1

Matlab ton tp
ci t
1. MATLAB for WIN
Yu cu h thng
H thng IBM hoc tng thch 100% vi b vi x l 486 Intel cng vi b ng x l ton hc
487 ( ngoi tr 486 DX c b x l bn trong ), Pentium hoc Pentium Pro Processor.
Microsoft Window 95 hoc Window NT.
a) CD ROM
- B iu phi ho 8 bit v card mn hnh ( 256 mu ng thi )
- Khong trng a ci t v chy cc tu chn. S yu cu a cng thay i tu theo kch
c cc partition v cc tp tr gip help c ci t trc tip theo tu chn. Qu trnh ci t s
thng bo cho bn bit t m v dung lng a yu cu. V d:
Partition vi mt lin cung mt 0 cn 25 MB cho ring MATLAB v 50 MB cho c
MATLAB v HELP.
Partition vi lin cung 64 KB cn 115 MB cho ring MATLAB v 250 MB cho c MATLAB
v HELP.
b ) B nh.
Microsoft WIndow 95: 8 MB ti thiu v 16 MB khuyn ngh.
Microsoft WIN NT 3.51 hoc 4.0: 12 MB ti thiu v 16 MB khuyn ngh.
Cc khuyn ngh
B nh ph vo (B nh b sung: additional Memory).
V mch tng tc ho b tr cho Microsoft Window.
My in tr gip cho Microsoft Window.
V mch m thanh tr gip cho Microsoft Window.
Microsoft Word 7.0 hoc hn ( nu bn c nh s dng MATLAB NoteBook ).
Trnh bin dch Watcom C, Borland, Microsoft (xy dng file MEX).
Netscape Navigator 2.0 hoc version cao hn hoc Microsoft Internet Explorer 3.0 chy
MATLAB Help Desk.
Qu trnh ci t
1. t a vo CD. Trn WIN 95 chng trnh SETUP bt u chy t ng nu nh MATLAB
cha c ci t trc. Cn khng, nhn p vo biu tng setup.exe bt u qu trnh ci t.
2. Chp nhn hay b i nhng khuyn co v cp ng k phn mm trn mn hnh. Nu chp
nhn bn mi c th bt u qu trnh ci t.
3. Trn Custumer Information, nhp vo tn bn, a ch ca bn. Tn khng c qu 30 k t.
Nhn nt NEXT.
4. Nhn vo cc hp trng thnh phn du v nu nh bn mun tu chn v nhn tip nu
bn c nh khng mun tu chn ( c th thm vo sau ny nu mun ). Trn mn hnh hin th
C:\MATLAB l th mc ch mc nh ca qu trnh ci t. Nu bn mun ci t vo th mc
khc hoc i tn th mc th bn la chn Browse.
MATLAB cho Macintosh.

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MATLAB cho my Macintosh chy c trn:
Mi my Macintosh c cu hnh mnh ( power Macintosh ).
Mi Macintosh c trang b b vi x l 68040 ( b ng x l ton hc bn trong ).
Mi my Macintosh c trang b b vi x l 68020 hoc 68030 v b ng x l ton hc
68881 hoc 68882.
Yu cu ti thiu chy MATLAB.
a cng trng ti thiu 26 MB, cn thm 60 MB cho h thng tu chon HELP trc tuyn.
16 MB cho phn vng b nh.
CD ROM.
Color Quick Draw.
---------------oOo---------------Chng1
Gii Thiu chung
By gi bn ci t xong, chng ta hy xem MATLAB c th lm c nhng g. Trong phn
ny chng ta s trnh by mt s nhng ng dng ca n; v trnh by tt c nhng ng dng ca
MATLAB s rt di v tn thi gian. Nu bn c quyn hng dn ny, bn s thy MATLAB l
ngn ng rt mnh gii quyt nhng vn quan trng v kh khn ca bn. N s rt hu ch khi
bn c phn hng dn c bn v n s cung cp cho bn nhng kin thc c bn bn hiu r
MATLAB v pht trin c nhng kh nng ca mnh sau ny.
C l cch d nht hng dung v MATLAB l n c y cc c im ca my tnh c
nhn: ging nh cc my tnh c bn, n lm tt c cc php tnh ton hc c bn nh cng, tr,
nhn, chia; ging nh my tnh k thut, n bao gm: s phc, cn thc, s m, logarithm, cc php
ton lng gic nh sine, cosine, tang; n cng ging nh my tnh c kh nng lp trnh, c th lu
tr, tm kim li d liu, cng c th to, bo v v ghi trnh t cc lnh t ng php ton khi gii
quyt cc vn , bn c th so snh logic, iu khin thc hin lnh m bo tnh ng n ca
php ton. Ging nh cc my tnh hin i nht, n cho php bn biu din d liu di nhiu dng
nh: biu din thng thng, ma trn i s, cc hm t hp v c th thao tc vi d liu thng
cng nh i vi ma trn.
Trong thc t MATLAB cn ng dng rt rng ri trong nhiu lnh vc v n cng s dng rt
nhiu cc php tnh ton hc. Vi nhng c im v kh nng thn thin vi ngi s dng nn
n d dng s dng hn cc ngn ng khc nh Basic, Pascal, C.
N cung cp mt mi trng phong ph cho biu din d liu, v c kh nng mnh m v
ho, bn c th to cc giao din ring cho ngi s dng(GUIs) gi quyt nhng vn ring cho
mnh. Thm vo MATLAB a ra nhng cng c gii quyt nhng vn c bit, gi l
Toolbox (hp cng c). V d Student Edition ca MATLAB bao gm c Toolbox iu khin h
thng, Toolbox x l tn hiu, Toolbox biu tng ton hc. Ngoi ra bn c th to Toolbox cho
ring mnh.
Vi nhng kh nng mnh m, rng ln ca MATLAB nn n rt cn thit cho bn bt u t
phn c bn. Sau y chng ta s nghin cu tng phn, v cun sch ny s gip bn hiu c
chng. Trc tin, mt cch n gin nht l chng ta quan nim nh l mt my tnh c bn, tip
theo l nh my tnh k thut v nh my tnh c th lp trnh c, cui cng l nh my tnh hin
i nht. Bng cch quan nim ny bn s d dng hiu c nhng cch m MATLAB gii quyt
nhng vn thng thng v xem MATLAB gii quyt nhng vn v s phc mm do nh th
no.

3
Tu thuc vo kin thc ca bn, bn c th tm thy nhng phn trong cun sch hng dn ny
hng th hay bun t...
Khi bn chy chng trnh MATLAB, n s to mt hoc nhiu ca s trn mn hnh ca bn, v
ca s lnh (command) l ca s chnh bn giao tip vi MATLAB, ca s ny xut hin nh hnh
di y.
Cc k t EDU>> l du nhc ca MATLAB trong student MATLAB. Trong cc version khc
ca MATLAB, du nhc n gin ch l >>. Khi ca s lnh xut hin, l ca s hot ng, con tr
xut hin bn phi du nhc nh hnh di. Con tr v du nhc ny ca MATLAB bo rng
MATLAB ang i thc hin lnh.
Hnh 1.1

Ca s lnh ca Student MATLAB

1.1 Cc php ton n gin

Ging nh my tnh n gin thng thng, MATLAB c th thc hin cc php ton n gin,
nh v d di y:
Mary n mt ca hng vn phng phm v mua 4 cc ty, 25 xu mt cc, 6 tp v, 52 xu mt
tp, hai cun bng i, 99 xu mt cun. Hy tnh xem Mary mua bao nhiu vt, v tng s tin l bao
nhiu?
Nu dng my tnh thng thng, ta vo cc s:
4 + 6 + 2 = 12 ( vt)
4x25 + 6x52 + 2x99 = 610 (xu)
Hnh 1.2

Ca s lnh ca MATLAB version 5.2

Trong MATLAB chng ta c th gii quyt vn ny theo nhiu cch. Trc tin ging nh my
tnh trn, chng ta c th tnh:
>> 4 + 6 + 2
ans=
12
>> 4*25 + 6*52 + 2*99
ans=
610
Ch rng MATLAB khng ch n nhng khong trng, cho tt c cc phn, v php nhn
c mc u tin cao hn php cng. V mt ch khc l MATLAB gi kt qu ans (vit tt ca
answer) cho c hai php tnh.
Nh ni trn, vn trn c th gii quyt bng cch cha cc thng tin vo bin ca
MATLAB:
>> erasers = 4
erasers=
4
>> pads = 6
pads=
6
>> tape = 2;
>> iterms = erases + pads + tape
iterms=

4
12
>> cost = erases*25 + pads*52 + tape*99
cost=
610
y chng ta to 3 bin MATLAB: erases, pads, tape cha s lng mi loi vt.
Sau khi vo cc gi tr cho cc bin ny, MATLAB hin th kt qu ra mn hnh, tr trng hp bin
tape. Du hai chm ng sau cu lnh >> tape = 2; thng bo cho MATLAB nhn gi tr gn
nhng khng hin th ra mn hnh. Cui cng khc vi gi kt qu ans, chng ta yu cu MATLAB
gi kt qu tng s cc vt l iterms, v tng s tin l cost. Ti mi bc MATLAB u a ra
cc thng tin. V c lu gi cc bin nn chng ta c th yu cu MATLAB tnh gi tr trung bnh
cho mi vt:
>> everage_cost = cost/iterms
everage_cost=
50.8333
Bi v everage cost c hai t, m MATLAB yu cu bin ch c mt t, nn chng ta dng du
gch di ni hai t ny thnh mt t.
Ngoi cc php tnh trn, MATLAB cn c mt s php tnh c bn khc nh bng di y:
Php tnh
Php cng, a + b
Php tr, a - b
Php nhn, a.b
Php chia, ab
Php lu tha, ab

Biu tng
+
*
/ hoc \
^

V d
5+3
7-4
18*24
56/8 = 8\ 56
5^2

Trong cc php ton trn c mc u tin khc nhau, khi tnh t tri sang phi ca mt
dng gm nhiu lnh th php ton lu tha c mc u tin cao nht, tip theo l php nhn v
php chia c mc u tin bng nhau cui cng l php cng v php tr cng c mc u tin
bng nhau.
1.2 Khng gian lm vic ca MATLAB
Cng nh bn lm vic vi ca s Lnh, MATLAB nh cc lnh bn g vo cng nh cc gi tr
bn gn cho n hoc n c to ln. Nhng lnh v bin ny c gi l lu gi trong khng gian
lm vic ca MATLAB, v c th c gi li khi bn mun. V d, kim tra gi tr ca bin tape,
tt c nhng g bn phi lm l yu cu MATLAB cho bit bng cch nh vo tn bin ti du nhc:
>> tape
tape=
2
Nu bn khng nh tn bin, bn c th yu cu MATLAB cho danh sch cc bin bng cch
dnh lnh who t du nhc lnh:
>> who
Your variables are:

5
ans
average_cost

cost
erasers

iterms
pads

tape

Ch rng MATLAB khng a ra gi tr ca tt c cc bin, nu bn mun bit gi tr, bn

nh vo tn bin ti du nhc lnh ca MATLAB.
gi li cc lnh bn dng, MATLAB dng cc phm mi tn ( ) trn bn phm ca bn. V
d gi li lnh bn g vo lc gn hin ti nht, bn nhn phm mi tn , tip tc nhn phm ny,
n s li gi tip lnh trc , Nu bn dng phm mi tn n s gi li lnh t lnh u tin cho
n lnh gn hin ti nht. Cc phm mi tn v c th dng thay i v tr con tr trong
dng lnh ti du nhc ca MATLAB, nh vy chng ta c th sa dng lnh, thm na, chng ta c
th dng chut cng vi b nh m ct, copy, dn, v sa vn bn ti du nhc ca dng lnh.
1.3 Bin
Ging nh nhng ngn ng lp trnh khc, MATLAB c nhng quy nh ring v tn bin.
Trc tin tn bin phi l mt t, khng cha du cch, v tn bin phi c nhng quy tun th
nhng quy tc sau:
Quy nh v tn bin
Tn bin c phn bit ch hoa ch thng.
V d: Iterms, iterms, itErms, v ITERMS l cc bin khc nhau
Tn bin c th cha nhiu nht 31 k t, cn cc k t sau k t th 31 b l i.
V d: howaboutthisveriablename
Tn bin bt u phi l ch ci, tip theo c th l ch s, s gch di
V d: how_about_this_veriable_name, X51483. a_b_c_d_e
K t chm cu khng c php dng v n c nhng ngha c bit
Cng vi nhng quy nh trn, MATLAB c nhng bin c bit trong bng sau:
Cc bin c bit
ans
pi = 3.1415..
Eps
flops
inf
NaN hoc nan
i (v) j
nargin
narout
realmin
realmax

Gi tr
Tn bin mc nh dng tr v kt qu
S nh nht, nh vy dng cng vi 1 cs nh nht ln hn 1
S ca php ton s thc
ch s v cng nh kt qu ca 1/0
Dng ch s khng xc nh nh kt qu ca 0/0
i=j=
S cc i s a vo hm c s dng
S cc i s hm a ra
S nh nht c th c ca s thc
S ln nht c th c ca s thc

Nh bn c th to mt bin ca MATLAB, v bn cng c th gn li gi tr cho mt hoc

nhiu bin.
V d:
>> erases
>> pads =
>> tape =
>> iterms
iterms=

= 4;
6;
2;
= eases + pads + tape

6
12
>> erases = 6
erases=
6
>> iterms
iterms=
12
y chng ta s dng li v d trn, chng ta tm c s vt m Mary mua sau chng ta thay
i s cc ty ln 6, gi tr ny s ln gi tr trc ca n l 4. Khi bn lm nh vy, gi tr ca
iterms vn khng thay i, v MATLAB khng tnh li iterms vi gi tr mi ca erases. Khi
MATLAB thc hin mt php tnh, n ly gi tr ca cc bin hin thi, nn nu bn mun tnh gi
tr mi ca iterms, cost, average_cost, bn gi li cc lnh tnh cc gi tr .
i vi cc bin c bit trn, n c sn gi tr, nh vy khi bn khi ng MATLAB; nu
bn thay i gi tr ca n th nhng gi tr c bit ban u s b mt cho n khi bn xo bin i
hoc khi ng li MATLAB. Do bn khng nn thay i gi tr ca bin c bit, tr khi n thc
s cn thit.
Cc bin trong khng gian lm vic ca MATLAB c th b xo khng iu kin bng cch
dng lnh clear. V d:
>> clear erases
ch xo mt bin erases
>> clear cost iterms
xo c hai bin cost v iterms
>> clear cl*
du * ch rng xo tt c cc bin bt u bng hai k t cl.
>> clear
xo tt c cc bin trong khng gian lm vic!. Bn s khng c hi xc nhn cu lnh ny v
tt c cc bin b xo khng th khi phc li.
C th ni rng dng lnh clear rt nguy him, v vy khi dng lnh ny bn nn dng ng v tr.
1.4 Cu gii thch (comment) v s chm cu
Tt c cc vn bn ng sau k hiu phn trm (%) u l cu gii thch. V d:
>> erases = 4
erases=
4

% S cc ty.

Bin erases c gn gi tr l 4, cn tt c k hiu phn trm v vn bn ng sau n u b l i.

c im ny gip cho chng ta d theo di cng vic chng ta ang lm.
Nhiu lnh c th t trn cng mt hng, chng cch nhau bi du phy hoc du chm phy,
nh:
>> erases = 4, pads = 6; tape = 2
erases=
4
tape=
2

7
du phy yu cu MATLAB hin th kt qu trn mn hnh; cn du chm phy l khng hin th
kt qu trn mn hnh.
>> average_cost = cost/ ...
iterms
average_cost=
50.83333
Nh v d trn, ta c th dng du ba chm (...) ch cu lnh c tip tc hng di, php tnh
thc hin c khi du ba chm ngn cch gia ton t v bin, ngha l tn bin khng b ngn cch
gia hai hng:
>> average_cost = cost/ it...
erms
??? age_cost = cost/iterms
Missing operator, coma, or semicolon.
ging nh vy, trng thi ca li gii thch khng th tip tc:
>> % Comments cannot be continued ...
>> either
??? Undefined function or variable either.
Bn c th dng chng trnh bng cch nhn ng thi Ctrl v C.
1.5 S phc
Mt trong nhng c im mnh m nht ca MATLAB l lm vic vi s phc. S phc trong
MATLAB c nh ngha theo nhiu cch, v d nh sau:
>> c1 = 1 - 2i
% Chn thm k t i vo phn o.
c1=
1.0000 - 2.0000i
>> c1 = 1 - 2j
% j y tng t nh i trn.
c1=
1.0000 - 2.0000i
>> c2 = 3*(2-sqrt(-1)*3)
c2=
6.0000 - 9.0000i
>> c3 = sqrt(-2)
c3=
0 + 1.4142i
>> c4 = 6 + sin(.5)*i
c4=
6.0000 + 0.4794i
>> c5 = 6 + sin(.5)*j
c5=
6.0000 + 0.4794i
Trong hai v d cui, MATLAB mc nh gi tr ca i = j = dng cho phn o. Nhn vi i hoc j
c yu cu trong trng hp ny, sin(.5)i v sin(.5)j khng c ngha i vi

8
MATLAB. Cui cng vi cc k t i v j, nh trong hai v d u trn ch lm vic vi s c
nh, khng lm vic c vi biu thc.
Mt s ngn ng yu cu s iu khin c bit cho s phc khi n xut hin, trong
MATLAB th khng cu nh vy. Tt c cc php tnh ton hc u thao tc c nh i vi s
thc thng thng:
>> c6 = (c1 + c2)/c3
% T cc d liu trn
c6=
-7.7782 - 4.9497i
>> check_it_out = i^2
% Bnh phng ca i phi l -1
check_it_out=
-1.0000 + 0.0000i
trong v d ny ch cn li phn thc, phn o bng khng. Chng ta c th dng hm real v imag
kim tra tng phn thc v o.
Chng ta c th biu din s phc dng ln v gc (dng cc):
M M.ej = a+bi
trn s phc c biu din bng ln M v gc , quan h gia cc i lng ny v phn thc,
phn o ca s phc biu din di dng i s l:
M=
= tan-1(b/ a)
a = Mcos
b = Msin
Trong MATLAB, chuyn t dng cc sang dng i s, dng cc hm real, imag, v
angle:
>> c1
c1=

% Gi li c1

1.0000 - 2.0000i
>> M_c1 = abs(c1)
M_c1=
2.2361
>> angle_c1 = angle(c1)
angle_c1=
-1.1071
>> deg_c1 = angle_c1*180/ pi
-63.4349
>> real_c1 = real(c1)
real_c1=
1
>> imag_c1 = imag(c1)
imag_c1=
-2

% Tnh argument ca s phc

% Tnh gc ca s phc theo radian
% Chuyn t radian sang
% Tnh phn thc
% Tnh phn o

-------------------oOo------------------

Chng2
CC C tnh K THUT

Ging nh hu ht cc my tnh k thut, MATLAB a ra rt nhiu cc hm ton hc, k thut thng

dng, ngoi ra MATLAB cn cung cp hng trm cc hm c bit v thut ton, n rt hu ch
gii quyt cc vn khoa hc. Tt c cc hm ny c lit k trong online help, cn y ch
cp n nhng hm thng dng nht.
2.1 Cc hm ton hc thng thng
Cc hm ton hc ca MATLAB c lit k trong bng di y, chng u c chung mt
cch gi hm nh v d di y:
>> x = sqrt(2)/2
x=
0.7071
>> y = sin(x)
y=
0.7854
>> y_deg = y*180/pi
y_deg=
45.0000
Nhng lnh ny tm mt gc (tnh bng ) khi bit gi tr hm sin ca n l / 2.
Tt c cc hm lin quan n gc ca MATLAB u lm vic vi radian.
Bng cc hm:
Cc hm thng thng
abs(x)
acos(x)
acosh(x)
angle(x)
asin(x)
asinh(x)
atan(x)
atan2(x, y)
atanh(x)
ceil(x)
conj(x)
cos(x)
cosh(x)

Tnh argument ca s phc x

Hm ngc ca cosine
Hm ngc ca hyperbolic cosine
Tnh gc ca s phc x
Hm ngc ca sine
Hm ngc ca hyperbolic sine
Hm ngc ca tangent
L hm arctangent ca phn thc ca x v y
Hm ngc ca hyperbolic tangent
Xp x dng v cng
S phc lin hp
Hm cosine ca x
Hm hyperbolic cosine ca x

10
Hm ex
Xp x khng
Xp x m v cng
c s chung ln nht ca hai s nguyn xv y
Hm tr v phn o ca s phc
Bi s chung nh nht ca hai s nguyn x v y
Logarithm t nhin
Logarithm c s 10
Hm tr v phn thc ca x
Phn d ca php chia x/ y
Hm lm trn v s nguyn t
Hm du: tr v du ca argument nh:
sign(1.2)=1; sign(-23.4)=-1; sign(0)=0
Hm tnh sine ca x
Hm tnh hyperbolic sine ca x
Hm khai cn bc hai
Tangent
Hyperbolic tangent

exp(x)
fix(x)
floor(x)
gdc(x, y)
imag(x)
lcm(x, y)
log(x)
log10(x)
real(x)
rem(x, y)
round(x)
sign(x)
sin(x)
sinh(x)
sqrt(x)
tan(x)
tanh(x)
>> 4*atan(1)
ans=
3.1416
>> help atant2

% Mt cch tnh xp x gi tr ca pi
% Yu cu gip i vi hm atan2

ATAN2

four quadrant inverse tangent

ATAN2(Y, X) is the four quadrant arctangent of the real parts
of the elements of X and Y.
-pi <= ATAN2(Y, X) <= pi
see also ATAN.
>> 180/pi*atan(-2/ 3)
ans=
-33.69
>> 180/pi*atan2(2, -3)
ans=
146.31
>> 180/pi*atan2(-2, 3)
ans=
-33.69
>> 180/pi*atan2(2, 3)
ans=
33.69
>> 180/pi*atan2(-2, -3)
ans=
-146.31
Mt s v d khc:
>> y = sqrt(3^2 + 4^2)
y=

% Tnh cnh huyn ca tam gic pitago 3-4-5

11
5
>> y = rem(23,4)
% 23/4 c phn d l 3
y=
3
>> x = 2.6,y1 = fix(x),y2 = floor(x),y3 = ceil(x),y4 = round(x)
x=
2.6000
y1=
2
y2=
2
y3=
3
y4=
3
>> gcd(18,81)
% 9 l c s chung ln nht ca 18 v 81
ans=
9
>> lcm(18,81)
% 162 l bi s chung ln nht ca 18 v 81
ans=
162
V d: c lng chiu cao ca ngi nh
Vn : Gi thit bit khong cch t ngi quan st n ngi nh l D, gc t ngi quan st n
ngi nh l ; chiu cao ca ngi quan st l h. Hi ngi nh cao bao nhiu?
Gii php: Ta biu din kch thc nh hnh 2.1:
(khng thy)
Hnh 2.1
Ngi nh c chiu cao l H + h, H l chiu di ca mt cnh ca tam gic, chiu di ny c th
tnh c bng cng thc quan h gia gc v cnh ca tam gic:
tan() =
T ta c chiu cao ca ngi nh l
h + H = h + D.tan()
Nu h =2meters, D =50meters, v l 60o, MATLAB s a ra kt qu l:
>> h = 2
h =
2
>> theta = 60
theta =
60
>> D = 50
D =
50
>> buiding_height = h+D*atan(theta*pi/180)

12
buiding_height =
54.3599

V d s suy gim do phn r

Vn : S phn r phn t polonium c chu k phn r l 140 ngy, tc l sau 140 ngy th
lng poloniun cn li l 1/2 lng ban u. Hi nu ban u c 10 grams polonium, n s cn li
bao nhiu sau 250 ngy?
Gii quyt: Sau 1 chu k phn r hoc 140 ngy, cn li 10x0.5 = 5 grams; sau 2 chu k phn r
hoc 280 ngy, cn li 5x0.5 = 10x(0.5)2 = 2.5grams, t ta c kt qu nm trong khong 5 v 2.5
grams, v ta c cng thc tnh phn cn li sau khong thi gian bt k:
khi lng cn li = khi lng ban u x(0.5)thi gian/ chu k
v d thi gian l 250 ngy, v kt qu MATLAB a ra l:
>> initial_amount = 10;
% Khi lng ban u
>> half_life = 140;
% Chu k phn r
>> time = 250;
% Thi gian tnh khi lng
>> amount_left = initial_*0.5^(time/half_life)
amount_left=
2.9003
V d tnh ton v li xut
Vn : Bn ng mua t mi vi gi 18,500 dollars. Ngi bn t a ra hai gii php v ti
chnh l: th nht, tr 2.9% li xut ca s tin trn trong vng 4 nm. Th hai l tr 8.9% li xut
ca s tin trn trong vng 4 nm v gi bn c gim i mt khon l 1500 dollars. Hi vi gii
php no th bn mua c t vi gi r hn?
Gii php: S tin tr hng thng l P, trn tng s tin l A dollars, t s li xut hng thng l R,
tr trong M thng:
P=A
Tng s tin phi tr s l: T = PxM
Gii php MATLAB a ra l:
>> format bank
% Dng dng hin th ngn hng
>> A = 18500;
% Tng s tin
>> M = 12*4;
% S thng phi tr li
>> FR = 1500;
% Tin gim gi ca nh my
>> % Gii php th nht
>> R = (2.9/100)/12;
% T l li xut hng thng
>> P = A*(R*(1+R)^M/((1+R)^M - 1)) % Khon tin phi tr hng thng
P=
408.67
>> T1 = P*M
% Tng gi tr ca t
T1=
19616.06

13
>> % Gii php th hai
>> R = (8.9/100)/12;
% T l li xut hng thng
>> P = (A-FR)*(R*(1 + R)^M/((1+R)^M - 1)) % Tin phi tr hng thng
P=
422.24
>> T2 = P*M % Tng gi tr ca t
T2=
20267.47
>> Diff = T2 - T1
Diff=
651.41
Nh vy ta c gii php th nht gi r hn gii php th hai.
V d: Vn nng acid
Vn : Nh mt phn ca qu trnh sn xut b phn ca vt c ti mt nh my t ng, b
phn c nhng trong nc lm ngui, sau nhng trong bn ng dung dch acid lm
sch. Trong ton b ca qu trnh nng acid gim i khi cc b phn c ly ra khi bn acid v
khi nhng b phn ca vt c vo bn th mt lng nc cn bm trn vt c khi nhng b trc cng vo theo v khi nhc ra khi bn mt lng acid bm theo vt. m bo cht lng th
nng acid phi khng c nh hn mt lng ti thiu. Bn hy bt u vi nng dung dch
l 90% th nng ti thiu phi l 50%. Lng cht lng thm vo v ly i sau mi ln nhng dao
ng trong khong t 1% n 10%. Hi bao nhiu b phn c th nhng vo b dung dch acid trc
khi nng ca n gim xung di mc cho php?
Gii php:
Ban u nng acid l initial_con = 90% = acid/ (acid + water)
sau ln nhng th nht nng acid cn:
con =
=
=
=
acid l lng acid ban u trong dung dch, water l lng nc ban u trong dung dch,
lost l lng phn trm nc thm vo. S acid cn li trong dung dch sau ln nhng th nht
l:
acid_left =
Ngha l, khi nhng ln th hai nng dung dch s l:
con =
=
=

14
Tip tc qu trnh ny, sau n ln nhng, nng acid l:
con =
Nu nng acid cn li l mc ti thiu chp nhn c, s ln nhng cc i s l mt s nguyn
bng hoc nh hn n:
n=
Trong MATLAB gii php s l:
>> initial_con = 90
initial_con=
90
>> min_con = 50
min_con=
50
>> lost = 0.01;
>> n = floor(log( initial_con/min_con)/log(1+lost))
n=
59
Nh vy c th nhng 59 ln trc khi nng acid gim xung di 50%. Ch hm floor
dng lm trn s n xung s nguyn gn nht, v dy ta cng c th dng hm logarithm c s
10 v logarithm c s 2 thay cho hm logarithm t nhin trn.
-------------------oOo---------------------chng 3
NHNG C IM CA CA S LNH
Ca s lnh (comand) ca MATLAB c rt nhiu nhng c im cn ch , mt s chng c
gii thiu chng trc, v sau y chng ta tm hiu r hn v chng.
3.1 Qun l khng gian lm vic ca MATLAB
Cc d liu v bin c to ln trong ca s lnh, c lu trong mt phn gi l khng gian lm
vic ca MATLAB. Mun xem tn bin trong khng gian lm vic ca MATLAB ta dng lnh who:
>> who
Your variables are:
D
buiding_height

h
theta

15
Cc bin ny c dng trong v d c lng chiu cao ngi nh. xem chi tit hn v cc bin ta
dng lnh whos:
>> whos
Name
D
buiding_height
h
theta

Size

Bytes

1x1
1x1
1x1
1x1

8
8
8
8

Class

double
double
double
double

array
array
array
array

Grand total is 4 elements using 32 bytes

Mi bin c lit k vi kch c ca n, s bytes s dng, v cc lp ca chng (class), trong v
d c bit ny, cc bin u l s n, c chnh xc hai s sau du phy. Lnh whos c bit c
ch khi nghin cu n phn mng v cc kiu d liu khc.
Ngoi cc hm ny, trong mc Show Workspace trong bng chn file to ra ca s GUI gi
l Workspace Browser, n cha cc thng tin tng t nh lnh whos. Thm na n to cho bn
kh nng xo, lm sch cc bin m bn chn. Ca s ny cng c th to bng cch nhn nt
Workspace Browser, trn thanh cng c ca ca s lnh.
Nh trnh by trn, lnh clear c th xo bin t khng gian lm vic ca MATLAB.
V d:
>> clear h D
% Xo cc bin h v D
>> who
Your variables are:
buiding_height

theta

Cc tu chn khc ca hm clear chng ta c th tm hiu thm bng lnh help:

>> help clear
CLEAR Clear variables and functions from memory.
CLEAR removes all variables from the workspace.
CLEAR VARIABLES does the same thing.
CLEAR GLOBAL removes all global variables.
CLEAR FUNCTIONS removes all compiled M-functions.
CLEAR MEX removes all links to MEX-files.
CLEAR ALL removes all variables, globals, functions and MEX
links.
CLEAR VAR1 VAR2 ... clears the variables specified.
The
wildcard
character '*' can be used to clear variables that match a
pattern.
For instance, CLEAR X* clears all the variables in the current
workspace that start with X.
If X is global, CLEAR X removes X from the current workspace,

16
but leaves it accessible to any functions declaring it global.
CLEAR GLOBAL X completely removes the global variable X.
CLEAR FUN clears the function specified.
locked
by MLOCK it will remain in memory.

If

FUN

has

been

CLEAR ALL also has the side effect of removing all debugging
breakpoints since the breakpoints for a file are cleared
whenever
the m-file changes or is cleared.
Use the functional form of CLEAR, such as CLEAR('name'),
when the variable name or function name is stored in a xu.
See also WHO, WHOS, MLOCK, MUNLOCK.
Cui cng, khi lm vic trong khng gian lm vic ca MATLAB, n thng thun tin
ghi hoc in mt bn sao cng vic ca bn, lnh diary ghi d liu ngi dng a vo v ca s lnh
v a ra file vn bn dng m ASCII c tn l diary trong th mc hin ti.
>> diary frame
>> diary off

% ghi d liu vao file frame

% kt thc lnh diary v ng file

Khi ca s lnh c chn, chn print... t bng chn file in mt bn ca ca s lnh, bn

c th dng chut la chn phn mnh mun ghi, chn Pint Selection... t bng chn file, in
mt phn vn bn la chn.
3.2 Ghi v phc hi d liu
nh cc bin MATLAB c th ghi v gi li d liu t file trong my tnh ca bn. Mc
Workspace as... trong bng chn file m hp chun hi thoi ghi tt c cc bin hin ti. Ging
nh vy, trong mc Load Workspace trong bng chn file m hp hi thoi gi li tt c cc bin
m ta ghi li t khng gian lm vic trc, n khng lm mt cc bin ny trong khng gian lm
vic hin ti. Khi ta gi li cc bin, m cc bin ny trng tn vi cc bin trong khng gian lm
vic ca MATLAB, n s thay i gi tr ca cc bin theo gi tr ca cc bin gi ra t file.
Nu bng chn file khng thun tin hoc khng p ng c nhng yu cu ca bn,
MATLAB cung cp hai lnh save v load, n thc hin mt cch mm do hn, trong trng hp c
bit, lnh save cho php bn ghi mt hoc nhiu hn mt bin tuy theo s la chon ca bn.
V d:
>> save
Cha tt c cc bin trong MATLAB theo kiu nh phn trong file MATLAB.mat
>> save

data

cha tt c cc bin trong MATLAB theo kiu nh phn trong fle data.mat.
>> save

data

erasers

pads

tape

-ascii

17
Ghi cc bin erasers, pads, tape trong dng m ASCII 8 s trong file data. File dng m
ASCII c th sa i bng bt c chng trnh son tho vn bn no, ch rng file ASCII khng
c phn m rng .mat.
>> save

data

erasers

pads

tape

-ascii

-double

Ghi cc bin erasers, pads, tape dng ASCII 16 s trong file data.
Lnh load cng dng vi c php tng t.
3.3 Khun dng hin th s
Khi MATLAB hin th kt qu dng s, n tun theo mt s quy nh sau:
Mc nh, nu kt qu l s nguyn th MATLAB hin th n l mt s nguyn, khi kt qu l mt s
thc th MATLAB hin th s xp x vi bn ch s sau du phy, cn cc s dng khoa hc th
MATLAB hin th cng ging nh trong cc my tnh khoa hc.
Bn c th khng dng dng mc nh, m to mt khun dng ring t mc Preferences,
trong bng chn file, c th mc nh hoc nh dng xp x ti du nhc.
Chng ta dng bin average_cost ( trong v d trc) lm v d, dng s ny l:
Lnh ca MATLAB
format short
format long
format short e
format long e
format short g

Average_cost
50.833
50.83333333333334
5.0833e+01
5.083333333333334e+01
50.833

format long g

50.83333333333333

format hex
format bank
format +
format rat

40496aaaaaaaaaab
50.83
+
305/ 6

Ch thch
5 s
16 s
5 s vi s m
16 s vi s m
chnh xc hn format short hoc
format short e
chnh xc hn format long
hoc format long e
h c s 16
hai s h 10
dng, m hoc bng khng
dng phn s

Mt ch quan trng l MATLAB khng thay i s khi nh li khun dng hin th c chn,
m ch thay i mn hnh thay i.
---------------oOo----------------Chng 4
Script M_files
Mt vn n gin l, yu cu ca bn ti du nhc ca MATLAB trong ca s lnh l nhanh v
hiu qu. Tuy nhin v s lnh tng ln, hoc khi bn mun thay i gi tr ca mt hoc nhiu bin
v thc hin li mt s lnh vi gi tr mi, nu c nh lp li ti du nhc ca MATLAB th s tr
ln bun t, do vy MATLAB cung cp mt gii php cho vn ny l: n cho php bn thay th
cc lnh ca MATLAB bng mt file vn bn n gin, v yu cu MATLAB m file v thc hin
lnh chnh xc nh l nh ti du nhc ca MATLAB ti ca s lnh, nhng file ny gi l script

18
file, hoc n gin l M_file. Danh t "script" ch rng thc t MATLAB c t file kch bn
tm thy trong file. Danh t "M_file" ch rng tn script file phi kt thc bng phn m rng
l '.m' nh v d example1.m.
to mt script M_file, chn New trong bng chn file v chn M_file. Th tc ny s to
ra mn hnh son tho, v bn c th nh c cc lnh ca MATLAB trong . V d di y l
cch lnh trong v d c lng chiu cao ngi nh trc:
function example1
% example1.m V d c lng chiu cao ngi nh
h = 2
theta = 60
D = 50;
building_height = h + D*tan(theta*pi/180)
Bn c th ghi v lu gi file nybng cch chn Save t bng chn file. Khi bn ghi ln file ch
phi nh tn file trng vi tn hm (example) khng cn nh vo phn m rng, MATLAB t
gn vo cho n. Khi t du nhc ta c th nh:
>> example1
h=
2
theta=
60
building_height=
54.3599
Khi MATLAB din gii cc trng thi ca example1 trn, n s c ni k hn
chng sau, nhng mt cch ngn gn, MATLAB dng cc trng thi ca bin MATLAB hin ti v
to ln cc lnh ca n, bt u bng tn M_file. Ngha l, nu example1 khng phi l bin hin
ti, hoc mt lnh MATLAB xy dng ln, MATLAB m file example1.m (nu n tm thy) v
tnh gi tr cc lnh tm thy ch khi chng ta vo cc thng s chnh xc ti du nhc ca ca s lnh.
Nh thy lnh trong M_file truy cp n tt c cc bin trong khng gian lm vic ca MATLAB,
v tt c cc bin trong M_file tr thnh mt phn ca khng gian lm vic. Bnh thng cc lnh
c trong M_file khng c hin th nh l n c tnh trong ca s lnh, nhng lnh echo on yu
cu MATLAB hin th hoc lp li lnh i vi ca s lnh nh chng ta c v tnh. Tip theo
bn c th on c lnh echo off lm g. Ging nh vy, lnh echo lp li bi chnh n lm thay
i chnh trng thi ca n.
Vi c im ny ca M_file bn c th thay i li ni dung ca file, v d bn c th m
M_file example1.m thay i li cc gi tr ca h, D, hoc theta, ghi li file v yu cu
MATLAB tnh li lnh trong file. Thm na, bng cch to M_file, cc lnh ca bn c lu trn
a v c th ng dng v sau khi bn cn.
Nhng ng dng ca ch dn ca MATLAB gip chng ta hiu c khi dng script file nh
trong example1.m, ch dn cho php bn lu gi cng cc lnh trong script file, v vy bn nh c nhng lnh lm g khi bn nhn li file sau y. Thm na, du chm phy ng sau cu lnh
khng cho hin th kt qu, t bn c th iu chnh script file a ra nhng kt qu cn thit.
V nhng ng dng ca script file, MATLAB cung cp mt s hm c bit c ch khi bn s
dng trong M_file:
Cc hm M_file
disp(ans)

Hin th cc kt qu m khng hin tn bin

19
echo
input
keyboard
pause
pause(n)
waitforbuttonpress

iu khin ca s lnh lp li cc lnh ca script file

S dng du nhc a d liu vo
Trao iu khin tm thi cho bn phm
Dng li cho n khi ngi dng nhn mt phm bt k
Dng li n giy
Dng li cho n khi ngi dng nhn chut hoc phm.

Khi lnh ca MATLAB khng kt thc bng du chm phy, kt qu ca lnh c hin th
trn ca s lnh cng vi tn bin. i lc n thun tin khi khng cho hin tn bin, trong
MATLAB ta dng lnh disp thc hin vic ny:
>> h
h=

2
>> disp(h)
2

% Cch truyn thng hin kt qu

% Hin kt qu khng c tn bin

gip bn son tho script file khi tnh ton cho nhiu trng hp, lnh input cho php bn
to cu nhc vo d liu c an ton. V d example1.m vi nhng phn c sa:
function example1
% example1.m V d c lng chiu cao ngi nh
h = 2
theta = 60
D = input( Vo khong cch gia ngi v ngi nh: )
building_height = h + D*tan(theta*pi/180)
chy file ny:
>> example1
h=
2
theta=
60
Vo khong cch gia ngi v ngi nh: 60
D=
60
building_height=
64.8319
v d trn ta g vo s 60 v n Enter. Nhng lnh sau s tnh vi gi tr ca D l 60. Ch rng
hm input c th dng vi cc php ton khc ging nh i vi cc hm thng thng khc, hm
input cng chp nhn i vi bt c kiu biu din s no, v d ta vo mt s l: +5.
>> example1
h=
2
theta=
60

20
Vo khong cch gia ngi v ngi nh: sqrt(1908)+5
D=
48.6807
building_height=
52.9783
xem nhng tc ng ca lnh echo, ta dng chng trong script file:
echo on
function example1
% example1.m V d c lng chiu cao ngi nh
h = 2
theta = 60
D = input( Vo khong cch gia ngi v ngi nh: )
building_height = h + D*tan(theta*pi/180)
echo off
chy chng trnh ta c:
>> example1
% example1.m V d c lng chiu cao ngi nh
h = 2
h=
2
theta = 60
theta=
60
D = input( Vo khong cch gia ngi v ngi nh: )
Vo khong cch gia ngi v ngi nh: 60
building_height = h + D*tan(theta*pi/180)
building_height=
64.8319
echo off
Nh bn thy trong trng hp ny, lnh echo lm cho kt qu kh c hn, nhng ngc
li lnh n c th rt c ch khi g ri nhiu script file ng dng.
------------------oOo------------------Chng 5
QUN L Tp
MATLAB cung cp mt s cc hm file h thng v cc lnh cho php bn lit k tn file, xem, v
xo M_file, hin th v thay i th mc cha n. Mt s tng kt cc lnh c wa ra trong bng
di y. Thm vo bn c th xem v sa ng dn ca MATLAB (matlabpath). Nhng ng
dn ny ch cho MATLAB ni cha script file v hm M_file trong my tnh ca bn. C rt nhiu
trng hp cc hm trong MATLAB l cc M_file n gin c cha trong a, nhng MATLAB
thng bo khng bit hm ny, nh vy do n khng tm c ng dn ca MATLAB, bn cn
phi thay i li ng dn:

21
Cc hm h thng file
addpath dir1
cd
p = cd
cd path
delete test.m
dir
d = dir
edit test
exist(cow,file)
exist(d,dir)
filesep
fullfile
inmem
ls
MATLABrc.m
MATLABroot
path
pathdef.m
pathsep
pwd
rmpath dir1
startup.m
tempdir
tempname
type test
what
which test

Thm th mc dir1 vo bt u ca ng dn
Hin th th mc hin thi
Gn th mc lm vic hin thi cho bin p
Thay i th mc a ra bng ng dn
Xo M_file test.m
Danh sch tt c cc file trong th mc hin thi
Tr li file trong th mc hin thi trong cu trc
bin d
M test.m son tho, ging nh Open trong
bng chon file
Kim tra s tn ti ca file cow.m trong ng
dn
Kim tra s tn ti ca th mc d trong ng dn
Tch file nh\ trong Windows95 v NT, : trn
Macintosh
To tn file vi ng dn y
Danh sch hm M_file, gi ra t b nh
Ging nh dir
MATLAB ch khi ng script M_file, thc
hin trc khi startup.m
Tr ng dn th mc cho chng trnh thc
hin MATLAB
Hin th hoc sa ng dn ca MATLAB
(MATLABpath)
Hm M_file, ni m mmatlabpath l ng
Chia ng dn cho matlabpath
Ging nh cd
B i th mc dir1 t ng dn matlabpath
script M_file thc hin khi MATLAB khi ng
Tn ca th mc tm thi
Tn ca file tm thi
Hin ra M_file test.m trong ca s lnh
Tr li danh sch tt c M_file v MAT_file
trong th mc hin thi
Hin th ng dn th mc n test.m

ng n ca MATLAB l danh sch ca tt c cc th mc lu tr cc file ca MATLAB.

