Greek in English

REEK
IN ENGLISt
GOODEI.
THE
GREEK
IN
ENGLISH
GREEK
FIRST LESSONS IN
With Special Reference
to
'
Etymology of English
Words of
G, :ck Origin
THOMAS DWIGHT GOODELL

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR IN YALE COLLEGE
SECOND EDITION, REVISED AND ENLARGED
NEW YORK HENRY HOLT AND COMPANY

1889
COPYRIGHT,
1SS6,
HENRY nOLT &
CO.
Typography by
J. S.
('<
shin.;
<".'.,.,
Boston.
PREFACE.
The
little
first.
issue of a second edition of this
book
calls for very-
modification of what was said in the preface to the

object of
as then stated,
The
it,
is
to enable pupils to gain
some real and living knowledge of that part of English which came from Greek, without at the same time compelling them to waste time and brain-tissue in " mental discipline " of
doubtful value.
fess to
Let
it
be said at once, however, that the

;
writer has no faith in royal roads to learning
does not prohave compounded an educational nostrum which will, in a few weeks' time, electrify a boy or girl into the mastery of a difficult tongue and does believe heartily in giving an
;
important place in our educational system, for some generations yet, to the patient
and thorough study of the Greek

This book
is
language and
the
literature.
not intended to lessen
number
it
of those
it
who
shall enter
it
study, indeed
is
hoped that
is
upon such a course of may increase that number.
Yet
is
not a sufficient introduction to the reading of a
classic author,
and hence
not a rival of the various excel-
lent First Lessons in use.
those
merely attempts to teach that minimum which even who wish to banish the study of Greek from our schools would admit can least easily be spared and it is written in
It
;
the belief that that portion
is
absolutely essential to a ready
command
of a full English vocabulary.

in the
The Greek element

large,
English employed in any conis
versation or writing on a high intellectual plane,
not only
but includes
many
of the key-words to the thought.
He
to
whom
those key-words are alive with
meaning enjoys
IV
PREFACE.
Many a man who thinks he has retained a great advantage. nothing whatever from his dreary conning of Greek grammar, and of half-understood Greek authors, except a lively
sense of the exact meaning of such words as cosmopolitan,
agnostic, synthetic, anarch)/, Russophobe, nevertheless regards
the firm grasp which he has on this portion of our speech as worth all it cost. But after all, how great the cost of this
one acquisition
of to
Surely this one result of the study lias been! Greek can he attained in a fan degree without devoting
-
it
years of time.
not give what
Yet mere dictionaries or etymological handbooks alone canIt is not enough to read or be told, is wanted. even repeatedly, thai synthetic is derived from such and such Greek words, ami therefore lias such and such a meaning.
The wonts in their Greek form, and with some fragment of their Greek associations, must become somewhal Eamiliar before one can be sensible of that grasp of their English derivatives which will enable one to use those derivatives fearlessly and
correctly.
In
putting these ideas into practice, the following con:
siderations have been regarded
The Latin element
in
English
is
of course vastly greater
than the Greek, so that no one ought to take up the study of the latter until a good beginning has been made in the Accordingly a year's study of Latin is taken for former.
granted.
Pupils are supposed to have a notion of
is,
what a
highly inflected language

ciples of Latin syntax.
and
to
know
the simplest prin-
The material has been grouped about a grammatical outbecause, in the writer's judgment, based upon several years' experience in teaching beginners in Latin and Greek, such an outline is essential to the object in view. Thorough
line,
memorizing of a few inflections will save time and labor in the end. by enabling the pupil from the outset to make a
i
limited use of the language on rational
principles.
PREFACE.
In no other
way can the requisite familiarity with the Greek words be gained as easily. Besides, while the book is intended primarily for those who, without it, would never study Greek at all, those have also been kept in mind who
will afterwards continue the study.
Accordingly,
;
also,
the
is
quantity of doubtful vowels
is
marked
the written accent
expected to be learned from the beginning, although
all
matter concerning
it is put in smaller type the dual number, though scarcely used in the exercises, is included in paradigms. Yet with the possible exception of the dual number, the learning of which is but a trifle, no feature whatever has been introduced which could involve labor outside of the main purpose, as set forth above. Thus the subject of contraction has been avoided, because it would have involved
;
difficulties in
the paradigms.
In other respects,
it
also, strict
would have obscured the relation of English derivatives to Greek originals. The non-Attic look thus given to some of the paradigms and exercises can do no harm to any one. In a few instances
Atticism has been disregarded, because
an uncommon or poetical construction has been employed,

