religious, social, and civic center of Venice. doge (doj) noun The elected chief magistrate of the former republics of Venice and Genoa. [Italian dialectal, from Latin dux, duc-, leader, from dcere, to lead.] Book 25 Pococurante: the name means caring little in Italian. Raphael (rf-el, rf-, rf-l), 1483-1520

Italian painter whose works, including religious subjects, portraits, and frescoes, exemplify the ideals of the High Renaissance. Homer (homer), fl. 850 B.C. Greek epic poet. Two of the greatest works in Western literature, the Iliad and the Odyssey, are attributed to him. Virgil also Vergil (vrjel), 70-19 B.C. Roman poet. His greatest work is the epic poem Aeneid, which tells of the wanderings of Aeneas after the sack of Troy. - Virgilian (vr-jl-en, -jlyen) adjective Tasso (tso, tso), Torquato, 1544-1595 Italian poet who wrote the epic Jerusalem Delivered (1581), an account of the capture of the city during the First Crusade. Ariosto (r-sto, -osto, r-), Ludovico or Lodovico, 1474-1533 Italian writer primarily known for his epic comic poem Orlando Furioso (1532). Horace (hres, hr-), 65-8 B.C. Roman lyric poet. His Odes and Satires have exerted a major influence on English poetry. - Horatian (he-rshen) adjective Cicero, Marcus Tullius, 106-43 B.C. Roman statesman, orator, and philosopher. A major figure in the last years of the Republic, he is best known for his orations against Catiline and for his mastery of Latin prose. - Ciceronian adjective Seneca, Lucius Annaeus, Known as "the Younger." 4 B.C.?-A.D. 65 Roman Stoic philosopher, writer, and tutor of Nero. His works include treatises on rhetoric and governance and numerous plays that influenced Renaissance and Elizabethan drama. Dominican (de-mn-ken) noun Roman Catholic Church. A member of an order of preaching friars established in 1216 by Saint Dominic. - Dominican adjective Milton, John, 1608-1674

English poet and scholar who is best known for the epic poem Paradise Lost (1667), an account of humanity's fall from grace. Book 26 Constantinople (knstn-te-nopel) The largest city of Turkey, in the northwest part of the country on both sides of the Bosporus at its entrance into the Sea of Marmara. Founded c. 660 B.C. as Byzantium, it was renamed Constantinople in A.D. 330 by Constantine the Great, who made it the capital of the Eastern Roman, or Byzantine, Empire. The city was sacked by Crusaders in 1204 and taken by the Turks in 1453. Istanbul (stn-bl , -tn-, -stnbl) was chosen as the official name in 1930. Population, 2,772,708. Padua (pj-e, pdy-e) A city of northeast Italy west of Venice. An important cultural center during the Middle Ages, it was known for its artistic and architectural works by Giotto, Mantegna, and Donatello. Galileo taught at its university from 1592 to 1610. Population, 231,337. Ivan IV Vasilievich, Known as "Ivan the Terrible." 1530-1584 The first tsar of Russia (1547-1584). He conducted unsuccessful wars against Sweden and Livonia and terrorized the Russian aristocracy. Charles Edward (Stuart) (chrlz) II, 1630-85 (r.1660-85), King of Scotland (1651) and England. King of Poland: Augustus III, 1696-1763, (173563). Stanislas I LeszczyNski King of Poland: Stanislas I LeszczyNski (stnsls lsh-chnsk), 1677-1766 (r. 1704-1709 and 1733-1736) Book 27 Propontis: ancient name of the Sea of Marmara (mrmer-e) A sea of northwest Turkey between Europe and Asia. It is connected to the Black Sea through the Bosporus and to the Aegean Sea through the Dardanelles. Transylvania (trnsl-vnye, -vn-e) A historical region of western Romania bounded by the Transylvanian Alps and the Carpathian Mountains. Part of the Roman province of Dacia after A.D. 107, it was later overrun by Germanic

peoples and came under Hungarian rule in 1003. Transylvania passed to various powers over the following centuries and finally became part of modern-day Romania after World War II. - Tran sylvanian adjective & noun Book 28 Portuguese barber: Barber poles today still are white with red blood running down them because barber and surgeon were once the same occupation. paternoster: the Lords Prayer, so called because the first words in Latin are Pater noster, our father. plenum and materia subtilis, Latin, abundant and finely created material Book 30 ut operaretur eum: Lain, that his work be done