Hn na, nu bn to mt th mc ca M_file th ng dn ca n phi c thm vo matlabpath,
nu khng th MATLAB khng th truy cp n cc file ca bn c, tr khi file t trong th
mc hin thi.
xem MATLAB s dng matlabpath nh th no, hy xem trng hp c m t trong
bng sau:(Khng thy)
ng dn ca MATLAB
Khi bn g >> cow, MATLAB s lm nh sau:
(1) Kim tra nu cow l mt bin trong khng gian lm vic ca MATLAB, nu khng th...
(2) N kim tra nu cow l mt hm c xy dng, nu khng th...

22
(3) N kim tra nu mt tn M_file cow.m tn ti trong th mc hin thi, nu khng th...
(4) N kim tra nu cow.m tn ti bt c ni no trn ng dn ca MATLAB bng cch tm
kim ng dn.
Khi no s ph hp c tm thy th MATLAB chp nhn n. V d nh cow tn ti nh mt
bin trong khng gin lm vic ca MATLAB, th MATLAB khng dng hm hoc bin c tn l
cow. V vy bn trnh khng nn to bin c tn trng vi tn hm nh:
>> sqrt = 1.2;
>> sqrt(2);
Nhng lnh trn s to ra li, bi v sqrt y khng phi l hm tnh cn bc hai, n l
bin c gi tr l 1.2. Th tc ng dn cn c dng khi lnh load c dng. u tin MATLAB
tm kim trong th mc hin ti, sau n tm theo ng dn ca MATLAB n file d liu.
Thc t th tc tm kim ca MATLAB phc tp hn l trnh by trn rt nhiu v MATLAB
dng rt nhiu file c phn m rng l .m . Hm M_file c th cha nhiu hn mt bin, th mc
trong matlabpath c th c th mc con gi l private, v MATLAB cung cp chng trnh hng
i tng vi cc ton t nh ngha li M_file trong th mc con, bt u bng k t @. Nu tt c
nhng c im ny c cng thm vo bng trn th n s y hn, nhng s rt kh hiu. Nu
bn mun nghin cu thm v phn ny th xem cc ti liu cung cp trong a CD.
Nu bn c M_file hoc MAT_file cha trong th mc khng phi trong ng n ca
MATLAB v khng trong th mc hin ti, MATLAB khng th tm thy chng. C hai gii php
cho vn ny l:
(1)_To th mc thit k thnh th mc hin ti, dng lnh cd hoc pwd t trong bng trc.
(2)_Cng thm th mc thit k trong ng dn ca MATLAB .
Cui cng n rt d dng khi ta s dng phng php duyt qua cc ng dn (path
browser) hoc cc lnh trong ca s lnh path v addpath. dng path browser, ta chn set path t
bng chn file hoc nhn chut trn nt path browser trn thanh cng c ca ca s lnh. Lm nh
vy ta s c mn hnh ging nh hnh 5.1:
Ging nh thit k cc GUI, n lin quan trc tip khi ta s dng. ng dn matlabpath c hin
th bn tri, th mc con nm trong ng dn c chn nm bn tri, cn cc nt thay i ng dn nh thm ng dn mi (add to path), loi b ng dn (remove from path) pha trn.
ghi li s thay i ta chn save path t bng chn file ca ca s
path browser trc khi ng GUI.

23

Hnh 5.1 path browser trong MATLAB 5.2

Ca s path browser trong MATLAB 5.0 khng khc lm so vi MATLAB 5.2, ch yu l cc
nt thay i ng dn trong MATLAB 5.2 th n t trn nh cn MATLAB 5.0 n c t
bn phi. ghi li s thay i ng dn trong MATLAB 5.0 trc khi ng GUI ta nhn nt
save settings.

Hnh 5.2 path browser trong MATLAB to Student

24
5.1 MATLAB khi khi ng
Khi khi ng MATLAB, n to ra hai script M_file l matlabrc.m v startup.m, trong
atlabrc.m i cng MATLAB, v nhn chung l khng c sa n.
Cc lnh trong M_file to mt cu hnh mc nh v kch c ca ca s v v tr ca n, cng nh
cc c im mc nh khc trong Windows95, WindowNT. ng dn mc nh c to bng
cch gi script file pathdef.m t matlabrc.m. Trong cc phn, cc lnh trong matlabrc.m
kim tra s tn ti ca script M_file startup.m trong ng dn ca MATLAB nu n tn ti,
cc lnh trong n c thc hin.
S la chn M_file startup.m cha cc lnh c nhng c im ring i vi MATLAB.
V d n rt thng thng nu ta thm mt hoc hn cc lnh path hoc addpath trong
startup.m chn thm cc th mc vo trong ng dn ca MATLAB. Ging nh vy, mc
nh hin th khun dng s c th thay i c nh format compact. Nu bn c mn hnh cn
bng xm, lnh graymon s c ch khi to mc nh ho cho ch ny. Hn na, nu bn v
th c cc kiu mc nh ring th mt s gi ti colordef c th xut hin trong startup.m.
Khi startup.m l mt file chun trong script M_file, th khng mt lnh no c th thay th c
trong n. Tuy nhin ta c th thay th lnh quit trong startup.m.
----------------oOo-----------------

chng 6
cc php ton vi MNg
Tt c mi s tnh ton u duy tr mt im l c s dng n cc s n, gi l scalars. Php
ton c lin quan n scalars l cc php ton c bn, nhng mt lc no , php ton phi lp li
nhiu ln khi tnh trn nhiu s. gii quyt vn ny, MATLAB nh ngha thao tc trn mng
d liu.
6.1 Mng n
Gi s ta xt hm y=sin(x) trong mt na chu k ( p x 0 ) trong khong ny s im gi tr
ca x l v tn, nhng ta ch xt nhng im cch nhau mt khong gi tr l 0.1p nh vy s cc gi
tr ca x l m c. T ta c mng cc gi tr ca x l
x= 0, 0.1p, 0.2p,..., p
Nu ta dng my tnh k thut tnh th ta c tng ng cc gi tr ca y, t ta c mng
ca y
x
y

0
0

0.1p
0.31

0.2p
0.59

0.3p
0.81

0.4p
0.95

0.5p
1.0

0.6p
0.95

0.7p
0.81

0.8p
0.59

0.9p
0.31

p
0

25
trong mng x cha cc phn t x1, x2, ..., x11
trong mng y cha cc phn t y1, y2, ..., y11
Trong MATLAB to nhng mng ny rt n gin; v d to hai mng trn ta nh cc
lnh sau vo du nhc ca MATLAB:
>> x=[0 .1*pi .2*pi .3*pi .4*pi .5*pi .6*pi .7*pi .8*pi .9*pi pi]
x=
Columns 1 through 7
0
0.3142
0.6283
0.9425
1.2566
1.5708
1.8850
Columns 8 through 11
2.1991
2.5133
2.8274
3.1416
>> y = sin(x)
y=
Columns 1 through 7
0
0.3090
0.5878
0.8090
0.9511
1.0000
0.9511
Columns 8 through 11
0.8090
0.5878
0.3090
0.0000
Kt qu trn ta c mng ca y gm cc phn t tng ng l sine ca cc phn t ca x, y
MATLAB ngm hiu l ta tnh sine ca tng phn t ca x.
to mng, ta t cc phn t ca mng vo gia hai du ngoc vung "[...]"; gia hai phn
t ca mng c th l du cch hoc du phy ","
6.2 a ch ca mng
trn mng x c 1 hng, 11 ct hay c th gi l vector hng, mng c di 11
+) truy nhp n cc phn t ca mng ta dng cc ch s th t ca phn t trong mng
v d x(1) l phn t th nht ca mng, x(2) l phn t th hai ca mng...
>> x(2)
% phn t th nht ca mng
ans=
0.3142
>> y(5)
% phn t th 5 ca mng
ans=
0.9511
+) truy nhp n nhiu phn t ca mng, v d ta truy nhp t phn t th nht n phn t th
nm ca mng x:
>> x(1:5)
ans=
0
0.3142

0.6283

0.9425

1.2566

Truy nhp t phn t th 7 n phn t cui ca mng y:

>> y(7:end)
ans=
0.9511

0.8090

0.5878

0.3090

Truy nhp t phn t th ba n phn t th nht ca mng y:

0.0000

26
>> y(3:-1:1)
ans=
0.5878
0.3090
0
v d trn 3 l phn t th 3, 1 l ch phn t u tin, cn -1 l gi tr cng (v tr phn t sau bng
v tr phn t trc cng vi -1)
Truy nhp n cc phn t trong khong t phn t th 2, n phn t th 7, v tr ca phn t sau
bng v tr ca phn t trc cng vi 2, ca mng x:
>> x(2:2:7)
ans=
0.3142

0.9425

1.5708

To mng gm cc phn t th 1, 2, 8, 9 ca mng y:

>> y([8 2 9 1])
ans=
0.8090
0.3090
0.5878
0
Nu ta truy nhp vo cc phn t ca mng m th t cc phn t tng u vi 1, ta c th nh lnh:
>> x(1:3)
ans=
0

0.3142

0.6283

6.3 Cu trc ca mng

Vi mng c s lng phn t t th ta c th nhp vo trc tip, nhng vi mng c s lng ln
cc phn t th ta dng mt trong hai cch sau:
+) To mt mng bt u l phn t 0, sau bng phn t trc cng vi 0.1, phn t cui l 1, tt c
cc phn t ca mng c nhn vi p:
>> x= (0:0.1:1)*pi
x=
Columns 1 through 7
0
0.3142
0.6283
Columns 8 through 11
2.1991
2.5133

0.9425
2.8274

1.2566

1.5708

1.8850

3.1416

+) To mng gm cc phn t ca x bng hm linspace. C php ca hm ny nh sau:

linspace(gi tr phn t u, gi tr phn t cui, s cc phn t)
v d
>> x = linspace(0,pi,11)
x=
Columns 1 through 7
0
0.3142
0.6283
Columns 8 through 11
2.1991
2.5133

0.9425
2.8274

1.2566
3.1416

1.5708

1.8850

27
Cch th nht gip ta to mng m ch cn vo khong cch gi tr gia cc phn t (khng cn
bit s phn t), cn cch th hai ta ch cn vo s phn t ca mng (khng cn bit khong cch
gi tr gia cc phn t).
Ngoi cc mng trn, MATLAB cn cung cp mng khng gian theo logarithm bng hm
logspace. C php ca hm logspace nh sau:
logspace(s m u, s m cui, s phn t)
v d:
>> logspace(0,2,11)
ans=
Columns 1 through 7
1.0000 1.5849
2.5119
3.9811
6.3096
10.0000
Columns 8 though 11
25.1189 39.8107 63.0957
100.0000

15.8489

To mng, gi tr bt u ti 100, gi tr cui l 100, cha 11 gi tr

Cc mng trn l cc mng m cc phn t ca n c to ln theo mt quy lut nht nh.
Nhng i khi mng c yu cu, n khng thun tin to cc phn t bng cc phng php trn,
khng c mt mu chun no to cc mng ny. Tuy nhin ta c th to mng bng cch vo
nhiu phn t cng mt lc
V d
>> a = 1:5,b = 1:2:9
a=
1
2
3
4
5
b=
1
3
5
7
9
>> c = [a b]
1
2
3
4
5
1
3
5
7
9
v d trn ta to hai mng thnh phn l a v b sau to mng c bng cch ghp hai mng a v
b.
Ta cng c th to mng nh sau:
>> d=[a(1:2:5) 1
d=
1
3
5

1]
1

a l mng gm cc phn t [1 3 5], mng d l mng gm cc phn t ca a v ghp thm cc

phn t [1 0 1]
Tm li ta c bng cu trc cc mng c bn:
x=[ 2 2*pi sqrt(2) 2-3j ]
x= first : last
x= first : increment : last
x= linspace(fist, last, n)

To vector hng x cha cc phn t c bit.

To vector hng x bt u ti first, phn t sau bng
phn t trc cng vi 1, kt thc l phn t c gi tr
bng hoc nh hn last .
To vector hng x bt u ti fist, gi tr cng l
increment, kt thc l phn t c gi tr bng hoc nh
hn last.
To vector hng x bt u ti first, kt thc l last, c n
phn t.

28
x= logspace(first, last, n)

To vector hng khng gian logarithm x bt u ti

10first, kt thc ti 10last, c n phn t.

6.4 Vector hng v vector ct

Trong cc v d trc, mng cha mt hng v nhiu ct, ngi ta thng gi l vector hng.
Ngoi ra ta cn c mng l vector ct, tc l mng c mt ct v nhiu hng, trong trng hp ny
tt c mi thao tc v tnh ton i vi mng nh trn l khng thay i.
T cc hm to mng minh ho phn trc (tt c u to vector hng), c nhiu cch to
vector ct. Mt cch trc tip to vector ct l vo tng phn t ca mng nh v d sau:
>> c = [1;2;3;4;5]
c=
1
2
3
4
5
Khc vi trc l ta dng du cch hay du phy phn cch gia hai ct ca vector hng.
Cn v d ny ta dng du chm phy phn cch gia hai hng ca vector ct.
Mt cch khc to cc vector ct l dng cc hm linspace, logspace, hay t cc vector
hng, sau dng phng php chuyn v. MATLAB dng ton t chuyn v l ( ' ) chuyn t
vector hng thnh vector ct v ngc li.
V d to mt vector a v vector b l chuyn v ca vector a, vector c l chuyn v ca vector b:
>> a= 1:5
a=
1
2
>> b= a'
b=
1
2
3
4
5
>> c= b'
c=
1
2

Ngoi ra MATLAB cn s dng ton t chuyn vi du chm ng trc ( .' ) ( ton t chuyn v
chm). Ton t ny ch khc vi ton t chuyn v ( ' ) khi cc phn t ca mng l s phc, tc l t
mt vector ngun vi cc phn t l s phc, ton t ( ' ) to ra vector phc lin hp chuyn v, cn
ton t ( .' ) ch to ra vector chuyn v.
V d sau y s lm r iu trn:
>> c = a.'
% To vector c t vector a trn bng ton t chuyn v chm
c=
1
2
3

29
4
5
>> d = a + i*a % To vector s phc d t vector a
d=
Columns 1 though 4
1.0000+1.0000i 2.0000+2.0000i 3.0000+3.0000i 4.0000+4.0000i
Columns 5
5.0000+5.0000i
>> e = d.'
% To vector e t vector d bng ton t chuyn v chm ( .' )
e=
1.0000 + 1.0000i
2.0000 + 2.0000i
3.0000 + 3.0000i
4.0000 + 4.0000i
5.0000 + 5.0000i
>> f = d'
% To ra vector f t vector d bng ton t chuyn v ( ' )
f=
1.0000 - 1.0000i
2.0000 - 2.0000i
3.0000 - 3.0000i
4.0000 - 4.0000i
5.0000 - 5.0000i
trn ta ch xt n mng c mt hng hay mt ct by gi ta xt trng hp c nhiu
hng v nhiu ct, n cn c gi l ma trn. V d sau y l ma trn g c hai hng v bn
ct:
>> g = [1 2 3 4;5 6 7 8]
g=
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Trong v d ny ta dng du cch vo cc phn t trong hng v du chm phy ( ; ) to
hai hng; ngoi ra ta cng c th to ma trn nh sau:
>> g = [1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8
9 10 11 12]
g=
1
2
3
5
6
7
9
10
11

4
8
12

Ch : Khi nhp vo ma trn th gia cc hng s phn t phi bng nhau nu khng chng
trnh s b bo li nh v d sau:
>> h = [1 2 3;4 5 6 7]
Numbers of elements in each row must be the same
+) Php ton gia mng vi s n.

30
Trong v d trc chng ta to mng x bng cch nhn cc phn t ca mt mng vi . Cc
php ton n gin khc gia mng vi s n l php cng, php tr, php nhn, v php chia ca
mng cho s bng cch thc hin php ton i vi tng phn t ca mng.
V d:
>> g = [1 2 3 4; 5 6 7 8; 9 10 11 12];
>> -2
% Tr cc phn t ca mng g i 2
ans=
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
>> 2*g - 1
% Nhn tt c cc phn t ca mng g vi 2 sau tr i 1
ans=
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
17
19
21
23
+) Php ton gia mng vi mng
Thut ton thc hin php ton gia cc mng khng phi n gin nh trn m n cn b rng
buc bi cc iu kin khc nh i vi hai mng kch c nh nhau th ta c cc php ton sau: php
cng, php tr, php nhn, chia tng ng gia cc phn t ca ca hai mng.
V d :
>> g
% Gi li mng g
g=
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
>> h = [1 1 1 1; 2 2 2 2; 3 3 3 3] % To mt mng mi h.
h=
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
>> h + g % Cng hai ma trn g v h ( cng tng ng tng phn t ca h vi g)
ans=
2
3
4
5
7
8
9
10
12
13
14
15
>> ans - h % Ly kt qu trc tr i mng h, ta c li mng g.
ans=
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
>> 2*g - h % Nhn ma trn g vi 2 sau ly kt qu tr i ma trn h.
ans=
1
3
5
7
8
10
12
14
15
17
19
21
>> g.*h % Nhn tng ng cc phn t ca mng g vi cc phn t ca mng h
ans=
1
2
3
4

31
10
27

12
30

14
33

16
36

v d trn ta dng ton t chm_nhn ( .* ), ngoi ra MATLAB cn dng ton t chm_chia ( ./

hoc .\ ) chia tng ng cc phn t ca hai mng nh v d di y:
>> g./h % Chia phi tng ng cc phn t ca mng g vi cc phn t ca mng h
ans=
1.0000
2.0000
3.0000
4.0000
2.5000
3.0000
3.5000
4.0000
3.0000
3.3333
3.6667
4.0000
>> h.\g % Chia tri tng ng cc phn t ca mng g vi cc phn t ca mng h
ans=
1.0000
2.0000
3.0000
4.0000
2.5000
3.0000
3.5000
4.0000
3.0000
3.3333
3.6667
4.0000
Ch ta ch c th dng php nhn_chm hay php chia_chm i vi cc mng g v h m khng
th dng php nhn ( * ) hay php chia ( / hoc \ ) v i vi cc php ton ny yu cu s ct v s
hng ca hai ma trn phi tng thch.
v d:
>> g*h
??? Error using ==> *
Inner matrix dimensions must agree.
>> g/h
Warning: Rank deficient, rank = 1 tol = 503291e-15.
ans=
0
0
0.8333
0
0
2.1667
0
0
3.5000
>> h/g
Warning: Rank dificient, rank = 2 tol = 1.8757e-14.
ans=
- 0.1250
0
0.1250
- 0.2500
0
0.2500
- 0.3750
0
0.3750
Php chia ma trn a ra kt qu m khng cn thit phi cng kch c nh ma trn g v ma
trn h. V cc php ton i vi ma trn chng ta s ni n sau
+) Mng vi lu tha.
MATLAB dng ton t ( .^ ) nh ngha lu tha ca mng.
V d ta c hai mng g v h nh trn, ta c th to cc mng mi bng ton t ( .^ ) nh sau:
>> g.^2

% Cc phn t ca g c lu tha v s m l 2.

ans=
1
25
81

4
36
100

9
49
121

16
64
144

32
% Cc phn t ca g c lu tha vi s m l -1.

>> g.^-1
ans=

1
0.2
0.11111
>> 2.^g
ans=
2
25
729

0.5
0.33333
0.16667
0.14286
0.1
0.090909
% Cc phn t ca g l s m ca 2.
4
36
1000

8
49
1331

0.25
0.125
0.083333

16
64
1728

% Cc phn t ca g c lu tha vi s m l tng ng l cc phn t

ca h tr i 1.

>> g.^(h - 1)
ans=
1
5
81

1
6
100

1
7
121

1
8
144

Sau y l bng mt s php ton c bn ca mng:

Cc php ton i vi cc phn t ca mng
D liu minh ho:
Cng vi s n
Nhn vi s n
Cng mng
Nhn mng
Chia phi mng
Chia tri mng
Lu tha mng

a = [a1 a2 ... an] , b = [b1 b2 ... bn] , c l s v hng

a+c = [a1 +c a2 +c ... an+c]
a*c = [a1 *c a2 *c ... an*c]
a+b = [ a1+b1 a2+b2 ... an+bn ]
a.*b = [ a1*b1 a2*b2 ... an*bn ]
a./ b = [ a1/ b1 a2/ b2 ... an/ bn ]
a.\ b = [ a1\ b1 a2\ b2 ... an\ bn ]
a.^c = [ a1^c a2^c ... an^c ]
c.^a = [ c^a1 c^a2 ... c^an ] a.^b = [ a1^b1 a2^b2 ... an^bn ]

6.5 Mng c cc phn t l 0 hoc 1.

Bi v c nhng ng dng chung ca chng m MATLAB cung cp nhng hm to nhng
mng m cc phn t ca chng l 0 hoc 1.
V d:
>> ones(3) % To mng 3 hng, 3 ct vi cc phn t l 1.
ans=
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
>> zeros(2,5) % To mng 2 hng, 5 ct vi cc phn t l 0.
ans=
0
0

0
0

0
0

0
0

0
0

33
To mng c cc phn t l 1, kch c bng mng g bit.
>> size(g) % Hm tr v kch c ca mng g.
ans=
3
4
>> ones(size(g))
ans=
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Khi gi hm ones(n), zeros(n) vi mt thng s n th MATLAB s to mng vung vi s hng v s
ct l n. Khi gi hm vi hai thng s ones(r,c), zeos(r,c) th r l ch s hng, c l ch s ct.
6.6 Thao tc i vi mng
T cc mng v cc ma trn c bn ca MATLAB, c nhiu cch thao tc i vi chng.
MATLAB cung cp nhng cch tin ch chn vo, ly ra, sp sp li nhng b phn t con ca
chng bng cc ch s ca cc phn t. V d di y s minh ho nhng c im thao tc i vi
mng v ma trn trn:
>> A = [1
A=
1
4
7

3; 4

2
5
8

3
6
9

6; 7

9]

>> A(3,3) = 0 % Gn phn t hng th 3, ct th 3 bng 0.

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0
>> A(2,6) = 1
% Gn phn t hng th 2, ct th 6 bng 1.
A=
1
2
3
0
0
0
4
5
6
0
0
1
7
8
0
0
0
0
y ma trn A khng c 6 ct, kch c ca ma trn A phi tng ln cho ph hp, cc phn t tng
thm c in bng cc con s khng.
>> A(:,4) = 4
A=
1
2
4
5
7
8

% Gn tt c cc phn t thuc ct th 4 bng 4.

3
6
0

4
4
4

0
0
0

0
1
0

trn ta dng du hai chm ( : ) ch tt c cc hng.

>> A = [1 2 3; 4 5
>> B = A(3:-1:1,1:3)
B=

6; 7 8 9];
% Gn li cc gi tr ca ma trn A.
% To ma trn B bng cch o ngc cc hng ca ma trn A.

34
7
8
9
4
5
6
1
2
3
>> B = A(3:-1:1,:)

% Cng to ma trn B nh trn

% nhng y ta dng ( : ) ch tt c cc ct.

B=
7
8
9
4
5
6
1
2
3
>> C = [ A B(:,[1 3])]

% To ma trn C bng cch ghp ma trn A v

% ct th nht, th ba ca ma trn B vo bn phi ma trn A.

C=
1
2
4
5
7
8
>> C = [1 3]
C=
1
3
>> B = A(C,C)
B=
1
3
7
9
>> B= A(:)
B=

3
6
9

7
4
1

9
6
3

% Dng ma trn C lm ch s to ma trn B T ma trn A.

% To ma trn ct B t ma trn A.

1
4
7
2
5
8
3
6
9

>> B = B.'
B=
1
4
>> B = A;
>> B(:,2) = []
B=
1
3
4
6
7
9

% Chuyn ma trn B thnh ma trn hng bng ton t chuyn v chm.

7

% Loi b ct th hai ca ma trn B.

Khi ta gn ct th hai ca ma trn B cho ma trn rng ([]) th n s b xo, ma trn cn li s rt b i

hng th hai.
>> B = B.'
B=
1
4
3
6
>> B(2,:) = []

7
9

35
B=

1
4
>> A(2,:) = B
A=
1
2
1
4
7
8
>> B = A(:,[2
B=
2
2
4
4
8
8

7
% Thay hng th hai ca ma trn A bng ma trn B.
3
7
9
2 2

2])

2
4
8

2
4
8

To ma trn B bng cch to bn ct ging ct th hai ca ma trn A, s hng vn gi nguyn bng

s hng ca ma trn A.
>> A(2,2) = []
??? Indexed empty matrix assignment is not allowed.
y MATLAB khng cho php xo i mt phn t ca ma trn m phi xo i mt ct hoc mt
hng.
>> B = A(4,:)
??? Index exeeds matrix dimension.
V d trn ma trn A khng c bn hng, nn MATLAB thng bo nh trn.
>> B(1:2,:) = A
??? In an assignment A(matrix, :) = B, the number of columns in A
and B must be the same.
MATLAB ch ra rng bn khng th gn mt ma trn vo trong mt ma trn khc m khc nhau v
kch c.
>> B = [1 4 7];
>> B(3:4,:) = A(2:3,:)
B=
1
4
7
0
0
0
1
4
7
7
8
9
Nhng ta c th gn hai hng ca ma trn A cho hai hng ca ma trn B, khi ma trn A v ma trn B
c cng s ct. Ma trn B ch c mt hng nn khi thm hng th ba v hng th t th hng th hai
ca ma trn B c mc nh cho thm cc phn t 0 vo.
>> G(1:6) = A(:,2:3)
G=
2
4
8

36
T phn t th nht n phn t th su ca ma trn G c gn bng ct th hai v ct th ba ca
ma trn A.
i khi tin li hn ta ch dng ch s n truy nhp n cc phn t ca mng. Khi ch
s n c dng trong MATLAB th th t cc phn t ca mng c tnh bt u t phn t u
tin ca ct, tnh ht ct th tnh n ct tip theo..
V d:
>> D = [1
D=
1
5
9
>> D(2)
ans=
5
>> D(5)
ans=
6
>> D(end)
ans=
12
>> D(4:7)
ans=
2

4; 5

8; 9

10

11

12]

2
3
4
6
7
8
10
11
12
% Phn t th hai ca mng.
% Phn t th nm ca mng ( ct 2, hng 2 ).
% Phn t cui cng ca mng.
% T phn t th t n phn t th by ca ma trn.
6

10

Ngoi trng hp dng a ch da trn bng ch s, chng ta cn c th dng a ch da trn

mng logic_l kt qu t cc php ton logic. Nu kch c ca mng logic cn bng vi mng to ra
n th chnh l a ch ca mng. Trong trng hp ny th phn t True (1) c gia li v phn
t False (0) b b i
V d:
>> x = -3:3 % To mng d liu.
x=
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
>> abs(x)>1
ans=
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
Tr v mt mng logic vi gi tr mt ti nhng phn t c tr tuyt i ln hn mt.
>>
y=

y = x( abs(x)>1)

-3
-2
2
3
To mng y bng cch ly nhng phn t ca x m c tr tuyt i ln hn mt.
>> y = x([1 1 0 0 0 1 1])
??? Index into matrix is negative or zero. See release notes on
changes to logical indices
Cu lnh b li mc d abs(x)>1 v [1 1 0 0 0 1 1] cng l vector nh nhau. Trong trng hp
ny, [1 1 0 0 0 1 1] l mt mng s, khng phi l mng logic. V vy MATLAB c nh a ch

37
cc phn t c s ch s trong mng [1 1 0 0 0 1 1] v cu lnh b li v khng c phn t 0. Tuy
nhin MATLAB cung cp hm logical chuyn i t mng s sang mng logic
>> y = x(logical([1 1 0 0 0 1 1]))
y=
-3
-2
2
3
mng logic lm vic vi ma trn cng nh l i vi vector:
>> B = [5 -3; 2 -4]
B=
5
-3
2
-4
>> x = abs(B)>2
x=
1
1
0
0
>> y = B(x)
5
-3
4
Tuy nhin kt qu c chuyn thnh vector ct v khng cch no nh ngha ma trn ch c
ba phn t. a ch ca mng A( r, c ). a ch mt mng con trong mng A, nh ngha bng cc ch
s vector ca hng thit k trong r, ch s vector ca ct thit k trong c. A( r, : ). a ch mt mng
con trong mng A, nh ngha bnh cc ch s vector ca hng thit k trong r, v tt c cc ct ca
A. A( : , c). a ch mt mng con trong mng A, nh ngha bng tt c cc hng ca A, ch s
vector ca ct c thit k trong c.A( : ). a ch tt c cc phn t ca A nh mt vector ct, bng
cch ghp th t cc ct ca vector A. A( i ) a ch mt mng con trong mng A, nh ngha bng
cc ch s vector n c thit k trong i, vi gi s A l vector ct. A( x ). a ch mt mng con
trong mng A, nh ngha bi mng logic x. x phi cng kch c vi A.
6.7 Tm kim mng con
Nhiu khi chng ta mun bit cc ch s hay danh sch cc ch s ca nhng phn t ca mt
mng m n tho mn mt biu thc quan h, trong MATLAB thc hin vic ta s dng hm
find, hm ny tr v danh sch con ch s ti nhng phn t m biu thc quan h ca chng l ng:
>> x = -3:3
x=
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
>> k = find(abs(x)>1)
k=
1
2
6
7
tm nhng ch s ti nhng v tr m ti abs(x)>1
y = x(k)
y=
-3
-2
2
3
To mng y, dng cc ch s trong mng k.
Hm find cng c th s dng trong ma trn:
>> A = [1

3; 4

6; 7

9]

38
A=

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
>> [i,j] = find(A>5)
i=
3
3
2
3
j=
1
2
3
3
y i l ch s hng, cn j l ch s ct; gia i v j c mi quan h tng ng ch nhng v tr
m ti biu thc quan h l ng.
Ch : khi MATLAB tr li hai hoc nhiu bin, chng c t trong du ngoc vung, v c
t bn tri du bng. C php ny khc vi c php thao tc i vi mng trn, khi m [i,j]c t bn phi du bng, v n xy dng ln mt mng m j c kt ni vo bn phi du bng.
Bng di y tm tt dng lnh ca phn tm kim mng:
Tm kim mng
i = find(x)
[ r, c ] = find(x)

Tr li cc ch s ca mng x ni m cc phn t ca n khc khng

Tr li ch s hng v ch s ct ca mng x ni m cc phn t ca
n khc khng.

6.8 So snh mng

Chng ta c th dng hm isequal so snh hai mng. Th d:
>> A = [1 2 3; 4 5
A=
1
4
7
2
5
8
3
6
9
>> B = A.*(-1).^A
B=
-1
4
-7
2
-5
8
-3
6
-9
>> C = 1:9
1
2
3
>> isequal(A,C)
ans=
0
>> isequal(A,B)
ans=
0
>> isequal(A,A)

6; 7

9]

% To mng c cng gi tr vi A nhng c khun dng khc.

4
5
6
7
8
9

39
ans=

1
>> isequal(C,C)
ans=
0
Hm isequal tr li gi tr logic l ng (1) khi hai mng c cng kch c, cc phn t ging nhau.
Ngoi ra n tr li gi tr l sai (0).
Thm vo , hm ismember ch ra cc phn t ging nhau gia hai mng:
>> ismember(A,B)
ans=
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
>> ismember(A,B)
ans=
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

% Kt qu tr v l vector ct.

ismember tr li gi tr ng cho nhng ch s trong A m phn t ny cng c trong i s th

hai. Hai i s khng cn c cng kch c.
>> x = 0:2:20
% mng vi 11 phn t.
x=
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
>> ismember(x,A)
ans=
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
y l mng c cng kch c vi x, vi 1 ti cc phn t chung.
>> ismember(x,A)
ans=
0
1
0
1
0

16

18

20

40
1
0
1
0
y l mng c s phn t bng s phn t ca A, vi 1 ti cc phn t chung. V vy ismember
so snh i s th nht ca n vi i s th hai v tr li mt vector c cng s phn t vi i s
th nht.
Nhng hm to khc trong th vin MATLAB:
>> union(A,B)
% Tt c cc phn t c trong hai mng.
ans=
-9
-7
-5
-3
-1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
>> intersect(A,B)
% Phn t chung ca hai mng.
ans=
2
4
6
8
>> setdiff(A,B)
% Cc phn t c trong A nhng khng c trong B.
ans=
1
3
5
7
9
>> setxor(A,B)
% Cc phn t khng thuc phn chung gia A v B.
ans=
-9
-7
-5
-3
-1
1
3
5
7
9

41
Nhng hm ny c tng kt li trong bng di y:
So snh mng
isequal(A, B)
ismember(A, B)
intersect(A, B)
setdiff(A, B)
setxor(A, B)
union(A, B)

ng nu A v B ging nhau.
ng khi phn t ca A cng l phn t ca B.
Cc phn t chung gia A v B.
Cc phn t c trong A m khng c trong B.
Cc phn t khng thuc phn chung gia A v B.
Tt c cc phn t c trong A v B.

6.9 Kch c ca mng

phn trc chng ta bit lnh who cung cp tn bin do ngi dng nh ngha. Trong trng
hp ca mng, n cn rt quan trng khi bit kch c ca mng. Trong MATLAB, lnh whos cung
cp nhng thng tin ny:
>> whos
Name
size
Bytes Class
A
3x3
72 double array
B
1x3
24 double array
ans
1x4
32 double array
Grand total is 16 elements using 128 bytes

(logical)

Thm vo nh s v kch c ca bin, whos hin th tng s bytes chim, v class ca

cc bin. V d, thng tin cp trn, ans l mng logic
Trong nhng trng hp m kch c ca ma trn hoc ca vector khng c bit nhng n cn
thit cho mt s cc thao tc, MATLAB cung cp hai hm ng dng l size v length :
>> A = [1 2 3
>> s = size(A)
s=
2
4

4; 5

8];

Vi mt thng s ra, hm size tr li mt vector hng trong c hai phn t, phn t th nht l
ch s hng, cn phn t th hai ch s ct.
>> [r,c] = size(A)
r=
2
c=
4
Vi hai thng s a ra, hm size tr li s hng trong bin th nht, v s ct trong bin th hai.
>> r = size(A,1)
r=
2
>> c = size(A,2)
Gi hai thng s, hm size ch tr v s ct hoc s hng.
>> length(A)
ans=
4

42
Tr v gi tr s hng hoc s ct, gi tr no ln hn c tr v.
>> B = pi:0.01:2*pi;
>> size(B)
ans=
1
315
Cho bit rng B l vector hng, v
>> length(B)
ans=
315
tr li di ca vector.
>> size([ ])
ch ra rng ma trn rng khng c kch c.
Nhng khi nim ny c tng kt trong bng di y:
Kch c ca mng
whos
s = size(A)
[ r, c ] = size(A)
r = size(A, 1)
c = size(A, 2)
n = length(A)

Hin th cc bin, m tn ti trong khng gian lm vic v kch c ca

chng.
Tr li vector hng s, m phn t th nht l s hng ca A, phn t th
hai l s ct ca A.
Tr li hai s v hng r, c cha s hng v s ct ca A.
Tr li s hng ca A trong bin r.
Tr li s ct ca A trong bin c.
Tr li max(size(A)) trong bin n khi A khng rng.

6.10 Mng nhiu chiu

i vi cc MATLAB versions trc 5.0, mng ch c th c mt hoc hai chiu. T MATLAB
5.0 tr ln th s chiu ca mng tng ln. V d:
>> a = [1 0; 0 1]
a=
1
0
0
1
>> b = [2 2; 2 2]
b=
2
2
2
2
>> c = [0 3; 3 0]
c=
0
3
3
0
>> d = cat(3,a,b,c)
d(:,:,1)=
1
0
0
1
d(:,:,2)=

43
2
2
2
2
d(:,:,3)=
0
3
3
0
>> size(d)
ans=
2
2
3
To cc mng hai chiu a, b, c, sau ghp chng lai vi nhau thnh mng ba chiu bng cch
s dng hm cat. Nh vy mng d l mng c hai hng, hai ct, v ba trang. Mng a to trang th
nht, b l trang th hai, v c l trang th ba. Thng s trang din t chiu th ba ca mng, cung cp
mt cch hnh dung v mng ba chiu nh mng hai chiu, cc trang xp th t t mt cho n cui
nh trong mt quyn sch. i vi cc mng c s chiu cao hn, khng c tn chung, v n cng rt
kh tng tng!
Thao tc vi mng nhiu chiu cng ging nh cc th tc a ra trn i vi mng mt
chiu v hai chiu. Ngoi ra MATLAB cn cung cp mt s hm thao tc trc tip i vi mng
nhiu chiu:
Cc hm vi mng nhiu chiu
s = size(A)
Cho n_s chiu ca A, tr v vector hng s vi n phn t,
phn t th i l kch c chiu th i ca mng A
ndims(A)
S chiu ca A, tng t nh hm length(size(A))
permute(A, order)
n_s chiu, tng ng vi ton t chuyn v chm.
ipermute(A, order)
Ngc vi hm permute(A, order)
shiftdim(A, n)
Thay i s chiu ca mng A bng s nguyn n.
squeeze(A)
Tr li s chiu duy nht ca mng, tng ng vi tr li s
chiu ln hn ba.
V d: S suy gim do phn r dng mng
Vn : Phn t polonium c chu k phn r l 140 ngy, c ngha l do s phn r m khi lng
ca poloniun ch cn li 1/ 2 so vi khi lng ban u sau 140 ngy. Gi s ban u ta c 10 grams
polonium, n s cn li bao nhiu sau mi tun trong vng mi tun?
Gii php: Ta s dng phng php gii trong chng 2, khi lng cn li sau sau mt khong
thi gian l:
thi gian/ chu k
khi lng cn li = khi lng ban u . (0.5)
gii bi ton ny, gi php ca MATLAB l:
>> initial_amount = 10; % Khi lng cht polonium ban u
>> half_life = 140;
% Chu k phn r
>> time = 7:7:70
% Kt thc ca cc tun
time=
7
14
21
28
35
42
49
56
63
70
>> amount_left = initial_amount*0.5.^(time/ half_life)
amount_left=
Columns 1 through 7
9.6594
9.3303
9.0125
Columns 8 through 10
7.5786
7.3204
7.0711

8.7055

8.4090

8.1225

7.8458

44
Dng ton t mng lm cho n tnh cc gi tr mt cch n gin hn khi nhn nhiu gi tr ca
mt bin. Ch rng nhn chm (.^) c s dng v chng ta mun lu tha 0.5 ln i vi mi
phn t ca mng. Nhng d liu ny c th d dng v chng trong MATLAB nh hnh di:
>> plot(time/7,amount_left)
>> xlabel(Week number), ylabel(Amount of Polonium left)

Hnh 6.1
V d: Tm kim gii php s dng vectors
Vn : Vn ca tun trong trng cp hai l tm mt s nh hn 100 m chia ht cho 7,
nhng cn d li 1 khi chia cho 2, 3, 4, 5, v 6.
Gii php: Khng c mt gii php phn tch no cho vn ny c, v vy chng ta phi gii bng
phng php tm kim. Nu bn bt u vi tt c cc s l bi s ca 7 v nh hn 1000, cn cc s
khc th khng xt n, bn s xy dng c mt gii php. Trong MATLAB gii php c a ra
trong script file l:
function pow
% pow.m script file to solve problem of the week
n=7:7:1000
% all multiples of 7 less than 1000
number=length(n)
% number of potential solutions
n(rem(n,2)~=1)=[];
% throw out non solutions by
number=length(n)
n(rem(n,3)~=1)=[];
%setting them equal to an empty array,
number=length(n)
n(rem(n,4)~=1)=[];
% the function rem computes remainders
number=length(n)
n(rem(n,5)~=1)=[];

45
number=length(n)
n(rem(n,6)~=1)=[];
Chy script file ny ta c gii php nh di y:
>> pow
number =
142
number =
71
number =
24
number =
12
number =
2
n=
301

721

V d: Tnh ton nng acid dng cc php ton vi mng

Vn : Nh mt phn ca qu trnh sn xut b phn ca vt c ti mt nh my t ng, b
phn c nhng trong nc lm ngui, sau nhng trong bn ng dung dch acid lm
sch. Trong ton b ca qu trnh nng acid gim i khi cc b phn c ly ra khi bn acid v
khi nhng b phn ca vt c vo bn th mt lng nc cn bm trn vt c khi nhng b trc cng vo theo v khi nhc ra khi bn mt lng acid bm theo vt. m bo cht lng th
nng acid phi khng c nh hn mt lng ti thiu. Bn hy bt u vi nng dung dch
l 90% th nng ti thiu phi l 50%. Lng cht lng thm vo v ly i sau mi ln nhng dao
ng trong khong t 1% n 10%. Hi bao nhiu b phn c th nhng vo b nc acid trc khi
nng ca n gim xung di mc cho php?
Gii php: Ta s dng phng php gii a ra chng 2:
n=
Trong MATLAB, gii php vit trong script M_file l:
function example6_2
% script M_file example6_2
initial_con=90;
min_con=50;
lost=1:10 % consider 1% to 10% in increments of 1%
n=floor(log(initial_con/min_con)./log(1+lost/100))
stem(lost,n)
xlabel('Percent Lost with Each Dip')
ylabel('Number of Dips')
title('Acid-Water Bath Dipping Example')
Chy chng trnh trn ta c kt qu nh sau:

46
lost =
1
n =
59

10

29

19

14

12

10

Hnh 6.2
Ch y yu cu phng php chia chm v log(1 + lost/ 100) l mt vector
--------------------oOo------------------

chng 7
cc php tnh vi mng
7.1 To phng trnh tuyn tnh.