instead of one which, from the Greek point of view, would be
preferable, merely because the former,
English idiom,
tion.
is easier,
from likeness to the and can be used without explana-
In selecting the vocabulary, no attempt has been made at an unattainable completeness. From the large number of Greek words that appear in English far larger than one would suspect who has not given special attention to the matter those have been rejected which seemed likely to be
of least use for the purposes here indicated.
Probably no two
list.
persons would entirely agree in making out such a
But,
with the exception of a very few words necessary to give a

little
more freedom in forming exercises, nothing has been admitted which does not appear in English. Some English
derivatives included will be found
beyond the comprehension
Vi
of
PREFACE.
young
pupils.
Nevertheless,
if
the Greek primitives are
fixed in mind,
some inkling
also.
of the
meaning
of these hard
words will enter
It will delight the child to discover
that a long word, which looked so difficult, really has something about it that he can grasp; and when he gets old
enough
for,
to comprehend the idea which the hard word stands a simple reminder that hypothesis, for instance, means supposition, will make that word at once a underputting
The dividing line between part of his intellectual property. purely technical terms and those which have passed into
class
A few of the former can do no great harm. And those who take up the study of any branch of science, after a faithful use of this book, will find themselves already in possession of a large
literature is often difficult to determine.
fraction of the Greek words which are found in scientific
nomenclature.
In preparing the second edition every line has been careand few pages have escaped change. Some
fully scrutinized,
derivatives
and many explanations of 'derivatives have been added, and one Greek word got rid of that is not used
and
it is
The exercises have been slightly enlarged, hoped otherwise improved. For the roughness still remaining in them the peculiar restrictions of the vocabulary must serve as an excuse. It seems clearly my duty to repeat the statement of the preface to the first edition, that the idea of this book and its general plan were first suggested by Mr. Henry Holt. Despite his disclaimer (printed without my knowledge in a note to
in English.
the
first
it
edition,
and suppressed
if
at
my
one),
remains true, that
the
little
urgent request in this volume accomplishes
anything, to him primarily the credit will be due; although the writer is alone responsible for the working out of the plan in detail, a process which naturally involved considerable modification
and development of the original germ.
PREFACE.
vii
Material has been taken freely from the Hadley- Allen Greek
Grammar, and from various

which
it
dictionaries
and other works

Cordial
is
hardly necessary to mention by name.
thanks are due to Professor B. Perrin for valuable assistance,
and
also to
Mr. Henry Holt, Professor T. D. Seymour, and
Professor B. G. Wilder for helpful criticism and suggestions.
Tale College,
October, 1889.
: ::
: :
CONTENTS.
Introduction. Why every one should know something of Greek
I.
Writing, Pronunciation, Transliteration
7 14
II.
III.
The Article Nouns First

:
or A-Declension
.16
22 26 33 39
IV. Q-Verbs:
Active
Present
Indicative
and
Infinitive
V. A-Declension
VI. A-Declension VII. O-Declension
VIII.
:
O-Declension
IX. Additional A-
Second Class of Feminines Masculines Masculines and Feminines Neuters and O-Stems
. . .
.29
.
....
Infinitive
.
. .
X. Adjectives
of the
XL
OrVerbs
Present
Vowel Declension Indicative and
Middle and Passive XII Consonant Declension Stems in -k- and -yXIII, Consonant Declension Stems in -t-, -S-, -6XIV. Consonant Declension Stems in -y- and -pXV. Consonant Declension Neuter Stems in -arand -eo-. DIoAijs XVI. Consonant Declension Stems in -i- and -cv-.
Aura/uai
63 68
74
79 86
and At'Swî XVIII Mi- Verbs "Iot^/ai and Kepdwv/u XIX. The Verb &r)(Ai; the Adjective lias English-Greek Vocabulary Greek-English Vocabulary Index of English Derivatives
:
XVII
Mt- Verbs:
........ ....
:
Ti%u
93
100
106
113 119
....
127
THE GREEK IN ENGLISH.
INTRODUCTION.
WHY EVERY ONE SHOULD KNOW SOMETHING