47
V c bn, MATLAB c vit i vi nhng ma trn v thc hin php ton s hc tuyn tnh
n gin m xut hin trong nhiu ng dng. Mt vn chung nht ca s hc tuyn tnh l vic
gii phng trnh. V d to phng trnh:
. =
A.x = b
Biu tng php nhn ton hc (.) c nh ngha trong php ton trn, khc vi k hiu ta
dng i vi mng trc kia. Trong MATLAB php nhn ma trn ny c nh ngha bng du sao
(*). Tip theo nh ngha du bng, ma trn to ra t ma trn A v vector x bng vi vector b. Gii
php tn ti cho s cn bng cp trn l nhng vn c bn ca s hc tuyn tnh. Thm na,
khi li gii khng tn ti, c rt nhiu cch gn ng tm kim gii php, nh php loi tr
Gaussian, s tm tha s LU, hoc tnh trc tip A-1 .b. Di y chng ta s cp n mt s cch
gii quyt nh trn:
Trc tin nhp vo ma trn A v b:
>> A = [1 2
A=
1
4
7
>> b = [366;
b=
366
804
351

3; 4

6; 7

0]

2
3
5
6
8
0
804; 315]

Nu bn c kin thc v s hc tuyn tnh, n rt d bn kim tra xem nh thc ca ma trn trn
c khc khng hay khng:
>> det(A)
ans=
27
Nu n ng, MATLAB c th gii phng trnh theo hai cch, mt cch hay c dng hn,
mt cch t s dng, nhng trc tip hn, phng php ny l chuyn thnh dng x=A-1.b.
>> x = inv(A)*b
x=
25.0000
22.0000
99.0000
-1
y inv(A) l hm ca MAYLAB dng tnh A ; v ton t nhn ( * ), khng c du chm pha
trc, y l php nhn ma trn. Phng php c dng nhiu hn l dng ton t chia ma trn tri:
>> x = A\b
x=
25.0000
22.0000
99.0000

48
Phng trnh ny s dng phng php tm tha s LU gn ng v a ra cu tr li nh l
php chia tri A cho b. Ton t chia tri ( \ ) khng c du chm pha trc l mt php ton ca ma
trn, n khng phi l cc php ton gia cc phn t ca mng. Phng php th hai ny c s
dng nhiu hn do nhiu nguyn nhn, mt trong nhng nguyn n gin nht l phng php ny
dng t php ton hn v tc nhanh hn. Thm vo , nhn chung phng php ny chnh xc
hn cho nhng bi ton ln. Trong trng hp khc, nu MATLAB khng tm thy phng php gii
hoc khng tm thy phng php chinh xc, n s hin thng bo li.
Nu bn nghin cu s hc tuyn tnh, bn bit rng khi s phng trnh v s bin khc nhau,
th khng th c mt phng php duy nht gii. Trong MATLAB khi gp nhng h phng trnh
c s phng trnh ln hn s bin n dng ton t chia tri hoc chia phi, t ng gim thp nht
nhng phn t tha A.x - b. Cch ny gi l phng php vung nh nht. V d:
>> A = [1 2 3; 4 5 6; 7 8 0; 2 5 8] % Bn phng trnh, ba bin.
A=
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0
2
5
8
>> b = [366 804 351 514]
b=
366
804
351
514
>> x = A\b
% Phng php vung nh nht.
x=
247.9818
-173.1091
114.9273
>> res = A*x - b
res=
-119.4545
11.9455
0.0000
35.8364
Mt khc khi s phng trnh t hn s bin tng t nh trng hp khng xc nh, th s
nghim phng trnh l v tn. i vi nhng nghim ny MATLAB tnh theo hai cch. Dng ton
t chia a ra phng php m c s phn t 0 ca x l cc i. Nh mt s la chn, tnh
x=pinv(A)*b a ra phng php chiu di hoc tiu chun ca x nh hn cc phng php khc. Phng php ny gi l phng php tiu chun cc tiu.
V d:
>> A = A
% To ba phng trnh, bn bin.
A=
1
4
7
2
2
5
8
5
3
6
0
8
>> b = b(1:3)
b=

49
366
804
351
>> x = A\b
x=

% phng php vi s phn t 0 cc i.

0
-165.9000
99.0000
168.3000
>> xn = pinv(A)*b
% Tm kim gii php tiu chun nh nht.
xn=
30.8182
-168.9818
99.0000
159.0545
>> norm(x)
% Tiu chun O_clit vi cc phn t 0.
ans=
256.2200
>> norm(xn) % Gii php tiu chun nh nht
ans=
254.1731
7.2 Cc hm ma trn .
gii phng trnh tuyn tnh, MATLAB cung cp cc hm tr gip sau:
Cc hm ma trn
balance(A)
Cn bng tng chnh xc
cdf2rdf(A)
Chuyn t dng s phc cho sang dng s thc cho
chol(A)
Tm tha s Cholesky
cholinc(A, droptol)
Tha s Cholesky khng y
cond(A)
S iu kin ma trn
condest(A)
c lng s iu kin ma trn theo tiu
det(A)
nh thc ma trn
expm(A)
Ma trn theo lut m
expm1(A)
B sung M_file ca expm
expm2(A)
Ma trn theo lut hm m, dng th t Taylor
funm(A, fun)
Tnh ton hm ma trn chung
hess(A)
Mu Hessenberg
inv(A)
Ma trn chuyn v
logm(A)
Ma trn logarithm
lu(A)
Tm tha s vi php kh Gaussian
luinc(A, droptol)
Tha s LU khng y
norm(A)
Ma trn v vector tiu chun
norm(A,1)
Tiu chun 1
norm(A, 2)
Tiu chun 2
norm(A, inf)
V cng
norm(A, p)
Tiu chun P (ch i vi vector)
norm(A, fro)
Tiu chun F
normest(A)
Tiu chun 2 c lng cho ma trn ln

50
null(A)
orth(A)
poly(A)
polyvalm(A)
qr(A)
qrdelet(Q, R, j)
qrinsert(Q, R, j, x)
rank(A)
rcond(A)
sqrtm(A)
subspace(A, B)
svd(A)
svds(A, K)
trace(A)

Khong rng
Tnh trc giao
a thc c trng
Tnh gi tr ca ma trn
Xc nh trc giao tam gic
Xo ct t tha s QR
Chn ct trong tha s QR
S ca hng hoc ct c lp
c lng iu kin thun nghch
Ma trn gc bnh phng
Gc gia hai im
Phn tch gi tr n
Mt s cc gi tr n
Tng cc phn t cho

7.3 Ma trn c bit

MATLAB a ra mt s cc ma trn c bit, trong mt s chng c nhng ng dng rng
ri trong cc php ton. Nhn chung nhng ma trn l:
>> a = [1 2 3; 4 5 6];
>> b = find(a>10)
b=
[ ]
y b l ma trn rng. MATLAB tr li ma trn rng khi php ton khng c kt qu. Trong v
d trn khng c phn t no ca a ln hn 10. Ma trn rng khng c kch c, nhng tn bin ca
chng vn tn ti trong khng gian lm vic.
>> zeros(3)
% Ma trn khng 3 hng, 3 ct (3x3).
ans=
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
>> ones(2,4)
% Ma trn mt 2 hng, 4 ct (2x4).
ans=
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
>> zeros(3) + pi
ans=
3.1416
3.1416
3.1416
3.1416
3.1416
3.1416
3.1416
3.1416
3.1416
V d trn v to ma trn 3x3 vi cc phn t u l .
>> rand(3,1)
ans=
0.2190
0.0470
0.6789

51
ma trn 3x1 gm cc phn t l s cung cp bi hm random gia 0 v 1.
>> randn(2)
ans=
1.1650
0.6268

0.0751
0.3516

ma trn 2x2 ca cc s cung cp bi hm random vi gi tr trung bnh l 0. Thut ton cho hm rand
v randn c th tm thy trong S.K>Park and K.W.Miller,Random Number Generator: Good Ones
Are Hard to Find, Comm. ACM, 32, 10, Oct. 1988-1201.
>> eye(3)
ans=
1
0
0
1
0
0
Ma trn ng nht 3x3

0
0
1

>> eye(3,2)
ans=
1
0
0
1
0
0
Ma trn ng nht 3x2
Ngoi ra ch kch c ca mt ma trn, bn c th dng hm size to mt ma trn c kch c
ging nh ma trn khc:
>> A = [1 2 3; 4
>> ones(size(A))
ans=
1
1
1
1

6];

1
1

ma trn mt c cng kch c vi ma trn A.

Cc ma trn trn v cc ma trn c bit khc c gii thiu trong bng sau:
Cc ma trn c bit
[ ]
compan
eye
gallery
hadamard
hankel
hilb
invhilb
magic
ones
pascal
rand

Ma trn rng
To ma trn rng
Ma trn ng nht
Ma trn kim tra nh vi phn t
Ma trn Hadamard
Ma trn Hankel
Ma trn Hilbert
Chuyn thnh ma trn Hilbert
Ma trn vung, gi tr cc phn t bng t 1 n gi tr s phn t
Ma trn 1
Ma trn tam gic Pascal
Ma trn vi cc phn t ngu nhin t 0 n 1.

52
randn
rosser
toeplitz
vander
wilkinson
zeros

Ma trn ngu nhin thng thng vi gi tr trung bnh bng 0

Ma trn kim tra i xng trc chnh
Ma trn Toeplitz
Ma trn Vandermond
Ma trn kim tra Wilkinson
Ma trn khng

V d
Vn : Ta c mch in nh trong hnh 7.1 c m t bng phng trnh in p nt khi ngun
a vo l sng hnh sin.

Hnh 7.1
E = 10o;
R1 = 2; L = 10j; C = ; R2 = 10.
y vi l in p gia nt th i v t. Hi in p ti mi nt l bao nhiu?
Gii php: y l vn v phn tch pha. Phng php gii bi ny l gii phng trnh trn, v
chuyn cc kt qu v dng thi gian. Trong MATLAB gii php s l:
function circuit
% circuit.m script file to solve circuit proplem
A(1,1)=1/2;
% poke in nonzero values as needed
A(1,2)=-1/2;
A(2,1)=-1/2;
A(2,2)=1/2 + 0.2j + 1/10j;
A(2,3)= -1/10j;
A(3,2)=-1/10j;
A(3,3)=1/10 + 1/10j;
y=[-1 0 0]';
% right hand side vector
v=A\y
% complex solution
vmag=abs(v)
% solution magnitudes
vphase=angle(v)*180/pi
% solution phase in degrees
theta=linspace(0,2*pi);
% plot results in time
v1=vmag(1)*cos(theta-vphase(1));
v2=vmag(2)*cos(theta-vphase(2));
v3=vmag(3)*cos(theta-vphase(3));
thd=theta*180/pi;
plot(thd,v1,thd,v2,thd,v3)
Sau khi chy chng trnh trn, kt qu s l:
v =

53
-4.0000 + 6.0000i
-2.0000 + 6.0000i
2.0000 + 4.0000i
vmag =
7.2111
6.3246
4.4721
vphase =
123.6901
108.4349
63.4349

Hnh 7.2

---------------------oOo---------------------

54
chng 8
cc php tnh LOGIC V QUAN H
Thm vo nhng ton t truyn thng, MATLAB cung cp ton t logic v quan h. Bn c th
quen thuc vi nhng php ton ny, nu bn lm quen vi cc ngn ng lp trnh khc. Mc ch
ca nhng ton t v hm ny l tr li cu hi True_False (ng_sai).
i vi cc s th trong ton t logic v quan h quy nh cc s khc khng l True cn s khng
l False. Kt qu ca php ton logic v quan h a ra l 1 cho True, 0 cho False.
8.1 Ton t quan h
Ton t quan h MATLAB bao gm tt c cc php so snh:
Ton t quan h
<
<=
>
>=
==
~=

ngha
nh hn
nh hn hoc bng
ln hn
ln hn hoc bng
bng
khng bng

Ton t quan h MATLAB c th dng so snh hai mng c cng kch c hoc so snh mt
mng vi mt s n. Trong trng hp th hai, s n so snh vi tt c cc phn t ca mng, kt
qu tr v ging nh kch c ca mng. V d:
>> A = 1:9, B = 9 - A
A=
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
B=
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
>> tf = A>4
tf=
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
tm kim cc phn t ca A m ln hn 4. Kt qu bng 0 khi A 4, bng 1 khi A>4.
>> tf = (A==B)
tf=
0
0
0

9
0

Tm kim cc phn t ca A m bng vi B. Ch s khc nhau gia = v == dng so snh hai

bin v tr v 1 khi chng bng nhau, 0 khi chng khc nhau; = dng gn kt qu a ra ca ton t
cho mt bin.
>> tf = B - (A>2)
tf=
8
7
5
4
3
2
1
0
-1
Tm cc phn t A>2 v b tr bi vector B. V d ny ch ra rng kt qu a ra ca ton t logic l
mt mng s bao gm cc s khng v mt, chng cng c th dng trong cc php ton s hc.
>> B = B + (B==0)*eps

55
B=

Columns 1 through 7
8.0000 7.0000
6.0000
5.0000 4.0000
3.0000
2.0000
Columns 8 through 9
1.0000 0.0000
V d trn a ra cch thay th cc phn t ca B m trng vi khng bng s c bit ca MATLAB
l eps, c gi tr xp x 2.2e-16. Cch thay th ny i khi c ch l trnh trng hp chia cho s
khng nh v d sau:
>> x = (-3:3)/3
-1.0000 -0.6667
-0.3333
0
0.3333
0.6667
1.0000
>> sin(x)./x
Warning: Divide by zero
ans=
0.8415
0.9276
0.9816
NaN
0.9816
0.9276
0.8415
Tnh ton hm sin(x)/ x a ra mt cnh bo v phn t th t bng khng, sin(0)/ 0 khng c
nh ngha, MATLAB tr li NaN ( ngha l khng phi l mt s) ti v tr trong kt qu. Th li
v d trn, sau khi thay th phn t c gi tr bng khng bng s eps:
>> x = x + (x==0)*eps;
>> sin(x)/x
ans=
0.8415 0.9276
0.9816

1.0000

0.9816

0.9276

0.8415

By gi sin(x)/ x ti x = 0 a ra kt qu gii hn chnh xc.

8.2 Ton t Logic
Ton t logic cung cp mt cch din t mi quan h ph nh hay t hp. Ton t logic
MATLAB bao gm:
Ton t logic
&
|
~

ngha
AND
OR
NOT

Mt vi v d v dng ton t logic:

>> A = 1:9; B = 9 - A;
>> tf = A>4
tf=
0
0
0
0
1
1
Tm kim cc phn t ca A m ln hn 4.

>> tf = ~(A>4)
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
ph nh ca kt qu, tng ng vi v tr no bng khng thay bng mt v ngc li.
>> tf = (A>2)&(A<6)
tf=

56
0

Tr li mt ti nhng v tr m phn t ca A ln hn 2 v nh hn 6.
8.3 Cc hm logic v hm quan h
Thm vo nhng ton t logic v ton t quan h cp n trn, MATLAB cung cp cc hm
logic v quan h khc di y:
Cc hm logic v hm quan h khc
xor(x,y)
Ton t hoc. Tr li gi tr 1 khi x hoc y khc khng (True), gi tr 0 khi c x
v cng bng khng (False) hoc cng khc khng (True)
any(x).
Tr li 1 nu bt c phn t no trong vector x khc khng. Tr li 1 cho mi
ct
trong ma trn x m c cc phn t khc khng.
all(x)
Tr li 1 nu tt c cc phn t ca vector x khc khng. Tr li 1 cho mi ct
trong ma trn x m tt c cc phn t khc khng.
MATLAB cn cung cp rt nhiu cc hm kim tra cho s tn ti ca cc gi tr c bit
hoc iu kin v tr li nhng kt qu l gi tr logic.
Cc hm kim tra
isa(X, name)
iscell(X)
iscellstr(X)
ischar(S)
isempty(X)
isequal(A, B)
isfield(S, name)
isfinite(X)
isglobal(X)
ishandle(h)
ishold
isiee
isinf(X)
isletter(S)
islogical(X)
ismember(A, B)
isnan(X)
isnumeric(X)
isppc
isprime(X)
isreal(X)
isspace(S)
issparse(A)
isstruct(S)
isstudent
isunix

True nu X c lp i tng l name

True nu i s l mng phn t.
True nu i s l mng phn t ca cc xu.
True nu i s l xu k t.
True nu i s l rng.
True nu A v B ging nhau.
True nu namel mt trng ca cu trc S.
True khi cc phn t c hn.
True khi i s l bin ton cc.
True khi i s l s iu khin i tng hp l
True nu th hin ti gi trng thi ON.
True nu my tnh thc hin php s hc IEEE
True ti nhng phn t v cng
True khi cc phn t thuc bng ch ci.
True khi i s l mng logic
True ti nhng v tr m phn t ca A v B trng nhau
True khi cc phn t l khng xc nh (NaN)
True khi i s l mng s
True cho Macintosh vi b x l PowerPC
True khi cc phn t l s nguyn t
True khi i s khng c phn o
True khi cc phn t l k t trng
True nu i s l ma trn Sparse
True nu i s l mt cu trc
True nu Student Edition ca MATLAB
True nu my tnh l UNIX

57
isvms

True nu my tnh l VMS

----------------------oOo--------------------

chng 9
VN Bn
S tin ch ca MATLAB l x l vi cc con s. Tuy nhin chng ta nhiu ln cp n thao
tc vi vn bn (text), nh khi a nhn v tiu vo trong th. Trong MATLAB bin text c
dng n nh l xu k t, hoc n gin l cc xu.
9.1 Xu k t
Xu k t trong MATLAB l mng ca cc gi tr ASCII m quy c ca n l cc k t.
V d:
>> t = 'How about this character
t=
How about this character string?
>> size(t)
ans=
1
32
>> whos
Name
Size
t
1x32
Grand total is 32 elements using

string?'

Bytes
64 char
64 bytes

Class
array

Mt xu k t, n gin l dng vn bn, c t gia hai du nhy n. Mi k t trong xu l

mt phn t ca mng, vi mi phn t chim hai bytes.
Mun xem cc m ASCII ca mt xu k t, bn phi dng cc php ton s hc i vi xu,
hoc chuyn n sang dng s, dng hm double . V d:
>> double(t)
ans=
Columns 1 through 12
72 111 119
32
97
98 111
117 116
32 116
104
Columns 12 through 24
105 115
32
99 104
97 114
97
99 116 101
114
Columns 25 through 32
32 115 116 114 105 110 103
63
>> abs(t)
ans=
Columns 1 through 12
72 111 119 32
97 98 111 117 116
32
116 104
Columns 13 through 24
105 115
32 99 104 97 114
97
99 116
101 114
Columns 25 through 32
32 115 116
114
105 110
103 63
Hm char chuyn li thnh xu:

58
>> char(t)
ans=
How about this character string?
Vi mng xu l mt mng s vi thuc tnh c bit, chng ta c th thao tc bng tt c cc
cng c thao tc vi mng sn c trong MATLAB. V d:
>> u = t(16:24)
u=
character
a ch ca xu cng ging nh mng. y phn t t 16 n 24 cha t character
>> u = t(24:-1:16)
retcarahc
y l t character c ngc li
>> u = t(16:24)
u=
c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
Dng ton t chuyn v chuyn t character sang dng ma trn ct
>> v = 'I cant't find the manual!'
v=
I can't find the manual!
Du nhy n vi xu k t l biu tng trong hai du nhy n.
Chng ta c th ni hai xu nh i vi hai mng:
>> w = [u,v]
w=
character I can t find the manual!
Hm disp cho php bn hin th xu k t m khng c tn bin
>> disp(v)
I can't find the manual
Ch l trng thi v= b b i, iu ny rt c ch cho chng ta hin th nhng li tr gip trong
script file.

59
Cng ging nh i vi ma trn, xu k t c th c nhiu hng, nhng mi mt hng phi c
s ct bng nhau, cho s ct ca chng bng nhau chng ta c th dng k t trng.
>> v = ['However, this'
'does work!
']
v=
However, this
does work!
>> w = ['this'; ' does not']
??? All rows in the bracketed expression must have the same
number of columns.
>> size(v)
ans=
2
13
Ta cng c th dng hm char to mt mng xu t cc xu, v n t thm cc k t trng
to ra mt mng y .
>> w = char('this', 'does not')
w=
this
does not
>> size(w)
ans=
2
8
9.2 Chuyn i xu
b xung thm v s chuyn i gia xu v m ASCII ca n nh trnh by trn,
MATLAB a ra mt s cc hm chuyn i hu ch khc, chng bao gm di y:
Cc hm chuyn i xu
base2dec
bin2dec
char
dec2base
dec2bin
dec2hex
double
fprintf
hex2dec
hex2num
int2str
mat2str
num2str
sprintf
sscanf
str2num

Da trn xu x chuyn sang h mi.

T xu nh phn sang h mi
T xu sang ASCII
T h mi sang xu x
T s h mi sang xu nh phn
T s h mi sang xu ca cc s h mi su.
Chuyn t m ASCII sang xu
Vit dng vn bn ra file hoc ra mn hnh
Chuyn t xu gm cc s h 16 sang cc s h mi
Chuyn t xu cc s h 16 sang s du phy ng IEEE
Chuyn t s nguyn sang xu
Chuyn t ma trn s sang xu gm cc s
Chuyn t s sang xu
Chuyn t m ASCII sang xu
Chuyn t s sang xu c iu chnh kch thc
Chuyn t xu sang s khng c iu chnh kch thc

60

Trong trng hp chng ta to mt thng bo c cha cc s khng phi l xu, nhng hm

chuyn i s gip chng ta lm vic .
>> rad = 2.5; area = pi*rad^2;
>> t = ['A circle of radius ' num2str(rad)...
'has an area of ' num2str(area) '.'];
>> disp(t)
A circle of radius 2.5 has an area of 19.63.
y hm num2str c dng chuyn t s sang xu. Ging nh vy int2str chuyn t s nguyn
sang xu, c hai hm ny gi hm sprintf, n ging nh c php trong C dng chuyn s sang xu.
9.3 Cc hm v xu
MATLAB a ra mt s cc hm ca xu, bao gm cc hm trong danh sch di y:
Cc hm xu
blanks(n)
deblank(s)
eval(xu)
eval(try, catch)
feval(f, x, y, ...)
findstr(s1, s2)
ischar(s)
isletter(s)
isspace(s)
lasterr
lower(s)
strcat(s1, s2, ...)
strcmp(s1, s2)
strmatch(s1, s2)
strncmp(s1, s2, n)
strrep(s1, s2)
strtok(s)
strvcat(s1, s2, ...)
upper(s)

Tr li mt xu gm cc k t trng hay du cch

Tr li cc vt trng t mt xu
c lng xu nh l mt lnh ca MATLAB
c lng xu v bt li
Hm evaluate a ra bng xu
Tm kim mt xu trong mt xu khc
True nu a vo l mt xu
True ti nhng v tr k t Alphabet tn ti
True ti nhng v tr l k t trng
Xu ca li cui cng MATLAB a ra
Xu vi nhng ch ci thng
Ni cc xu thnh hng
True nu cc xu ging nhau
Tm kim kh nng ging nhau ca xu
True nu n k t u ging nhau
Thay th mt xu bng mt xu khc
Tm kim du hiu cho xu
Ni cc xu thnh ct
Chuyn thnh ch in

Mt s cc hm trn cung cp kh nng x l cc xu c bn. V d nh, findstr tr li ch s bt

u ca mt xu trong mt xu khc:
>> b = 'Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers';
>> findstr(b, ' ')
% Tm kim khong trng
6
12
19
21
26
29
37
>> findstr(b, 'p')
9
13
22
30
38
40
41
>> find(b=='p')
9
13
22
30
38
40
41

61
>> findstr(b, 'cow')
ans=
[ ]
>> findstr(b,'pick')
ans=
13
30

% Tm kim t cow

Hm ny tr li ma trn rng khi khng c nhng phn cn tm.

>> strrep(b,'Peter','Pamela')
ans=
Pamela Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers
Nh trnh by trn, strrep n gin ch l s thay th mt xu. strrep khng lm vic vi ma trn
xu, v vy trc tin bn cn phi chuyn t ma trn thnh vector.
9.4 Ma trn t bo ca xu
Ma trn t bo l mt kiu d liu cho php bn gi tn v thao tc vi mt nhm d liu c nhiu
kch c v nhiu kiu.
>> C = {'How';'about';'this for a';'cell array of strings?'}
C=
'How'
'about'
'this for a'
'cell array of strings?'
>> size(C)
4
1
Ma trn trn c 4 hng v mt ct nhng mi ct li c di khc nhau. Tt c cc phn t
c t trong du ngoc nhn, mi phn t c t trong du nhy n, gia hai hng l du chm
phy. Mng t bo c nh a ch cng ging nh mng thng thng:
>> C(2:)
ans=
'about'
'this for a'
>> C([4 3 2 1])
ans=
'cell array of strings?'
'this for a'
'about'
'How'
>> C(1)
ans=
How
y vn l mng t bo. thay i du nhy ca t bo, ta s dng ngoc nhn:
>> s = c{4}

62
ans=
cell array of strings?
>> size(s)
ans=
1
22
truy nhp vo nhiu hn mt t bo, ta dng hm deal:
>> [a, b, c, d] = deal(C{:})
a=
How
b=
about
c=
this for a
d=
cell array of trings?
y C{:} ch truy nhp n tt c cc t bo, n ging nh:
>> [a, b, c, d] = deal(C{1}, C{2}, C{3}, C{4})
a=
How
b=
about
c=
this for a
d=
cell array of strings?
Hm char c th dng chuyn t mng t bo sang mng xu:
>> s = char(C)
How
about
this for a
cell array of strings?
>> size(s)
% Kt qu l cc xu vi cc khong trng.
ans=
4
22
>> ss = char(C(1:2))
ss=
How
about
>> size(ss)
ans=
2
5
chuyn ngc li mng t bo, ta dng hm cellstr:
>> cellstr(s)

63
ans=
'How'
'about'
'this for a'
'cell array of strings?'
Hu ht cc hm xu trong MATLAB lm vic vi c mng xu hoc mng t bo.
V mng t bo s c trnh by r hn Chng 19.
chng 10
thi gian
MATLAB a ra mt s hm thao tc v thi gian t bn c th tnh ton vi ngy, gi, in
lch v tm kin nhng ngy c th. MATLAB cha ngy v thi gian nh mt s c chnh xc hai
s sau du phy tng trng cho s ngy, bt u bng nm khng. V d, mng 1 thng 1 nm 1997
ti lc na m, n c tng trng bi s 729391, v cng mt ngy nhng lc bui cha l
729391.5. Cu trc ny c th d dng cho my tnh x l, nhng n rt kh din gii. Do vy
MATLAB cung cp cc hm tr gip chuyn i gia s v xu k t v thao tc vi ngy v thi
gian.
10.1 Ngy v gi hin ti
Hm clock tr v ngy v gi hin ti cha trong mt mng. V d:
>> T = clock
T=
1997
1

21

16

33

39.934708

Hm now tr v ngy v thi gian hin ti nh s ngy quy c ca my hoc n gin l s

ngy.
>> t = now
t=
729411.690045541
C hai kt kt qu trn c cng mt thng tin.
Hm date tr li ngy hin ti nh mt xu theo mu: dd-mmm-yyyy
>> date
ans =
21-Jan-1997
10.2 S chuyn i gia cc kiu
Bn c th chuyn s ngy ra xu, s dng hm datestr. Cu trc ca hm ny c dng nh sau:
datestr(date_number,format_spec).
Sau y l tr gip ca help cho hm datestr:
>> help datestr

64
DATESTR string representation of date.
DATESTR(D,DATEFORM) converts a serial data
number D (as returned by DATENUM) into a date
string. The string is formatted according to
the format number or string DATEFORM (see table
below). By default,
DATEFORM is 1, 16, or 0 depending on whether D
contains
dates, times or both.
DATEFORM number DATEFORM string
0
'dd-mmm-yyyy
HH:MM:SS'
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
16
17
18

'dd-mmm-yyyy'
'mm/dd/yy'
'mmm'
'm'
'mm'
'mm/dd'
'dd'
'ddd'
'd'
'yyyy'
'yy'
'mmmyy'
'HH:MM:SS'
'HH:MM:SS PM'
'HH:MM'
'HH:MM PM'
'QQ-YY'
'QQ'

Example
01-Mar-1995
15:45:17
01-Mar-1995
03/01/95
Mar
M
3
03/01
1
Wed
W
1995
95
Mar95
15:45:17
3:45:17 PM
15:45
3:45 PM
Q1-96
Q1

v d vi hm datestr:
>> datestr(t)
ans=
21-Jan-1997 16: 33: 40
>> datestr(t,14)
ans=
4: 33: 40 PM
Hm datenum l hm ngc ca datestr. Hm ny chuyn mt xu k t dng ngy dng mu
datenum(str), hoc mt s c lp hoc mt vector sang s dng ngy, dng mu:
datenum(year, month, day)
hoc
datenum(year, month, day, hour, minute, second).

65
>> datenum('21-Jan-1997 16: 33: 40')
ans=
729411.690045541
>> datenum(1997, 01, 21)
ans=
729411
>> datenum(1997, 01, 21, 16, 33, 40)
ans=
729411.690045541
Hm datevec chuyn mt xu k t dng ngy (dng datestr dng 0, 1, 2, 6, 13, 14, 15, hoc
16) hoc mt s dng ngy sang vector.
>> c = datevec('12/ 24/ 1984')
c=
1984
12
24
0
0
0
>> [yr, mo, day, hr, nim, sec] = datevec('24-Dec-1984
yr=
1984
mo=
12
day=
24
hr=
8
min=
22
sec=
0

08: 22')

10.3 Cc hm v ngy
Ngy ca tun c th tm t xu dng ngy hoc s dng ngy, dng hm weekday, MATLAB s
dng quy c Sunday = 1 v Saturday = 7.
>> [d
d=

w] = weekday(728647)
2

w=

Mon
>> [d w] = weekday('21-Dec-1994')
d=
4
w=
Wed
Ngy cui thng c th tm bng hm eomday. Trong bt buc phi a vo nm, thng.
>> eomday(1996, 2)

% 1996 l nm

66
ans=

29

MATLAB c th to lch cho bt c thng no bn yu cu, v hin th n trong ca s lnh

hoc t chng trong mt ma trn 6x7.
>> calendar('7/ 17/ 95')
Jul 1995
S
M
Tu
W
Th
0
0
0
0
0
2
3
4
5
6
9
10
11
12
13
16
17
18
19
20
23
24
25
26
27
30
31
0
0
0
>> S = calendar(1994, 12)
S =
0
0
0
0
1
2
4
5
6
7
8
9
11
12
13
14
15
16
18
19
20
21
22
23
25
26
27
28
29
30
0
0
0
0
0
0

F
0
7
14
21
28
0

S
1
8
15
22
29
0

3
10
17
24
31
0

10.4 Cc hm v thi gian

Lnh tic v toc c th c dng i vi thi gian trong tnh ton:
>> tic; plot(rand(5)); toc
elapsed_time =
0.2200

67

Hnh 10.1

>> tic; plot(rand(5)); toc

elapsed_time =
0.1700

68

Hnh 10.2
Ch s khc nhau v hm thi gian gia elapsed_time i vi lnh plot, lnh plot th hai
nhanh hn v MATLAB to hnh dng ca s v dch cc hm cn thit vo trong nh.
Hm cputime tr v tng s thi gian ca CPU (Central Processing Unit), tnh theo giy,
trong thi gian MATLAB dng t khi n c khi ng ln.
Hm etime tnh khong thi gian gia hai vector thi gian. Cc vector phi l vector hng
gm 6 phn t, ging nh kt qu tr v trong lnh clock v datevec. Ti thi gian hin ti etime
khng chuyn gia thng v nm.
Tt c cc hm c th s dng tnh ton thi gian.
>> t0 = cputime; pause(5); cputime - t0
ans =
5
>> t1 = clock; pause(2); etime(clock,t1)
ans =
2.0400
Bn hy xem help v MATLAB CD tm hiu thm v nhng hm ny.
10.5 V th vi hm ngy v thi gian
i khi n rt c ch v th trong dng xu ngy v thi gian cho mt hoc hn mt cc
nhn. Hm datetick t ng vi cng vic ny. Nu th c v, dng s ngy cho mt hoc hn
mt trc, th hm datetick s vit cc nhn cho im nh du. V d sau v hnh 10.3:
>> t = (1900:10:1990)';
>> p = [75.995; 91.972; 105.771; 123.203; 131.669;
150.697; 179.323; 203.212; 226.505; 249.633];

69
>> plot(datenum(t,1,1),p)
>> datetick('x','yyyy')
% use 4-digit year on the x-axis
>> title('Population by year')
Chng ta c th to biu ct ca cng ty bn hng bn t thng 11 nm 1994 n thng 12 nm
1995 (Hnh 10.4):
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>

y = [1994 1994 1995*ones(1,12)]';

m = [11 12 (1:12)]';
s=[1.1 1.3 1.2 1.4 .16 1.5 1.7 1.6 1.8 1.3 1.9 1.7 1.6 1.95]';
bar(datenum(y,m,1),s)
datetick('x','mmmyy')
ylabel('$ Million')
title('Monthly Sales')

Hnh 10.3

70

Hnh 10.4
V d: Tm th su ngy 13
By gi chng ta c gii thiu cc lnh v thi gian, hy dng chng to mt s hm c
ch. Nu bn l ngi cn thn, bn mun bit bao gi th su ngy 13 xy ra. Hm M_file s cho
bn nhng thng tin ny.
function m=friday(start)
% FRIDAY Date of the next Friday the 13th
% FRIDAY display the next occurrence of Friday the
% 13th
% FRIDAY(START) start the search at the date
% specified by START
% M=FRIDAY return the date number of the next Friday
% the 13th
if nargin==0
start=now;
% use the current date if none
end
% was supplied
[yr,mo,da]=datevec(start);
da=da+6-weekday(start);
% Start with the Friday in
% this week
start=datenum(yr,mo,da,0,0,0);
while 1
[yr,mo,da]=datevec(start);
if (weekday(start)==6)&(da==13)
break;

71
end
start=datenum(start+7);
% skip to the next Friday
end
if nargout==0
disp(['Friday,'datestr(start,1)]) % Display the
% the result
else
m=start;
% or return the resulting date
end
% number
Sau khi chy chng trnh ta c kt qu:
>> friday
Friday,13-Aug-1999
Nu bn mun c cnh bo cho ton b nm, xem hm fridays:
function F=fridays(ynum)
% FRIDAY List the Friday the 13ths in the year ynum.
% M=FRIDAY return the date numbers found.
%
if nargin==0
[ynum dummy]=datevec(now); % use the current date if
end
% non was supplied
MM=[];
trynum=datenum(ynum,1,13,0,0,0);
% check January 13 first
trynum=friday(trynum);
% find the first one
[tyr dummy]=datevec(trynum);
while tyr==ynum
% May be there are more this year
MM=[MM;trynum];
trynum=friday(trynum+7); % skip to the next week
[tyr dummy]=datevec(trynum);
end
if nargout==0
disp('Fridays');
% Display the results
disp(datestr(MM,1)) % Display the result
else
F=MM;
% or return the vector of
end
% date number
-------------------oOo-------------------

72
chng 11
VNG LP IU KHIN
Cc ngn ng lp trnh v my tnh c kh nng lp trnh u cp n mt c im l cho
php bn iu khin vng lp ca cc cu lnh da trn nhng cu trc ca n. Nu bn tng s
dng nhng c im ny th phn ny s rt n gin i vi bn. Mt khc nu vng lp iu
khin l mi i vi bn th n s rt rc ri, nu nh vy, th bn hy nghin cu n t t.
Vng lp iu khin rt hu ch v c ng dng rt rng ri, n lm cho cc php ton c thc
hin mt cch thun tin hn v nhanh hn. MATLAB a ra cc dng vng lp c iu khin l:
vng lp for, vng lp while, cu trc if-else-end v cu trc switch-case. V cc cu trc thng
hon thin cc lnh ca MATLAB, nn chng thng xut hin trong M_file, hn l trong cu lnh
nh trc tip ti du nhc ca MATLAB.
11.1 Vng lp for
Vng lp for cho php mt nhm lnh thc hin lp li mt s ln c nh. C php ca vng lp
for nh sau:
for

x = array
commands % Khi cc lnh

end
Cc cu lnh gia hai trng thi for v end c thc hin mt ln cho tt c cc ct ca mng
(array). Ti mi ln lp li, x c gn cho phn t ct tip theo nh trong sut n ln ca vng lp, x =
array(:, n).
V d:
>> for n = 1:10
x(n) = sin(n*pi/10);
end
>> x
x=
Columns 1 through 7
0.3090

0.5878

0.8090

0.9511

1.0000

0.9511

0.8090

Columns 8 through 10
0.5878

0.3090

0.0000

Ni mt cch khc, trng thi th nht yu cu: Cho n bng t 1 n 10, tnh gi tr ca tt c cc
trng thi cho n trng thi k tip trng thi end. u tin trong vng lp for n=1, tip theo n=2, v
c nh vy cho n trng hp n=10. Sau trng hp n=10, vng lp for kt thc, v tt c cc lnh
sau trng thi end ca vng lp c thc hin.
Vng lp for khng th b kt thc bng cch gn li bin iu khin n trong vng lp:
>> for n = 1:10
x(n) = sin(n*pi/10);
n = 10;

73
end
>> x
x=
Columns 1 through 7
0.3090 0.5878 0.8090
Columns 8 through 10
0.5878 0.3090 0.0000

0.9511

1.0000

0.9511

0.8090

Trng thi 1:10 l mt trng thi to ln mng MATLAB tiu chun. Bt c kiu mng no ca
MATLAB u c chp nhn trong vng lp for:
>> data = [3 9 45 6; 7 16 -1 5]
data =
3 9 45 6
7 16 -1 5
>> for n = data
x = n(1)-n(2)
end
x=
-4
x=
-7
x=
46
x=
1
Bnh thng vng lp for c th lng vo nhau:
>> for n = 1:5
for m = 5:-1:1
A(n,m) = n^2+m^2;
end
disp(n)
end
1
2
3
4
5
>> A
A=
2 5 10 17 26
5 8 13 20 29
10 13 18 25 34
17 20 25 32 41
26 29 34 41 50
Khng nn dng vng lp for khi m tng ng vi vic ta dng mng tnh ton. Nh trong v
d trc ta cng c th dng mng tnh ton:
>> n = 1: 10;

74
>> x = sin(n*pi/10)
x=
Columns 1 through 7
0.3090 0.5878 0.8090 0.9511 1.0000 0.9511 0.8090
Columns 8 through 10
0.5878 0.3090 0.0000
Trong hai trng hp nh trn, trng hp th hai ta dng mng tnh ton cng c kt qu
nh vy, nhng n nhanh hn v cc tho tc cng t hn.
tng tc tnh ton, mng cn phi c khi to trc khi thc hin vng lp for (hoc
vng lp while). Trong v d trc c mi ln lnh trong vng lp for c tnh, kch c ca bin x
li tng ln 1. iu ny lm cho MATLAB mt thi gian cp nht thm b nh cho x trong mi
vng. rt ngn bc ny, v d v vng lp for trc vit li nh sau:
>> x = zeros(1,10); % Khi to b nh cho x
>> for n = 1: 10
x = sin(n*pi/10);
end
By gi ch cn thay i gi tr ca cc phn t ca x.
11.2 Vng lp while
Vng lp while thc hin lp li mt nhm lnh mt s ln c nh, nhng khng bit trc c s ln lp li.
C php ca vng lp while nh sau:
while biu thc iu kin
khi cc lnh..
end
khi cc lnh.. gia hai trng thi while v end c thc hin lp i lp li khi tt c cc biu
thc iu kin l ng. Thng thng gi tr ca iu kin a ra kt qu l mt s, nhng nu cc
kt qu a ra l mt mng th vn hp l. Trong trng hp mng, tt c cc phn t trong mng kt
qu a ra phi l True (ng). C th tham kho v d di y:
>> num = 0; ESP = 1;
>> while (1+ESP) > 1
ESP = ESP/ 2;
num = num + 1;
end
>> num
num=
53
>> ESP = 2*ESP
ESP=
2.2204e-16
V d ny a ra cch tnh gi tr c bit eps ca MATLAB, n l mt s dng nh nht, c th
cng vi 1 c mt s ln hn 1 dng cho gii hn chnh xc. y chng ta dng ch hoa
EPS chc chn rng gi tr eps ca MATLAB khng ghi ln. Trong v d ny, gi tr ca EPS
bt u bng 1, trong khi iu kin (1+EPS)>1 l True ( cho n khc khng), cc lnh trong vng
lp while c tnh, gi tr ca EPS tip tc c chia i, gi tr ca EPS nh i, m cng EPS vi 1

75
th n l s nh nht m ln hn 1. Do my tnh s dng s c nh c 16 ch s nn khi gi tr nh
qu th n lm trn bng 0, v khi iu kin (EPS+1)> 1 False (sai) v vng lp while dng li.
Cui cng EPS c nhn vi 2 v sau ln chia cui cng cho 2 th vng lp dng li.
11.3 Cu trc if-else-end
Nhiu khi chng ta cn nhng cu lnh c thc hin theo mt iu kin no . Trong ngn
ng lp trnh, logic ny c cung cp bi cu trc if-else-end. C php ca cu trc ny nh sau:
if biu thc iu kin
khi cc lnh...
end
Khi cc lnh gia hai trng thi if v end c thc hin khi tt biu thc iu kin l ng.
Trong trng hp iu kin bao gm cc iu kin con, th tt c cc iu kin con c tnh v tr
v mt trng thi logic ca iu kin. V d:
>> apple = 10
% s to
>> cost = apple*25
cost=
250
>> if apple > 5
cost = (1-20/100)*cost;
end
>> cost
cost
200

% b i 20%

Trong trng hp c hai iu kin thay i, cu trc if-else-end l:

biu thc iu kin
khi cc lnh c thc hin nu iu kin l ng
else
khi cc lnh c thc hin nu iu kin l sai
end
if

Khi c ba hoc nhiu iu kin thay i, cu trc ca n s l:

biu thc iu kin 1
khi cc lnh c thc hin nu iu kin 1 l ng
elseif biu thc iu kin 2
khi cc lnh c thc hin nu iu kin 2 l ng
elseif biu thc iu kin 3
khi cc lnh c thc hin nu iu kin 3 l ng
elseif biu thc iu kin 4
.
.
.
else
khi cc lnh c thc hin nu khng c iu kin no ng.

if

76
End
Trong mu dng ny th khi biu thc iu kin u tin ng th cc cu lnh sau khng c
kim tra na, cc cu trc if-else-end cn li c b qua. Hn na cu lnh else cui c th khng
cn cho vo.
i vi cu trc if-else-end, chng ta cng c th lng vo cc vng lp for v while:
>> EPS = 1;
>> for num = 1:100
EPS = EPS/ 2;
if (1+EPS)< 1
EPS = EPS*2
break
end
end
EPS =
2.2204e-16
>> num
num=
53
V d ny a ra cch khc tnh s eps. Trong v d, khi lnh break c thc hin th
MATLAB nhy ra khi vng lp n ang thc hin. Khi lnh break xut hin trong mt vng lp for
hoc while trong cc vng lp nng nhau th n ch nhy ra khi mt vng lp cha n ch n khng
nhy ra khi tt c cc vng lp.
11.4 Cu trc switch-case
Khi mt chui cc lnh nh gi da trn mt biu thc th hoc biu thc iu kin vi nhiu
gi tr th khc nhau, ngi ta thng dng cu trc switch-case. Cu trc switch-case c dng nh
sau:
switch biu thc iu kin
case gi tr th 1
khi lnh 1
case { gi tr th 2, gi tr th 3, gi tr th 4}
khi lnh 2
otherwise
khi lnh 3
end
y biu thc iu kin phi l dng s hoc dng chui, nu biu thc iu kin l dng s th
lnh case s th xem gi tr ca biu thc c bng gi tr th i hay khng. Nu biu thc iu kin
l mt chui th lnh case s so snh chui vi gi tr th i. Trong v d trc, biu thc iu kin
c em so snh vi gi tr th 1, nu chng bng nhau th khi lnh u tin c thc hin, m
cc khi lnh tip theo cho n trc trng thi end c b qua, nu chng khng bng nhau th
iu kin tip tc c em so snh vi gi tr th 2, gi tr th 3, gi tr th 4, nu mt trong cc gi
tr ny bng biu thc iu kin th khi lnh 2 c thc hin. Nu tt c cc lnh so snh ca case
u khng ng th khi lnh 3 c thc hin. Ch rng trong cu trc switch-case c it nht mt
nhm lnh phi c thc hin. Sau y l mt v d v cu trc switch-case:

77
x = 2.7;
units = 'm';
switch units
% Chuyn x ra centimeters
case {'inch','in'}
y=x*2.54;
case {'feet','ft'}
y=x*2.54*12;
case {'meter','m'}
y=x/ 100;
case {'millimeter','mm'}
y=x*10;
case {'centimeter','cm'}
y=x;
otherwise
disp(['khng bit units: ' units])
y=nan;
end
Khi thc hin v d ny th gi tr cui cng ca y l: y=0.027.
V d: Vn v li xut
Vn : mua mt t, bn phi vay 10,000$ vi li xut hng thng l 8.9%, trong 3 nm gc
v li c tnh nh th no sau mi ln chi tr. Ngoi ra phn tin cn li sau mi ln chi tr l bao
nhiu?
Gii php: T chng 2, s tin chi tr P hng thng cho khon vay A dollar vi li xut hng
thng l R, tnh trong M thng l:
P = A.
Ti ln chi tr u tin, tin li phi tr l Ip1= R.A. Gi s s tin phi tr l P th tin gc phi tr l
Pr1= P - Ip1 v s tin cn li sau ln chi tr th nht l B1=A - Pr1. Trong tt c cc ln chi tr sau
tin li phi tr l Ipm= R.Bm-1 v s tin cn li l Bm= Bm-1 - Prm. S dng cc thng tin ny th chng trnh MATLAB s nh sau:
function amort
% amort.m script file
A=10000; % amount of loan
M=3*12; % number of months
R=8.9;
% annual interest rate
r=(R/100)/12; % monthly interest rate
P=A*(r*(1+r)^M/((1+r)^M-1)); % payment required
B=zeros(M,1); %storage for balance remaining per month
Ip=B;
% storage for interest paid per month
Pr=B;
% storage for principle paid per month
for m=1:M
if m==1 % compute interest when balance is
Ip(m)=r*A;
% original amount
else
Ip(m)=r*B(m-1);
end

78
Pr(m)=P-Ip(m); % principle paid this month
if m==1 % compute balance remaining after payment
B(m)=A-Pr(m);
else
B(m)=B(m-1)-Pr(m);
end
end
format bank
disp(['Amount=' num2str(A)])
disp(['Interest Rate=' num2str(R)])
disp(['Number of months = ' num2str(M)])
disp(['Payment =' num2str(P)])
disp(' ')
disp('
Amortization Schedule')
disp(' Payment Balance Interest Principle')
disp([(1:M)' B Ip Pr])
format short g
Chy chng trnh ny th kt qu nh sau:
>> Amount=10000
Interest Rate=8.9
Number of months = 36
Payment =317.5321
Payment
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
10.00
11.00
12.00
13.00
14.00
15.00

Amortization Schedule
Balance
Interest
9756.63
74.17
9511.46
72.36
9264.48
70.54
9015.65
68.71
8764.99
66.87
8512.46
65.01
8258.07
63.13
8001.78
61.25
7743.60
59.35
7483.49
57.43
7221.47
55.50
6957.49
53.56
6691.56
51.60
6423.66
49.63
6153.77
47.64

Principle
243.37
245.17
246.99
248.82
250.67
252.53
254.40
256.28
258.19
260.10
262.03
263.97
265.93
267.90
269.89

V d ny minh ho cu trc lp for v if-else-end. N cng minh ho vic s dng script M_file.
tnh ton mt khon cho vay bt k bn ch cn thay i d liu vo phn u ca chng trnh
v bn chy li n.
V d: Chui ln xung
Vn : cho x0 l mt s nguyn bt k. Gi s chui xk c nh ngha nh sau:

79
nu xk l chn
xk+1 = xk/ 2
v
xk+1 = 3xk+ 1 nu xk l l
Chui ny c thuc tnh g nu chui s dng li khi xk =1, chui phn k hay hi t v 1.
Gii php: Chng ta ch cn vng lp while xt xem khi no xk= 1 v s dng cu trc
if-else-end thc hin vic tnh ton dy xk. Trong MATLAB th chng trnh nh sau:
function up_down
% up_down.m script file for up/down sequence proplem
x=zeros(500,1); %preallocate storage for x(k)
x(1)=round(abs(input('Enter a number> ')));
k=1;
while (x(k)>1)&(k<500)
if rem(x(k),2)==0 % x(k) is even
x(k+1)=x(k)/2;
else
% x(k) is old
x(k+1)=3*x(k)+1;
end
k=k+1;
% increment sequence counter
end
x=x(x>0) % keep values generated only and dispay them
M=0:499;
plot(M,x)
Kt qu ca chng trnh ny kh th v, v d vi x=2m , trong m l mt s nguyn th chui
s rt ngn (ti sao?), hn na bt c khi no gi tr ca mt s hng trong chui l lu tha ca 2 th
chui s nhanh chng dng li, nhng i vi nhng s x tng i nh th kt qu l mt chui kh
th v. V d x1=27. Hu nh tt c cc gi tr ban u u sinh ra mt chui c gi tr rt ngu nhin
nh hnh v di y vi x(1)=837799. Liu bn c dm kt lun chui ny hi t hay khng!
th kt qu ca chng trnh vi x(1)=837799 l:

80

Hnh 11.1
--------------------oOo------------------chng 12
HM M_FILE
Khi bn s dng cc hm MATLAB nh inv, abs, angle, v sqrt, MATLAB nhn gi tr m bn
truyn vo, da vo kt qu , tnh ton kt qu ca hm v tr li cho bn kt qu tnh ton. Cc
lnh tnh ton bng hm cng nh cc bin trung gian c to ra bi cc lnh ny bn u khng
nhn thy, tt c nhng g bn trng thy ch l cc gi tr nhp vo v cc gi tr a ra, v vy c th
coi mt hm nh mt ci hp en. Cc thuc tnh ny lm cho hm tr ln rt hu dng i vi cc
lnh tnh ton m phi dng n cc hm ton hc phc tp thng xut hin khi bn gii quyt
nhng vn ln. Da vo u im ny, MATLAB cung cp mt cu trc bn c th t to mt
hm cho mnh di dng mt M_file. Hm flipup di y l mt v d v vic dng hm M_file:
function y=flipup(x)
% FLIPUP Flip matrix in up/down directiopn.
% FLIPUP(x) return x with columns preserved and rows flipped
% in the up/down direction. For example.
%
% x = 1 4
becomes
3 6
%
2 5
2 5
%
3 6
1 4
%
%
See also FLIPLR, ROT90, FLIPDIM.
%
Copyright (c) 1984-96 by the MathWork, Inc.

81
%
$Revision:
5.3 $ $Date: 1996/10/24
if ndim(x)~=2
error( X must be a 2-D matrix.);
end
[m, n] = size(x);
y = x(m: -1: 1, :);

18: 41: 14 $

Mt hm M_file c v rt ging vi mt script file bi v chng cng l cc file vn bn v cng

c phn m rng l .m. im khc nhau gia script file v cc hm M_file l cc hm M_file
khng c nhp vo t ca s lnh m thng qua mt trnh son tho vn bn t bn ngoi. Hm
M_file cn khc vi script file ch n ch thng tin vi MATLAB thng qua cc bin truyn vo
cho n v thng qua cc bin ra m n to ln, cc bin trung gian bn trong hm th khng xut
hin hay tng tc vi mi trng ca MATLAB. Nh bn c th thy v d trc, dng u tin
ca hn M_file nh ngha file ny nh mt hm v ch ra tn ca n, tn ny chnh l tn file nhng
khng c phn m rng l .m ng thi n cng nh ngha lun bin vo v ra. Chui cc dng
lnh tip theo l cc li ch thch, s xut hin khi ta dng lnh >>help, >>help flipud, hoc
>>helpwinflipud dng lnh help u tin gi l dng H1 chnh l dng hin ra khi dng lnh
lookfor. Cui cng phn cn li ca file ny cha cc lnh ca MATLAB to ln cc bin ra.
12.1 Cc quy lut v thuc tnh
Hm M_file phi tun theo nhng quy lut v thuc tnh nht nh, ngoi ra chng cn c mt s
tnh cht rt quan trng bao gm:
*) Tn hm v tn file phi l mt, v d hm flipud phi c lu trong file vi ci tn l flipud.m.
*) Ln u tin MATLAB thc hin hm M_file n s m file vn bn tng ng v dch cc dng
lnh ca file ra mt dng m lu trong b nh nhm mc ch tng tc thc hin cc li gi
hm tip theo. Nu trong hm c cha li gi hm M_file khc th cc hm cng c dch vo
trong b nh.
*) Cc dng ghi li ch thch cho ti dng u tin khng phi l ch thch trong hm M_file l
nhng dng vn bn, n s hin ra khi bn s dng lnh help. V d: >>help flipud s tr v 9
dng u tin trong hm M_file ni trn. Dng u tin l dng H1, n s xut hin khi bn dng ln
look for.
*) Mi hm c mt khng gian lm vic ring tch bit so vi mi trng MATLAB, mi quan h
duy nht gia cc bin trong hm vi mi trng MATLAB l cc bin vo v ra ca hm . Nu
trong thn hm gi tr b thay i th s thay i ny ch tc ng bn trong ca hm m khng
lm nh hng n cc bin ca mi trng MATLAB. Cc bin c to ra bn trong mt hm th
ch nm trong khng gian lm vic ca hm v c gii phng khi hm kt thc, v vy khng
th s dng thng tin ca ln gi trc cho ln gi sau.
*) S cc tham s vo v ra khi mt hm c gi th ch c tc dng bn trong hm , bin
nargin cha cc tham s a vo cn bin nargout cha cc gi tr a ra, trong thc t th cc
bin ny thng c s dng xc nh gi tr ra da vo s lng cc i s a vo. V d xt hm
linespace sau:
function y=linespace(d1, d2, n)
% LINESPACE Linearly spaced vector.
% LINESPACE(x1, x2) generates a row vector of 100 linearly
% equally spaced points betwin x1 and x2.
%
% LINESPACE(x1, x2, N) generates N points betwin x1 and x2.

82
%
%
See also LOGSPACE, :.
%
Copyright (c) 1984-96 by the MathWork, Inc.
%
$Revision:
5.3 $ $Date: 1996/10/24 18: 41: 14 $
if nargin==2
n = 100;
end
y = [d1 + (0: n-2)*(d2-d1)/ (n-1) d2];
y nu li gi ca ngi s dng ch truyn vo hai i s th linespace tr v gi tr 100, nhng nu s i s l 3, v d nh linespace(0,10,50) th i s th 3 s quyt nh s cc
im d liu.
*) Cc hm c th dng chung cc bin vi hm khc, vi mi trng MATLAB v c th quy
nu nh cc bin c khai bo l ton cc. c th truy cp n cc bin trong mt hm hoc
trong mi trng MATLAB th cc bin phi c khai bo l bin ton cc trong mi hm s
dng n. Hm tic v toc sau y m t mt v d v vic s dng bin ton cc:
function tic
% TIC Start a stopwatch timer.
%
The sequence of lnhs
%
TIC, operation, TOC
%
prints the time required for the operation.
%
%
See also TOC, CLOCK, ETIME, CPUTIME.
%
Copyright (c) 1984-96 by the MathWork, Inc.
%
$Revision:
5.3 $ $Date: 1996/10/24 18: 41: 14 $
% TIC simple stores CLOCK in a global variable
global TICTOC
TICTOC = clock;
function t = toc
% TOC Read the stopwatch timer.
%
TOC, by itself, prints the elapsed time in t,
% instead of
printing it out.
%
%
See also TIC, ETIME, CLOCK, CPUTIME.
%
Copyright (c) 1984-96 by the MathWork, Inc.
%
$Revision:
5.3 $ $Date: 1996/10/24 18: 41: 14 $
%
TOC uses ETIME and the value of clock saved by TIC.
global TICTOC
if nargout< 1
elapsed_time = etime(clock, TICTOC);
else
t = etime(clock, TICTOC);
end
Trong hm tic th bin TICTOC c khai bo l bin ton cc v gi tr ca bin ny c c
thng qua vic gi hm clock. Sau trong hm toc, bin TICTOC cng c khai bo l bin ton
cc lm cho toc c kh nng truy cp n bin TICTOC trong hm tic, s dng gi tr ca bin ny
toc s tnh c khong thi gian tri qua k t khi hm tic c thi hnh. Mt iu quan trng

83
cn nh l bin TICTOC ch tn ti trong khng gian lm vic ca tic v toc nhng khng tn ti
trong mi trng MATLAB.
*) Vic thi hnh hm M_file s kt thc khi gp dng cui cng ca file hoc gp dng lnh
return. Lnh return gip ta kt thc mt hm m khng cn phi thi hnh ht cc lnh ca hm .
*) Hm error ca MATLAB s hin th mt chui ln ca s lnh v dng thc hin hm, tr iu
khin v cho ca s lnh v bn phm. Hm ny rt hu dng cnh bo vic s dng hm khng
ng mc ch. V d nh cu lnh sau:
if

length(val) > 1
error(VAL phi l gi tr s!)

end
y nu val khng phi l s th hm error s hin ln chui cnh bo v tr iu khin cho ca s
lnh v bn phm.
*) Mt M_file c th cha nhiu hm. Hm chnh trng M_file ny phi c t tn trng vi tn
ca M_file nh cp n trn. Cc hm khc c khai bo thng qua cu lnh function c
vit sau hm u tin. Cc hm con ch c s dng bi hm chnh, c ngha l ngoi hm chnh ra
th khng c hm no khc c th gi c chng. Tnh nng ny cung cp mt gii php hu hiu
gii quyt tng phn ca hm chnh mt cch ring r lm gim bt cc kh khn khi ta lp trnh mt
hm ln.
Ni tm li, hm M_file cung cp cho ta mt phng php n gin m rng kh nng ca
MATLAB. Trong thc t rt nhiu hm ca MATLAB l cc hm M_file.
V d: Hm tr dn theo thi hn
Vn : Gi s c mt khon cho vay A dollar, vi li sut hng thng l R% v phi tr trong
vng M thng. Hy vit mt hm M_file th hin:
- Lch chi tr nu nh ban u cha bit cc s liu a ra.
- S tin chi tr hng thng nu bit mt s liu ra.
- S tin chi tr hng thng v mt ma trn s cha lch thanh ton nu bit trc hai i s ra.
Gii php: Trong chng 2, s tin phi chi tr hng thng P cho khon cho vay A dollar vi t gi
li xut l R, tr trong M thng: P = A.
Ti ln chi tr u tin, tin li phi tr l Ip1= R.A. Gi s s tin phi tr l P th tin gc phi tr
l Pr1= P - Ip1 v s tin cn li sau ln chi tr th nht l B1=A - Pr1 . Trong tt c cc ln chi tr sau
tin li phi tr l Ipm= R.Bm-1 v s tin cn li l Bm= Bm-1 - Prm. S dng cc thng tin ny th
chng trnh MATLAB s nh sau:
function [P,S]=loan(a,r,m)
%LOAN Loan Payment and Amortization Table.
% (H1 help line)
%P=LOAN(A,R,M) computes the monthly payment on a loan
%amount of a, having an annual intereat rate of R,
% to be paid off in equal amounts over M months.
%
%[P,S]=LOAN(A,R,M) also returns
% an amortization table S,
%which is an M-by-4 matrix
% where S(:,1)=Payment Number,
%S(:,2)=Remaining Balance, S(:,3)=Interest Paid, and
%S(:,4)=Principle Paid.

84
%
%If no output arguments are provided
% the table is displayed.
%Start with some error checking
if nargin<3
error('Three input argument are required.')
end
if fix(m)~=m
error('Number of Months Must be Integer.')
end
% Now calculate
rm=(r/100)/12;
% Monthly interest rate
p=a*(rm*(1+rm)^m/((1+rm)^m-1)); % payment required
if nargout==1
% done if only payment is required.
P=p;
% copy out into output variable
return
end
B=zeros(m,1);
% storage for balance remaining per month
Ip=B;
% storage for interest paid per month
Pr=B;
% storage for principal paid per month
for i=1:m
% creat table data
if i==1
% compute interest when balance is orginnal amout
Ip(i)=rm*a;
else
% balance is B(i-1)
Ip(i)=rm*B(i-1);
end
Pr(i)=p-Ip(i); %principal paid this month
if i==1
% compute balance remainig after payment
B(i)=a-Pr(i);
else
B(i)=B(i-1)-Pr(i);
end
end
B(abs(B)<0.001)=0; % set near zero balance to zero
s=[(1:m)' B Ip Pr];
if nargout==0
% display table
disp(['Amount = ' num2str(a)])
disp(['Interest rate = ' num2str(r)])
disp(['Number of month = ' int2str(m)])
disp(['Payment = ' num2str(p)])
disp(' ')
disp('
Amortization Schedule')
disp(' Payment Balance Interest Principle')
fprintf(' %5.0f %12.2f %12.2f %12.2f\n', s')
% better formatting
else
% two output arguments requested
P=p;
S=s;
end

85
V d: Gii m mu trn cc in tr
Vn : Gi tr ca mt in tr dng trong mch in c tnh thng qua cc vch mu in trn
thn ca n. i vi mt in tr vi chnh xc l 5% th c 3 di mu, tm gi l A, B, C. Gi tr
s c gn cho mi mu c tnh nh sau:
Mu
Gi tr

en
0

Nu
1

Vng
3

Lc
4

Lam
5

Trm
6

Tm
7

Xm
8

Trng
9

Nu A, B, C l cc gi tr ca cc mu trn gii mu th gi tr ca cc in tr l:
R = (10.A + B).10C
S dng cc thng tin ny, hy to mt M_file tr v gi tr ca in tr ng vi bt k mt in
tr chun no.
Gii php: Vn ny yu cu mt chui cc thao tc v so snh thc hin s chuyn i trong
bng trn. Gii php ca MATLAB l:
function r=resistor(a, b, c)
%RESISTOR(A, B, C) Resistor value from color code.
%RESISTOR(a, B, C) returns the resistace
%value of resistor
%given its three color bands, A, B, C.
%A, B, C must be one of the
%following character strings:
%
%'black', 'brown', 'red', 'orange', 'yellow',
%'green', 'blue', 'violet', 'gray', 'white'
% first some error checking
if nargin~=3
error('Three input arguments required')
end
if ~ischar(a)|~ischar(b)|~ischar(c)
error('Inputs Must be Character Xus')
end
%now solve problem
vals=zeros(1,3);
% string cell array of three inputs
abc={a,b,c};
% tring cell aray thr input
for i=1:3
%do each color band in turn
band=lower(abc(i));
%get (i)th input and make lower case
if strncmp(band,'bla',3) % black (compare min # of)
vals(i)=0;
% chars for unique match)
elseif strncmp(band,'br',2) %brown
vals(i)=1;
elseif strncmp(band,'r',1)
%red
vals(i)=2;
elseif strncmp(band,'o',1)
%orange

86
vals(i)=3;
elseif strncmp(band,'y',1)
%yellow
vals(i)=4;
elseif strncmp(band,'gre',3) %green
vals(i)=5;
elseif strncmp(band,'blu',3) %blue
vals(i)=6;
elseif strncmp(band,'v',1)
%violet
vals(i)=7;
elseif strncmp(band,'gra',3) %gray
vals(i)=8;
elseif strncmp(band,'w',1)
%white
vals(i)=9;
else
error(['Unknown Color Band.'])
end
end
if vals(1)==0
error('First Color Band Cannot Be Black.')
end
r=(10*vals(1)+vals(2))*10^vals(3);
S dng hm ny cho mt vi v d:
>> resistor('brown', 'black', 'red')
ans=
1000
------------------------oOo-----------------------

chng 13
PHN TCH D LIu

Bi v MATLAB l mt ng dng hng ma trn nn n d dng thc hin cc phn tch thng
k trn cc tp d liu, trong khi theo mc nh MATLAB coi cc tp d liu c lu tr trong cc
mng ct, vic phn tch d liu c th thc hin theo bt c chiu no. l tr khi c ch nh
theo mt cch khc, cc ct ca mt mng d liu th hin cc thng s o khc nhau, mi hng th
hin mt gi tr mu ca cc thng s o . V d gi s nhit ban ngy (tnh theo C) ca 3
thnh ph tnh trong mt thng (31 ngy c ghi li v gn cho mt bin l temps trong mt script
M_file, khi chy M_file th gi tr ca temps c a vo mi trng MATLAB, thc hin cng vic
ny, bin temps cha:
>> temps
temps=
12
15
12

8
9
5

18
22
19

87
14
12
11
15
8
19
12
14
11
9
8
15
8
10
12
9
12
12
10
13
9
10
14
12
13
15
13
12

8
6
9
9
10
7
7
10
8
7
8
8
10
7
7
8
8
8
9
12
10
6
7
5
7
10
11
12

23
22
19
15
20
18
18
19
17
23
19
18
20
17
22
19
21
20
17
18
20
22
21
22
18
23
24
22

Mi hng cha nhit ca mt ngy no , cn mi ct cha nhit ca mt thnh ph. cho

d liu tr ln d dng hn, hy g vo nh sau:
>> d=1:31; % number the days of the month
>> plot(d,temps)
>> xlabel('Day of month')
>> ylabel('Celsius')
>> title('Daily High Tempratures in three Cities')

88

Hnh 13.1
Lnh plot va dng trn y minh ho thm mt cch s dng. Bin d l mt vector di 31,
trong khi bin temps l mt ma trn 31x3. Cho trc nhng d liu ny, lnh plot s trc mi ct
ca bin temps cho vo d.
minh ho mt vi kh nng phn tch d liu ca MATLAB, hy xt cc lnh sau, da trn
d liu v nhit cho:
>> avg_temp = mean(temps)
avg_temp=
11.9677
8.2258

19.8710

V d trn ch ra rng thnh ph th 3 l c nhit trung bnh cao nht, y MATLAB tnh
nhit trung bnh ca mi ct mt cch ring r. Nu tnh trung bnh c 3 thnh ph th:
>> avg_avg = mean(avg_temp)
avg_avg=
13.3548
Khi m cc gi tr u vo trong mt hm phn tch d liu l mt vector hng hay ct th
MATLAB ch n gin l tin hnh cc php ton trn vector v tr v gi tr s.
Bn cng c th dng mng thc hin cng vic ny:
>> avg_temp = mean(temps,1) % Ging nh trn, tnh cho cc ct
avg_temp =
11.9677
8.2258
19.8710

89
>> avr_tempr = mean(temps,2)
avr_tempr =
12.6667
15.3333
12.0000
15.0000
13.3333
13.0000
13.0000
12.6667
14.6667
12.3333
14.3333
12.0000
13.0000
11.6667
13.6667
12.3333
11.3333
13.6667
12.0000
13.6667
13.3333
12.0000
14.3333
13.0000
12.6667
14.0000
13.0000
12.6667
16.0000
16.0000
15.3333

% Tnh cho mi hng

y l gi tr nhit trung bnh c ba thnh ph trong tng ngy.

Xt bi ton tm s chnh lch nhit ca mi thnh ph so vi gi tr trung bnh, c ngha l
avg_temp(i) phi b tr i bi ct th i ca bin temps. Bn khng th ra mt cu lnh nh sau:
>> temps-avg_temp
??? Error using ==> Matrix dimensions must agree.
Bi v thao tc ny khng phi l cc thao tc nh ngha trn mng (temps l mt mng 31x3,
cn avg_temp l mt mng 1x3). C l cch dng vng lp for l n gin nht:
>> for i = 1:3
tdev(:,i) = temps(:,i)- avg_temp(i);
end
>> tdev
tdev =
0.0323
-0.2258
-1.8710

90
3.0323
0.0323
2.0323
0.0323
-0.9677
3.0323
-3.9677
7.0323
0.0323
2.0323
-0.9677
-2.9677
-3.9677
3.0323
-3.9677
-1.9677
0.0323
-2.9677
0.0323
0.0323
-1.9677
1.0323
-2.9677
-1.9677
2.0323
0.0323
1.0323
3.0323
1.0323
0.0323

0.7742
-3.2258
-0.2258
-2.2258
0.7742
0.7742
1.7742
-1.2258
-1.2258
1.7742
-0.2258
-1.2258
-0.2258
-0.2258
0.7742
-1.2258
-1.2258
-0.2258
-0.2258
-0.2258
0.7742
3.7742
1.7742
-2.2258
-1.2258
-3.2258
-1.2258
1.7742
2.7742
3.7742

2.1290
-0.8710
3.1290
2.1290
-0.8710
-4.8710
0.1290
-1.8710
-1.8710
-0.8710
-2.8710
3.1290
-0.8710
-1.8710
0.1290
-2.8710
2.1290
-0.8710
1.1290
0.1290
-2.8710
-1.8710
0.1290
2.1290
1.1290
2.1290
-1.8710
3.1290
4.1290
2.1290

Khi thc hin phng php ny ta thy n chm hn so vi cc cu lnh c MATLAB thit k
ring dng cho mng. Khi ta nhn bn bin avg_temp kch thc ca n bng vi kch thc
ca temps. Sau thc hin php tr th s nhanh hn rt nhiu:
>> tdev = temps - avg_temp(ones(31,1),:)
tdev =
0.0323
-0.2258
-1.8710
3.0323
0.7742
2.1290
0.0323
-3.2258
-0.8710
2.0323
-0.2258
3.1290
0.0323
-2.2258
2.1290
-0.9677
0.7742
-0.8710
3.0323
0.7742
-4.8710
-3.9677
1.7742
0.1290
7.0323
-1.2258
-1.8710
0.0323
-1.2258
-1.8710
2.0323
1.7742
-0.8710
-0.9677
-0.2258
-2.8710
-2.9677
-1.2258
3.1290

91
-3.9677
-0.2258
-0.8710
3.0323
-0.2258
-1.8710
-3.9677
0.7742
0.1290
-1.9677
-1.2258
-2.8710
0.0323
-1.2258
2.1290
-2.9677
-0.2258
-0.8710
0.0323
-0.2258
1.1290
0.0323
-0.2258
0.1290
-1.9677
0.7742
-2.8710
1.0323
3.7742
-1.8710
-2.9677
1.7742
0.1290
-1.9677
-2.2258
2.1290
2.0323
-1.2258
1.1290
0.0323
-3.2258
2.1290
1.0323
-1.2258
-1.8710
3.0323
1.7742
3.1290
1.0323
2.7742
4.1290
0.0323
3.7742
2.1290
y avg_temp(ones(31,1),:) s nhn bn hng u tin (v l hng duy nht) ca bin
avg_temp thnh 31 bn, to ln mt ma trn 31x3. Trong ct th i chnh l avg_temp(i).
>> max_temp = max(temps)
max_temp=
19
12
24
Cu lnh tm ra nhit ln nht mi thnh ph trong thng .
>> [max_temp,x] = max(temps)
max_temp=
19
12
24
x=
9
23
30
Cho bit gi tr nhit ln nht mi thnh ph v gi tr ch s hng x, ti gi tr ln nht
xut hin, trong v d ny x cho bit ngy nng nht trong thng.
>> min_temp = min(temps)
min_temp=
8

15

Cho bit nhit thp nht mi thnh ph.

>> [min_temp, n] = min(temps)
min_temp=
8
5
15
n=
8
3
7
cho bit gi tr nhit thp nht mi thnh ph v ch s hng n, ti gi tr thp nht xy ra.
Trong v d ny, n chnh l ngy lnh nht trong thng.

92
>> s_dev = std(temps)
s_dev=
2.5098
1.7646

2.2322

Cho bit chnh lch chun ca bin temps.

>> daily_change
daily_change =
3
1
-3
-4
2
3
-2
-2
-1
3
4
0
-7
1
11
-3
-7
0
2
3
-3
-2
-2
-1
-1
1
7
0
-7
1
2
-2
2
0
-3
1
3
0
0
0
-2
1
3
3
-4
-2
1
-4
4
1
-2
-2
1
2
2
3
-2
1
-1
1

= diff(temps)
4
-3
4
-1
-3
-4
5
-2
0
1
-2
6
-4
-1
2
-3
5
-3
2
-1
-3
1
2
2
-1
1
-4
5
1
-2

Cho bit s khc nhau v nhit gia cc ngy lin tip chnh l chnh lch nhit ca ngy
hm sau so vi ngy hm trc. Trong v d ny, hng u tin ca daily_change l chnh
lch nhit gia ngy u tin v ngy th hai trong thng.
13.1 Cc hm phn tch d liu
Phn tch d liu trong MATLAB c thc hin thng qua cc ma trn hng ct, cc bin khc
nhau c lu gi trong cc ct khc nhau v mi hm th hin gi tr ca bin mt thi im quan
st nht nh. Cc hm thng k ca MATLAB gm c:

93
Cc hm phn tch d liu
cplxpair(x)
cross(x,y)
cumprod(x)
cumprod(x,n)
cumsum(x)
cumsum(x,n)
cumtrapz(x,y)
cumtrapz(x,y,n)
del2(A)
diff(x)
diff(x,m)
diff(x,m,n)
dot(x,y)
gradient(Z,dx,dy)
histogram(x)
max(x), max(x,y)
max(x,n)
mean(x)
mean(x,n)
median(x)
median(x,n)
min(x), min(x,y)
min(x,n)
prod(x)
prod(x,n)
rand(x)
randn(x)
sort(x)
sort(x,n)
sortrows(A)
std(x), std(0)
std(x,1)
std(x, flag, n)
subspace(A,B)
sum(x)
sum(x,n)
trapz(x,y)
trapz(x,y,n)

Xp xp cp phc lin hp
Tch cho vector
Tch tch lu theo ct
Tch tch lu theo chiu n
Tng tch lu theo ct
Tng tch lu theo chiu n
Tch cho tch lu
Tch cho tch lu theo chiu n
Ton t ri rc Laplacian 5 im
Tnh chnh lch gia cc phn t
Tnh s ra cp m ca cc phn t
Tnh s ra cp m ca cc phn t theo chiu n
Tch v hng ca hai vector
Gradient vi phn
Biu hnh ct
Phn t ln nht
Phn t ln nht theo chiu n
Gi tr trung bnh ca ct
Gi tr trung bnh theo chiu n
Gi tr ca phn t gia ca ct
Gi tr ca phn t gia theo chiu n
Phn t nh nht
Phn t nh nht theo chiu n
Tch cc phn t trong ct
Tch cc phn t theo chiu n
S ngu nhin phn b u
S ngu nhin phn b bnh thng
Xp xp cc ct theo th t tng dn
Xp xp theo chiu n
Xp xp cc hng theo th t tng dn
lch chun ca ct chun ho theoN-1
lch chun ca ct chun ho theoN
lch chun theo chiu n
Gc gia hai im
Tng cc phn t trong mi ct
Tng cc phn t theo chiu n
Tch cho ca y=f(x)
Tch cho theo chiu n
---------------------oOo-------------------

chng 14
A THC
14.1 Cc nghim ca a thc

94
Tm nghim ca a thc l gi tr a thc bng khng, l mt bi ton thng gp trong thc
t. MATLAB gii quyt nhng bi ton ny v ng thi cung cp nhng cng c tnh ton a
thc. Trong MATLAB mt a thc c biu din bng mt vector hng cc h s vi bc gim dn.
V d a thc
x4-12x3+25x+116 c nhp vo nh sau:
>> p = [1
p=
1

-12

-12

25

116]
0

25

116

Nh rng mc dnh cho h s 0 cng phi c g vo nu khng MATLAB s khng hiu c h s ca bi thc bc my l khng. S dng dng ny th nghim ca mt a thc c th tm
c bng cch dng hm roots:
>> r = roots(p)
r=
11.7374
2.7028
-1.2251 + 1.4672i
-1.2251 - 1.4672i
Bi v trong MATLAB c a thc v cc nghim ca n u l vector nn MATLAB ngm quy
c rng a thc l vector hng, cn cc nghim l cc vector ct. Nu bit trc nghim ca mt a
thc th ta d dng bit c a thc . Trong MATLAB lnh poly s thc hin cng vic ny:
>> pp = poly(r)
pp=
1
-12
-1.7764e-14
25
116
>> pp(abs(pp)< 1e-12 = 0
% Gn nhng phn t qu nh bng khng
1
-12
0
25
116
Bi v trong tnh ton thng gp nhng sai s nn i khi kt qu ca lnh poly cho ra cc a thc
c cc h s gn bng khng v cc a thc c phn o rt nh nh c ch ra trn, cc gi tr
bng khng c th c lm trn bng cc cng c v mng. Tng t nh vy, ta c th lm trn
mt s phc tr thnh mt s thc bng hm real.
14.2 Nhn a thc
Hm conv thc hin nhn hai a thc (thc ra l hai ma trn), xt tch ca hai a thc sau:
a(x) = x3+2x2+3x+4 v b(x) = x3+4x2+9x+16
>> a = [1 2 3 4]; b = [1 4
>> c = conv(a,b)
c=
1
6
20
50

16];
75

84

Kt qu l c(x) = x6 +6x5 +20x4 +50x3+75x2+84x+64

khi ta nhn nhiu a thc vi nhau th ta phi s dng lnh conv nhiu ln.

64

95
14.3 Php cng a thc
MATLAB khng cung cp cc hm trc tip thc hin php cng hai a thc, dng php cng ma
trn ch c tc dng khi hai a thc l hai vector c cng kch thc. V d nh cng hai a thc a(x)
v b(x) trn:
>> d = a + b
d=
2
6
12
20
3
2
Kt qu l d(x)=2x +6x +12x+20. Khi hai a thc c bc khc nhau th a thc c bc thp hn
phi c thm vo cc h s 0 cho bc ca n c cng bc vi a thc c bc cao hn. Xt php
cng hai a thc c v d trn:
>> e = c + [0 0
e=
1
6

d]
20

52

81

96

84

Kt qu l e(x)=x6+6x5+20x4+52x3+81x2+84. Cc gi tr 0 cn phi c thm vo pha u

ca vector ch khng phi pha ui, bi v cc h s phi tng ng vi cc h s bc cao ca x.
Nu bn mun, bn c th to mt hm M_file thc hin php cng a thc tng qut:
function p=polyadd(a,b)
%POLYADD Polynomial addition
%POLYADD(A,B) adds the polynomials A and B
if nargin<2
error(Not enough input arguments)
end
a=a(:).;
%make sureinputs are row vectors
b=b(:).;
na=length(a);
%find lengths of a and b
nb=length(b);
p=[zeros(1,nb-na) a]+[zeros(1,na-nb) b];
% pad with zeros as necessary
By gi c th minh ho cho vic dng hm polyadd, hy xt v d trc y:
>> f = polyadd(c,d)
f=
1
6
20
52
81
96
84
Kt qu cng ging nh a thc e trn. Tt nhin polyadd cng c th dng thc hin php
tr.
>> g = polyadd(c,-d)
g=
1
6
20
48
69
72
44
14.4 Chia hai a thc
Trong mt s trng hp ta phi chia a thc ny cho mt a thc khc, trong MATLAB cng
vic ny c thc hin bi hm deconv, s dng cc a thc b v c trn ta c:
>> [q,r] = deconv(c,b)

96
q=

r=
0

Kt qu ny ch ra rng c em chia cho b th c a thc l q v a thc d l r trong trng hp

ny a thc d l a thc 0 bi v c l a thc chia ht cho q (nh rng trn y ta nhn c a
thc c bng cch em nhn a thc a vi a thc b)
14.5 o hm
Bi v d dng tnh c vi phn ca mt a thc nn MATLAB a ra hm polyder tnh vi
phn a thc:
>> h = polyder(g)
h=
6
30

80

144

138

72

14.6 Tnh gi tr ca mt a thc

R rng rng bn c th cng, tr, nhn, chia, o hm mt a thc bt k da trn cc h s ca
n, bn cng c th d dng tnh c gi tr cc a thc ny. Trong MATLAB hm polyval s thc
hin cng vic ny:
>> x = linspace(-1,3);
S chn 100 im d liu gia -1 v 3
>> p = [1

-7

-10];

Dng a thc p(x) = x3+4x2-7x-10

>> v = polyval(p,x);
Tnh gi tr ca p(x) ti cc gi tr ca x v lu tr kt qu vo trong mng v. Sau kt qu s
c v ra bng lnh plot
>> plot(x, v), title(x^3+4x^2-7x-10), xlabel(x)

97

Hnh 14.1
14.7 Phn thc hu t
i khi bn gp nhng bi ton lin quan n t s ca hai a thc hay cn gi l phn thc hu
t, v d nh cc hm truyn hay cc hm xp x pade c dng nh sau:
Trong MATLAB phn thc cng c m phng bng hai a thc ring r.
V d nh:
>> n=[1 -10 100]
% a numerator
n =
1
-10
100
>> d=[1 10 100 0]
% a dimominator
d =
1
10
100
0
>> z=roots(n)
% the zeros of n(x)/d(x)
z =
5.0000 + 8.6603i
5.0000 - 8.6603i
>> p=roots(d)
% the poles of n(x)/d(x)
p =
0
-5.0000 + 8.6603i
-5.0000 - 8.6603i
o hm ca phn thc ny theo bin x c tnh da trn hm polyder:

98
>> [nd,dd]=polyder(n,d)
nd =
-1
20
-100
-2000
-10000
dd =
Columns 1 through 6
1
20
300
2000
10000
0
Column 7
0
y nd v dd l t thc v mu thc ca o hm. Mt thao tc thng thng khc l tm phn d
ca phn thc.
>> [r,p,k]=residue(n,d)
r =
0.0000 + 1.1547i
0.0000 - 1.1547i
1.0000
p =
-5.0000 + 8.6603i
-5.0000 - 8.6603i
0
k =
[]
Trong trng hp ny hm residue tr v cc h s m rng phn thc tng phn r, cc nghim
ca phn thc l p v phn thng chia ht ca phn thc l k. Nu bc ca t s nh hn bc ca
mu s th phn thc chia ht s bng khng. Trong v d trn th m rng phn thc tng phn ca
phn thc cho l:
Nu cho trc cc a thc ny th phn thc ban u s tm c bng cch s dng hm residue:
>> [nn,dd]=residue(r,p,k)
nn =
1.0000 -10.0000 100.0000
dd =
1.0000
10.0000 100.0000

V vy trong trng hp ny, hm residue c th thc hin c vic chuyn i hai chiu tu
thuc vo s lng cc tham s vo v ra truyn cho n.
--------------------oOo------------------

99
chng 15
php ni suy v mn ho ng cong
Trong cc lnh vc ng dng s, nhim v ca chng ta l phi biu din s liu, thng l
cc s o bng cc chc nng phn tch. C hai cch gii quyt vn ny, trong phng php ni
im (interpolation) th d liu c coi l ng v ci chng ta cn l cch biu din d liu khng
nm gia cc gi tr o c, theo phng php th hai gi l phng php mn ho ng cong
(curve fitting or regression), bn tm mt ng cong khng gy khc m ph hp nht vi d liu
c, nhng khng cn thit phi i qua mt cch chnh xc bt k mt in no trn bng s liu.
H15.1 minh ho hai phng php trn, ch o nh du cc im biu din d liu, cc on thng
bng nt lin ni cc ng biu din d liu li vi nhau theo phng php ni im cn ng chm
chm l mt ng cong v theo phng php mn ho d liu.
15.1 Mn ho ng cong
Phng php mn ho ng cong lin quan n vic tr li hai cu hi c bn, l ng cong
th no th ph hp vi d liu nht v cu hi th hai l phi s dng loi ng cong no. Ph
hp nht c th hiu theo nhiu cch v do c nhiu ng cong, v vy chng ta phi bt u t
u?. Nu ph hp nht l gim nh n mc ti thiu tng sai s qun phng ti mi im biu
din d liu, so vi gi tr tng ng trn ng cong th ng cong ph hp nht s l mt ng
thng v mt ton m ni phng php ny c gi l phng php xp x a thc. Nu nh khi
nim ny cn kh hiu i vi bn th xin hy xem li hnh 15.1 khong cch theo chiu dc gia ng cong d liu v cc im biu din d liu gi l sai s ca im , bnh phng khong cch
ny ln v cng tt c chng li ta c tng bnh phng sai s. ng cong chm chm l ng
cong lm cho bnh phng sai s l nh nht v c gi l ng cong ph hp nht. T qun
phng b nht l cch ni tt ca cm t Tng bnh phng sai s b nht.