OF GREEK.
person who begins this book is supposed have already studied Latin a little. Now before going very far in the study of Latin, every student must have begun to notice that a great many Latin words looked like English words. Not exactly like English words, perhaps and of course it was found that many more Latin words were quite unlike English, and were rather hard to remember because And yet it was their forms were new and strange.
to
;
Every
plain that rex, reg-is,
was somewhat
;
like reg-al
and
miles, milit-is, like milit-ary
virgo, virgin-is,
stella like
;
like virgin;
animal like animal;
con-
stellation ; agricola like agricul-ture
many other resemblances of peared as the study continued. In cases like these, too, the English words not only look and sound like the Latin words, but there is plainly some connection in meaning also. For instance,
and a great the same kind ap-
2
agriculture
THE GBEEK IN ENGLISH.

is
the
is
constellation
work of agricolae, farmers ; a made up of a number of stellae,
stars; templum means temple; virtuous means having virtus, virtue ; " my paternal house " means Of the house of my father, pater : and so on. course such a great number of resemblances in both form and meaning of words could not possibly be accidental. There must be some reasonable explanation and the most natural one is that one
;
language inherited or borrowed ivords from the other. As Latin is some centuries older than English, plainly English must be the borrower in this case. And now. on tracing back the history of our tongue a few centuries, we see beyond question that our
explanation
is
the true one: that there
when
the people
who spoke English
cially those
who wrote English
and
was a time
espe-
felt
a need of
that they took the words they wanted, in great part, directly from Latin. One might ask. Why did these people go to the Latin rather than to any other language to borrow words? Or, indeed, why did they not make their new words out of the stock which English already had, by putting together the old words in new com-
more words, and
For that was the way in which the and the Greeks, and the Romans to some extent, made the new words which they wanted. To answer such questions fully would take too much time, and might not be
binations?
Germans,
for instance,
easy
but a part of the reasons can be quickly
given.
INTRODUCTION.
England had been conquered by the Normans, Although the cona form of French. querors could not compel the mass of the people to learn French, yet they were strong enough in numbers and influence to bring into English a The English langreat many French words. guage, then, at the time we speak of, had become mixed, as the people had and the new part of the language, like the new part of the people, was Now French is mainly derived from French. Latin is a sort of corrupted or changed form of Latin and everybody was used to that kind of This circumLatin words in every-day speech. stance would of itself naturally open the door a
who spoke
little
way for other Latin words. Then again the old Latin was
at that time a
sort of
common tongue for all educated people. Everybody who studied at all studied Latin everybody who could read at all read Latin books
;
were generally written in Latin all over Europe as well as in England. As Latin, then, was so generally understood, a speaker or writer, if he wanted a new or more -dignified word, might very natuThis went on rally help himself to a Latin one. until our language, especially the part of it used in serious and thoughtful speech and writing, is quite largely borrowed from the language of the Romans and besides, the custom of thus borrowing and forming new words has become firmly fixed, and the process is still going on. And this is one great reason why the study of Latin in
;
4
school
well
No one can know English is so necessary. without knowing- something ab.ont Latin. Every one who begins the study of this book can already partly see, from Iris or her own experience,
the truth of this statement.
same.
with Greek the case is pretty much the Some Greek words have come into English For the Romans learned much through Latin. The very of their civilization from the Greeks.
alphabet was taught them by the Greeks, whose literature the Romans translated and imitated: and along with every art or science partly or
And
such as painting. wholly learned from Greece architecture sculpture, geometry, medicine, there came into the language a larger or smaller number of Greek words connected with that branch of knowledge. These words, then, were a part of the Latin language, and were taken thence into English as readily as other Latin
words. Besides
this, for several hundred years now Greek and Latin have been studied together a This was natural, because the civiligreat deal. zation which our ancestors learned from the- Romans was so largely, as was just said, Greek in People saw that it was worth while to its origin. go back to the source, and become acquainted at first hand with the works of that remarkable people with whom the progress of the modern world began. Hence, after the custom of borrowing Greek words through Latin was once fixed, it seemed quite nat-
INTRODUCTION.
ural to take a step farther and borrow from the
This step was made all the easier new compounds and derivatives were not freely made in Latin, but in Greek they were made with the greatest freedom. Thus it came about that if Latin could not give just the word desired, nor Greek either, two Greek words would be put together into a new word that no Greek
Greek
directly.
because
ever heard of. Many of our scientific terms, like thermometer and telephone, are of this last sort.
In all these ways, then, Greek words have come over into English and however much we might wish to get them out, we cannot do it. In fact new ones are all the while being brought in, and our need for new words will probably continue for a long time to be supplied largely from Greek. The only thing for us to do is to learn these words as soon as we can, if we wish to understand what thinking people are talking about. With some of them we make a partial acquaintance pretty early. Arithmetic, geography, poetry, music, telephone,
:
type, dialogue
all
these
all
came from Greek
readers of this page have some idea of
and what
these words mean.