Hnh 15.1

100
Trong MATLAB hm polyfit s gii quyt vn xp x ng cong qun phng b nht.
minh ho cho vic s dng hm ny, chng ta hy bt u bng cc d liu c trong hnh v.
>> x = [0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1];
>> y =[-.447 1.978 3.28 6.16 7.08 7.34 7.66 9.56 9.48 9.30 11.2];
s dng hm polyfit, chng ta phi truyn cho n d liu trn v bc ca a thc m chng ta
mun ph hp vi d liu, nu chng ta chn bc n l 1 th ng cong xp x gn nht s l ng
thng. Phng php ny c gi l phng php xp x tuyn tnh. Mt khc nu chng ta chon n=2
th chng ta s tm c mt tam thc bc hai. V d:
>> n = 2;
>> p = polyfit(x,y,n)
p =
-9.8108
20.1293
-0.0317
Kt qu ca polyfit l mt vector biu din h s ca mt a thc bc hai. y a thc l
y= -9.8108x2+20.1293x-0.0317. so snh mc xp x ca a thc vi cc im d
liu chng ta hy v hai ng:
>> xi = linspace(0,1,100);
Dng ny to ra d liu trc x chun b v a thc
>> z = polyval(p,xi)
Dng ny gi hm polyval ca MATLAB tnh gi tr ca a thc p ti cc im xi
>> plot(x,y,'-o',xi,z,':')
V cc im c to l x v y, nh du cc im ny bng ch o sau ni cc im ny bng
cc on thng. Ngoi ra n cn v d liu ca a thc xi v z dng ng chm chm.
>> xlabel('x'),ylabel('y=f(x)')
>> title('Second Oder Curver Fitting')
To nhn cho ng cong va v. Kt qu ca cc lnh trn y l mt th c gii thiu
trn.
Vic chn bc ca a thc khng phi l ngu nhin, nu c hai im th xc nh mt ng
thng, tc l mt a thc bc nht, ba im th xc nh mt parabol bc hai. C nh vy, xc nh
mt ng cong bc n, cn c n+1 im. V vy, trong v d trc c 11 im d liu, chng ta c
th chn bc ca a thc l t 1 n 10. Tuy nhin, do tnh cht s hc ca cc a thc bc cao rt
phc tp nn bn khng nn chn bc ca a thc ln hn mc cn thit. Ngoi ra khi bc ca a
thc tng ln th s xp x cng km hn, v vy cc a thc bc cao c th b o hm nhiu ln trc khi o hm ca chng bng khng. V d cho mt a thc bc 10:
>> pp = polyfit(x,y,10)
pp =
1.0e+006 *
Columns 1 through 7

101
-0.4644
2.2965
-4.8773
5.8233
-4.2948
2.0211
0.6032
Columns 8 through 11
0.1090
-0.0106
0.0004
-0.0000
>> format short e
% change display format
>> pp.' % display polynomial coefficients as a column
ans =
-4.6436e+005
2.2965e+006
-4.8773e+006
5.8233e+006
-4.2948e+006
2.0211e+006
-6.0322e+005
1.0896e+005
-1.0626e+004
4.3599e+002
-4.4700e-001
Lu kch thc ca vector h s a thc trong trng hp ny so vi ng cong bc hai trc
y, ng thi cng lu s khc nhau gia s hng nh nht v s hng ln nht trong a thc vo
khong 107. Hy th v ng cong ny v so snh vi d liu gc v vi ng cong bc hai.
>>
>>
>>
>>

zz = polyval(pp,xi); % evalute 10th order polynomial

plot(x,y,'o',xi,z,:,xi,zz) % plot data
xlabel('x'),ylabel('y=f(x)')
title('2nd and 10th Order Curver Fitting')

102
Hnh 15.2
Trn hnh 15.2, d liu gc c nh du o, ng cong bc hai c v bng nt chm chm,
cn ng cong bc 10 c v bng nt m. n nt gn sng xut hin gia cc im d liu
bn pha tri v bn pha phi ca ng cong bc 10. Da vo th ny th r rng rng ci chit l
cng nhiu cng tt khng th p dng c y.
15.2 Ni im mt chiu
Nh gii thiu th ni im c nh ngha nh l mt phng php d on gi tr ca hm
gia nhng im cho trc. Ni im l mt cng c hu hiu khi chng ta khng th nhanh chng
tinh c gi tr ca hm ti cc im trung gian. Phng php ny c s dng rng ri i vi d
liu l gi tr ca cc php o thc nghim hoc l kt qu ca cc chui tnh ton di. C th v d
n gin nht ca vic ni im chnh l phng php v tng im ca MATLAB, tc l v nhng
on thng ni nhng im d liu lin tip to ln mt th.
y l phng php ni im tuyn tnh, n cho rng cc gi tr ca hm nm gia hai im cho
trc s ri vo khong gia hai u ca on thng ni hai im . Hin nhin l khi s lng cc
im d liu tng ln v khong cch gia chng gim i th phng php ni im tuyn tnh cng
tr ln chnh xc.
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>

x1 = linspace(0,2*pi,60);
x2 = linspace(0,2*pi,6);
plot(x1,sin(x1),x2,sin(x2),'-')
xlabel('x'),ylabel('sin(x)')
title('Linear Interpolation')

103
Hnh 15.3
C hai th cng v mt hm sine nhng th 60 im th mn hn th 6 im.
Cng ging nh phng php xp x ho ng cong, y chng ta cng phi thc hin mt s
la chn, c rt nhiu cch ni hai im, tu thuc vo gi nh m chng ta la chn. Hn na
chng ta c th ni cc im trong khng gian khng phi l mt chiu. Ni nh th nu bn c d
liu phn nh mt hm ph thuc vo hai bin z=f(x,y), bn c th ni gi tr nm gia hai im c x
v y khc nhau tm ra gi tr trung gian ca hai im. MATLAB cung cp mt s hm ni l :
interp1 ni cc d liu mt chiu, interp2 ni cc d liu hai chiu, interp3 ni cc d liu ba chiu,
interpn ni cc d liu c s chiu ln hn 3.
Sau y chng ta s xem xt cc d liu mt v hai chiu. minh ho vic ni d liu mt chiu,
hy xt v d sau, kh nng ca thnh gic, v d nh mc m thanh b nht hay cn gi l ngng
nghe ca tai ngi thay i theo tn s, d liu do ngi thng k c cho nh sau:
>>
>>
>>
14
-8
>>

Hz = [20:10:100 200:100:1000 1500 2000:1000:10000];

% Frequencies in Hertz
spl = [76 66 59 54 49 46 43 40 38 22 ...
9 6 3.5 2.5 1.4 0.7 0 -1 -3 ...
-7 -2 2 7 9 11 12];
% sound pressure level in dB

Ngng nghe c chun ho bng 0dB ti tn s 1000Hz, bi v tn s tri trong mt di rt rng

nn khi v cc im d liu chng ta logarithm ho trc x.
>>
>>
>>
>>

semilogx(Hz,spl,'-o')
xlabel('Frequency, Hz')
ylabel('Relative Sound Presure Level1, dB')
title('Threshold of Human Hearing')

Da vo hnh 15.4 ta thy tai ngi nhy cm ht i vi cc m thanh trong khong 3kHz. Da
vo cc s liu ny, chng ta hy d on ngng nghe tn s 2,5kHz bng mt vi cch khc
nhau.
>> s = interp1(Hz,spl,2.5e3)
%linear interpolation
s =
-5.5000e+000
>> s = interp1(Hz,spl,2.5e3,'linear') %linear interpolation again
s =
-5.5000e+000
>> s = interp1(Hz,spl,2.5e3,'cubic') % cubic interpolation
s =
-5.8690e+000
>> s = interp1(Hz,spl,2.5e3,'spline') % spline interpolation
s =
-5.8690e+000
>> s = interp1(Hz,spl,2.5e3,'nearest')% nearest-neighbor
s =
-8

104
Hy n s khc nhau trong cc kt qu, hai gi tr u tin tr v mt cch chnh xc gi tr
c v trn hnh ti tn s 2,5kHz bi v MATLAB ni cc im mt cch tuyn tnh gia cc
im d liu trn th cc ng cong a thc, v d nh a thc bc 3 s xp x ho cc im trn
th theo cc cch khc nhau, kt qu l cc ng cong ny tng i ph hp vi cc d liu m
n i qua trn th nhng khc bit kh xa so vi phng php ni bng ng thng.

Hnh 15.4
V vy bn chn cch no gi quyt mt bi ton cho trc?, trong nhiu trng hp th ch
cn ni mt cch tuyn tnh l , trong thc t th chnh l phng php mc nh khi cc ng
cong cng gn vi cc on thng th cng km chnh xc nhng ngc li tc tnh ton nhanh,
iu ny c bit quan trng khi tp d liu ln. Mt phng php tiu tn nhiu thi gian, cho ra kt
qu p mt nhng khng hiu qu. Trong thc t mt trong nhng tc dng ch yu ca phng
php ni im bng hm bc 3 hoc cao hn l mn ho d liu, c ngha l cho trc mt tp d
liu ta c th dng phng php ny tnh ra gi tr ca hm nhng thi im nht nh bt k. V
d:
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>

Hzi = linspace(2e3,5e3);
% look closely near minimum
spli = interp1(Hz,spl,Hzi,'cubic');% interpolate near minimum
i = find(Hz>=2e3&Hz<=5e3);
% find original data indices near minimum
semilogx(Hz(i),spl(i),'-o',Hzi,spli) % plot old and new data
xlabel('Frequency, Hz')
ylabel('Relative Sound Presure Level1, dB')
title('Threshold of Human Hearing')
grid on

105

Hnh 15.5
Trn hnh 15.5 ng gch gch s dng phng php ni im tuyn tnh, ng lin nt l mt
hm bc 3, cn nhng im d liu gc c nh du bi ch o. Bng cch nng cao phn gii
trn trc tn s v s dng ng bc 3 th cc s liu v ngng nghe m chng ta d on c s
mn hn.
Cn ch rng dc ca ng bc 3 khng thay i mt cch t ngt khi i qua im d
liu nh l khi s dng phng php ni tuyn tnh. Vi b d liu trn chng ta c th d on c
tn s m ti tai ngi nhy cm nht i vi m thanh.
>> [sp_min,i] = min(spli)
% minimum and index of minimum
sp_min =
-8.4245e+000
i =
45
>> Hz_min = Hzi(i)
% frequency at minimum
Hz_min =
3.3333e+003
Tai ngi nhy cm nht i vi m thanh c tn s khong 3.3kHz. Trc khi cp n vic
xp x ho hai chiu th chng ta cn nhn r hai hn ch ln ca interp1 l: Th nht khi yu cu

106
tnh ton ngoi khong ca mt bin c lp. V d nh interp1(Hz, spl, 1e5) th s sinh ra kt qu
NaN.
Th hai l cc bin c lp phi n iu, ngha l cc bin c lp phi lun tng hoc l lun
gim. Trong v d trn ca chng ta th trc tn s Hz lun tng.
15.3 Xp x ho hai chiu
Xp x ho hai chiu da trn cng mt nguyn l ca xp x ho mt chiu. Tuy nhin nh tn
ca n ch ra, xp x ho hai chiu l xp x mt hm ph thuc vo hai bin c lp
z = f(x, y). hiu r khi nim ny, ta hy xt v d sau:
Mt cng ty thm him i dng, cn thm him mt vng bin, c 0.5Km theo hnh vung th
su ca y bin li c o v ghi li mt phn ca d liu thu thp c lu trong mt chng
trnh MATLAB di dng mt M_file c tn l ocean.m nh sau:
function ocean
% ocean depth data
x=0:.5:4; % x-axis (veries across the rows of z)
y=0:.5:6; % y-axis ( varies down the columns of z)
z=[100
99 100
99 100
99
99
99 100
100
99
99
99 100
99 100
99
99
99
99
98
98 100
99 100 100 100
100
98
97
97
99 100 100 100
99
101 100
98
98 100 102 103 100 100
102 103 101 100 102 106 104 101 100
99 102 100 100 103 108 106 101
99
97 99
100 100 102 105 103 101 100
100 102 103 101 102 103 102 100
99
100 102 103 102 101 101 100
99
99
100 100 101 101 100 100 100
99
99
100 100 100 100 100
99
99
99
99
100 100 100
99
99 100
99 100
99];
th ca d liu trn c v bi cc lnh sau:
mesh(x,y,z)
xlabel('X-axis, Km')
ylabel('Y-axis, Km')
zlabel('Ocean depth, m')
title('Ocean depth Measurements')

107

Hnh 15.6
S dng cc d liu ny th su ca mt im bt k nm trong khu vc kho st c th tnh
c da vo hm interp2. V d:
>> zi = interp2(x,y,z,2.2,3.3)
zi =
1.0392e+002
>> zi = interp2(x,y,z,2.2,3.3,'linear')
zi =
1.0392e+002
>> zi = interp2(x,y,z,2.2,3.3,'cubic')
zi =
1.0419e+002
>> zi = interp2(x,y,z,2.2,3.3,'nearest')
zi =
102
Cng ging nh trong trng hp xp x ho mt chiu, xp x ho hai chiu cng c nhiu phng php, m phng php n gin nht l phng php ni bng on thng, hay cn gi l ni
tuyn tnh. Mt ln na chng ta c th xp x ho cho th tr ln mn hn vi phn gii cao
hn:
xi=linspace(0,4,30);
% finer x-axis
yi=linspace(0,6,40);
% finer y-axis
[xxi,yyi]=meshgrid(xi,yi);
% grid of all combinations of xi and yi
zzi=interp2(x,y,z,xxi,yyi,'cubic'); % interpolate
mesh(xxi,yyi,zzi)
% smoothed data
hold on
[xx,yy]=meshgrid(x,y); % grid original data
plot3(xx,yy,z+0.1,'ok')
% plot original data up a bit to show nodes
hold off

108

Hnh 15.7
y hm meshgrid c dng to mng xp x ho bao ph ton b nhng im yu cu nm
trong im kho st. Nh trong hnh 15.7, hm meshgrid thc hin iu bng cch to ra mt
mng hai chiu da trn cc vector xi v yi, s dng mng ny chng ta c th d on c ch
nng nht ca y bin.
>> zmax = max(max(zzi))
zmax=
108.05
>> [i,j] = find(zmax==zzi);
>> xmax = xi(j)
xmax=
2.6207
>> ymax = yi(j)
ymax=
2.9231
-----------------oOo-------------------

chng 16
phn tch s liu
Cho d vic gii mt bi ton tch phn hoc tnh gi tr ca mt hm l tng i phc tp, nhng i vi my tnh th ch n gin l vic x l cc s liu. Lnh vc ny ca tin hc v ton
hc c gi l x l s liu. Nh bn c th d on, MATLAB cung cp cc cng c gii quyt
vn ny. Trong chng trnh nychng ta xem xt cch s dng cc cng c .
16.1 V th

109
Cho n thi im ny th vic v th ca mt hm vn ch n gin da trn vic tnh gi tr
ca hm ti mt s im ri rc, v dng cc im biu din cc hm ti cc gi tr ri rc .
Trong nhiu trng hp th gii php ny l c th chp nhn c. Tuy nhin c mt s hm th
tng i bng phng mt s khong no nhng li tr ln t bin mt s gi tr nht nh.
S dng phng php v truyn thng trong trng hp ny c th lm mt i tnh chn thc ca
th. V vy MATLAB cung cp cho ta mt hm v th thng minh, gi l fplot. Hm ny tnh ton
mt cch cn thn hm s cn v v m bo mt cch chc chn rng tt c cc im c bit c
biu din trn th. Hm flot nhn vo l tn ca hm cn v di dng mt chui k t, v gi tr cn
v di dng mng gm hai phn t cha gi tr u v gi tr cui.
V d:
>> fplot('humps',[0 2])
>> title('FPLOT of humps')
Tnh cc gi tr ca hm humps nm gia 0 v 2 v th hin th trong hnh 16.1. Trong v d ny
humps l mt hm M_file thit k sn.

Hnh 16.1
function [out1,out2] = humps(x)
%HUMPS A function used by QUADDEMO, ZERODEMO and FPLOTDEMO.
%
Y = HUMPS(X) is a function with strong maxima near x = .3
%
and x = .9.
%
%
[X,Y] = HUMPS(X) also returns X. With no input arguments,
%
HUMPS uses X = 0:.05:1.
%

110
%
%
%
%

Example:
plot(humps)

%
%

Copyright (c) 1984-98 by The MathWorks, Inc.

$Revision: 5.4 $ $Date: 1997/11/21 23:26:10 $

See QUADDEMO, ZERODEMO and FPLOTDEMO.

if nargin==0, x = 0:.05:1; end

y = 1 ./ ((x-.3).^2 + .01) + 1 ./ ((x-.9).^2 + .04) - 6;
if nargout==2,
out1 = x; out2 = y;
else
out1 = y;
end
Hm fplot lm vic vi bt c mt hm M_file no c mt gi tr vo v mt gi tr ra, ngha l
ging nh hm humps trn, bin ra y tr v mt mng c cng kch thc vi bin vo x. Mt li
thng thng xy ra khi s dng hm fplot cng ging nh khi s dng cc hm phn tch s khc l
b quyn du nhy n tn hm cn v. Hm fplot cn du nhy n trnh nhm ln tn hm
vi cc bin trong mi trng MATLAB. i vi cc hm n gin c biu din bng mt chui
cc k t. V d y = 2.e-xsin(x) th hm fplot c th v c th ca hm trn m khng
cn phi to ra mt M_file. thc hin iu ch cn vit hm cn v di dng mt chui k t
c s dng x l bin s c lp.
>> f = '2*exp(-x).*sin(x)';
y hm

f(x) = 2.e-xsin(x) c nh ngha bng cch s dng php nhn ma trn.

>> fplot(f,[0 8])

>> title(f), xlabel('x')
V th ca hm nm trong khong t 0 n 8 to ra th nh hnh 16.2.

111

Hnh 16.2
Da trn nhng tnh nng c bn ny, hm fplot c nhng kh nng rt mnh, hy xem phn tr
gip trc tuyn ca MATLAB hiu r hn v cch dng hm ny.

16.2 Cc tr ca mt hm
Ngoi vic s dng phng php v th thu c nhng thng tin trc quan v hm, chng
ta cn cn phi bit thm nhng thng tin v mt s thuc tnh nht nh ca hm. Trong nhiu
trng hp chng ta cn phi bit cc cc tr ca hm , l cc cc i, cc cc tiu. V mt ton
hc th cc tr c tm theo phng php gii tch bng cch tnh o hm ca hm v tm nhng
im m ti o hm bng 0. iu ny rt d hiu nu bn xem li th ca hm humps ni trn.
Nhng im m th ca hm nh ln cao l nhng im cc i, cn nhng im th lm xung
thp nht l nhng im cc tiu. R rng rng khi hm c nh ngha mt cch n gin th
phng php gii tch c th d dng thc hin c, tuy nhin i vi mt s hm cho d vic tnh
o hm l kh d dng th vic tm nghim ca o hm th li khng phi l n gin.Trong nhng
trng hp ny, v trong nhng trng hp kh c th tm ra cch phn tch o hm, th cn thit
phi tm hm v cng v s lng. MATLAB cung cp hai hm thc hin vic ny, l fmin v
fmins , hai hm ny tng ng tm gi tr cc tiu ca cc hm mt chiu v hm n chiu. Ta ch
quan tm n fmin trong phn ny. Hn na fmin c th tm thy trong help trc tuyn. Bi v max
ca f(x) hon ton tng ng vi min ca -f(x) , nn fmin v fmins , c hai u c dng tm
gi tr ln nht v nh nht.
minh ho php cc tiu ho v cc i ho, hy xem v d trc mt ln na.T hnh 16.2
c mt gi tr cc i gn xmax =0.7 v mt gi tr nh nht gn xmin =4. iu ny c th cho php ta

112
xem nh xmax=/40.785, xmin=5/43.93. Vit ra mt script-file dng ch son tho thun tin v s
dng fmin tm ra s ny:
function ex_fmin.m
%ex_fmin.m
fn='2*exp(-x)*sin(x)';
% define function for min
xmin=fmin(fn,2,5)
% search over range 2<x<5
emin=5*pi/4-xmin
x=xmin;
ymin=eval(fn)
fx='-2*exp(-x)*sin(x)';
xmax=fmin(fn,0,3)

% find error
% eval needs x since fn has x
% as its variable
% evaluate at xmin
% definr function for max:
% note minus sign
% search over range 0<x<3

emax=pi/4-xmax

% find error

x=xmax;

% eval needs x since fn has x

% as its variable
%evaluate at xmax

ymax=eval(fn)
Chy M_file ny th kt qu nh sau:

xmin =
3.9270
emin =
1.4523e-006
ymin =
-0.0279
xmax =
3.0000
emax =
-2.2146
ymax =
0.0141
Kt qu ny hon ton ph hp vi th trc . Ch rng fmin lm vic ni chung l nh
fplot. V d ny cn gii thiu hm eval , hm ny nhn mt xu k t v gii thch n nh l xu
c nh vo t du nhc ca MATLAB.
Cui cng, mt iu quan trng cn ch khc l vic ti thiu ho lin quan n vic tm gi tr
nh nht, fmin s c lng hm tm gi tr ny. Qu trnh tm kim s tn thi gian nu nh hm
c mt lng php tnh ln, hoc l hm c nhiu hn mt gi tr cc tiu trong di tm kim. Trong
mt s trng hp, qu trnh ny khng tm ra c p s. Khi m fmin khng tm c gi tr nh
nht th n dng li v a ra li gii thch.

113
16.3 Tm gi tr khng
Nu nh bn quan tm n vic tm kim khi hm tin ra v cng, th i khi rt l quan trng
tm ra khi no hm qua 0 v khi no qua cc gi tr khng i
Mt ln na MATLAB cung cp cho ta cng c gii quyt vn ny. Hm fzero tm gi tr 0
ca mng mt chiu. lm sng t, chng ta cng xem li v d v hm humps mt ln na:
>> xzero = fzero('humps',1.2)
% look for zero near 1.2
xzero =
1.2995
>> yzero = humps(xzero)
% evaluate at zero
yzero =
3.5527e-15
Nh vy, gi tr 0 gn vi 1.3. Nh thy trn, qu trnh tm kim gi tr 0 c th khng c kt qu.
Nu khng tm thy , n dng li v a ra gii thch.
Hm frzero bt buc phi c cung cp tn cho n mi khi n c gi n. fzero cho bit ti u
hm bng 0 hoc n cn c th tm ra gi tr khi no hm bng hng s. V d tm x f(x)= c,
th ta phi nh ngha li hm g(x) nh sau: g(x)= f(x)- c, v hm fzero tm gi tr ca x
g(x)= 0, tng ng f(x)= c.
16.4 Php ly tch phn
MATLAB cung cp cho ta ba hm tnh cc php ton lin quan n tch phn: trapz, quad v
quad8. Hm trapz cho ta gi tr xp x tch phn pha di hm bng cch ly tng cc min hnh
thang ca cc im d liu nh trong hnh 16.4.
Nh thy trong hnh 16.4, cc min hnh thang c lp c gi tr c lng di mc thc t.
Nu ta chia nh ra nh php ni suy tuyn tnh th s xp x ca hm s cao hn. V d nu ta gp i
s lng cc hnh thang c, th xp x tng ln nh hnh
v 16.5.
50
40
30
20
10
0
-1 0
-1

-0 .5

0 .5

1 .5

Hnh 16.4
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
-1 0
-1

-0 .5

0 .5

1 .5

Hnh 16.5
Tnh ton cc vng ny bng hm y = humps(x) vi -1<x<2 , s dng trapz cho mi hnh trn ta
c:
>> x = -1:.3:2;
>> y = humps(x);
>> area = trapz(x,y)
area =
21.8453
>> x = -1:.15:2;
>> y = humps(x);
>> area = trapz(x,y)
area =
25.8523

% rough approximation
% call trapz just like the plot command
% better approximation

Thng thng th kt qu ca chng l khc nhau, da trn s lng cc min c chia trong
hnh v. Tuy nhin, khng c g m bo rng qu trnh xp x no l tt hn, ngoi tr s ng n

114
ca php ton, hin nhin khi bn thay i mt cch c lp cc vng hnh thang, v nh lm cho n
nh i th chc chn l kt qu s chnh xc hn nhiu.
Hm quad v quad8 u l cc hm c cch tnh nh nhau. S nh gi ca c hai hm l rt cn
thit t kt qu chnh xc. Hn na xp x ca chng l cao hn so vi hnh thang n, vi
quad8 c kt qu chnh xc hn quad. Cc hm ny c gi ging nh gi fzero:
>> area = quad('humps',-1,2)
% find area between -1 and 2
area =
26.3450
>> area = quad8('humps',-1,2)
area =
26.3450
bit thm chi tit v hm ny , bn hy xem trn h tr gip ca MATLAB.
16.5 Php ly vi phn
So snh vi php ly tch phn, ta thy php ly vi phn kh hn nhiu. Php ly tch phn cho
c mt vng hoc c tnh v m ca hm trong khi php ly vi phn ch ly ti mt im no y,
hay cn gi l c tnh vi m ca hm. Kt qu l php tnh vi phn s khng n nh khi c tnh ca
hnh thay i trong khi php tnh tch phn th t chu nh hng hn.
Bi v php tnh tch phn l kh nn ngi ta c trnh nhng php tnh no m khng th thc
hin c, c bit khi d liu ly tch phn l kt qu ca thc nghim. V d, chng ta hy xem
xt v d lm trn hnh trong chng 15:
>> x = [0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1];
>> y = [-.447 1.978 3.28 6.16 7.08 7.34 ...
7.66 9.56 9.48 9.30 11.2]; % data
>> n = 2; % order of fit
>> p = polyfit(x,y,n)
% find polynomial coefficients
p =
-9.8108
20.1293
-0.0317
>> xi = linspace(0,1,100);
>> z = polyval(p,xi);
% evaluate polynomial
>> plot(x,y,'o',x,y,xi,z,':')
>> xlabel('x'),ylabel('y=f(x)')
>> title('Second Order Curve Fitting')
Vi phn trong trng hp ny c s dng bng cch s dng hm o hm polyder:
>> pd = polyder(p)
pd =
-19.6217
20.1293
Vi phn ca a thcy=-9.8108x2+20.1293x-0.0317ldx/dy= -19.6217x+20.1293.
Bi v o hm ca mt a thc cng c v v tnh gi tr ging nh l i vi a thc:
>> z = polyval(pd,xi); % evaluate derivative
>> plot(xi,z)
>> xlabel('x'),ylabel('dy/dx')
>> title('Derivative of a Curve Fit Polynomial')

115

Hnh 16.6

Hnh 16.7
Trong trng hp ny xp x a thc l mt hm bc hai v o hm ca n tr thnh hm bc
nht.
MATLAB cung cp mt hm tnh ton o hm mt cch s b da vo d liu m t mt s
hm, hm ny c tn l diff, n tnh ton chnh lch gia cc phn t trong mng. Bi v o hm
c nh ngha nh sau:
nn o hm ca hm f(x) c th c tnh mt cch s b da vo cng thc:
khi h>0
Gi l s ra ca y chia cho s ra ca x, do hm diff tnh ton s khc nhau gia cc phn t trong
mng nn o hm c th c tnh mt cch xp x da vo hm diff:

116
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>

dy = diff(y)./diff(x);
% compute differences and use array division
xd = x(1:length(x)-1);
% create new x axis array since dy is shorter than y
plot(xd,dy)
title('Approximate Derivative Using DIFF')
ylabel('dy/dx'),xlabel('x')

Hnh 16.8
Do hm diff tnh ra s khc nhau gia cc phn t nn kt qu ca v d trn l mt mng c s
phn t t hn mng ban u mt phn t. V vy v c th ca o hm th phi b i mt
phn t ca mng x. So sng hai th cui cng th thy hin nhin rng o hm tnh bng phng
php gn ng khc xa so vi thc t.
16.6 Phng trnh vi phn
C th bn kh quen vi thc t l rt nhiu h thng vt l u c m t bng phng trnh
vi phn. Do vy phn sau y i vi bn c th kh hp dn.
Mt phng trnh vi phn thng m t tc thay i ca mt bin s trong h thng theo s
thay i ca mt bin khc trong h thng hoc theo kch thch bn ngoi. Phng trnh vi phn
thng thng c th c gii nh cc phng php gii tch hoc s dng cng c ton k hiu ca
MATLAB.
Trong nhng trng hp m phng trnh vi phn khng th gii c bng phng php gii tch
th vic s dng phng php s hc tr ln kh hiu qu. minh ho hy xt phng trnh Van
Der Pol, phng trnh biu din mt b dao ng.
Tt c cc phng php ton hc gii phng trnh dng ny u s dng mt phng trnh vi
phn cao cp hn, tng ng vi mt tp phng trnh vi phn bc nht. i vi phng trnh vi
phn trn th cch gii ny c thc hin bng cch nh ngha hai bin trung gian:
t y1 = x, v y2 =
suy ra:

117
i vi cc h phng trnh nh th ny MATLAB cung cp mt tp cc hm ODE gii xp
x ho chng mt cch s hc. Trong quyn hng dn ny chng ta khng c kh nng nu ht
nhng ni dung v ng dng ca tng hm trong b ODE. tm hiu thm v cc hmm ODE ng
dng trong rt nhiu bi ton th d, hy g >> odedemo ti du nhc ca MATLAB. Trc ht
chng ta hy xt v d sau y, chnh l v d ode45. Chng ta phi vit mt hm M_file tr v cc
o hm nu bit trc cc gi tr tc thi ca y1 v y2. Trong MATLAB cc o hm c cho bi
cc vector ct, trong trng hp ny gi l yprime. Tng t y1 v y2 c vit di dng vector
ct y. Kt qu ca mt hm M_file nh sau:
function yprime=vdpol(t,y);
% VDPOL(t,y) returns the state derivatives of
%
the Van der Pol equation:
%
%
x''-mu*(1-x^2)*x+x=0
%
%
let y(1)=x
and y(2)=x'
%
%
then y(1)'=y(2)
%
y(2)'=mu*(1-y(1)^2)*y(2)-y(1)
mu=2;
% choose 0< mu < 10
yprime=[y(2)
mu*(1-y(1)^2)*y(2)-y(1)]; % output must be a column
Gi s thi gian ko di t 0 n 30 giy, v d tspan=[0 30]. Sau s dng lnh vdpol th
li gii cho bi ton nh sau:
>> tspan = [0 30];
>> yo = [1;0];
>> ode45('vdpol',tspan,yo);
Khi s dng hm m khng c i s ra, cc hm ODE s t ng chn nhng thi im thch hp
tnh o hm. c th truy nhp c d liu, ta ch cn cung cp cho hm nhng thng s ra.
>> [t,y] = ode45('vdpol',tspan,yo);
y t l mt vector ct cha nhng thi im tnh o hm, cn y l mt ma trn cha hai ct
v cc hng length(t), hng u tin ca ma trn y cha bin s y(1), hng th hai l bin s
y(2).
Da vo nhng c im ny chng ta c th v c th pha, l th gia y(2) v y(1):
>> plot(y(:,1),y(:,2))
4
3
2
1
0
-1
-2
-3
-4
0

10

15

20

25

30

Hnh 16.9
Cc hm ODE ca MATLAB u c tr gip trc tuyn, mi hm u c cc i s cng nh
cch s dng ring, nu bn mun nghin cu thm th hy tham kho thm phn tr gip trc tuyn
ca chng.
4
3
2
1
0
-1
-2
-3
-4
-3

-2

-1

Hnh 16.10

118
chng 17
ho trong h to phng

Trong ton b phn hng dn s dng ca cun sch ny, mt s c tnh v ho ca

MATLAB s ln lt c gii thiu, v trong chng ny v chng tip theo chng ta s lm sng
t thm v nhng c tnh ca MATLAB.
17.1 S dng lnh Plot
Nh bn thy v d trc , phn ln cc cu lnh v th trong mt phng u l lnh
plot.Lnh plot ny s v th ca mt mng d liu trong mt h trc thch hp, v ni cc im
bng ng thng. Di y l mt v d m bn thy trc (Hnh 17.1):
>> x = linspace(0,2*pi,30);
>> y = sin(x);
>> plot(x,y)
V d ny to 30 im d liu trong on 0 x 2 theo chiu ngang th, v to mt vector y khc
l hm sine ca d liu cha trong x. Lnh plot m ra mt ca s ho gi l ca s figure,
trong ca s ny n s to chia ph hp vi d liu, v th qua cc im, v th c to
thnh bi vic ni cc im ny bng ng nt lin. Cc thang chia s v du c t ng cp nht
vo, nu nh
ca s figure tn ti, plot xo ca s hin thi v thay vo l ca s mi.

Hnh 17.1
By gi cng v hm sine v cosine trn cng mt th
>> z = cos(x);
>> plot(x,y,x,z)

119

Hnh 17.2
V d ny cho thy bn c th v nhiu hn mt th trn cng mt hnh v, bn ch vic a
thm vo plot mt cp i s, plot t ng v th th hai bng mu khc trn mn hnh. Nhiu ng cong c th cng v mt lc nu nh bn cung cp cc cp i s cho lnh plot.
Nu nh mt trong cc i s l ma trn v i s cn li l vector, th lnh plot s v tng ng
mi ct ca ma trn vi vector :
>> W = [y;z]
% xy dng mt ma trn sine v cosine
>> plot(x,W)
% v cc ct ca W vi x

Hnh 17.3

120
Nu nh bn thay i trt t cc i s th th s xoay mt gc bng 90 .
>> plot(W,x)

Hnh 17.4
Nu lnh plot c gi m ch c mt i s, v nh plot(Y) th hm plot s a ra mt kt qu
khc, ph thuc vo d liu cha trong Y. Nu gi tr ca Y l mt s phc, Plot(Y) tng ng vi
plot ( real(Y ) ) v plot ( imag(Y ) ), trong tt c cc trng hp khc th phn o ca Y thng c
b qua. Mt khc nu Y l phn thc th plot(Y) tng ng vi
plot(1:length(Y), Y).
17.2 Kiu ng, du v mu
Trong v d trc, MATLAB chn kiu nt v solid v mu blue v green cho th. Ngoi ra
bn c th khai bo kiu mu, nt v ca ring bn bng vic a vo plot mt i s th 3 sau mi
cp d liu ca mng. Cc i s tu chn ny l mt xu k t, c th cha mt hoc nhiu hn theo
bng di y:
K hiu
b
g
r
c
m
y
k
w

Mu
xanh da tri
xanh l cy

xanh xm
tm
vng
en
trng

K hiu
-

:
-.
-O
X
+
*

Kiu nt v
nt lin
ng chm
ng gch chm
ng gch gch
ng o
ng x
ng du +
ng hnh *

K hiu
s
d
v
^
<
>
p
h

ngha
vung
diamond
triangle(down)
triangle(up)
triangle(left)
triangle(right)
pentagram
hexagram

121
Nu bn khng khai bo mu th MATLAB s chn mu mc nh l blue. Kiu ng mc
nh l kiu solid tr khi bn khai bo kiu ng khc. Cn v du, nu khng c du no c
chn th s khng c kiu ca du no c v.
Nu mt mu, du, v kiu ng tt c u cha trong mt xu, th kiu mu chung cho c du
v kiu nt v. khai bo mu khc cho du, bn phi v cng mt d liu vi cc kiu khai bo
chui khc nhau. Di y l mt v d s dng cc kiu ng, mu, v du v khc nhau:
>> plot(x,y,' b:p',x,z,' c-',x,z,' m+')

Hnh 17.5a
17.3 Kiu th
Lnh colordef cho php bn la chn kiu hin th. Gi tr mc nh ca colordef l white . Kiu
ny s dng trc to , mu nn, nn hnh v mu xm sng, v tn tiu ca trc mu en. Nu
bn thch nn mu en, bn c th dng lnh colordef black. Kiu ny s cho ta nn trc to en,
nn hnh v mu ti xm, v tiu trc mu trng.
17.4 th li, hp cha trc, nhn, v li ch gii
Lnh grid on s thm ng li vo th hin ti. Lnh grid off s b cc nt ny, lnh grid m
khng c tham s i km theo th s xen k gia ch on v off. MATLAB khi to vi
grid off . Thng thng trc to c nt gn kiu solid nn gi l hp cha trc. Hp ny c th tt
i vi box off v box on s khi phc li. Trc ng v trc ngang c th c nhn vi lnh xlabel v
ylabel. Lnh title s thm vo th tiu nh. Dng hm sine v cosine minh ho:
>>
>>
>>
>>

x = linspace(0,2*pi,30);
y = sin(x);
z = cos(x);
plot(x,y,x,z)

122

>>
>>
>>
>>

Hnh 17.5b
box off
xlabel('Independent variable X')
ylabel('dependent variable Y and Z')
title('Sine and Cosine Curve')

Hnh 17.6
Bn c th thm nhn hoc bt c chui k t no vo bt c v tr no bng cch s dng lnh
text. C php ca lnh ny l : text (x, y,string) trong x, y l to tm bn tri ca chui vn
bn. thm nhn vo hnh sine v tr (2.5, 0.7) nh sau:
>> grid on, box on

123
>> text(2.5,0.7,'sin(x)')
Nu bn mun thm nhn m khng mun b hnh v khi h trc ang xt, bn c th thm chui
vn bn bng cch di chut n v tr mong mun. Lnh gtext s thc hin vic ny.
V d (Hnh 17.8):
>> gtext('cos(x)')

Hnh 17.7

Hnh 17.8

124
17.5 Kin to h trc to
MATLAB cung cp cho bn cng c c th kim sot hon ton hnh dng v thang chia ca c
hai trc ng v ngang vi lnh axis. Do lnh ny c nhiu yu t, nn ch mt s dng hay dng
nht c cp y. bit mt cch y v lnh axis, bn hy xem h tr gip help ca
MATLAB hoc cc tham kho khc. Cc c tnh c bn ca lnh axis c cho trong bng di
y:
Lnh
axis([xmin xmax ymin ymax])
c a ra trong vector hng
V=axis
axis auto
axis(auto)
axismanual
axis xy

axis ij
axissquare
axisequal
axis tightequal
axis normal
axis off
axison

M t
Thit lp cc gi tr min,max ca h trc dng cc gi tr
V l mt vector ct c cha thang chia cho th hin ti:
[xmin xmax ymin ymax]
Tr li gi tr mc nh thang chia
xmin = min(x), xmax = max(x), ..v.v...
Gii hn thang chia nh thang chia hin ti
S dng (mc nh ) h to decac trong gc to

Gc gc thp nht bn tri, trc ngang tng t tri qua

phi, trc ng tng t di ln
S dng h to ma trn, trong gc to nh gc
tri, trc ng tng t nh xung, trc ngang tng t tri
qua phi
Thit lp th hin ti l hnh vung, so vi mc nh
hnh
ch nht
Thit lp thang chia ging nhau cho c hai h trc
Tng t nh axis equal nhng hp th va i vi d
liu
Tt i ch axis equal, equal, tight v vis3d
Tt b ch nn trc, nhn, li, v hp, du. Thot khi
ch lnh title v bt c lnh label no v thay bi lnh
text v gtext
Ngc li vi axis off nu chng c th.

Th kim nghim mt s lnh axis cho th ca bn, s dng cc v d trc s cho ta kt

qu nh sau:
>> axis off
% b trc to

125

Hnh 17.9
>> axis on, grid off

% turn the axis on, the grid off

Hnh 17.10
>>axis ij

% turn the plot upside-down

126

Hnh 17.11
>> axis square equal

% give axis two command at once

Hnh 17.12
>> axis xy normal

% return to the defaults

127

Hnh 17.13
17.6 In hnh
in cc hnh m bn va v hoc cc hnh trong chng trnh ca MATLAB m bn cn, bn
c th dng lnh in t bng chn hoc nh lnh in vo t ca s lnh:
+) In bng lnh t bng chn: Trc tin ta phi chn ca s hnh l c s hot ng bng cch
nhn chut ln n, sau bn chn mc bng chn Print t bng chn file. Dng cc thng s to
ln trong mc bng chn Print Setup hoc Page Setup, th hin ti ca bn s c gi ra my in.
+) In bng lnh t ca s lnh: Trc tin bn cng phi chn ca s hnh lm ca s hot ng
bng cch nhn chut ln n hoc dng lnh figure(n), sau bn dng lnh in.
>> print
% prints the current plot to your printer
Lnh orient s thay i kiu in: Kiu mc nh l kiu portrait, in theo chiu ng, gia
trang. Kiu in landscape l kiu in ngang v kn ton b trang. Kiu in tall l kiu in ng nhng kn
ton b trang. thay i kiu in khc vi kiu mc nh, bn dng lnh orient vi cc thng s ca
n nh sau:
>> orient
% What is the current orientation
ans=
portrait
>> orient landscape
% print sideways on the page
>> orient tall % stretch to fill the vertical page
Nu bn mun tm hiu k hn v chng th hy xem tr gip trc tuyn v chng.
17.7 Thao tc vi th
Bn c th thm nt v vo th c sn bng cch dng lnh hold. Khi bn thit lp hold on,
MATLAB khng b i h trc tn ti trong khi lnh plot mi ang thc hin, thay vo , n
thm dng cong mi vo h trc hin ti. Tuy nhin nu nh d liu khng ph hp vi h trc to
c, th trc c chia li . Thit lp hold off s b i ca s figure hin ti v thay vo bng mt

128
th mi. Lnh hold m khng c i s s bt tt chc nng ca ch thit lp hold trc .
Tr li vi v d trc:
>> x = linspace(0,2*pi,30);
>> y = sin(x);
>> z = cos(x);
>> plot(x,y)

Hnh 17.14
By gi gi nguyn th v thm vo ng cosine
>> hold on
%Gi nguyn th v lc trc
>> ishold
% hm logic ny tr v gi tr 1 (true) nu hold trng thi ON
ans =
1
>> plot(x,z,'m')
>> hold off
>> ishold
% hold by gi khng cn trng thi ON na.
ans =
0
Ch rng kim tra trng thi ca hold ta c th dng hm ishold .