their
But one has a better idea of meaning if he knows also what the Greek words mean. Besides, it is very interesting to follow words back to their origin to know, for instance, just what is the original meaning of heliotrope, acrostic, Greorge, tropic, crystal, and a host of other words, even though one may have already a pretty good notion of their present significance.
THE GREEK
ENGLISH.
And
then, as one comes to read more,
find out
and tries to what wise people are thinking, and all

talking about, scores of less
sorts of people are
words taken from Greek present themsome among them not very short selves which one must understand clearly in order to know at
familiar
all
what the writer's thought is. Thus it becomes necessary to learn something of Greek, if we wish to thoroughly know one impor-
tant part of our
own
language.
In order to grasp
some of these words of Greek origin, and in order to tell them to others, we must learn enough of Greek to become familiar with those words.
the thoughts which are expressed by
ALPHABET.
I.
WRITING, PRONUNCIATION, TRANSLITERATION. 1
ALPHABET.
1.
Greek
is
written with the following twenty-
four letters

Form.
5]
letter begins
PRONUNCIATION.
\)
with the sound of that letter. Observe also the word delta from the shape of the capital letter, and how it happens that the phrase -'alpha and omega" means the beginning and the end, and that iota means a (Jot is a corrupted form of iota.) small quantity.
force of our
i
3.
Every
:
letter (except
subscript
see
5,
6)
is
sounded.
4.
Of
that is, were pronounced by the Greeks quantity v and co are in less time than the long vowels that is, had more time given them always long The others, a, 1, v, are somein pronunciation. In this book the times long and sometimes short.
there are no silent letters. the vowels, e and o are always short in
long d, I, v will be printed with a straight mark over the letter short a, i, v will be left unmarked. 5. The diphthongs (hi-$6oyyoi double sounds;
;
see 96, 1) are

ai,
ei,
77,
01,
&),
av,
ev,
ov,
vi.
a, a.
Originally the sounds of the diphthongs were made by simply pronouncing the separate vowels But some of the closely together, in one syllable.
diphthongs are not usually sounded so now. We may pronounce av like ow in now, ai like i in fine, 1 ev like eu in feud, ei like ei in rein, ov like ou in you, 01 like oi in oil,
vi like iv e.
a,
r/,
o)
are
pronounced
like a,
v, &>,
as
if
were
not there.
1
Many, however, pronounce
ei
like ei in height.
10
b.