129

Hnh 17.15
Nu bn mun hai hay nhiu th cc ca s figure khc nhau, hy dng lnh figure trong
ca s lnh hoc chn new figure t bng chn file, figure khng c tham s s to mt figure mi.
Bn c th chn kiu figure bng cch dng chut hoc dng lnh figure(n) trong n l s ca s
hot hot ng.
Mt khc mt ca s figure c th cha nhiu hn mt h trc. Lnh subplot(m,n,p) chia ca
s hin ti thnh mt ma trn mxn khong v th, v chn p l ca s hot ng. Cc th
thnh phn c nh s t tri qua phi, t trn xung di, sau n hng th hai .v.v. . . V d:
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>

x = linspace(0,2*pi,30);
y = sin(x);
z = cos(x);
a = 2*sin(x).*cos(x);
b = sin(x)./(cos(x)+eps);
subplot(2,2,1)
% pick the upper left of
% 2 by 2 grid of subplots
plot(x,y),axis([0 2*pi -1 1]),title('sin(x)')
subplot(2,2,2)
% pick the upper right of the 4 subplots
plot(x,z),axis([0 2*pi -1 1]),title('cos(x)')
plot(x,z),axis([0 2*pi -1 1]),title('cos(x)')
subplot(2,2,3)% pick the lowwer left of the 4 subplots
plot(x,a),axis([0 2*pi -1 1]),title('2sin(x)cos(x)')
subplot(2,2,4)%pick the lowwer right of the 4 subplots
plot(x,b),axis([0 2*pi -20 20]),title('sin(x)/cos(x)')

130

Hnh 17.6
17.8 Mt s c im khc ca th trong h to phng
loglog tng t nh plot ngoi tr thang chia l logarithm cho c hai trc.
semilogx tng t nh plot ngoi tr thang chia ca trc x l logarithm cn thang chia trc y l
tuyn tnh.
semology tng t nh plot ngoi tr thang chia ca trc y l logarithm, cn thang chia trc x
l tuyn tnh.
area( x, y ) tng t nh plot (x,y) ngoi tr khong cch gia 0 v y c in y, gi tr c
bn y c th c khai bo, nhng mc nh th khng.
S hnh mi tiu chun c to thnh t lnh pie(a, b), trong a l mt vector gi tr v b l
mt vector logic tu chn. V d:
>> a = [.5 1 1.6 1.2 .8 2.1];
>> pie(a,a==max(a));
>> title('Example Pie Chart')

Hnh 17.7
Mt cch khc quan st d liu l biu Pareto, trong cc gi tr trong cc vector c
v thnh mt khi ch nht. V d dng vector a ni trn:

131
>> pareto(a);
>> title('Example Pareto Chart')

Hnh 17.18

>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>

i khi bn mun v hai hm khc nhau trn cng mt h trc m li s dng thang chia khc
nhau, plotyy c th lm iu cho bn:
x = -2*pi:pi/10:2*pi;
y = sin(x);z = 2*cos(x);
subplot(2,1,1),plot(x,y,x,z),
title('Two Plots on the same scale');
subplot(2,1,2),plotyy(x,y,x,z)
title('Two plots on difference scale.');

Hnh 17.19
th bar v stair c th sinh ra bi vic dng lnh bar, bar3, barh v stairs. Di y l v d:

132
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>

x = -2.9:0.2:2.9;
y = exp(-x.*x);
subplot(2,2,1)
bar(x,y)
title('Bar chart of bell Curve')
subplot(2,2,2)
bar3(x,y)
title('3-D Bar Chart of a Bell Cuve')
subplot(2,2,3)
stairs(x,y)
title('Stair Chart of a Bell Curve')
subplot(2,2,4)
barh(x,y)
title('Horizontal Bar Chart')

Hnh 17.20
rose(V) v mt biu trong to cc cho cc gc trong vector v, tng t ta cng c cc
lnh rose(v,n) v rose(v,x) trong x l mt vector. Di y l mt v d:
>> v = randn(100,1)*pi;
>> rose(v)
>> title('Angle Histogram of Random Angle')

133

Hnh 17.21
----------------------oOo----------------------

chng 18
ho
trong khng gian 3 chiu

MATLAB cung cp mt s hm hin th d liu 3 chiu nh cc hm v ng thng trong

khng gian 3 chiu, cc hm v b mt v v khung dy v mu c th c s dng thay th cho
chiu th t.
18.1 th ng thng.
Lnh plot t trong khng gian hai chiu c th m rng cho khng gian 3 chiu bng lnh plot3.
Khun dng ca plot3 nh sau:
plot3 ( x1, y1, z1, S1, x2, y2, z2, S2, .... ), trong xn, yn v zn l cc vector hoc ma trn, v
Sn l xu k t tu chn dng cho vic khai bo mu, to biu tng hoc kiu ng. Sau y l mt
s v d:
>>
>>
>>
>>

t = linspace (0, 10*pi);

plot3(sin(t),cos(t),t)
title ('Helix'),xlabel('sin(t)')
ylabel('cos(t)'),zlabel('t')

134

Hnh 18.1
Ch rng: hm zlabel tng ng vi hm hai chiu xlabel v ylabel. Tng t nh vy, lnh axis
cng c khun dng: axis ( [xmin xmax ymin ymax zmin zmax ] ) thit lp gii hn cho c 3
trc. V d :
>> axis('ij') % thay i hng trc t sau ra trc

Hnh 18.2
Hm text cng c khun mu nh sau: text ( x, y, z, string ) s t v tr xu string vo to
x, y, z.
18.2 th b mt v li
MATLAB nh ngha b mt li bng cc im theo hng trc z trn ng k hnh
vung trn mt phng x-y. N to ln mu mt th bng cch ghp cc im gn k vi cc ng
thng. Kt qu l n trng nh mt mng li nh c vi cc mt li l cc im d liu. th li ny thng c s dng quan st nhng ma trn ln hoc v nhng hm c hai bin.

135
Bc u tin l a ra th li ca hm hai bin z = f (x, y ), tng ng vi ma
trn X v Y cha cc hng v cc ct lp i lp li. MATLAB cung cp hm meshgrid cho mc ch
ny. [ X, Y ] = meshgrid(x, y ), to mt ma trn X, m cc hng ca n l bn sao ca
vector x, v ma trn Y c cc ct ca n l bn sao ca vector y. Cp ma trn ny sau c s
dng c lng hm hai bin s dng c tnh ton hc v mng ca MATLAB.
Sau y l mt v d v cch dng hm meshgrid.
>> x = -7.5:.5:7.5;
>> y = x;
>> [X,Y] = meshgrid(x,y);
X, Y l mt cp ca ma trn tng ng mt li ch nht trong mt phng x-y. Mi hm z=f(x,y)
c th s dng tnh cht ny.
>> R = sqrt(X.^2+Y.^2)+eps;
>> % find the distance from the origin (0,0)
>> Z = sin(R)./R;
% calculate sin(r)/ r
Ma trn R cha bn knh ca mi im trong [X,Y], n l khong cch t mi im n
tm ma trn. Cng thm eps khng xy ra php chia cho 0. Ma trn Z cha sine ca bn knh
chia cho bn knh mi im trong s . Cu lnh sau v th li:
>> mesh(X,Y,Z)

Hnh 18.3
th trn l n sc. Tuy nhin bn c th thay i mu sc vi s tr gip ca MATLAB
rt r dng nu bn c n phn colormaps..
Trong v d ny, hm mesh xp xp gi tr ca cc phn t ca ma trn vo cc im
(X,Y,Z) trong khng gian ba chiu. mesh cng c th v mt ma trn n tng t nh vi mt
i s; mesh(Z), s dng cc im (i,j,Z). Nh vy Z c v ngc li vi cc ch s ca n,
trong trng hp ny mesh(Z) ch n gin l chia li khc cc trc x, y theo cc ch s ca ma
trn Z. Bn hy th to v d cho trng hp ny?.

136
th b mt ca cng mt ma trn Z trng nh th li trc , ngoi tr khong cch gia
hai ng l khc nhau (gi l patchs). th loi ny dng hm surf, n c tt c cc i s nh
hm mesh. Hy xem v d di y (Hnh 18.4):
>> surf(X,Y,Z)

Hnh 18.4
lm r thm mt vi ch , chng ta cng quay li hm peaks a ra phn trc. th
li trong khng gian 3 chiu ca hm ny c a ra nh sau (hnh 18.5):
>> mesh(peaks)
>> title('Mesh Plot of Peaks function')

Hnh 18.5

137
th ng vin cho ta thy c nng hoc cao ca hnh. Trong MATLAB th ng
vin trong khng gian hai chiu tng t nh trong khng gian ba chiu nhng hm gi ca n l
contour3. th s dng cc lnh s c minh ho trong bng khc mu.
18.3 Thao tc vi th
MATLAB cho php bn khai bo gc t quan st c th trong khng gian ba chiu.
Hm view(azimuth, elevation ) thit lp gc xem bng vic khai bo azimuth v elevation.
Elevation m t v tr ngi quan st, xem nh l gc o bng trn h trc x-y. Azimut m t
gc trong h trc ni ngi quan st ng.
Azimuth c o bng t phn m trc y. Pha m trc y c th quay theo chiu kim ng h
mt gc -37.5 t pha bn. Elevation l gc m ti mt bn thy c mt phng x-y. S dng
hm view cho php bn c th quan st hnh v t cc gc khc nhau. V d nu elevation thit lp
l m, th view s nhn hnh t pha di ln. Nu azimuth thit lp dng, th hnh s quay ngc
chiu kim ng h t im nhn mc nh.Thm ch bn c th nhn trc tip t trn bng cch thit
lp view(0,90 ). Thc ra th y l im nhn mc nh 2 chiu, trong x tng t tri qua phi, v y
tng t trn xung di, khun dng view(2) hon ton ging nh mc
nh ca view(0, 90 ), v view(3) thit lp mc nh trong khng gian 3 chiu.
Lnh view c mt dng khc m rt tin ch khi s dng l view([X,Y,Z ]) cho php bn quan st
trn mt vector cha h trc to decac trong khng gian 3 chiu. Khong cch t v tr bn quan
st n gc to khng b nh hng. V d, view([0 10 0 ]), view([0 -1 0 ]) v view(0, 0 ) cho
cc kt qu nh nhau. Cc thng s azimuth v elevation m bn ang quan st c th ly li c
bng cch dng [az, e] = view. Vd:
>> view([-7 -9 7])
>> [az,el] = view
az =
-37.8750
el =
31.5475
Mt cng c hu dng khc l quan st th khng gian 3 chiu bi hm rotate3d. Cc thng s
Azimtuh v elevation c th c tc ng bi chut, rotate3d on cho php chut can thip,
rotate3d off khng cho php.
Lnh hidden du cc nt khut. Khi bn v th, th mt s phn ca n b che khut bi cc
phn khc, khi nu dng lnh ny th cc nt khut s b du i, bn ch c th nhn phn no
trong tm nhn ca bn. Nu bn chuyn n hidden off, bn c th thy phn khut qua mng
li. Di y l v d:
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>

mesh(peaks(20)+7)
hold on
pcolor(peaks(20))
hold off
title('Mesh with hiden on')

138

Hnh 18.8
By gi hy b ch du cc nt khut i ta s thy s khc nhau:
>> hidden off
>> title('Mesh with Hidden Off ')

Hnh 18.9

139
18.4 Cc c im khc ca th trong khng gian 3 chiu
Hm ribbon(x, y ) tng t nh plot(x, y ) ngoi tr ct ca y c v nh l mt di ring bit
trong khng gian ba chiu. Di y l th hnh sine:
>> x=linspace(0,10,50);
>> y=sin(pi*x);
>> ribbon(y,x)

Hnh 18.10
Hm clabel tng thm cao cho th ng vin. C ba mu clabel(cs), clabel(cs, V ) v
clabel( cs, manual). clabel(cs), trong cs l cu trc ng vin c tr v t lnh contour,
cs=contour(z), ly nhn tt c cc th ng vin vi cao ca n. V tr ca nhn c ly
ngu nhin. clabel (c, manual) nh v nhn ng vin v tr kch chut tng t nh lnh
ginput ni trn. Nhn phm Return kt thc vic to nhn ny.
Hm contourf s v mt th ng vin kn, khng gian gia ng vin c lp y bng
mu.
Hai mu trng thi ca lnh mesh dng vi th li l: meshc v th li v thm ng
vin bn di, meshz v th li v th c dng nh mn che.
Hm waterfall c xem nh mesh ngoi tr mt iu l hm mesh ch xut hin hng x.
C hai mu trng thi ca lnh surf, l surfc v mt th surf v thm ng bao bn di,
surflvex v mt th surf nhng thm vo s chiu sng b mt t ngun sng. Cu trc tng
qut l surfl( X,Y, Z, S, K ) trong X, Y,v Z tng t nh surf, S l mt vector tu chn trong
h to decac (S=[Sx Sy Sz]) hoc trong to cu (S=[az,el]) ch ra hng ca
ngun sng. Nu khng khai bo, gi tr mc nh ca S l 45 theo chiu kim ng h t v tr
ngi quan st, S l mt vector tu chn ch ra phn ng gp tu thuc vo ngun sng bao
quanh, s phn chiu nh sng v h s phn chiu (K=[ka,kd,ks,spread]).
>> colormap(gray)
>> surfl(peaks)
>> title('surf1 plot of peaks with default lighting')

140

Hnh 18.11
fill3, phin bn 3 chiu ca fill, v mt a gic u trong khng gian ba chiu. Khun dng tng
qut ca n l fill3(x, y, z, c), trong chiu ng ca a gic c ch bi ba thnh phn x, y, z.
Nu c l mt k t, a gic s c lp y mu nh bng mu. c cng c th l mt vector
hng c 3 thnh phn ([r g b]) trong r, g v b l cc gi tr gia 0 v 1 thay cho cc mu
, xanh l cy v xanh da tri. Nu c l mt vector hoc ma trn, n c s dng nh mt ch
s ch ra s mu. Nhiu a gic c th c to ra bng cch cho thm nhiu i s nh fill3
(x1, y1, z1,c1, x2, y2, z2, c2, ....). V d sau s v ngu nhin 4 tam gic vi mu:
>> color(cool)
>> fill3(rand(3,4),rand(3,4),rand(3,4),rand(3,4))
bar3 v bar3h l phin bn 3 chiu ca bar v barh, bie3 l phin ban ca pie.
18.5 Bng mu
Mu v biu mu c cp n trong mt s v d phn trc. Trong phn ny chng ta s
ni r v chng. MATLAB nh ngha mt biu mu nh l mt ma trn c 3 ct. Mi hng ca
ma trn nh ngha mt mu ring bit s dng cc s trong di 0 v 1. Nhng s ny ch ra cc gi
tr RGB, nhy ca cc mu thnh phn , xanh l cy, v xanh da tri trong mt mu do cc
thnh phn to ra. Mt s mu c bn c cho trong bng di y:

0
1
1
0
0

Xanh l cy
0
1
0
1
0

Xanh da tri
0
1
0
0
1

mu
en
trng

xanh l cy
xanh da tri

141
1
1
0
-5
-5
1
-49

1
0
1
-5
0
-62
1

0
1
1
-5
0
-40
-83

vng
tm
lam xm
xm trung bnh
ti
ng
ngc xanh bin

Di y l mt s hm ca MATLAB to ra bng mu trn:

Function
hsv
hot
gray
bone
copper
pink
white
flag
jet
prism
cool
lines
summe
autumn
winter
spring

M t bng mu
Gi tr mu bo ho (HSV)
en--vng-trng
xm cn bng tuyn tnh
xm c pha nh vi mu xanh
sc thi ca mu ng
mu hng nht nh
trng hon ton
xen k , trng, xanh da tri, v en
s thay i mu bo ho
c mu sc lng knh
mu xanh tm
mu ca nt v
Bng ca xanh l cy v vng
Bng ca v vng
Bng ca xanh l cy v xanh da tri
Bng ca magenta v yellow

18.6 S dng bng mu

Cu lnh colormap(M) ci t ma trn M nh l bng mu c s dng bi hnh hin ti.
V d: colormap(cool) ci t mt version 64 u vo ca bng mu cool.
Hm plot v plot3 khng dng bng mu trn, chng s dng cc mu lit k trong bng kiu
ng, im nh du, mu ca plot. Phn ln cc hm v khc nh mesh, surf, contour, fill, pcolor
v cc bin ca n, s dng bng mu hin ti.
Sau y l mt v d dng tham s mu cho hm surf hin th gc quan st :
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>

[X,Y,Z]=peaks(30);
surf(X,Y,Z,atan2(X,Y))
colormap(hsv),shading flat
axis([-3 3 -3 3 -6.5 8.1]),axis off
title('using a color Argument to surf')

142

Hnh 18.12
18.7 S dng mu thm thng tin
Mu c th c dng thm thng tin vo th 3 chiu nu n c s dng to thnh
chiu th t. Cc hm nh mesh v surf bin i mu dc theo trc z, tr khi mt i s mu c
a ra nh surf(X,Y,Z) hon ton tng ng vi surf(X,Y,Z,t ) trong thnh phn th t c
dng nh mt ch s trong biu mu. iu ny khin cho th y mu nhng li khng thng
tin khi m trc z tn ti.
Di y l mt s cch s dng i s mu thm thng tin hoc nhn mnh thng tin tn
ti trong th
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>

x=-7.5: .5:7.5; y=x

% create a data set
[X,Y]=meshgrid(x,y);
%create plaid data
R=sqrt(X.^2+Y.^2) +eps
% create radial data
Z=sin(R)./R;
% create a sombrero
subplot(2,2,1),surf(X,Y,Z),
title('Color Varies with the Z_axis')
subplot(2,2,2),surf(X,Y,Z,R),
title('Color Varies With the Radius')
subplot(2,2,3),surf(X,Y,Z,del2(Z)),
title('Color Varies with Curvature')
[dZdx,dZdy]=gradient(Z);
%compute the slope
dZ=sqrt(dZdx.^2+dZdy.^2)
%compute the slope's manitude
subplot(2,2,4),surf(X,Y,Z,dZ)
title('Color Varies With the slope Magnitude')

143

Hnh 18.13
18.8 Hin th bng mu.
Bn c th hin th bng mu theo mt s cch sau. Mt trong nhng cch l xem tt c cc
phn t trong trong mt ma trn bng mu mt cch trc tip:
>> hot(8)
ans =

0.3333
0.6667
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0
0
0
0.3333
0.6667
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0
0
0
0
0
0
0.5000
1.0000

Thm vo , hm pcolor c th c s dng biu din mt bng mu. Hy th v d ny

mt vi ln bng cch dng cc hm colormap khc nhau v thay i tham s n:
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>

colormap(jet(n))
n=8;
colormap(jet(n))
pcolor([1:n+1;1 :n+1]')
title('using pcolor to display a colormap')

144

Hnh 18.4
Hm colorbar thm mt thanh mu ng hoc thanh mu ngang (cn chnh mu ) vo ca s hnh
v ca bn, a ra biu mu cho trc hin ti. colorbar( h) nh v thanh mu ngang di hnh v
hin ti ca bn. colorbar( v) nh v thanh mu ng v bn phi hnh v ca bn. colorbar khng
c i s th l thm mt thanh mu ngang, nu thanh mu ny khng tn ti hoc l cp nht nu n
tn ti.
>> [X,Y,Z] = peaks;
>> mesh(X,Y,Z );
>> colormap(hsv)
>> axis([-3 3 -3 3 -6 8])
>> colorbar

Hnh 18.5
18.9 Thit lp v thay i bng mu.
Thc t colormaps l cc ma trn, c ngha l bn c th thao tc chng ging nh bt k mt
ma trn no khc. Hm brighten nh vo c im ny thay i colormap tng hoc gim
nhy ca cc mu m. bighten(n) cng vi bighten(-n) phc hi colormap ban u. Lnh
newmap=brighten(n) to mt thanh mu sng hn hoc ti hn ca colormap hin ti m khng lm

145
thay i bi mu hin ti. Lnh newmap=brighten(cmap,n) iu chnh phin bn ca thanh mu
c khai bo m khng lm nh hng n colormap hin ti hoc cmap. brighten(gcf, n) lm
sng tt c cc i tng trong hnh v hin ti.
Bn c th to mt colormap ca ring bn bng cch a ra mt ma trn mymap m hng,3 ct
v ci t n cng vi colormap(mymap) mi gi tr trong mt ma trn colormap phi thuc khong
t 0 n 1. Nu bn c gng s dng mt ma trn vi nhiu hn hoc t hn 3 ct hoc cha mt gi
tr no b thua 0 hoc ln hn1 colormap s a ra thng bo li.
Bn c th kt ni cc colormap theo kiu ton hc. Mc d kt qu i khi khng th on trc
c. V d, biu c tn gi l pink :
>> pinkmap = sqrt (2/3*gray+1/3*hot);
Bi v colormap l cc ma trn, chng c th c v th. Lnh rgbplot s v th cc gi tr
ca colormap tng t nh lnh plot, nhng s dng mu , mu xanh l cy v xanh da tri cho
nt v. rgbplot(gray) cho bit c ba mu tng tuyn tnh v ng u. Lnh rgbplot vi mt s
colormap khc nh jet, hsv, v prism.
Gi tr hin ti ca cmin v cmax c tr li bng caxis khng c i s. Chng thng l
nhng gi tr ln nht v nh nht ca d liu, caxis([cmin cmax ]) s dng colormap
nguyn bn cho d liu trong di gia cmin v cmax, nhng im d liu ln hn cmax s b chia ra
thnh cc mu kt hp vi cmax. V nhng im d liu c gi tr nh hn cmin s b chia ra thnh
cc mu kt hp vi cmin. Nu cmin nh hn min(data) hoc cmax ln hn max(data ), th cc
mu kt hp vi cmin hoc cmax s khng bao gi c s dng ; ch mt phn nh ca colormap
c s dng. caxis(auto) s hi phc gi tr mc nh ca cmin v cmax.
V d sau c minh ho trong colorplate4 .
>> pcolor([1:17;1:17]')
>> title('Default color range')
>> colormap(hsv(8))
>> axis('auto')
>> colorbar
>> caxis
ans =
1 17

Hnh 18.6

146
Chng19
Mng t bo v cu trc
MATLAB 5.0 gii thiu 2 loi d liu mi c tn gi l mng t bo v cu trc. Mng t bo
c xem nh mt mng ca cc s nh phn hoc l nh b cha c th lu gi nhiu kiu d liu
khc nhau. Cu trc l nhng mng d liu hng i tng xy dng cng vi tn cc trng c
th cha nhiu kiu d liu khc nhau, bao gm mng t bo v cc cu trc khc. Cu trc cung cp
cho ta phng tin thun li nhm cc kiu d liu khc nhau. Nhng kiu d liu mi ny, mng
t bo v cu trc to cho bn kh nng t chc d liu thnh cc gi rt thun tin.
19.1 Mng t bo
Mng t bo l nhng mng MATLAB m cc phn t ca n l cc t bo. Mi t bo trong
mng t bo cha cc kiu d liu ca MATLAB bao gm mng s, vn bn, i tng c trng,
cc mng t bo v cu trc. V d mt t bo ca mng t bo c th l mng s, loi khc l kiu
chui vn bn, loi khc l vector cc gi tr s phc. Cc mng t bo c th c xy dng vi s
chiu ln hn 2, tuy nhin cho thun tin khi xt ngi ta ly s chiu l 2 .
19.2 Xy dng v hin th mng t bo
Mng t bo c th c xy dng bng cch dng cu lnh gn, hoc ch nh mng trc
bng cch s dng hm t bo sau gn d liu cho mng.
Nh mi loi mng khc, mng t bo c th to ra bng cch gn d liu cho tng t bo c
lp cng mt thi im. C hai cch khc nhau thm nhp vo mng t bo. Nu bn s dng c
php mng tiu chun, bn phi cc t bo trong du ngoc { }. V d:
>>
>>
>>
>>

A(1, 1) = {[1 2 3: 4 5 6 : 7 8 9]};

A(1, 2) = {2 + 3 i};
A(2, 1) = {' A text string '};
A(2, 2,) = {12: -2 :0};
Du ngoc nhn bn pha phi ca du bng ch ra rng biu thc l mt t bo, hay cn gi
l ch s t bo. Cch vit sau tng ng vi cch vit trn:
>> A{1, 1 } = [1 2 3 : 4 5 6 : 7 8 9 ];
>> A{1, 2 } = 2+3i ;
>> A{2, 1 } = 'A text string ' ;
>> A{2, 2 } = 12 : -2 : 0 ;
Du ngoc nhn bn tri ch ra rng A l mt mng t bo v biu thc t bn trong l khai bo t
bo.
MATLAB hin th mng A nh sau:
>> A
A =
[3X3 double] 2.0000+ 3.0000 i
' A text string '[1x7 double ]
hin th ni dung ca mi t bo trong mng t bo ta dng hm celldisp, hin th ni dung
ca ring mt t bo, truy nhp vo t bo c s dng du ngoc nhn.Vi d :
>> A{2,2}
MATLAB hin th s cu trc ho mng t bo trong mt ca s bng vic gi hm
cellplot.

147
Hm cell lm vic vi mng t bo bng vic to ra cc mng trng theo kch c ca mng. V
d :
>> C= cell ( 2, 3 )
C=
[] []
[] []

[]
[]

19.3 T hp v khi phc mng t bo

Nu bn gn d liu cho t bo ngoi s chiu hin c ca mng. MATLAB s t ng m
rng mng v in vo gia ma trn s rng. Ch khi nim { } thay cho ma trn t bo rng v
[ ] thay cho mng s ma trn rng.
S dng du mc vung kt ni mng t bo:
>> C= [A B]
C=
[3x3 double ]
2.0000+ 3.0000i [1x2 double] ' John Smith'
'A text string ' [1x7 double]
[2.0000+3.0000i]
[ 5
]
>> C=[A;B]
C =
[3x3 double ] 2.0000 + 3.0000 i
' A text string ' [ 1x7
double ]
[ 1x2 double ] ' John Smith'
[ 2.0000+ 3.0000i ] [
5 ]
Mt tp con cc t bo c th c tch ra to thnh mt mng t bo mi. Nu D l mt
mng t bo 3x3, ngi ta c th tch ra to thnh mt mng t bo mi 2x2 nh sau:
>> F = D(2:2,2:3);
Hm reshape c th c s dng thay i cu hnh ca mt mng t bo nhng khng
th dng thm vo hoc bt i t bo.
>> X = cells(3,4);
>> size(X)
ans =
3
4
>> X= reshape(X,6,2);
>> size(Y)
ans =
6
2
19.4 Truy nhp vo trong mng t bo
truy nhp d liu cha trong cc phn t ca mng t bo, s dng du ngoc nhn. Dng
du ngoc n thm nhp mt phn t nh l mt t bo. truy nhp ni dung ca phn t trong
mng t bo, kt ni cc biu thc nh sau:

148
>> x = B{2,2}
x =

% truy nhp ni dung ca t bo.

5
>> class(x)
ans=
double
>> y = B[2,2]
% truy nhp vo bn thn t bo.
y =
[5]
>> class(y)
ans=
cell
>> B{1,1} (1,2) % truy nhp vo phn t th hai ca
% vector trong t bo
ans=
2
truy nhp di cc phn t trong mng t bo, s dng hm deal
>> [a,b] = deal(B{2,:1})
a =
2.0000+
3.0000i
b =
5
Hm deal cn mt danh sch cc bin phn bit nhau bi du phy. Biu thc B{2, :} c th s
dng mi ni v du phy dng phn tch danh sch cc bin. Do , B{2, :} tng ng vi
B(2,1) v B(2,2).
19.5 Mng t bo ca chui k t
Mt trong nhng ng dng ph bin ca mng t bo l xy dng mt mng vn bn. Mng
chui k t tiu chun i hi tt c cc chui u c chung di. Bi v mng t bo c th cha
nhiu kiu d liu khc nhau trong mi phn t, chui k t trong mng t bo khng c gii hn ny.
V d:
>> T = {' Tom';' Disk'}
T=
'Tom'
'Disk'
19.6 Cu trc
Cu trc l nhng i tng MATLAB c tn b cha d liu cn gi l fields. Nh mi
phn t ca mng t bo, trng cu trc c th c bt c mt kiu d liu no. Chng khc ch
cu trc trng c truy nhp bng tn ph bin hn l ch s, v khng c s hn ch no v ch s
cng nh cu hnh ca cc trng cu trc. Cng ging nh mng t bo, cu trc c th c nhm
li vi nhau to thnh mng v mng t bo. Mt cu trc n l mt mng cu trc 1x1.
19.7 Xy dng mng cu trc
Cu trc s dng du . truy nhp vo trng. Xy dng mt cu trc n gin nh gn
d liu vo cc trng c lp. V d sau to mt bn ghi client cho th vin kim tra.

149
>> client.name = ' John Doe';
>> client.cost = 86.50;
>> client.test.AIC = [6.3 6.8 7.1 7.0 6.7 6.5
>> client.test.CHC = [2.8 3.4 3.6 4.1 3.5];
>> client
client =
name L ' John Doe '
cost :86.50
test : [1x1 struct]
>> client.test
ans=
AIC:6.3000 6.8000 7.1000 7.0000 6.7000 6.5000
CHC:2.8000 3.4000 3.6000 4.1000 3.5000

6.3

6.4]

6.3000 6.4000

By gi to bn ghi client th hai:

>> client(2).name = ' Alice Smith ';
>> client(2).cost = 112.35;
>> client(2).test.AIC = [5.3 5.8 7.0 6.5 6.7 5.5 6.0 5.9 ]
>> client(2).test.CHC =[ 3.8 6.3
3.2 3.1 2.5 ]
>> client
client =
1x2 struct array with field
name
cost
test
Cu trc cng c th c xy dng bng cch dng hm struct to trc mt mng cu
trc. C php l: ( field. V1, field2, V2, .... ) trong field1, field2, .v.v... l cc trng, v cc
mng V1, V2, v.v.... phi l cc mng t bo c cng kch thc., cng s t bo, hoc gi tr. V d,
mt mng cu trc c th c to ra nh sau:
>> N ={' John Doe ', ' Alice Smith'};
>> C = {86.50, 112.35 };
>> P = {[10.00 20.00 45.00];
>> bills = struct('name',N,'cost',C,'payment',P)
bils=
1x2 struct array with fields
name
cost
payment
19.8 Truy nhp vo cc trng cu trc
Bi v ni dung cu trc l tn nhiu hn l ch s, nh trong trng hp mng t bo, tn
ca cc trng trong cu trc phi c bit n truy nhp d liu cha trong chng. Tn ca cc
trng c th c tm thy trong trong ca s lnh, n gin l ch vic nhp vo tn ca cu
trc. Tuy nhin trong M-file, mt hm cn thit c to ra cp nht cc tn trng . Hm
fieldname tr li mt mng t bo c cha tn ca cc trng trong mt cu trc.
>> T = fieldnammes(bills)

150
T =

' name '

' cost '
' payment '
C hai phng php truy nhp vo trng cu trc. Ch s trc tip s dng k thut ch
mc thch hp, nh phng php truy nhp trng cu trc, v ch s mng thch hp truy nhp
vo mt s hoc mt mng t bo. Sau y l mt v d da trn cu trc bills v client xt trn:
>> bills.name
ans =
John Doe
ans=
Alice Smith
>> bills(2).cost
ans=
112.3500
>> bills(1)
ans=
name : ' John Doe '
cost : ' 86.5000 '
payment: 10.000
20.0000 45.0000
>> baldue = bills(1).cost - sum(bills(1).payment )
baldue=
6.5000
>> bills(2).payment(2)
ans =
12.3500
>> client(2).test.AIC(3)
ans=
7.000
Phng php ch mc trc tip thng c s dng truy nhp gi tr trng. Tuy nhin, cc
M-file nu tn cc trng c gi ra t hm fieldnames, th hm getfield v setfield c th c s
dng truy nhp d liu trong cu trc. V d :
>> getfield(bills,{1},'name' )
% tng t nh bills(1).name
ans=
John Doe
>> T = fieldnames(bills);
>> getfriend(bills,{2},T{3},{2})%tng t nh s(2),payment(2)
ans=
12.3500
V d sau tr li cu trc c cha cng kiu d liu nh cu trc nguyn thu vi mt gi tr b
thay i. Dng lnh tng ng ca client(2).test.AIC(3) = 7.1. l:
>> client = setfield(client,{2 },'test', 'AIC ',{3},7.1)
client=
1x2 struct array with fields
name
cost
test
>> client(2).test.AIC(3)

151
ans=

7.1000
Mt trng c th c thm vo trong mt mng cu trc ch n gin bng cch gn gi
tr cho trng cu trc mi.
>> client(1).addr = {' MyStreet';' MyCity '}
client =
1x2 struct array with fields
name
cost
test
addr
Mt trng c th c b i khi cu trc ( hoc mt mng cu trc ) bng lnh rmfield. S=
rmfield ( S, field ) s b i trng field t cu trc S. S= rmfield ( S, F ), trong F l mt mng t
bo ca tn cc trng, b i nhiu hn mt trng t cu trc S ti mt thi im.
>> client = rmfield( client,' addr ')
client =
1x2 struct array with fields
name
cost
test
19.9 S nghch o v hm kim tra
S nghch o gia cc mng t bo v cc cu trc bng cch dng hm struct2cell v
cell2struct . Tn trng phi c cung cp y cho cell2struct v b mt i khi chuyn thnh mt
mng t bo t mt cu trc. S chuyn i t mng s v mng xu k t thnh mng t bo bng
cch s dng hm num2cell v cellstr. Ngc li chuyn i t mt mng t bo thnh mng k t
bng hm char.
Mc d hm class tr v kiu kiu d liu ca i tng, class vn khng thun tin s dng
kim tra kiu d liu. Hm isa(x, class ) tr li true nu x l mt i tng kiu class. V d, isa
( client, struct ) s tr li true. thun tin, mt s hm kim tra s khc c sn trong th vin
chng trnh nh: isstruct, iscell, ischar, isnumeric, v islogical.
---------------------oOo---------------------Chng 20
Biu tng ca hp cng c ton hc
Cc chng trc, bn bit c MATLAB mnh ra sao trn phng din lp trnh, tnh
ton. Mc d kh nng tnh ton ca n rt mnh, tuy nhin n vn cn c nhng hn ch. Nh mt
my tnh, MATLAB c s s dng cc con s. N nhn cc s (123/4) hoc cc bin (x =[ 1 2 3 ]).
Hp cng c ton hc l mt tp hp cc cng c ( hm ) MATLAB s dng nhm gii
cc bi ton. C cc cng c t hp, n gin ho, tch phn, vi phn v gii cc php ton i s
v php ton vi phn. Cc cng c khc s dng trong i s hc tuyn tnh chuyn i chnh xc
dng nghch o, nh thc v cc khun mu tiu chun.
Cc cng c trong Symbolic Math Tollbox c to nn t chng trnh phn mm mnh c
tn l Maple@ pht trin khi u t trng i hc Waterloo Ontario, Canada v by gi l phn

152
mm ca hng Waterloo Maple Software. Khi bn yu cu MATLAB thc hin mt php ton, n s
s dng cc hm ca Symbolic Math Tollbox lm vic ny v tr li kt qu ca s lnh.
20.1 Biu thc v cc i tng c trng
MATLAB c s s dng mt s cc kiu i tng khc nhau lu tr gi tr. Bin s hc
dng lu tr gi tr s hc, v d nh x=2, mng k t lu tr chui vn bn, v nh : t = A
text string . Hp cng c ton hc c trng dng nhng i tng ton hc thay th cc bin v cc
ton t, v d: x = sym ( x ). Cc i tng ton hc c s dng bi MATLAB trong nhiu trng hp tng t nh cc bin s hc v chui c s dng. Biu thc ton hc l nhng biu thc
c cha i tng ton hc thay th cho cc s, hm, ton t.v cc bin. Cc bin khng yu cu
phi nh ngha trc. Thut ton l cng c thc hnh gii quyt nhng bi ton trn c s bit c nhng quy lut v s nhn dng cc biu tng c a ra, chnh xc nh ci cch bn gii bng
i s hc v s tnh ton.. Cc ma trn ton hc l nhng mng m phn t ca n l cc i tng
ton hc hoc cc biu thc.
20.2 To v s dng cc i tng c trng
i tng c trng c xy dng t nhng chui k t hoc cc bin s hc s dng hm sym.
V d x = sym ( x ) to ra mt bin c trng x, y = sym ( y ) to ra mt bin c trng y, y =
sym ( 1/3 ) to ra mt bin c trng y mang gi tr 1/3. Gi s bin c trng c nh ngha, n
c th c s dng trong cc biu thc ton hc tng t nh cc bin s hc c s dng trong
MATLAB . Nu nh cc bin x, y c to ra trc th lnh z= (x+y) / ( x-2 ) s to mt bin mi
z bi v biu thc m n thay th c mang mt hay nhiu bin c trng x hoc y.
Mt i tng s hc c th chuyn thnh i tng c trng. Di y l mt v d:
>> m = magic(3)
% to mt ma trn s
m =
8
1
6
3
5
7
4
9
2
>> M = sym(m)
% to mt ma trn c trng t m
M =
[ 8, 1, 6 ]
[ 3, 5, 7 ]
[ 4, 9, 2 ]
>> det(M)
% xc nh nh thc ca ma trn c trng M
ans =
-360
V d ny xy dng mt ma trn vung 3x3, chuyn i thnh ma trn c trng, v tm nh
thc ca ma trn.
Hm sym cho php bn la chn nh dng cho s hin thi c trng ca gi tr s. C php l:
S = sym ( A, fmt ) trong A l gi tr s hoc ma trn cn fmt l mt c tnh nh dng tu chn,
c th l f , r , e , hoc d . Gi tr mc nh l r . Nu chn f tng ng h ch s lc
phn, r tng ng ch s hu t, e tng t nh r nhng dng chnh tc hm m, cn d
tng ng ch s h thp phn.
Di y l mt s v d v s hin th ca mt s nh dng tu chn:
Lnh

Dng hin th 1/3

Lp

153
format short
format long
format short e
format long e
format short g
format long g
format hex
format bank
format rat
format +
sym ( 1/3, f )
sym ( 1/3, r )
sym ( 1/3, e )
sym ( 1/3, d )

0.3333
0.333333333333333
3.3333e-001
3.333333333333333e-001
0.33333
0.333333333333333
3fd5555555555555
0.33
1/3
+
1.555555555555 *2^(-2)
1/3
1/3-eps/12
.333333333333333333314829616256

double
double
double
double
double
double
double
double
double
double
sym
sym
sym
sym

S khc nhau gia cc nh dng c trng c th gy ra mt s hn n. V d:

>> sym(1/3)- sym(1/3,'e')
% li du m s hu t
ans =
1/12*eps
>> double(ans)
% nh dng thp phn
ans =
1.8504e-17
20.3 S biu din biu thc c trng ca MATLAB
MATLAB c cc biu thc c trng ging nh l biu thc c cha i tng c trng
khc nhau gia chng v bin s, biu thc, php ton nu khng chng gn ging nh biu thc
MATLAB c bn. Sau y l mt vi v d ca biu thc c trng.
Biu thc tng trng
S trnh by trong MATLA
x=sym( x ) y=
M=syms(a,b,c,d);
x=sym(x) cos(x2)-sin(2x)
f=syms x a b
x=sym(x)
f=int(x^3/sqrt(1-x),a,b)
Cc hm c trng ca MATLAB cho php bn thao tc nhng biu thc ny theo nhiu cch khc
nhau. V d:
>> x = sym('x')
>> diff(cos(x))
ans =
-sin(x)

% to mt bin c trng x
% i ca cos(x ) vi bin s l x

>> sym('a','b','c','d' )% to bin s c trng a, b, c v d

>> M = [a, b, c, d]
% to mt ma trn c trng
M =
[a, b]
[c, d]
>> det(M)
% tm nh thc ca ma trn c trng M
ans =
a*b - b*c

154
Trong v d u tin, x c nh ngha nh mt bin c trng trc khi n c s dng
trong biu thc, tng t nh vy bin s phi c gn mt gi tr trc khi chng c s dng.
iu ny cho php MATLAB xem xt cos(x) nh mt biu thc c trng, v do vy dif(cos(x)) l
mt php ton c trng hn l mt php ton s hc. Trong v d s 2, hm syms thng c nh
ngha l mt s bin s c trng. syms(a, b ) tng ng vi a = sym('a');
b=
sym('b' ); . MATLAB bit rng M=[a, b; c, d ] l mt ma trn c trng bi v n cha
ng mt bin s c trng, v do det(M) l mt php ton c trng.
Trong MATLAB, cu lnh func arg tng ng vi func(arg), trong func l mt hm,
cn arg l mt chui i s k t. MATLAB phn bit syms a b c d v syms(a, b, c, d ) l
tng ng nhng nh cc bn bit cng thc u tin d thc hin hn.
Chng ta xem xt k hn v d th hai nu trn:
>> a = 1; b = 2; c = 3; d = 4
% nh ngha bin s a n d
>> M = [a,b;c,d]
% M l mt ma trn s
M=
1
2
3
4
>> size(M)
%M l mt ma trn bc hai
ans =
2
2
>> class(M)
% C nhng loi i tng no l M?
ans =
double
>> M = '[a, b; c, d ]'
% M l mt chui c trng
M =
[a, b :c, d ]
>> size(M)
% M l mt vector hng ca 9 k t
ans =
1
9
>> class( M )
ans =
char
>> M = sym('[a,b;c,d ]')

% mt i tng c trng nhng

% khng phi l mt ma trn

M=
[a,b;c,d]
>> size(M)
ans =
1
3
>> class(M)
ans =
sym
>> syms a b c d
>> M = [a,b;c,d]
M =
[a, b]

% M l mt vector 3 phn t (2 du phy )

% nh ngha bin s c trng a n d

% M l mt ma trn c trng

155
>> size(M)
ans =

[c, d]

2
2
>> class(M)
ans =
sym
>> a = 1; b = 2 ; syms c
>> M = [a,b;c,d]
M=
[1, 2]
[c, d]
>> size(M)
ans=
sym

% nh ngha mt bin c nh t a
% M l mt ma trn c trng t a n d

Trong v d ny, M c nh ngha theo 5 cch:

Kiu th nht: n gn ging vi ma trn bc hai.
Kiu th hai l mt chui k t.
Kiu th ba l mt i tng c trng hp l, nhng n khng th s dng trong mi trng
hp.
Kiu th t l mt ma trn bc hai.
Kiu cui cng cho thy bin s l bin c trng c kt hp trong biu thc c trng to
thnh ma trn c trng.
Biu thc c trng khng c bin c gi l hm c trng. Khi hm c trng hin th,
chng i khi kh m phn bit c vi s nguyn. V d:
>> f=sym(3)
%to mt hng c trng
f=
3
>> class(f)
% kiu ca i tng f l g
ans=
sym
>> g = sym(pi)
g=
pi
>> class(g)
ans=
sym
>> h = sym(sin(pi/4))
h=
sqrt(1/2)
>> class(h)
ans=
sym
20.4 Bin c trng

156
Khi lm vic vi biu thc c trng c nhiu hn mt bin c trng, chnh xc hn mt
bin l bin c lp. Nu MATLAB khng ch ra u l bin c lp th n s nhn bin no gn x
nht theo th t ch ci.
Bin c lp i khi cn c gi l bin t do. Bn c th yu cu MATLAB ch ra bin no
trong biu thc c trng. bit c ta s dng hm findsym:
>> syms a s t u omega i j
>> findsym(a*t+s/(u+3),1)
ans =
u
>> findsym(sin(a+omega),1)
ans =
omega
>> findsym(3*i + 4*j)
ans =
' '

% nh ngha cc bin c trng

% u l gn x nht
% omega gn x nht
% i v j tng t nh sqrt(-1)

Nu findsym khng tm thy bin c trng, n s tr li chui rng.

20.5 Php ton trn biu thc c trng
Gi s bn to to c biu thc c trng, bn rt c th mun thay i n bng bt c
cch no. Bn mun ly ra mt phn ca biu thc, kt hp hai biu thc hoc tm mt gi tr s ca
mt biu thc c trng. C rt nhiu cng c cho php bn lm iu ny.
Tt c cc hm c trng, ( vi vi im c bit s ni phn sau) da trn cc biu thc
c trng v cc mng c trng. Kt qu ging nh mt s nhng n l mt biu thc c trng.
Nh chng ta ni trn, bn c th tm ra u l kiu s nguyn, mt chui c trng hoc mt
i tng c trng bng cch s dng hm class t MATLAB c s.
20.6 Tch cc t s v mu s
Nu biu thc ca bn l mt a thc hu t hoc c th m rng ti mt a thc hu t
tng ng ( bao gm ton b cc phn t ca t s c chung mu s), bn c th tch t s v mu
s bng cch s dng hm numden. V d:
m = x2, f = a x2/( b-x)
g = 3 x 2 /2 + 2 x /3 -3/5.
2
h = (x + 3)/ ( 2 x - 1 ) + 3x/(x-1)
numden t hp hoc hu t ho biu thc nu cn thit, v tr li kt qu t s v mu s. Cu lnh
MATLAB c thc hin nh sau:
>> sym x a b
% to mt s bin c trng
>> m = x^2
% to mt biu thc n gin
m =
x^2
>> [n,d] = numden(m)
% tch t s v mu s.
n =
x^2
d =
1
>> f = a*x^2/(b-x) % to mt biu thc lin quan
f =

157
>> [n
m =
d=

a*x^2/(b-x)
d] = numden(f)

% tch t s v mu s.