This silent
i
i,
[6
is
written below the other letter, (Latin sub-scriptus, written below'). When the first vowel of a diphthong containing i subscript is written as a capital, t is
called
subscript
written on the line: HI All I = 'QiSfj = wSrj. 6. The consonants are pronounced like the corresponding English consonants, with two or three
exceptions, as follows
like
k, 7, %, or f is sounded and is represented by n in English words from the Greek: cly/cvpa (Latin anWhen sounded in this way, 7 is cora), anchor.
a.
Gamma
(7) before
in anger, ink,
called 7 nasal
Latin nasus,
nose'),
because
all
the
breath used
the nose.
nasals.
making the sound comes out through For the same reason fx and v are called
in
b. Chi (;e) is now pronounced like German ch, and English has no corresponding sound. It is between the sound of k and that of h. One should begin by pronouncing it as h, and gradually learn to roughen the sound sufficiently. c. Zeta () is pronounced like dz.
BREATHINGS.
7.
With every
initial
vowel
is
written one or
the other of two marks called breathings. rough breathing (' ) is pronounced like our //
The
;
the
smooth breathing
pronounced at all. but merely shows that the vowel to which it belongs These breathings are has no h sound before it.
(')
is
not
written over a small vowel, but at the
left
of a
; :
9]
BREATHINGS. SYLLABLES. ACCENT.
11
&pa (Latin hora) season," O^pos Homer. also has the rough breathing pyjrcop (rhetor') a public speaker. Double p is sometimes written pp, and is represented by rrh in English
capital:
Initial
/earappov? catarrh.
a.
diphthong takes the breathing over the

:
auroq self. But t subscript does not take the breathing: "AiSvs Hades, <phri song.
second vowel
SYLLABLES.
Every vowel or diphthong, with or without one or more consonants, makes a separate syllable The last syllable of a word is v-yi'-ei-a health.
8.
called the ultima ; the next to the last, the penult
the syllable before the penult, the antepenult.
9.
The accented
syllable in
Greek
'
is
for this purpose three signs, called accents, are used.
always marked, and These

TrorafxS,
are:
the acute accent, the circumflex accent, *

the grave accent,
v
Trora/Aos,
to
rbv Trora/xov.
These different accents mark differences in the ancient Greek pronunciation, but all are now commonly pronounced
alike.
These accents are written over the vowel of the accented they are written over the second vowel of a diphthong, unless the second vowel is i subscript. If the vowel has a breathing also, the acute and the grave are placed at
a.
syllable
the right of the breathing; the circumflex is placed aborc the breathing: o fUKpov, o'i, <5. If the accented vowel is a capital,
it
:
the accent, as well as the breathing, stands just before
"Ofirjpos.
12
THE GREEK
IN ENGLISH.
[10
10. a. The acute accent can stand only on one of the Lasl the circumflex can stand only on one of the three syllables last two syllables, and only on a long vowel or diphthong. When a vowel has the circumflex accent, thereNote.
;
fore, it
must be
long,
and the mark of length
will be omitted
in this book.
b. If the ultima has a long vowel or diphthong, the acute cannot stand on the antepenult nor the circumflex on the
penult.
11.
The general
(1)
a.
b.
A word
rules of accent, accordingly, are: with short vowel in the ultima, if accented
c.
on thf out' j" on!/, lias the ovule: oiatra. on a short vowel in the penult, has the acuU tWoson a long vowel or diphthong in the penult, has the
:
cir-
cumflex: yAw<ra. d. on the ultimo, has the acute: 6e6$. (2) A word with a long vowel or diphthong in the idtima,
if
accented on the penult, has the acute: ao<pid, y\wo-o-n<;. /). on the ultima, sometimes has the acute and sometimes
a.
(fxovrj, (pon-r}<;.
the circumflex:
12.
-oi, although long, have the effect of short vowels on the accent of the penult and antepenult: yXwcraai,
Final
-at
and
avBpwTroi.
13. An acute on the ultima changes to the grave when followed by another word in connected discourse: ttjv, but rqv wpdv. This is almost the only use of the grave accent.
1 !
ANSLITER ATION.
14. Transferring words from a foreign alphabet respelling them in our own letters into our own is transliterating them (Latin trans, called
across,
and
this
litera,
letter^).
The natural way
of
doing
would seem
to be simple.
And
for the
most part the transliteration
of
Greek words
into
141
TRANSLITERATION.
is
13
English
in fact simple
but a few points need
especial notice.
In the Introduction it was said that some Greek words have come into English through Latin, having been first borrowed by the Latins. Nearly all these words had been Latinized, that is, sufficiently changed in form to seem at home among other Latin words, before they were Anglicized or taken into English. Thus a fashion was set, as we might say, to be observed by any later comers from Greek into English. Again, not only were Greek and Latin studied together, but for a long time Greek was studied only through Latin. The Greek grammars were written in Latin, and in Greek vocabularies and dictionaries the definitions were given in Latin. Thus the fashion of treating borrowed Greek words as the Romans did that is, of Latinizing them was firmly established. At present this custom is not so closely followed with new words but generally, in tracing out connections between Greek and English, we are obliged to notice what changes are due to this Latinizing process. All these changes will be fully illustrated, later, in connection with the derivatives in which they are found but for convenience the
following are summed up here a. Zeta (), though pronounced sented by z.

:
c?2,
is
repre-
b.
Kappa
(/e) is
usually represented by
/r,
/-
c,
which
had the sound of our borrowings the more natural

in Latin
although in later
often used.
is
14
[15
c. Upsilon (u), if not part of a diphthong, is represented by y. "When the Romans did most of their borrowing, v had a sound between that of i in machine and u in rule (nearly the sound of French u or German w), and that sound had no representative in the Latin alphabet. Therefore the Latins transferred the Greek letter itself, and T is the origin of our letter Y. Of course the sound of our y is very different and after spelling the word in
;
the Latin way,

d.
we
it in the English way. represented by ch, which, however, generally pronounce in English like k.
we pronounce
Chi (^)
is
e.
in Latin
f. e; for in the
ei
ai is represented by ae, which had nearly the same sound with at. The diphthong ei usually becomes a, sometimes
The diphthong
Roman
period the pronunciation of

to that of Latin
oe,
ot.
i.
changed from that of Latin e g. The diphthong 01 becomes had nearly the same sound as
better our
which
in Latin
To
oe
represent
is
own
e.
pronunciation, this
often
changed
to
h. The diphthong ov becomes u in words that have come through Latin, and on in words taken from Greek directly. i. Iota subscript is omitted in transliteration. k. It was mentioned above (7) that p becomes
rh,
and pp becomes
II.
rrh.
Tin; Akticle.
i
i
Greek, jectives, and

15.
In
as
Latin, nouns, pronouns, adinflected;
that
is,
their
18]
THE ARTICLE.
15
forms are varied according to their relations to other words in the sentence. For example, leaving other parts of speech till later, nouns or substantives are declined to denote case
and number;
6,
?/,
and
16.
a.
adjectives, including the
article
to
the,
are declined to denote gender also.
Greek has
Three
genders
masculine,
feminine,
and
neuter.
b.
Three numbers
the singular for one object,
the plural for more than one, the dual for two.
c.
Five cases
the nominative, genitive, dative,

to the
is
accusative,
17.
and
vocative.
6,
f),
The
definite article
declined in
cases
three genders
and numbers, and m~all the
but the vocative. As the article may be used with any noun, it will be best to take this up before the nouns. It is declined as follows
:
18.
16
19.

The forms
[19
6, rj. 61. at (with a few other words of one have no accent of their own, but lean forward upon the following word, and hence are called proclitics (jrpo furward and kAIvw lean). The article the in English, unless emphasized, is a proclitic, as are many other words. Thus when we say, "The boy has a jack-knife he whittles," the, a, and he have no separate accent, but Lean forward on the following words, very much as Greek proclitics do. It will assist in remembering the forms to note that all genitives and datives have the circumflex, and thai all other In the dual forms (except the proclitics) have the acute. number, which was not much used, the nominative and accusative of all genders are alike, and also the genitive and
syllable)
dative of
all
genders.
ibis point on,
in
Note.
From
sary both in writing and
reciting paradigms.
these the pupil should firsl the singular only, or even less), taking especial pains
unremitting practice is necesIn preparing copy out a small group of forms
about the written accent and pronouncing each form aloud; then should close the book and write the same group from memory. Next let him compare bis work with the printed forms, correct all mistakes, and try again: and so on, until the work can be written correctly from memory. Then let him take another group of forms, not so large but that one or two trials will enable him to master it; finally let the whole paradigm be taken together. The first attempts may perhaps be discouraging, because the alphabet, though really But a few differing so little from our own, is unfamiliar. days of careful practice will make a vast difference, and soon
an entire paradigm can be mastered at one
trial.
III.
20.
N#TJNS: FlEST OR A-DECLENSION.