-a*x^2

-b + x
Hai biu thc u tin cho ta kt qu nh mong mun
>> g = 3/2*x^2 + 2*x - 3/4
% to mt biu thc khc.
g =
3/2*x^2 + 2*x - 3/4
>> [n,d] = numden(g)
% hu t ho v tch cc phn
n =
6*x^2 + 8*x - 3
d =
4
>> h = (x^2 + 3)/(2*x - 1) + 3*x/(x - 1) % tng ca a thc hu t
h =
x^3 + 5*x^2 - 3
d= (2*x - 1)*(x - 1)
>> h2 = n/d
% to li biu thc cho h
h2 =
(x^2 + 3)/(2*x - 1) + 3*x/(x - 1)
Hai biu thc g v h c hu t ho hoc tr v biu thc n gin vi mt t s v mu s, trc
khi cc phn t c tch c th chia t s cho mu s to li biu thc nguyn gc.
20.7 Php ton i s tiu chun
Mt s php ton tiu chun c th biu din trn biu thc c trng s dng cc ton t
quen thuc. V d cho hai hm:
f = 2x2 + 3x - 5

g = x2 - x + 7

>> sym('x')
% nh ngha mt bin s c trng
>> f = (2*x^2 + 3*x - 5)
% nh ngha biu thc c trng f v g
f=
(2*x^2 + 3*x - 5 )
>> x^2 - x + 7
g =
x^2 - x + 7
>> f +
ans =
3*x^2 + 2*x + 2
>> f - g
% tm biu thc ca f-g
ans =
x^2 + 4*x - 12
>> f*g
% tm mt biu thc ca f*g
ans =
(2*x^2 + 3*x -5 ) *( x^2 - x + 7)

158
% tm mt biu thc ca f/g

>> f/g
ans =

(2*x^2 + 3*x - 5 )/(x^2 - x + 7)

>> f ^(3*x)
% tm nt biu thc cho f3x
ans =
(2*x^2 + 3*x - 5)*3*x
Thc s l mt php ton trn bt c biu thc no cha t nht mt bin s c trng s cho
kt qu ca mt biu thc c trng, bn hy t hp cc biu thc c nh to nhng biu thc
mi. V d:
>> a = 1; b = 3/2 ; x = sym('x'); % to mt s v nhng bin s c trng
>> f = sin(a - x)
% to mt s biu thc
ans=
-sin(x-1)
>> g = sin(b*x^2)
ans=
sin(3/2*x^2)
>> b*f/(g - 5)+ x
% kt hp chng
ans =
-3/2*sin(x - 1)/(sin(3/2*x^2)- 5 )+ x )
Tt c cc php ton ny u thc hin tt vi cc i s l mng.
20.8 Cc php ton nng cao
MATLAB c th biu din nhiu php ton nng cao hn biu thc c trng. Hm compose
kt hp f(x ) v g ( x) thnh f ( g(x)). Hm finverse tm hm nghch o ca mt biu thc v hm
symsum tm tng c trng ca mt biu thc. V d :
f = 1/ ( 1 + x2 )

g = sin ( x )

h = x/ ( 1 + u 2 )

>> syms x u v
% nh ngha 3 bin c trng
>> f = 1/(1+x^2)
% to 4 biu thc
>> g = sin(x)
>> h = x/(1 + u^2)
>> k = cos(x + v)
>> compose(f,g)
% tm biu thc ca f( g ( x ))
ans =
sym(1/(1 + x^2))
compose c th c s dng cc hm m c cc bin c lp khc nhau.
>> compose(h,k)
% cho h( x), k ( x ), tm h( k(x) )
ans=
cos(x + v)/(1 + u^2)
>> compose(h,k,u,v)
% cho h( u), k( v ), tm h( k( v))
ans =
x/(1 + cos(2*v)^2)

k = cos ( x+v )

159
Hm nghch o ca mt biu thc, gi l f(x), l biu thc g (x) m tho mn iu kin
g( f (x)) = x. V d hm nghich o ca ex l ln(x), do vy ln(ex) =x. Hm nghch o ca sin(x) l
arcsin(x), v hm nghch o ca 1/tan(x) l arctan(1/x). Hm finverse tr thnh hm nghch o ca
mt biu thc. Ch finverse tr li duy nht mt kt qu thm ch nu kt qu khng l duy nht.
>> syms x a b c d z
% nh ngha mt s bin c trng
>> finverse(1/x)
% nghch o ca 1/x l x
ans =
1/x
>> finverse(x^2)
% tm mt trong cc gii php g(x2 ) =x
ans =
x^(1/2)
>> finverse(a*x + b)
% tm gii php g(f(x)) = x
ans =
-(b - x)/a
>> finverse(a*b + c*d - a*z,a) %tm gii php g(f(a))=a
ans=
-(c*d - a)/(b - z)
Hm symsum tm tng c trng ca mt biu thc. C 4 c php ca hm: symsum(f) tr li
tng , symsum(f,s) tr li tng , symsum(f,a,b) tr li tng , cn hm symsum(f, a, b, s) tr li tng .
Chng ta cng xem xt tng , tr li x3/3-x2/2+x/6
>> syms x n
>> symsum(x^2)
ans =
1/3*x^3 - 1/2*x^2 + 1/6*x
20.9 Hm nghch o
Mc ny trnh by cc cng c chuyn i biu thc c trng sang gi tr s v ngc li.
C mt s rt t cc hm c trng c th tr thnh gi tr s.
Hm sym c th chuyn i mt chui hoc mt mng s thnh s biu din c trng; hm
double thc hin ngc li. duble chuyn i mt hng c trng ( mt biu thc c trng khng c
bin) thnh gi tr s c kiu xc nh double.
>> phi = sym('(1 + sqrt(5))/2')
phi =
(1 + sqrt(5))/2
>> double(phi)
% nghch o ca gi tr s
ans =
1.6180
Hai cch trn cho ta cng mt kt qu.
Bn lm vic vi a thc trn MATLAB c bn, s dng vector m cc phn t ca n l cc
h s ca a thc. Hm c trng sym2poli chuyn i mt a thc c trng thnh vector ca h h
s . Hm poli2sym th lm ngc li, v bn hy khai bo bin s dng trong php ton cui
cng.
>> x = sym('x')

160
>> f = x^3 + 2*x^2 - 3*x + 5
% f l a thc c trng
f =
x^3 + 2*x^2 - 3*x + 5
>> n = sym2poli(f)
% tch vector cc h s
n =
1 2 -3
5
>> poly2sym(n)
% to li a thc ca x ( mc nh )
ans =
x^3 + 2*x^2 - 3*x + 5
>> s = sym('s')
% nh ngha s nh l bin c trng
>> poly2sym(n,s)
% to li a thc ca f
ans=
s^3 + 2*s^2 - 3*s + 5
20.10 S thay th bin s
Gi s bn c mt biu thc c trng ca x, v bn mun i bin thnh y. MATLAB cung
cp cho bn cng c thay i trong biu thc c trng, gi l subs. C php l:
subs( f, old, new ), trong f l mt biu thc c trng, old l bin hoc biu thc c trng, v new
l bin c trng, biu thc hoc ma trn hoc mt gi tr s hoc ma trn. Ni dung ca new s thay
th old trong biu thc f. Di y l mt s v d:
>> syms a alpha
b c
s
x
% nh ngha mt vi bin c trng
>> f = a*x^2 + b*x + c
% to mt hm f(x)
f =
a*x^2 + b*x + c
>> subs(f,x,s)
% thay th xbng s trong biu thc ca f
ans=
a*s^2 + b*s + c
>> subs(f,a,[alpha;s])
% thay th a bng ma trn c trng a
ans=
[alpha*x^2 + b*x + c]
[s*x^2 + b*x + c]
>> g= 3*x^2 + 5*x - 4
% to mt hm khc
g=
3*x^2 + 5*x - 4
>> h = subs(g,x,2)
% new l mt gi tr s
h =
18
>> class(h)
% biu din kt qu l mt ni dung c trng
ans =
sym
V d trc biu din cch subs to h s, v sau lm n gin ho biu thc. T kt
qu ca h s l mt ni dung c trng, MATLAB c th rt gn n thnh mt gi tr n. Ch
rng subs l mt hm c trng, n tr thnh mt biu thc c trng, mt ni dung c trng thm
ch n l mt s. nhn mt s chng ta cn s dng hm double chuyn i chui .
>> double(h)
ans=

% chuyn i mt biu thc c trng thnh mt s

161
18
>> class(ans)
ans=
double

% biu din kt qu l mt gi tr s

20.11 Php ly vi phn

Php ly vi phn ca mt biu thc c trng s dng hm diff theo mt trong 4 mu sau:
>> syms a b c d
x
s
>> f = a*x^3 + x^2 - b*x - c
f =
a*x^3 + x^2 - b*x - c
>> diff(f)
ans =
3*a*x^2 + 2*x - b
>> diff(f,a)
ans =
x^3
>> diff(f,2)
ans=
6*a*x + 2
>> diff(f,a,2) % vi phn 2 ln vi ?
ans=
0

% nh ngha mt vi bin c trng

% nh ngha mt biu thc c trng
% ly vi phn ca f vi x l bin mc nh
% ly vi phn ca f vi a thay cho x
% ly vi phn f hai ln vi ?

Hm diff cng c th thao tc trn mng. Nu f l mt vector c trng hoc ma trn, diff( f)
ly vi phn mi phn t trong mng:
>> f = [a*x,b*x^2;c*x^3,d*s]
% to mt mng c trng
f =
[ a*x
b* x^2 ]
[ c*x^3
d*s
]
Ch rng hm diff cng s dng trong MATLAB c bn tnh php vi phn s hc ca
mt vector s v ma trn.
20.12 Php tch phn
Hm tch phn int(f ) trong f l biu thc tng trng, s tm ra mt biu thc tng trng
F khc sao cho diff(F)=f. Nh bn thy trong phn nghin cu php tnh, php tch phn phc tp hn
php vi phn.Tch phn hoc o hm khng tn ti di mt hnh dng khp kn; hoc n c th tn
ti nhng phn mm khng tm ra n hoc phn mm c th tm ra n nhng khng b nh hoc
thi gian chy. Khi MATLAB khng tm thy php tnh o hm n a ra cnh bo v s thay th
tng trng php tch phn khng th s dng vi hm pretty.
>> x = sym('x');
>> p = int(log(x)/exp(x^2))
% ly tch phn
Warning:Explicit integral could not be found.

162
In C:\MATLAB\toolbox\symbolic\@sym\int.m
p = int(....
>> pretty(p)
ans =
output from pretty

at line 58

Hm tch phn, cng nh hm vi phn u c nhiu hn mt c php. int(f) s tm mt php

tnh tch phn theo cc bin c lp mc nh, cn int(f, s ) tm php ly tch phn theo bin c
trng s. Khun mu int( f, a, b ) v int (f, s, a, b ), trong a, b l cc bin s, tm ra biu thc c
trng cho php ly tch phn theo cn t a n b. Tng t cho hm int(f, m, n ) v
int ( f, s, m, n ).
>> syms x s m n
% nh ngha mt s bin
>> f = sin(s + 2*x)
% to mt hm tng trng
f=
sin(s+2*x)
>> int(f)
% php ly tch phn theo bin x
ans=
-1/2*cos(s+2*x)
>> int(f,s)
% php ly tch phn theo i s s
ans=
-cos(s + 2*x)
>> int(f,pi/2,pi)
% ly tch phn theo bin x vi cn t pi/2 n pi
ans=
-cos(s)
>> int(f,s,pi/2,pi)
% ly tch phn theo s, cn t pi/2 n pi
ans=
2*cos(x)^2 - 1 - 2*sin(x)*cos(x)
>> g = simple(int(f,m,n))
% ly tch phn theo x, cn t m n n
g =
-1/2*cos(s + 2*n) + 1/2*cos(s + 2*m)
Trong v d ny, hm simple c s dng n gin ho kt qu ca php ly tch phn. Chng ta
s nghin cu thm v hm simple sau ny.
Cng nh hm diff, hm ly tch phn int trn mi phn t ca mng c trng:
>> syms a
b
c
d
x
s
>> f = [a*x,b*x^2;c*x^3,d*s]
f=
[a*x,
b*x^2 ]
[c*x^3,
d*s ]
>> int(f)
ans =
[1/2*a*x^2,
[1/4*c*x^4,

% nh ngha mt s bin c trng

% xy dng mt mng c trng

% ly tch phn mng cc phn t theo i s x

1/3*b*x^3]
d*s*x]

V d : Gii php c trng ca mt phng php tnh ton c in

163
Fox Mulder, ang gim st trn mt mi nh ca mt to cao c Roswell, New Mexico, trong
khi ang n ba tra th anh ta cht pht hin ra mt vt c hnh dng k l trn khng cao 50
m. Anh ta ly mt qu c chua chn ra khi chic ti eo sau lng, t vo cnh ca mi nh ri
nm mnh qu c chua vo khng trung. Qu c chua c bay ln vi vn tc ban u l v0 = 20
m/s. Mi cao 30 m so vi mt t, thi gian bay ca n l t giy. Hi khi no n t n cao cc
i, cao m qu c chua t ti so vi mt t? Khi no th qu c chua chm ti mt t? Gi s
rng khng c lc cn ca khng kh v gia tc ph thuc vo sc ht l khng i l a =-9.7536
m/s2.
Chng ta chn mt t cao l 0, y = 0 l mt t v y = 30 l nh ca to nh. Vn tc tc
thi s l v = dy/dt, v gia tc s l a = d2y/dt2 . Do nu ly tch phn mt ln gia tc, ta s c
vn tc tc thi, cn tch phn vn tc ta s c cao y.
>> t = sym('t');
% nh ngha bin dc trng thi gian
>> digits(5);
% chnh xc 5 ch s
>> a = sym('-9.7536')
% gia tc o bng m/s2
a =
-9.7536
>> v = int(a,t)
%vn tc xem nh hm thi gian
v =
-9.7536*t
>> v = v + 20
% thi im t=0 vn tc l 20m/s
v =
-9.7536*t + 20
>> y = int(v,t)
%tm cao y thi im t bng cch ly tch phn
y =
-4.8768*t^2+20.*t
>> y = y + 30
% cao khi t=0 l 30 m
y =
-4.8768*t^2 + 20.*t + 30
Kim tra xem kt qu c ng khng, nu nh chng ta thay t=0 vo trong biu thc, ta c:
>> yo = subs(y,t,0)
yo =
30.
kt qu ng nh cao qu c chua trc khi n c nm.
By gi chng ta c vn tc v v tr l hm ca thi gian t. cao cc i khi m qu c
chua ngng ln v bt u ri xung. tm im ny, ta tm gi tr ca t khi v=0 bng cch dng
hm solve. Hm ny tm im khng ca biu thc c trng, hay ni cch khc, solve(f), trong f
l hm ca x, tm x khi cho f(x) =0.
>> t_top = solve(v)
t_top =
2.0505

% tm gi tr ca t khi v(t)=0

Bi v solve l mt hm c trng, n tr li mt hng c trng ( thm ch n trng nh mt

s). By gi chng ta tm cao cc i, thi im t = 2.0505 s.

164
>> y_max = subs(y, t, t_top ) % thay th t bi t_top trong y
y_max =
50.505
Ch rng hm subs c cng gi tr nh chng ta lm trc khi chng ta kim tra biu
thc y, subs s thay bin c trng 2.0505 vo cc gi tr t trong biu thc.
By gi chng ta tm thi gian qu c chua chm mt t.
% qu c chua chm mt t khi y =0

>> t_splat = solve(y)

t_splat =
[ -1.1676 ]
[ 5.2686 ]

Do kt qu l s m v qu c chua khng th chm t trc khi n c nm i, v nghim

th hai mi l nghim c ngha. T suy ra cao ca qu c chua thi im t giy c cho bi
phng trnh y = -9.7536t2 + 20t + 30, qu c chua t ti cao cc i 50.505m so vi mt t v
thi im t = 2.0505 s, v n chm mt t thi im t = 5.2686 s

20.13 V th biu thc c trng

c mt tng tt hn v chuyn g xy ra vi qu c chua, chng ta v kt qu ca tr
chi ny. Gi v tr ca qu c chua ( cao) c miu t bng biu thc
y = (- 4.8768)*t^2 + 20*t + 30
>> ezplot(y)

% v cao qu c chua
-4.8768*t^2+20.*t+30

50

40

30

20

10

-10

-20

-30
0

Nh bn thy, ezplot v th hm c trng trong di -2 t 2.

20.14 nh dng v n gin ho biu thc

165
i khi MATLAB tr li mt biu thc c trng qu kh c th c. Mt s cng c c sn
tr gip lm cho biu thc d c hn. Trc tin l hm pretty. Lnh ny hin th biu thc c
trng theo mt khun mu tng t nh ku ton hc. Chng ta hy xem s m rng chui Taylor:
>> x = sym('x');
>> f = taylor(log(x+1)/(x-5))
f =
-1/5*x+3/50*x^2-41/750*x^3+293/7500*x^4-1207/37500*x^5
>> pretty(f)
2
41 3
293 4
-1/5 x + 3/50 x - --- x + ---- x 750
7500

1207 5
----- x
37500

Biu thc c trng c th a ra di nhiu dng tng t nhau. MATLAB s dng mt

s lnh n gin ho hoc thay i khun mu trong biu thc c trng.
>> x = sym('x');
>> f = (x^2 - 1)*(x - 2)*(x - 3)
% to mt hm
f =
(x^2 - 1)*(x - 2)*(x - 3)
>> collect(f)
% gom tt c cc mc nhnhau
ans =
x^4 - 5*x^3 + 5*x^2 + 5*x - 6
>> horner(ans)
ans =
-6 + (5 + (5 + (-5 + x)*x)*x)*x
>> factor(ans)
% biu din di dng mt a thc
ans =
(x - 1)*(x - 2)*(x - 3)*(x + 1)
>> expand(f)
ans =
x^4 - 5*x^3 + 5*x^2 + 5*x - 6
simplify l mt cng c rt mnh, mc ch c bn l n gin ho biu thc di nhiu kiu
khc nhau nh: tch phn v lu tha phn s; lut s m v hm log; v Bessel, hnh hc v hm
gamma. Mt vi v d s minh ho iu ny:
>> syms x y a
>> simplify(sin(x)^2 + 3*x + cos(x)^2 - 5)
ans =
-4 + 3*x
>> simplify(log(2*x/y))
ans =
log(2) + log(x/y)
>> simplify((-a^2 + 1)/(1 - a))
ans =
a + 1

166
20.15 Tm tt v mt s c im khc
Biu thc c trng s phc trong c php MATLAB c th c trnh by theo mt hnh mu
m ta c th d ng c bng vic s dng hm pretty.
C th c nhiu kiu tng t nhau ca biu thc c trng, mt s chng th d dng s dng
hn mt s khc trong nhng tnh hung khc nhau. MATLAB a ra mt s cng c thay i
khun dng trong biu thc. l :
Cng c
collect
factor
expand
simplify
simple

M t
Gom tt c cc mc ging nhau
Biu din di dng mt a thc
M rng tt c cc mc
n gin ho cc biu thc
Tm biu thc tng ng c chui k t ngn nht

Hm c trng MATLAB c th c s dng chuyn biu thc c trng thnh phn thc.,
cho mt a thc hu t th int( f ) s ly tch phn hm ny, v diff( f ) s ly vi phn hm ny. V
d:
>> s = sym('s');
>> Y =(10*s^2 + 40*s + 30 )/(s^2 + 6*s + 8)
Y =
(10*s^2 + 40*s + 30)/(s^2 + 6*s + 8)
>> diff(int(Y))
ans =
10 - 15/(s + 4) - 5/(s + 2)
>> pretty(ans)
15
5
10 - ----- - ----s + 4
s + 2
K thut ny cng tht l hu ch khi ta mun ti gin a thc trong c bc cao hn mu
s.
>> x = sym('x');
>> g = (x^3 + 5)/(x^2 - 1)
g =
(x^3 + 5)/(x^2 - 1)
>> diff(int(g))
ans =
x + 3/(-1+ x) - 2/(x + 1)
>> pretty(ans)
3
2
x + ------ - -----1 + x
20.16 T lm

x + 1

167
Tm gi tr ca e vi chnh xc 18,29,30 v 31 s. Ch rng kt qu gn vi mt gi tr s
nguyn nht, nhng khng hon ton l mt s nguyn.
>> vpa('exp(pi*sqrt(163))',18)
20.17 Gii phng trnh
Phng trnh c trng c th c gii bng cng c ton hc c sn trong MATLAB. Mt
s c gii thiu, mt s s c chng minh phn sau.
20.18 Gii phng trnh i s n gin
Hm solve gn biu thc c trng v 0 trc khi gii n:
>> syms a b c x
>> solve(a*x^2 + b*x + c)
ans =
[1/2/a*(-b + (b^2 - 4*a*c)^(1/2))]
[1/2/a*(-b - (b^2 - 4*a*c)^(1/2))]
Kt qu l mt vecto c trng m cc phn t ca n c dng nh trn . gii php ton c
cha du bng, gii mt chui c cha biu thc:
>> solve('a*x^2 + b*x - (-c)')
ans =
[1/2/a*(-b + (b^2 - 4*a*c)^(1/2))]
[1/2/a*(-b (b^2 - 4*a*c)^(1/2))]
Nu nh bn mun gii i s khc so vi bin s mc nh th bn c th khai bo trong solve nh
sau:
>> solve(a*x^2 + b*x + c,b)
ans =
-(a*x^2 + c)/x
Php ton c th gii bng cch gn biu thc cho 0. By gi chng ta s gii cos(x)=sin(x) v
tan(x) =sin(2x) theo x, v qui kt qu ca chng v bin f v t:
>> f = solve(cos(x)- sin(x))
f =
1/4*pi
>> t = solve(tan(x)- sin(2*x))
t =
[
0]
[
pi]
[ 1/4*pi]
[ -3/4*pi]
Kt qu di dng s:

168
>> double(f)
ans =
0.7854
>> double(t)
ans =
0
3.1416
0.7854
-2.3562
20.19 Mt vi php ton i s
C th gii vi php ton cng mt lc. Cu lnh [a1, a2, ..., an ] = solve(f1, f2, ...,fn ) gii n
php ton cho cc bin mc nh v tr li kt qu trong a1, a2, ..., an. Tuy nhin bin mc nh s
c lu tr . V d:
>> syms x y
>> [a1 a2] = solve(x^2 + x^y + y - 3, x^2 - 4*x + 3)
a1 =
[ 1]
[ 3]
a2 =
[
1]
[ -(6*log(3)+lambertw(1/729*log(3)))/log(3)]
20.20 Php ton vi phn
Thng thng php ton vi phn rt kh gii, MATLAB cung cp cho bn mt s cng c
mnh tm kt qu ca php ton vi phn.
Hm dsolve s gii cc php ton vi phn v cho ta kt qu. C php ca dsolve khc vi phn
ln cc hm khc. i s ca hm phi l xu k t thay v biu thc, v nh xu cha mt du =.
iu ny r rng l khc so vi hm solve, m i s ca n phi l mt biu thc c trng khng
c du =.
Php ton vi phn c nhn ra bng k hiu ch hoa D v D2, D3, v.v... .Bt k mt ch no
theo sau Ds u ph thuc vo bin. Php ton ( d2y/dt2 ) c thay bi chui k t D2y=0. cc bin
c lp c th c ch ra, hoc nu khng s mc nh l t. V d gii php ton
(dy,dt) - 1+2y2:
>> clear
>> dsolve('Dy=1+y^2')
ans =
tan(t - C1)
trong C1 l hng s. Cng bi ton trn nhng cho gi tr ban u l y(0) =1 th s c kt qu sau:
>> dsolve('Dy=1+y^2, y(0)=1')
ans =
tan(t+1/4*pi)
20.21 Mt vi php ton tch phn

169
Hm dsolve c th gii nhiu php ton vi phn cng mt lc. Khi gii nhiu php ton vi
phn dsolve tr cc bin vo mt cu trc hoc mt vector nh solve lm. Ch dsolve xp xp cc
bin trc khi c lp trc khi tr. V d:
Gii php ton sau:
df/dt = 3f + 4g
dg/d = -4f + 3g
>> [f,g] = dsolve('Df = 3*f + 4*g, Dg = -4*f + 3*g')
f =
exp(3*t)*cos(4*t)*C1 + exp(3*t)*sin(4*t)*C2
g =
-exp(3*t)*sin(4*t)*C1 + exp(3*t)*cos(4*t)*C2
20.22 Ma trn v i s tuyn tnh
Ma trn c trng v vector l cc mng m phn t ca n l cc biu thc c trng. chng
c th c to bi hm sym:
>> syms a b c s t
>> A = [a,b,c;b,c,a;c,a,b]
A =

[ a, b, c]
[ b, c, a]
[ c, a, b]
>> G = [cos(t),sin(t);-sin(t),cos(t)]
G =
[ cos(t), sin(t)]
[ -sin(t), cos(t)]
Kch thc ca ma trn c trng c th tm c bng hm chun size v length. V d:
>> syms a b c d e f
>> S = [a,b,c;d,e,f]
S =
[ a, b, c]
[ d, e, f]
>> h = size(S)
h =
2
3
>> [m,n] = size(S)
m =
2
n =
3
>> length(S)
ans =
3
Phn t ca mng c trng cng c truy nhp tng t nh mng s
>> syms ab cd ef gh
>> G = [ab,cd,ef,gh]

170
G =
[ ab, cd, ef, gh]
>> G(1,2)
ans =
cd
20.23 Php ton i s tuyn tnh
Php nghch o v nh thc ca ma trn c tnh bi hm: inv v det
>> H = sym(hilb(3))
H =
[1,
1/2, 1/3]
[1/2, 1/3, 1/4]
[1/3, 1/4, 1/5]
>> det(H)
ans =
1/2160
>> J = inv(H)
J =
[ 9, -36,
30]
[-36, 192, -180]
[ 30, -180, 180]
>> det(J)
ans =
2160
20.24 Hm bc v xung
Hm step, u(t) v hm impulse, (t) thng c dng trong h thng. Hm bc Ku(t-a )
trong K l hng s c nh ngha nh sau: Ku(t-a) =0 nu t<a v Ku(t-a)= K nu
T>=a. Di y l hm bc:
20.25 Bin i Laplace
Php bin i laplace bin i t min t sang min s. Hm ca n nh sau:
L(s) =
>> syms a s t w
>> f = exp(-a*t)*cos(w*t)
f =
exp(-a*t)*cos(w*t)
>> L = laplace(f,t,s)
L=
(s + a)/((s + a)^2 + w^2)
>> pretty(L)
s + a
------------2
2
s + a) + w

171
20.26 Bin i Fourier
Hm bin i Fourier v Fourier ngc nh sau:
F() =
f(t)=
MATLAB dng w thay cho trong biu thc c trng
>> syms t w
>> f=t*exp(-t^2)
f =
t*exp(-t^2)
>> f=fourier(f,t,w)
% bin i fourier s dng tham s t v w
f =
-1/2*i*pi^(1/2)*w*exp(-1/4*w^2)
>> ifourier(f,w,t)
% timbin i fourier ngc
ans =
1/2*4^(1/2)*t*exp(-t^2)
>> simplify(ans)
ans =
t*exp(-t^2)
--------------------------oOo-------------------------

chng 21
hp cng c h thng iu khin

21.1 S biu din bng th

Phn ln cc cng c trong Hp cng c h thng iu khin u c lun gii d hiu
trn c 2 phng din hm truyn v khng gian trng thi. Thm vo h thng nhiu u vo,
nhiu u ra (MIMO) c sinh ra t vic to ra ma trn B, C, v D c i hi s chiu. S biu din
hm truyn MIMO c hnh thnh do s dng ma trn t bo lu tr trong nhng a thc hm
truyn tng ng. V d :
>> num = { 10, [ 1 10]; -1,
[3 0 ] } ; % mng t bo
>> den= { [ 1 10 ], [1 6 10 ]; [ 1 0 ], [1 3 3 ] ; %mng t
% bo bc hai thay cho h thng c 2 u vo v 2 u ra.
Hm truyn
Lin tc
H(s)= =
m<=n
MATLAB: :num = [ N1 N2 ...Nm+1 ], den =[ D1 D2 ... Dn+1 ]
Ri rc
H(z) = = m<=n
MATLAB: num [N1 N2 ... Nn+1 ], den = [ D1 D2 ..... Dn+1]
-1
( mu z )
H(z) ==
MATLAB: num = [ N1 N2 . Nn+1], den =[ D1 D2 ... D n+1 ]

172
Zero-pole-Gain
Lin tc H(s)== m<n
Ri rc
H(z)= = m<= n

MATLAB: K, Z = [Z1 ; Z2 ; ....Zm], P=[ P1 ; ......Pn ]

MATLAB: K, Z = [Z1 ; Z2 ; ....Zm], P=[ P1 ; ......Pn ]

Khng gian trng thi

Lin tc
x= Ax + Bu y = Cx + Du
Ri rc
x[n+1] = Ax[n] + B u[n] y[n] = C x[n] + Du[n]

MATLAB : A, B, C, D
MATLAB : A, B, C, D

=
C mt s tng quan t nhin 1-1 gia ch s mng t bo v ch s ma trn hm truyn.
21.2 i tng LTI
MATLAB cung cp mt cch tm lc mng d liu tng quan thnh cc i tng
tuyn tnh, bt bin theo thi gian, hoc cc i tng LTI. iu ny gip cho vic qun l chng c d dng. V d:
>> my_sys= zpk( z, p, k )
Zero/ pole / gain from input 1 to output:
1
s
Zero / pole / gain from input 2 to output:
3 ( s+1 )
-------------(s+10) (s+2)
xy dng mt i tng LTI zero-pole-gain c tn l my_sys c cha h thng 2 u vo v mt u
ra. Cng nh vy:
>> H = tf( num, den )
Transfer function from input 1 to output...
10
#1: .........
s+10
-1
#2: .....
s
Transfer function from input 2 to output ...
s+10
#1:..............
s^2+6 s+10
3s+1
#2: ............
s^2 + 3 s + 3

173
to mt hm truyn i tng LTI t mng t bo num v den nhp vo trc . Cng nh vy h
thng hin ti hin th mt ch d hiu.
Cui cng, i tng LTI khng gian trng thi c hnh thnh nh sau:
>> a = [ 0

1 ;

] ; b = [ 0 1 ]; c = [ 1 1 ] ; d =0;
% inh ngha ma trn khng gian trng thi
>> system2=ss( a, b, c, d)
a=
x1
x2
x1
0
1.00000
x
-2.00000 -4.00000
b =
x1
x2

-2

-4

u1
0
1.00000

c =
y1

x1
1.00000

x2
1.00000

d=

u1
y1
0
H thng lin tc theo thi gian
Trong trng hp ny, h thng s xc nh cc thnh phn bin gn vi mi phn t v xc nhn h
thng l lin tc theo thi gian.
xy dng mt h thng gin on theo thi gian, s dng hm zpk, tf, v hm ss, bn nht
thit phi khai bo chu k ly mu km theo vi h thng c xem nh l mt i s u vo cui
cng.V d:
>> dt_sys = tf ( [ 1 0.2 ], [ 1 -1 ], 0.01 )
hm truyn
z+0.
...........
z-1
thi gian ly mu : 0.01
H thng ri rc theo thi gian ny c chu k ly mu l : 0.01
21.3 Khi phc d liu
Gi s i tng LTI c to dng, th d liu trong c th tch ra bng cch s dng
hm tfdata, zpkdata, v ssdata. V d :
>> [nz, dz ]= tfdata (dt_sys )
% tch ra nh l mng t bo
nz =
[1x2
double ]
dz =
[1x2
double ]
>> [ n z, dz ] = tfdata (dt_sys, 'v' ) % chch ra nh l vector

174
z =

[ -0.2 ]

p =
k =

[ 1 ]

1
>> [z, p, k ] =zpkdata ( dt_sys, 'v' ) % chch ra nh l vector
z =
-0.2
p =
1
k =
1
>> [ a, b, c, d ] = ssdata(dt_sys)
% chch ra ma trn khng gian trng
%thi s
a =
1
b =
1
c =
1.2
d =
1
Nu nh mt i tng LTI c xy dng th n c th c tch ra theo bt c mt mu no.
21.4 S nghch o i tng LTI
Bn cnh vic tch cc i tng LTI thnh nhiu kiu khc nhau, chng cn c th c
chuyn i thnh cc dng khc nhau bng cch s dng cc hm t to. V d :
>> t = tf ( 100, [1
6
100])
% xy dng mt hm truyn.
Hm truyn :
100
.................
s^2 + 6 s + 100
>> sst = ss(t )
a =
x1
x2
x1
-6.00000
-6.25000
x2
16.00000
0
b =
u1
x1
2.00000
x2
0
c =
x1
x2
y1
0
3.12500
d =
u1
y1
0
H thng lin tc theo thi gian.
>> zpkt = zpkt(t)
Zero / pole / gain:

175
100
.................
(s^2+ 6 s + 100 )
21.5 Thut ton i tng LTI
S dng i tng LTI cng cho php bn thit lp thut ton s khi. V d, hm truyn
lp ca mt h thng hi tip l G( s ) . Th hm truyn lp gn nht ca l : T(s ) = G(s ) ( 1 + G(s) ).
Trong MATLAB, iu ny bt u:
>> g = tf( 100, [1 6 0])
% hm truyn lp
Hm truyn:
100
............
s^2 + 6 s
>> t = g/(1+g)
hm truyn:
100 s^2 + 600 s
...............................
s^4 + 12 s^3 + 136 s^2 + 600 s
>> t = minreal(t)
% thit lp hm hu pole-zero
Hm truyn:
100
...................
s^2 + 6 s + 100

21.6 Phn tch h thng

Hp dng c h thng iu khin( The Control System Toolbox ) c cp n vic phn
tch h thng s v thit k hm. hon thin ti liu ny, hy xem help trc tuyn. hiu c
mt s c im ca, hy tham chiu n i tng LTI open-loop v closed-loop.
>> g = zpk ( [ ], [ 0,
Zero/pole/gain :

-5,

-10 ], 100 )

% h thng open-loop

100
....................
s (s+5 ) ( s+ 10 )
>>t =minreal ( g /( 1 +g ) ) H thng closed-loop
Zero / pole/ gain:
100
.....................................
(s+11.38 ) ( s^2 + 3.62 s ) + 8.789 )

Poles ca h thng ny l:
>>pole( t )
ans =
-11.387
-1.811 + 2.3472 i
-1.811 + 2.3472 i

176
th Bode ca h thng c cho nh hnh v:
>>bode(g)

Hnh 21.1
th Bode n gin ca h thng closed-loop l:
>> bode(t)

Hnh 21.2

177
p ng xung ca h thng
>> step(t)

Hnh 21.3
Ngoi cc phng php nu trn, hp cng c h thng iu khin cn a ra thm cho bn lnh tr
gip ltiview. Hm ny cho php bn la chn cc i tng LTI t ca s lnh v quan st cc p
ng khc nhau trn mn hnh.
21.7 Danh sch cc hm ca hp cng c h thng iu khin
S hnh thnh cc kiu LTI
ss
zpk
tf
dss
filt
set
ltiprops
Phn tch d liu
ssdata
zpkdata
tfdata
dssdata
get

Xy dng kiu khng gian trng thi

Xy dng kiu zero-pole-gain
Xy dng kiu hm truyn
Ch r kiu ho php khng gian trng thi
ch r b lc s
Thit lp hoc sa i c th ca LTI
Tr gip tri tit cho c tnh TTI

Tch ma trn khng gian trng thi

Tch d liu zero-pole-gain
Tch t s v mu s
Ch ra verion ca ssdata
Truy nhp c tnh gi tr ca LTI

178
c tnh ca cc loi
class
size
isempty
isct
isdt
isproper
issiso
isa
S nghch o
ss
zpk
tf
c2d
d2d
Cc php ton
+ v *
\
/

.
[...]
inv
ng hc
pole, eig
tzero
pzma
dcgai
norm
covar
damp
esort
dsort
pade
p ng thi gian
step
impulse
inittial
lsim
Ltiview

kiu model ( ss , zpk , or tf )

S chiu ca u vo/ u ra
True cho kiu LTI rng
True cho kiu lin tc theo thi gian
True cho loi gin on theo thi gian
True cho kiu LTI ci tin
True cho h thng mt u vo/ mt u ra
Kim tra Loi LTI c a ra

Chuyn i thnh khng gian trng thi

Chuyn i thnh zero-pole-gain
Chuyn i thnh hm truyn
Chuyn i t lin tc sang gin on
Ly mu li h thng ri rc hoc thm tr u vo

Cng v tr h thng LTI ( mc song song )

Nhn h thng LTI
(mc ni tip )
Chia tri: sys1\sys2 ngha l: inv (sys1)*sys2
Chia phi: sys1/sys2 c ngha sys1*inv(sys2 )
Hon v ngc
Hon v u vo/u ra
S kt ni h thng LTI ngang/ dc
Nghch o h thng LTI
H thng poles
S truyn h thng cc s 0
Biu Pole-Zero
nh hng DC ( tn s thp)
Ch tiu h thng LTI
Covar of response ln nhiu trng
Tn s t nhin v s suy gim cc h thng
Xp xp cc tnh lin tc bi phn thc
Xp xp cc tnh ri rc bi bin
Xp x pade ca thi gian tr
p ng bc
p ng xung
p ng h thng khng gian trng thi vi trng
thi khi to
p ng u vo tu
p ng phn tch GUI

179
gensig
stepfun

Pht sinh tn hiu u vo cho lsim

Pht sinh u vo n v -bc

p ng tn s
bode
sigma
nyquist
nichols
ltiview
evalfr
margin
Lin kt h thng
append
parallel
series
feeback
star
connect

th Bode ca p ng tn s
th gi tr tn s duy nht
th Nyquist
Biu Nichols
p ng phn tch GUI
p ng tn s ti mt tn s nht nh
Gii hn pha v tng ch

Nhm h thng LTI bi vic thm cc u ra v u vo

Kt ni song song ( tng t overload + )
Kt ni ni tip ( tng t overload * )
Kt ni hi tip hai h thng
Tch s star( kiu lin kt LFT )
Chuyn ho t kiu khng gian trng thi sang c tnh biu khi

Dng c thit k c in
rlocus
acker
place
estime

Cng c thit k LQG

lqr, dlqr
lqry
lqrd
kalman
lqgrreg

Qu tch nghim
S thay th cc SISO
S thay th cc MIMO
Khun dng b nh gi

B iu chnh hi tip v phng trnh bc hai tuyn tnh

B iu chnh LQ vi u ra ph
B bin i LQ ri rc sang lin tc
B nh gi Kalman
B bin i LQG c a ra t tng ch LQ v b nh
gi Kalman

Gii quyt php ton ma trn

lyap
dlyap
care
dare
S biu din
crtldemo
jetdemo

Gii phng trnh Lyapunop lin tc

Gii ph ng trnh Lyapunop ri rc
Gii phng trnh i s Riccati lin tc
Gii phng trnh i s Riccati ri rc
Gii thiu n hp cng c h thng iu khin
Thit k kinh in b chng suy gim m ca ph-

180
diskdemo
milldemo
kalmdemo

ng tin vn chuyn trc thng

Thit k b iu khin s a cng
iu khin LQG SISO v MIMO ca h thng cn
thp trn
Thit k b lc Kalman v m phng
-----------------------oOo----------------------

Chng 22
Hp dng c x l tn hiu
22.1 Phn tch tn hiu
Hp cng c x l tn hiu cung cp cng c cho kim tra v phn tch tn hiu; kim tra v phn
tch tn s ca n hoc ph v xy dng b lc.
chng ta xy dng mt tn hiu nhiu sau phn tch n.
>> t = linspace(0,10,512);
% trc thi gian
>> x = 3*sin(5*t)- 6*cos(9*t)+ 5*randn(size(t));
% tn hiu vi nhiu Gaussian
>> plot(t,x)
% th tn hiu

Hnh 22.1
>> x = fft(x);
>> X = fft(x);
>> Ts = t(2)- t(1);

181
>> Ts = t(2)- t(1)
Ts =
0.0196
>> Ws = 2*pi/Ts;
>> Wn = Ws/2
Wn =
160.5354
>> W = linspace(0,Wn,length(t)/2);
>> Xp = abs(X(1:length(t)/2));
>> plot(w,Xp)

th c v hnh 22.2

Hnh 22.2
>> i = find(w<=20);
>> plot(w(i),Xp(i))
>> grid
>> xlabel('tan so, rad/s')
>> titile('Pho bien do cua tin hieu nhieu')

182
Pho bien do cua tin hieu nhieu
1400

1200

1000

800

600

400

200

0
0

10
tan so, rad/s

Hnh 22.3

15

20

183
chng 23
tr gip
23.1 Ca s lnh tr gip
MATLAB tr gip mt s lnh gip bn truy nhp thng tin nhanh chng v cc lnh ca
MATLAB hoc cc hm bn trong ca s lnh, bao gm help, lookfor,whatsnew, v info.
23.1.1 Lnh help
Lnh help ca MATLAB l cch n gin nht nhn tr gip nu bn bit c topic ca
ci cn tr gip. Nhp vo lnh help topic, mn hnh s hin th ni dung ca topic nu nh n tn
ti. V nh:
>> help sqrt
SQRT
Square root.
SQRT(x) is the square root of the elements of x. complex
results are produced if X is not positive
See also SQRT
Bn s nhn c tr gip ca MATLAB v hm cn bc hai. Mt khc, nu nh bn nhp
vo dng lnh sau:
>> help cows
cows not found
th MATLAB s khng bit g v cows. Bi v hm ny khng c trong th vin mu.
Ch : trong v d trn, SQRT c vit ch hoa. Tuy nhin khi s dng sqrt khng bao gi l ch
in, do MATLAB l mt ngn ng cht ch nn SQRT s khng c bit n v qu trnh s sinh
ra li.
>> SQRT (2)
??? SQRT (
|
Missing operator, coma, or semicolon.
tm tt, tn hm c in hoa cho d c nhng khi s dng, hm s dng k t thng thng.
Lnh help hot ng tt nu nu nh bn bit chnh xc topic m bn mun tr gip m iu
ny thng kh thc hin, help hng dn bn trc tip truy tm chnh xc cc topic m bn mun,
bn ch n gin nhp vo help m khng c topic.
>> help
HELP topics
MATLAB : general
MATLAB : ops
MATLAB : lang
MATLAB : elphun
MATLAB : specfun
MATLAB : matfun
MATLAB : datafun

mc ch chung ca cu lnh
cc ton t v cc k hiu c bit
xy dng ngn ng lp trnh.
cc hm ton hc s ng
cc hm ton hc c bit
hm ma trn - i s hc tuyn tnh
- hm bin i fourier v phn tch d liu

184
MATLAB : polyfun
MATLAB : funfun
MATLAB : sparfun
MATLAB : graph2d
MATLAB : graph3d
MATLAB : specgraph
MATLAB : graphics
MATLAB : uitools
MATLAB : strfun
MATLAB : iofun
MATLAB : timefun
MATLAB : datattypes
MATLAB : MacOS
MATLAB : demos
MATLAB : specmat
MATLAB : local
MATLAB : cntol
MATLAB : signal
MATLAB : symbolic

cc a thc v php ni suy

phng n gii cc ODE v cc hm ca hm
ma trn sparfun
ho 2 chiu
ho 3 chiu
- th ph
- thao tc ho
- cc cng c giao tip ngi s dng v ho
- xu k t
- tp vo / ra
- ngy thng v thi gian
- cu trc v kiu d liu
- cc hm trong Macintosh
- v d v minh ho
- ma trn c bit
- tham chiu
- hp cng c h thng iu khin
- hp cng c x l tn hiu
- hp cng c ton hc

Thm tr gip trong th mc: topic, nhp vo help topic

23.1.2 Lnh lookfor
Lnh lookfor cung cp s tr gip bng vic tm kim tt c cc dng u ca help topic,v
cc M-file trn ng dn m MATLAB ang tm, v tr li danh sch tt c cc file cha t kho
m bn khai bo..Mt iu rt quan trng l t kho khng cn thit l mt lnh ca MATLAB. V
d:
>> lookfor
complex
CONJ
complex conjugate
IMAG complex imaginary part
REAL complex real part
CDF2RDF
complex diagonal form to real block diagonal form
RSF2CSF
real block diagonal form to complex diagonal form
CPLXPAIR
sort numbers into complex conjugata pairs
T kho complex khng phi l mt lnh ca MATLAB, nhng n vn c tm ra phn
help gm 6 lnh ca MATLAB. Nu mun bit thng itn v cc lnh ny, hy nhp vo t lnh help.
V d:
>> help CONJ
CONJ
complex
CONJ (x) is the complex conjugate of X
For a complex x, CONJ(X ) = REAL (X) - i * IMAG( X)
See also : REAL, IMAG, I, J

185
23.1.3 Lnh whatsnew v info
ng nh tn gi ca n, whatsnew v info hin th nhng thng tin v nhng thay i v
nhng s ci tin MATLAB v hp dng c ca n, nu dng m khng c i s, th info s hin
th nhng thng tin chung v MATLAB, phong php tip cn MathWorks, cn nu dng c i s, v
nh: whatsnew MATLAB hoc info signal, th file Readme cha thng tin Toolbox s hin th, nu
n tn ti.
23.2 Ca s tr gip
Mt s m rng ca h thng tr gip trong MATLAB5 l ca s help mi. Lnh helpwin
s m ra ca s mi trn mn hnh ca bn v bn c th dng chut i di chuyn thanh sng n
mc no m bn quan tm. Nu dng lnh helpwin m khng c tham s, th ca s help c dng nh hnh sau:

Hnh 23.1
Nhn kp vo bt c topic no hin th trong ca s help, s hin th mt ca s mi cha cc
topic con hoc cc hm gn vi n.
Nhn kp vo bt c biu tng no trong s hin th thng tin tr gip v mc .