sLof a
The
noun
is
that part to which the
case-end i it;/* are added in declension.
Noun-stems
according
(and also adjective-stems) are
classified
23
NOUNS: FIRST OR ^-DECLENSION.
17
end in (1) a, (2)3 (3) a c onsonan t or These three classes of stems are declined in three slightly different ways, named from the last letter of the stem: The A- Declension, or First Declension. The Q^Declension, or Second Declension.
as they
or j/.
The
21.
Consonant-Declension, or
T////-J
Declension.
All stems ending in -a- belong to the a-declension. The feminines have no case-ending in the nominative singular. The following are examples:
22.
18
THE GREEK IN EXGLISH.
[24
and plural. In the singular all feminines originally had -a in the nominative, and were declined like &pd. But in many words this -a has been shortened in the nominative, accusaalike in the dual
tive,
and
vocative, singular.
classes of feminines.
Hence, there are two In this section we take up
only the
24. First Class of Feminines. These have a long vowel, a or rj, in the last syllable throughout
the singular.
a.
it is
hong
is
retained after
t)
e,
t,
or p: otherwise
changed
to
throughout the singular.

Acu nt of Nouns. noun remains, in
25.
The accent of
all
the forms, on the
singular, or as near that

syllable as the general rules ofacci nt (10, 11, 12) allow.
26.
An
accented ultima
in
general takes the acute; bu1
27.
In the genitive and dative of all

d,
numbers
a long ultima,
takes the circumflex.

in
28.
Further,
the a-declension only, the genitive plural
always has the circumflex on the last syllable. a. This is because the stem-vowel -d and the ending -wv were contracted to one syllable, so that -doiv became -w.
29.
))
Vocabulary. 1
uK/xi],
-rj<i
summit, prime (acme).

grass, herb
in
(
))
fiordvT], -?/9
1
botan-y).
learning the vocabularies to read over connection with each one. the corresponding section of Notes on Derivatives, at the end of each chapter; those notes, however, should not be required to be learned
It will assist
in
carefully,
until after the preceding Exercises have been translated.
30]
NOUNS: FIRST OB k-BECLENSION.

Y%>
YV>
19
')
7'})
JV V
-
earth, land (ge-ography).
ypd<f>a)
iv,
1
1 write (geo-graph-y).
.
prep.w. dat. nly, in

-ys
ev&)
I have.
youth (Hebe, goddess of youth).
sight, sJwiv (thea-tre).
2LV@v>
i]
>)
did, -a?
fcecfyaX)], -rjs
head (cephal-ic).
again, back (palin-ode).
ahout, concerning.
iraXiv, adv.,
ire pi,
tl,
7j
prep, w. gjj^ pron.,

->)<?
what.'
song. ode.
a>&7],
?/
(opd, -dS%.2
eV
tt}
7$.
eâ>.
3.
Tat? fiordvats
Ke(pa\i)v e%a).
rgs
6. 8.
7%.
4.
T?)y fiordvrjv
4
;
5.
Ti 3 ypdcpco
7re/n
t)<?
7.
Tt ypdcpco irepl
rwv
9.
(3orav(ov
7?}? ypdcpco
(ge-o-graph-y).
10. iv
ireplroyv
r/fir)
cdpwv ypdcfxo (hor-o-graph-y).

7779.
II.
rfj
t?)?
Translate into Greek.
In the prime of youth. 2. I write songs in 3. I write about the season the season of youth. of the herbs. 4. I write the song again (palin-ode). 5. What have I in my (Greek idiom in the} head
1.
1
Proclitic
see 19.
Unless other directions are given, the cases
maybe
trans-
lated as in Latin.
3
4
Ti never changes its acute accent to the grave. The mark of interrogation in Greek is like our semicolon.
20
TUE GREEK IN ENGLISH.