186

cc M- File ca Student Edition

HELP Topic
Th mc MATLAB
Mc ch chung ca cu lnh
Thng tin chung
help
helpwin
helpdesk
demo
whatsnew
Readme

Tr gip trc tuyn, hin th vn bn ti cc dng lnh

Tr gip trc tuyn,ca s truy xut
Tra nhanh thng tin v cc thc mc
Chy cc chng trnh mu
Hin th cc file Readme
Thng tin mi cp nht MATLAB 5

Qun l khng gian lm vic

who
whos
clear
pack
load
save
quit

Danh sch cc bin hin ti

Danh sch cc bin hin ti, khun dng di
Xo b cc bin v hm khi b nh
Hp nht khng gian lm vic
Np cc bin vo khng gian lm vic t a
Lu cc bin vo a
Thot khi mc hin ti MATLAB

Qun l ng dn
path
addpath
rmpath
editpath
Qun l cc hm v lnh
what
type
edit
lookfor
which
pcode
inmem
mex
Cu lnh iu khin
echo
more
diary
format

Nhn/to ng dn
Thm th mc theo ng dn
Ri th mc t t ng dn
Sa i ng dn
Danh sch cc file c trng ca MATLAB trong th mc
Danh sch file-M
Son tho filr-M
Tm kim tt c cc file-M theo t kho
Xc nh cc hm v file
To file-P
Danh sch cc hm trong b nh
Bin dch hm MEX

Ly li lnh t file-M
Kim sot u ra cc trang ca s lnh
Lu gi vn bn
Thit lp nh dng cho u ra

187
Hot ng ca lnh h thng
cd
pwd
dir
delete
getenv
!
dos
unix
vms
web
computer
M-file g ri
debug
dbstop
dbclear
dbcont
dbstack
dbstatus
dbstep
dbtype
dbup
dbquit
dbmex

Thay i th mc lm vic hin ti

Hin th th mc lm vic hin ti
Danh sch th mc
Xo file
Ly li bin mi trng
Thc hin cu lnh ca h iu hnh
Thc hin lnh dos v tr li kt qu
Thc hin lnh unix v tr li kt qu
Thc hin lnh VMS DCL v tr li kt qu
M trnh xt duyt Web
Loi my tnh

Danh sch cc lnh g ri

To im ngt
Di chuyn im ngt
Tip tc thc hin lnh
Hin th cc hm gi ngn xp
Danh sch cc im ngt
Thc hin mt hoc nhiu dng
Danh sch file-M vi s lng dng
Thay i phm vi khng gian lm vic a phng
Thot khi ch g ri
file- MEX g ri ( ch cho UNIX )
Cc ton t v cc k t c bit

Cc ton t
plus (+)
uplus (+)
minus ( - )
uminus (-)
mtimes(. *)
times (*)
mpower (^)
power (. ^ )
mldivide (\ )
mrdivide /)
ldivide (.\ )
mdivide (./ )
kron
Ton t quan h
eq (== )
ne ( ~= )
lt (< )
gt (>)
le (<= )

Cng
Cng unary
Tr
Tr unary
Nhn ma trn
Nhn mng
Lu tha ma trn
Lu tha mng
Chia tri ma trn
Chia phi ma trn
Chia tri mng
Chia phi ma trn
Sn phm c cng
Bng
Khng bng
Nh thua
Ln hn
Nh thua hoc bng

188
ge (>= )
Ton t logic
and ( & )
or ( | )
not ( ~ )
xor
any
all

Ln hn hoc bng

Logic v
Logic hoc
Logic ph nh
Logic hoc ph nh
True nu mi phn t ca vector khc khng
True nu tt c cc phn t khc khng

Cc ton t Bitwise
bitand
bitcmp
bitor
bitmax
bitset
bitget
bitshift

Bitwise and
Bit hon thnh
Bitwise OR
Maximum floating point integer
Thit lp bt
Nhn bt
Dch bit

Thit lp cc k t
union
unique
intersect
setdiff
setxor
ismember

Thit lp lin kt
Ch s duy nht
Thit lp s giao nhau
To s khc nhau
Thit lp hoc ph nh
True nu thit lp cc thnh vin

Cc k t c bit
colon
()
[]
{}
.
.
..
...
,
;
%
!
=

transpose(.)
ctranspose( )
horzcat [, ]
vertcat[; ]
subsasgn
bsref

Du hai chm
Du ngoc n
Du ngoc vung
Du ngoc nhn
Chm thp phn
Truy nhp cu trc trng
Th mc m
S tip tc
Du phy
Du chm phy
Ch thch
Lin quan cu lnh ca h iu hnh
Gn
Nhy
Chuyn v
Chuyn v s pc lin hp
Gp chui theo chiu ngang
Gp chui theo chiu ng
Gn subscripted
Tham chiu subscripted

189
subsindex

Ch s subscripted
Cu Trc ngn ng lp trnh

Cu lnh iu khin
if
elseif
else
end
for
while
break
return
pause
Thi hnh v nh gi
eval
feval
evalin
builtin
assignin
run
Script, hm, v cc bin
script
function
global
mfilename
lists
exist
isglobal
Thao tc vi cc i s
nargchk
nargin
nargout
varagin
varaout
inputname
Hin th thng bo
error
warning
lasterr
errortrap

iu kin thc hin cu lnh

Dng vi if
Dng vi if
Kt thc lnh if, for, while
Lp li cu lnh mt s ln
vng lp while
Thot khi vng lp for v while
Tr v t hm gi
Tm dng cho ti khi nhn mt phm bt k
Thc hin xu vi biu thc MATLAB
Thc hin hm ch ra bi xu
nh gi cc biu thc trong khng gian lm vic
Thc hin cc hm c to bi phng php xp chng
Gn cc bin trong khng gian lm vic
Chy script

V script MATLAB v file-M

Thm hm mi
nh ngha bin ton cc
Tn v cc M-file ang thc hin hin ti
Du phy phn chia cc danh sch
Kim tra xem cc bin hoc cc hm c c nh ngha hay khng
True nu l bin ton cc

Cng nhn s lng cc i s u vo

S lng hm cc i s u vo
S lng hm cc i s u ra
Danh sch cc i s u vo, di cc bin
Danh sch cc i s u ra, di cc bin
Tn i s u vo

Hin th thng bo li v hm hu
Hin th thng bo cnh bo
Thng bo li trc
B qua li trong qu trnh kim tra

190
disp
fprintf
sprintf
u vo tng h
input
keyboard
pause
uimenu
uicontrol

Hin th mt mng
Hin th thng bo nh dng
Ghi d liu nh dng vo mt xu
Nhc ngi s dng nhp vo
Gi bn phm t M-file
i ngi s dng nhp d liu vo
To giao din bng chn-ngi s dng
To giao din ngi iu khin
Ma trn c bn v Thao tc vi ma trn

Ma trn c bn
zeros
ones
eye
repmat
rand
randn
linspace
logspace
meshgrid
:

Thng tin mng c s

size
length
ndims
disp
isempty
isequal
isnumaric
islogical
logical

Thao tc vi ma trn
reshape
diag
tril
triu
fliplr
flippud
flipdim
rot90

Mng s khng
Mng s 1
Nhn dng ma trn
Ti to v mng
S ngu nhin xp xp ng u
S ngu nhin xp xp thng thng
Vector khng gian tuyn tnh
Vector khng gian logarthm
Mng X-Y cho th 3 chiu
Vector khng gian thng thng v ch s trong ma trn

Kch c ma trn
di vector
S chiu
Hin th ma trn hoc vn bn
True nu l ma trn trng
True nu ma trn l ng nht
True cho mng s
True cho mng logic
Chuuyn i gi tr s thnh logic

Thay i kch c
Ma trn ng cho v ng cho ca ma trn
Trch pha di ra ma trn tam gic
Trch pha trn ra ma trn tam gic
Ma trn flip theo hng tri /phi
Ma trn flip theo hng trn/ di
Ma trn flip dc theo chiu khai bo
Quay i mt gc 90

191
find
end
sub2ind
ind2sub
Hng v cc bin c bit
ans
eps
realmax
realmin
pi
i, j
inf
NaN
isNaN
isinf
isfinite
flops

Cc bin c bit
ans
eps
pi
i, j
inf
NaN
clock
date
flops
nargin
narout
Cc loi ma trn c bit
comban
diag
eye
gallery
hadamar
hankel
hilb
invhilb
linspace
logspace
magic
meshdom
ones
rand
toeplitz

Tm ch s phn t khc khng

Ch s cui
Ch s tuyn tnh t multiple subscripts
Multiple subscripts t ch s tuyn tnh
Tr li kt qu khi biu thc khng c gn
Vit di dng du phy ng
S du phy ng dng ln nht
S du phy ng dng nh nht
3.1415926535897...
n v o
V cng
Khng phi l mt s
True nu NaN
True nu s phn t l khng v cng
True nu s phn t l v cng
m s ch s sau du phy ng

Tr li kt qu khi biu thc khng c gn

chnh xc sau du phy ng

Khng phi dng s

ng h tng
Ngy
m s hot ng ca du phy ng
S lng cc i s ca hm vo
S lng cc i s hm ra

Bu bn
ng cho
Nhn dng
B mt
Hadamard
Hankel
Hilbert
Hilbert o
Vector
Vector
Vung Magic
Thc hin cho mesh plots
Hng
Cc phn t ngu nhin
Toeplitz

192
vander
zeros

Vandermonde
Khng

Cc hm ton hc thng thng

Cc hm lng gic
sin
cos
tan
asin
acos
atan
atan2
sinh
cosh
tanh
asinh
acosh
atanh
Cc hm ton hc
abs
angle
sqrt
real
imag
conj
round
fix
floor
ceil
sign
rem
exp
log
log10
Cc hm c bit
airy
besselj
bessely
besselh
besseli
besselk
beta
betainc
betaln
erf
erfc

Hm sine
Hm cosine
Hm tangent
Hm arcsine
Hm arccosine
Hm arctangent
Hm arctan gc phn t
Sine hyperpolic
Cosine hyperpolic
Tangent hyperpolic
Arcsine hyperpolic
Arccosine hyperpolic
Arctangent hyperpolic
Tr tuyt i hoc bin s phc
Gc pha
Cn bc hai
Phn thc
Phn o
Phc lin hp
Lm trn n s nguyn gn nht
Lm trn n khng
Lm trn n m v cng
Lm trn n v cng
Hm du
S lu li hoc cc khi ( modulus)
Hm m c s e
Logarithm t nhin
Log 10 c s
Hm airy
Hm Bessel loi th nht
Hm Bessel loi th hai
Hm Bessel loi th ba ( hm Hankel )
Sa i hm Bessel loi th nht
Sa i hm Bessel loi th hai
Hm beta
Hm beta khng hon ton
Hm logarithm beta
Hm li
Hm li thnh phn

193
ellipk
ellipj
gamma
gammaln
inverf
rat
Hm l thuyt s hc
factor
isprime
primes
gcd
lcm
rat
rats
perms
nchoosek

Php tch phn elliptic

Hm elliptic Jacobian
Hm gamma
Hm logarithm gamma
Hm li ngc
Xp x
H s s khai
True nu l s s khai
Danh sch cc s s khai
B chia chung ln nht
Php nhn chung nh nht
Xp x hu t
u ra hu t
S hon v
S t hp chp K ca N phn t
ho

Trang ho
plot
loglog
semilogx
semilogy
polar
mesh
contour
meshdom
bar
errorbar
title
xlabel
ylabel
grid
text
gtext
ginput
iu khin ca s ho
axis
zoom
hold
shg
clg
subplot

th tuyn tnh X-Y

th loglog X-Y
th semi-log X-Y
th semi-log X-Y
th to cc
Mt li khng gian 3 chiu
th ng bao
Min trong ca th li
Biu hnh ch nht
Thm vo errorbars
Tiu th
Nhn trc x
Nhn trc y
K ng li trong th
Vn bn v tr bt k
Vn bn v tr con tr
Nhp ho
Cn chnh trc to v hnh dng ca n
Co vo hoc dn ra th
Gi th trn mn hnh
Hin th th nn mn hnh
Xo th trn mn hnh
Tch ca s ho
ho TRONG KHNG GIAN 3 chiu

194
Lnh ho thng thng
plot3
mesh
surf
fill3
Cn chnh mu
colormap
caxis
shading
hidden
brighten
Chiu sng
surfl
lighting
material
specular
diffuse
surfnorm
Bng mu
hsv
hot
gray
pink
white
bone
.
..
iu chnh trc
axis
zoom
grid
box
hold
axes
Ch thch ho
title
xlabel
ylabel
zlabel
colorbar
text
gtext

V ng thng v im trong khng gian 3 chiu

B mt khng gian 3 chiu
T mu b mt khng gian 3 chiu
in y a gic 3 chiu
Tra ca bng mu
S phn chia bng mu gi
Ch lm bng
Ch du cc nt
Bng tra cu mu ti hoc sng
Lm bng b mt khng gian 3 chiu bng chiu sng
Ch chiu sng
Ch phn chiu t nhin
S phn chiu
S phn chiu khuch tn
B mt thng thng
Bng gi tr mu bo ho
Bng mu en- trng- - vng
Bng mu chia theo xm tuyn tnh
Mu hng
Mu trng
Mu xm pha ln xanh da tri

iu chnh hnh dng v phn chia

Co vo hoc dn ra th
ng k li
Hp cha trc to
Lu th hin ti
Xy dng trc mt v tr bt k
Tiu ho
Nhn trc x
Nhn trc y
Nhn trc z
Hin th thanh mu
Ch thch vn bn
Di vn bn n v tr chut
chui k t

195
Khi qut chung
char
double
cellstr
blanks
deblank
eval

To mt chui k t
Chuyn chui sang m s k t
To mng chui t bo t mng k t
Xu rng
Di chuyn cc xu rng
Thc hin xu vi biu thc MATLAB

Kim tra chui

schar
iscellstr
isletter
isspace

True
True
True
True

Cc php ton vi chui

strcat
strvcat
strcmp
strncmp
findstr
strjust
strrep
strtok
upper
lower
Chui v vn bn
abs
num2str
int2str
settr
sprintf
hex2num

nu l chui k t ( xu )
nu l mng chui t bo
nu l ch hoa trong bng ch ci
nu l k t rng

Kt ni xu
Kt ni dc xu
So snh chui
So snh N k t u tin ca chui
Tm mt xu bn trong xu khc
Mng k t ng u
Thay th chui bng chui khc
Tm th bi trong chui
Chuyn chui sang ch hoa
Chuyn chui sang k t thng thng
Chuyn i t chui sang gi tr ASCII
i t s thnh chui
i s nguyn sang chui
Thit lp c ch rng ma trn l mt chui
i s sang chui
Chuyn i chui t h 16 sang dng s
file input/output

M v ng file
fopen
fclose
File nh phn i/o
fread
fwrite

M file
ng file
c d liu nh phn t file
Vit d liu nh phn ln file

File i/o nh dng

fscanf
fprintf
fgetl
fgets
input

c d liu nh dng t file

Ghi d liu nh dng ln file
c dng lnh t file, thay bng dng mi
c dng lnh t file, gi nguyn dng mi
Hin th ngi dng nhp vo

196
V tr file
ferror
feof
fseek
ftell
frewind
Cc hm xut nhp file
load
save
dlmread
dlmwrite
Xut nhp file o
imread
imwrite
imfinfo
Xut nhp file audio
auwrite
auread
wavwrite
wavread
Ca s lnh I / O
clc
home
disp
input
pause

Kim ra trng thi file

Kim tra xem kt thc file hay cha
Thit lp b ch th v ch file
Nhn t b ch th v tr file
Rewind file

Np khng gian lm vic t file-MAT

Lu gi khng gian lm vic vo file - MAT
c file phn nh ASCCI
Ghi file phn nh ASCCI
c phn o t file ho
Ghi phn o ln file ho
Tr li thng tin v file ho
Ghi file m thanh NEXT/ SUN ( . au )
Ghi file m thanh NEXT/ SUN ( . au )
Ghi file Microsoft WAVE ( . wav )
c file Microsoft WAVE ( . wav )

Xo ca s lnh
a con tr v u vn bn
Hin th mng
Thng bo cho ngi s dng nhp vo
i t ngi s dng tr li
thi gian v ngy

Gi v ngy hin ti
now
date
clock

Gi v ngy hin ti hin th dng s

Gi v ngy hin ti hin th dng chui
Gi v ngy hin ti hin th dng vector

Cc hm c bn
datenum
datestr
datevec
Hm ngy thng
calendar

S ngy ni tip
Chui thay th ngy
Thnh phn ngy thng
Lch

197
weekday
eomday
datetick
Hm m
cputime
tic, toc
etime
pause

Ngy trong tun

Kt thc thng
Du tick nh dng cho ngy thng
Thi gian cpu tnh theo n v giy
B m ngng hot ng
Thi gian thit lp
Dng trong mt giy
kiu d liu v cu trc

Kiu d liu
double
sparse
char
cell
struct
uint8
inline
Hm ca mng nhiu chiu
cat
ndims
ndgrid
permute
ipermute
shiftdim
Hm ca mng t bo
cell
celldisp
cellplot
num2cell
deal
cell2struct
struct2cell
iscell
Hm cu trc
struct
fieldsnames
getfield
setields
isfield
istruct

Chuyn i thnh double

Tto mt ma trn khng lin tc
Xy dng mng k t
To mng t bo
Xy dng hoc chuyn i thnh mng cu trc
Chuyn i thnh s nguyn khng du 8 bit
Xy dng i tng INLINE
Mng kt ni
S chiu
To thnh mng cho cc hm N-D v php ni suy
Php ni suy s chiu ca mng
Nghch o php ni suy s chiu ca mng
Chuyn dch s chiu
To mng t bo
Hin th ni dung ca mng t bo
Hin th thut ho mng t bo
Chuyn i mng s thnh mng t bo
Phn pht u vo n u ra
Chuyn i mng t bo thnh mng cu trc
Chuyn i mng cu trc thnh mng t bo
True nu l mng t bo
To hoc chuyn i thnh mng cu trc
Nhn tn trng cu trc
Nhn li ni dung ca trng cu trc
Thit lp ni dung trng cu trc
True nu trng trong mng cu trc
True nu l mng t bo
chuyn i d liu ng

198
Hm t DDE
ddeadv
ddeexec
ddeinit
ddereq
ddeterm
ddeunadv

Thit lp b gim st lin kt

a xu ra thc hin
Khi to s giao tip DDE
Yu cu d liu t cc ng dng
Kt thc s giao tip DDE
Ci b b gim st lin kt
V d v s th hin

MATLAB/matrn
intro
inverter
matmanip
Ca s lnh
clc
home
format
disp
fprintf
echo
General
hlep
demo
who
what
size
lengh
clear
computer
^C
quit
exit

Gii thiu php ton ma rn c bn trong MATLAB

Gii thch ma trn o
Gii thiu php nhn ma trn
Xo ca s lnh
a con tr v u dng
Thit lp dng hin th kt qu
Hin th ma trn hoc vn bn
In s c nh dng
Cho php gi li cu lnh
Phng tin tr gip
Chy cc chng trnh mu
Danh sch cc bin trong b nh
Danh sch cc M-file trn a
S chiu ca hng v ct
di vector
Xo khng gian lm vic
Loi my tnh
Hu bin a phng
Lt thc chng trnh
Tng t nh quit

(Lp trnh )Programming v file-M

input
Nhp s t bn phm
keyboard
Gi bn phm nh M-file
error
Hin th thng bo li
function
nh ngha hm
eval
Vn bn c gii thch trong cc bin
feval
Hm nh gi c gi ra bi chui
echo
Cho php gi li cu lnh
exist
Kim tra xem c bin tn ti hay khng
casesen
Thit lp nhy ca case
global
nh ngha cc bin ton cc
startup
Khi to M-file
getenv
Nhn chui mi trng

199
menu
etime
Cc file trn a
chdir
delete
diary
dir
load
save
type
what
fprintf
pack
a thc
poly
roots
roots1
polyval
polyvalm
conv
deconv
residue
polyfit

La chn t bng chn

Elapsed time (khng k n thi gian)
i th mc hin ti
Xo file
Ghi mc
Th mc ca file trn a
Np cc bin t file
Lu cc bin nn file
Lit k hm hoc file
Hin th cc M-file trn a
Vit vo file
Nn b nh qua save
a thc c trng
Nghim a thc- phng php ma trn bu bn
Nghim a thc- phng php Laguerre
c lng a thc
c lng a thc ma trn
Php nhn
Php chia
Khai trin a thc
S diu chnh chnh lch a thc
Cc hm ma trn v i s tuyn tnh

Phn tch ma trn

norm
normest
rank
det
trace
null
orth
rref
subspace
Php ton tuyn tnh
\ v /
inv
cond
condest
lu
luinc

Ch tiu ma trn hoc vector

nh gi ma trn hai ch tiu
Hng ma trn
nh thc
Tng cc phn t trn ng cho chnh
Khng gian trng
Tnh trc giao
Rt gn hng theo hnh bc thang
Gc gia hai s m

Li gii php ton tuyn tnh; s dng help slash

Ma trn o
S iu kin i vi ma trn o
nh gi s iu kin mt ch tiu
S tm tha s LU
Tim tha s LU khng hon thnh

200
Gi tr duy nht
svd
svds
poly
polyeig
condeig
qz
schur

S phn tch gi tr duy nht

Mt s gi tr duy nht
a thc c trng
Vn ca a thc
S iu kin vi hy vng
S tm tha s cho hm suy rng
S phn tch chui

Hm ma trn
expm
logm
sqrtm
funm

Ma trn theo hm m
Ma trn logarithm
Ma ttrn bc hai
nh gi chung hm ma trn

Tm tha s tiu chun

qrdelete
qrinsert
rsf2csf
balance

Xo b th mc t s tm th mcQR
Gi vo th mc trong s tm tha s QR
Mu ng cho thc ti mu ng cho phc tp
Cn bng tng chnh xc
Bin i fourier v phn tch d liu

Php ton c bn
max
min
mean
median
std
sum
prod
hist
trapz
cumsum
cumprod
cumtrapz

Thnh phn ln nht

Thnh phn nh nht
Gi tr trung bnh
Gi tr trung tuyn
lch gc chun
Tng ca cc s hng
Kt qu ca cc phn t
Biu
Hnh thang s nguyn
Tng tch lyca cc phn t
Kt qu tch luca cc phn t
S nguyn tch lu bc thang

Sai phn c hn
diff
gradient
del2

Sai phn v o hm xp x
Gradient xp x
Laplacien ri rc

Filtering and convolution ( np, cun )

filter
B lc s mt chiu
filter2
B lc s 2 chiu
conv
Php nhn a thc v s nn li
conv2
Nn 2 chiu

201
convn
deconv

Nn n chiu
Gii nn v chia a thc

Bin i fourier
fft
fft2
fftn
ifft
ifft2
ifftn
Php ni suy
interpl
interplq
interpft
interp2
interp3
interpn
griddata

Bin i fourier ri rc
Bin i fourier ri rc 2 chiu
Bin i fourier ri rc n chiu
Bin i fourier ri rc ngc
Bin i fourier ri rc hai chiu
Bin i fourier ri rc n chiu
a thc v php ni suy
Php ni suy mt chiu ( tra bng )
Php ni suy tuyn tnh mt chiu nhanh
Php ni suy mt chiu s dng phng php FFT
Php ni suy hai chiu ( tra bng )
Php ni suy ba chiu ( tra bng )
Php ni suy n chiu ( tra bng )
iu chnh b mt v li d liu
hm v gii php ODE

Optimization and Root Finding

fmin
fmins
fzero
Numaric Integration
quad
quad8
dblquad
i tng hm inline
inline
argnames
formula
char

Ti thiu hm mt bin
Ti thiu hm vi bin
Tm hm mt bin khng

Tch phn nh gi v s lng, phng php trt t thp

Tch phn nh gi v s lng, phng php trt t cao hn
Tch phn hai ln nh gi v s lng

Xy dng i tng INLINE

Tn i s
Th thc hm
Chuyn i i tng INLINE thnh mng k t
ma trn ri rc

Cc ma trn khng lin tc c bn

speye
Ma trn ng nht thc khng lin tc
sprand
Ma trn ngu nhin phn chia mt cch khng lin tc ng nht
sprandn
Ma trn ngu nhin phn chia mt cch khng lin tc thng thng

202
sprandsy
spdiags

Ma trn i xng ngu nhin khng lin tc

Ma trn khng lin tc c to thnh t ng cho

Full to Sparse Conversion

sparse
full
find
spconvert

To ma trn khng lin tc

Chuyn i ma trn khng lin tc thnh ma trn y
Tm ch s cc phn t khc khng
Nhp vo t nh dng ma trn khng lin tc bn ngoi

mc lc
Matlab ton tp .................................................................................................................................. 1
ci t ................................................................................................................................................ 1
1. MATLAB for WIN .................................................................................................................... 1
a) CD ROM.1
b ) B nh1
chng 1: GIi THIu chung .......................................................................................................... 2
1.1 Cc php ton n gin......................................................................................................... 3
1.2 Khng gian lm vic ca MATLAB .................................................................................... 4
1.3 Bin......................................................................................................................................... 5
1.4 Cu gii thch (comment) v s chm cu........................................................................... 6
1.5 S phc................................................................................................................................... 7
chng 2: CC C tnh K THUT ............................................................................................. 9
2.1 Cc hm ton hc thng thng........................................................................................... 9
chng 3: NHNG C IM CA CA S LNH ................................................................. 14
3.1 Qun l khng gian lm vic ca MATLAB ...................................................................... 14
3.2 Ghi v phc hi d liu ....................................................................................................... 16
3.3 Khun dng hin th s........................................................................................................ 17
chng 4: Script M_files .............................................................................................................. 17
chng 5: QUN L Tp............................................................................................................... 20
5.1 MATLAB khi khi ng ..................................................................................................... 24
chng 6: cc php ton vi MNg............................................................................................ 24
6.1 Mng n.............................................................................................................................. 24
6.2 a ch ca mng.................................................................................................................. 25
6.3 Cu trc ca mng............................................................................................................... 26
6.4 Vector hng v vector ct.................................................................................................... 28
6.5 Mng c cc phn t l 0 hoc 1......................................................................................... 32
6.6 Thao tc i vi mng ......................................................................................................... 33
6.7 Tm kim mng con ............................................................................................................. 37
6.8 So snh mng........................................................................................................................ 38
6.9 Kch c ca mng................................................................................................................. 41
6.10 Mng nhiu chiu............................................................................................................... 42
chng 7 cc php tnh vi mng............................................................................................... 46
7.1 To phng trnh tuyn tnh. ............................................................................................. 46
7.2 Cc hm ma trn ................................................................................................................. 49
7.3 Ma trn c bit ................................................................................................................... 50
chng 8 cc php tnh LOGIC V QUAN H .......................................................................... 54
8.1 Ton t quan h ................................................................................................................... 54
8.2 Ton t Logic ....................................................................................................................... 55

203
8.3 Cc hm logic v hm quan h ........................................................................................... 56
chng 9 VN Bn ........................................................................................................................ 57
9.1 Xu k t ............................................................................................................................... 57
9.2 Chuyn i xu..................................................................................................................... 59
9.3 Cc hm v xu .................................................................................................................... 60
9.4 Ma trn t bo ca xu........................................................................................................ 61
chng 10 thi gian ....................................................................................................................... 63
10.1 Ngy v gi hin ti............................................................................................................ 63
10.2 S chuyn i gia cc kiu............................................................................................. 63
10.3 Cc hm v ngy ............................................................................................................... 65
10.4 Cc hm v thi gian ........................................................................................................ 66
10.5 V th vi hm ngy v thi gian................................................................................ 68
chng 11 VNG LP IU KHIN ............................................................................................ 72
11.1 Vng lp for ....................................................................................................................... 72
11.2 Vng lp while ................................................................................................................... 74
11.3 Cu trc if-else-end........................................................................................................... 75
11.4 Cu trc switch-case .......................................................................................................... 76
chng 12 HM M_FILE............................................................................................................... 80
12.1 Cc quy lut v thuc tnh ................................................................................................ 81
chng 13 PHN TCH D LIu ................................................................................................ 86
13.1 Cc hm phn tch d liu ............................................................................................... 92
chng 14 A THC..................................................................................................................... 93
14.1 Cc nghim ca a thc .................................................................................................... 93
14.2 Nhn a thc ..................................................................................................................... 94
14.3 Php cng a thc............................................................................................................. 95
14.4 Chia hai a thc ................................................................................................................. 95
14.5 o hm .......................................................................................................................... 96
14.6 Tnh gi tr ca mt a thc ............................................................................................. 96
14.7 Phn thc hu t................................................................................................................. 97
chng 15 php ni suy v mn ho ng cong .................................................................... 99
15.1 Mn ho ng cong ......................................................................................................... 99
15.2 Ni im mt chiu ......................................................................................................... 102
15.3 Xp x ho hai chiu........................................................................................................ 106
chng 16 phn tch s liu ....................................................................................................... 108
16.1 V th ............................................................................................................................ 108
16.2 Cc tr ca mt hm ........................................................................................................ 111
16.3 Tm gi tr khng ............................................................................................................. 113
16.4 Php ly tch phn........................................................................................................... 113
16.5 Php ly vi phn .............................................................................................................. 114
16.6 Phng trnh vi phn...................................................................................................... 116
chng 17 ho trong h to phng ................................................................................ 118
17.1 S dng lnh Plot ............................................................................................................. 118
17.2 Kiu ng, du v mu ............................................................................................... 120
17.3 Kiu th ....................................................................................................................... 121
17.4 th li, hp cha trc, nhn, v li ch gii.......................................................... 121
17.5 Kin to h trc to ................................................................................................... 124
17.6 In hnh .............................................................................................................................. 127
17.7 Thao tc vi th ....................................................................................................... 127
17.8 Mt s c im khc ca th trong h to phng............................................ 130
chng 18 hotrong khng gian 3 chiu ............................................................................ 133

204
18.1 th ng thng. ........................................................................................................ 133
18.2 th b mt v li........................................................................................................ 134
18.3 Thao tc vi th ........................................................................................................... 137
18.4 Cc c im khc ca th trong khng gian 3 chiu.............................................. 139
18.5 Bng mu ......................................................................................................................... 140
18.6 S dng bng mu .......................................................................................................... 141
18.7 S dng mu thm thng tin..................................................................................... 142
18.8 Hin th bng mu............................................................................................................ 143
18.9 Thit lp v thay i bng mu. .................................................................................... 144
chng 19 Mng t bo v cu trc ......................................................................................... 146
19.1 Mng t bo ..................................................................................................................... 146
19.2 Xy dng v hin th mng t bo................................................................................. 146
19.3 T hp v khi phc mng t bo ................................................................................. 147
19.4 Truy nhp vo trong mng t bo .................................................................................. 147
19.5 Mng t bo ca chui k t........................................................................................... 148
19.6 Cu trc ............................................................................................................................ 148
19.7 Xy dng mng cu trc ................................................................................................. 148
19.8 Truy nhp vo cc trng cu trc............................................................................ 149
19.9 S nghch o v hm kim tra ................................................................................... 151
chng 20 Biu tng ca hp cng c ton hc.................................................................. 151
20.1 Biu thc v cc i tng c trng ............................................................................ 152
20.2 To v s dng cc i tng c trng ....................................................................... 152
20.3 S biu din biu thc c trng ca MATLAB........................................................ 153
20.4 Bin c trng .................................................................................................................. 155
20.5 Php ton trn biu thc c trng .............................................................................. 156
20.6 Tch cc t s v mu s................................................................................................ 156
20.7 Php ton i s tiu chun............................................................................................ 157
20.8 Cc php ton nng cao.................................................................................................. 158
20.9 Hm nghch o .............................................................................................................. 159
20.10 S thay th bin s ....................................................................................................... 160
20.11 Php ly vi phn ........................................................................................................... 161
20.12 Php tch phn............................................................................................................... 161
20.13 V th biu thc c trng ....................................................................................... 164
20.14 nh dng v n gin ho biu thc ......................................................................... 164
20.15 Tm tt v mt s c im khc ................................................................................. 166
20.16 T lm ............................................................................................................................. 166
20.17 Gii phng trnh ......................................................................................................... 167
20.18 Gii phng trnh i s n gin .............................................................................. 167
20.19 Mt vi php ton i s .............................................................................................. 168
20.20 Php ton vi phn.......................................................................................................... 168
20.21 Mt vi php ton tch phn ......................................................................................... 168
20.22 Ma trn v i s tuyn tnh ........................................................................................ 169
20.23 Php ton i s tuyn tnh .......................................................................................... 170
20.24 Hm bc v xung ......................................................................................................... 170
20.25 Bin i Laplace............................................................................................................. 170
20.26 Bin i Fourier ............................................................................................................. 171
chng 21 hp cng c h thng iu khin........................................................................... 171
21.1 S biu din bng th.................................................................................................. 171
21.2 i tng LTI .................................................................................................................. 172
21.3 Khi phc d liu............................................................................................................. 173

205
21.4 S nghch o i tng LTI.......................................................................................... 174
21.5 Thut ton i tng LTI ............................................................................................... 175
21.6 Phn tch h thng ........................................................................................................... 175
21.7 Danh sch cc hm ca hp cng c h thng iu khin .......................................... 177
S hnh thnh cc kiu LTI.........................................................................................................177
Phn tch d liu.........................................................................................................................177
c tnh ca cc loi ...................................................................................................................178
S nghch o .............................................................................................................................178
Cc php ton..............................................................................................................................178
ng hc.....................................................................................................................................178
p ng thi gian .......................................................................................................................178
p ng tn s ............................................................................................................................179
Lin kt h thng ........................................................................................................................179
Dng c thit k c in .............................................................................................................179
Cng c thit k LQG .................................................................................................................179
Gii quyt php ton ma trn ......................................................................................................179
S biu din ................................................................................................................................179
chng 22 Hp dng c x l tn hiu....................................................................................... 180
22.1 Phn tch tn hiu ............................................................................................................ 180
chng 23 tr gip....................................................................................................................... 183
23.1 Ca s lnh tr gip ....................................................................................................... 183
23.1.1 Lnh help ........................................................................................................................183
23.1.2 Lnh lookfor...................................................................................................................184
23.1.3 Lnh whatsnew v info ....................................................................................................185
23.2 Ca s tr gip................................................................................................................ 185
cc M- File ca Student Edition ............................................................................................ 186
HELP Topic ................................................................................................................................... 186
Mc ch chung ca cu lnh......................................................................................................... 186
Thng tin chung ..........................................................................................................................186
Qun l khng gian lm vic .......................................................................................................186
Qun l ng dn.......................................................................................................................186
Qun l cc hm v lnh..............................................................................................................186
Cu lnh iu khin ....................................................................................................................186
Hot ng ca lnh h thng ......................................................................................................187
M-file g ri................................................................................................................................187
Cc ton t v cc k t c bit .................................................................................................... 187
Cc ton t ..................................................................................................................................187
Ton t quan h ..........................................................................................................................187
Ton t logic ...............................................................................................................................188
Cc ton t Bitwise.....................................................................................................................188
Thit lp cc k t .......................................................................................................................188
Cc k t c bit ........................................................................................................................188
Cu lnh iu khin ....................................................................................................................189
Thi hnh v nh gi ...................................................................................................................189
Script, hm, v cc bin ..............................................................................................................189
Thao tc vi cc i s ...............................................................................................................189
Hin th thng bo.......................................................................................................................189
u vo tng h........................................................................................................................190
Ma trn c bn v Thao tc vi ma trn ....................................................................................... 190
Ma trn c bn ............................................................................................................................190

206
Thng tin mng c s .................................................................................................................190
Thao tc vi ma trn ...................................................................................................................190
Hng v cc bin c bit ...........................................................................................................191
Cc bin c bit.........................................................................................................................191
Cc loi ma trn c bit.............................................................................................................191
Cc hm ton hc thng thng .................................................................................................... 192
Cc hm lng gic ....................................................................................................................192
Cc hm ton hc........................................................................................................................192
Cc hm c bit.........................................................................................................................192
Hm l thuyt s hc ...................................................................................................................193
ho............................................................................................................................................ 193
Trang ho ...............................................................................................................................193
iu khin ca s ho............................................................................................................193
ho TRONG KHNG GIAN 3 chiu....................................................................................... 193
Lnh ho thng thng ..........................................................................................................194
Cn chnh mu ............................................................................................................................194
Chiu sng...................................................................................................................................194
Bng mu ....................................................................................................................................194
iu chnh trc............................................................................................................................194
Ch thch ho .........................................................................................................................194
chui k t ...................................................................................................................................... 194
Khi qut chung ..........................................................................................................................195
Kim tra chui.............................................................................................................................195
Cc php ton vi chui..............................................................................................................195
Chui v vn bn ........................................................................................................................195
file input/output.............................................................................................................................. 195
M v ng file...........................................................................................................................195
File nh phn i/o ..........................................................................................................................195
File i/o nh dng ........................................................................................................................195
V tr file......................................................................................................................................196
Cc hm xut nhp file ...............................................................................................................196
Xut nhp file o.........................................................................................................................196
Xut nhp file audio....................................................................................................................196
Ca s lnh I / O .........................................................................................................................196
thi gian v ngy............................................................................................................................ 196
Gi v ngy hin ti ....................................................................................................................196
Cc hm c bn...........................................................................................................................196
Hm ngy thng ..........................................................................................................................196
Hm m.....................................................................................................................................197
kiu d liu v cu trc.................................................................................................................. 197
Kiu d liu.................................................................................................................................197
Hm ca mng nhiu chiu.........................................................................................................197
Hm ca mng t bo..................................................................................................................197
Hm cu trc ...............................................................................................................................197
chuyn i d liu ng................................................................................................................. 197
Hm t DDE ...............................................................................................................................198
V d v s th hin ....................................................................................................................... 198
MATLAB/matrn .......................................................................................................................198
Ca s lnh .................................................................................................................................198
General........................................................................................................................................198

207
(Lp trnh )Programming v file-M ............................................................................................198
Cc file trn a...........................................................................................................................199
a thc........................................................................................................................................199
Cc hm ma trn v i s tuyn tnh ........................................................................................... 199
Phn tch ma trn ........................................................................................................................199
Php ton tuyn tnh....................................................................................................................199
Gi tr duy nht ...........................................................................................................................200
Hm ma trn................................................................................................................................200
Tm tha s tiu chun................................................................................................................200
Bin i fourier v phn tch d liu ............................................................................................. 200
Php ton c bn .........................................................................................................................200
Sai phn c hn ...........................................................................................................................200
Filtering and convolution ( np, cun ).......................................................................................200
Bin i fourier ...........................................................................................................................201
a thc v php ni suy................................................................................................................. 201
Php ni suy................................................................................................................................201
hm v gii php ODE................................................................................................................... 201
Optimization and Root Finding ..................................................................................................201
Numaric Integration ....................................................................................................................201
i tng hm inline ..................................................................................................................201
ma trn ri rc ................................................................................................................................ 201
Cc ma trn khng lin tc c bn..............................................................................................201
Full to Sparse Conversion...........................................................................................................202
mc lc........................................................................................................................................... 202