?
[31
(en-cephal-on)
6.
write
an
ode
about the
show.
31.
1.
Notes on Derivatives. 1
Hints have been given as to a few English derivatives from words in the above vocabulary. For instance, acme comes to us with only the
change of k to c (see 14, 6), and its meaning is about the same as that of ate fir}. 2. Botan-ist and botan-ic remind one at once of botan-y, and usually we need not stop to mention more than one member of a family in which the We shall see later family resemblance is so plain. thai the endings -ic and -ist are themselves of Greek origin, -ic making adjectives and -ist making nouns
1 The entire class should have ready access to at least one unabridged English dictionary, as the Imperial, Webster's or Hi fore Leaving a chapter all English derivaWorcester's. should tivesthe words partly or wholly in full-face type be looked up, and the connection between their present mean-
In many ings aud the Greek originals clearly understood. cases this connection is explained in this book; but often it
This is only hinted at and left to be brought out in class. course lias been followed because a little independent work on the part of the scholar, constantly directed and aided by
suggestions and questions from tin- teacher, is the best pos method of arousing interest and fixing indelibly in the pupil's
mind just those facts which

teach.
it is
the object of this
book
to
repeat, then, constant use of the dictionary, with constant help and questioning on the part of the teacher,
To
must on no account be neglected. With some classes tnaj be thought best to omit, until review, a few derivatives whose conuectiou with their primitives is not easily made clear.
it
31]
NOUNS: FIRST
Oil
A-DECLENSION.
and
86, 11).
21
thai denote persons (see 78, 11,
We
shall also find that often, as in botan-y, the final
vowel of a Greek stem
is
dropped
off,
for ease of
pronunciation, in derivatives or compounds. 3. Ge-, meaning earth or land, appears in several
words, such as ge-o-logy (see 50,
II.,
5), ge-o-metry
The -o- in ge-o(see 57, 4), apo-gee (see 57, 1). graphy, geology, horography, seems to have no business there
ble has
;
yet
we
shall find that the
same
sylla-
been put between the two parts of a large number of compounds, in which it has no more meaning than a hyphen. (See 51, 1.) 4. Graph-ite is a substance used in pencils foi writing, the syllable -ite being our remnant of an ending which denotes merely a vague connection.
(Compare
uses, goes
dynam-ite, 94.)
Graph-ic, in
some
of its
back
to
another meaning of
ypd(f>a),
We shall meet the sylFor -gram, see 91, 4. 5. En-cephal-on, a more learned and scientific name for brain, shows the change of k to c, and shows also the form cephal- which K<f>a\rj takes in several scientific words, such as cephal-ic, pertainnamely, draw or paint.
lable -graph- frequently.
ing
to
the head, a-cephal-ous fsee 60, 3,
>),
headless,
cephal-algia (see 110, 2), headache.

6.
liaXtv appears in palin-drome (see 51, 3), palin-
genesis (see 96, 3),

(jraXifi-ylrrjaTov')
and
palim-psest.
In palim-psest
takes the place of n for ease of pronunciation before a jo-sound the second Parchpart is from a verb, -tyaw, meaning to rub. ment was costly, and hence was often used a second
the
;
22
THE CHEEK IN ENGLISH.
[.32
time, the old writing being rubbed off again ; but this process still left faint traces of the older writ-
and some very valuable ancient books have been recovered from palimpsests. 7. Several rather common words contain olS)) as one element: such are mel-ody (sec 100, 8), par-ody (see 46, 5), pros-ody, and rhaps-ody; and also, with a change which obscures the form of riSr}, trag-edy (rpay(phia, Latin tragoedia ). and com-edy (/ea>/A&>Si'a,
ing,
Latin comoedia).
The
significance of the
is
first
part
of rhaps-ody, trag-edy,
and com-edy
uncertain.
8. From &pa was taken the Latin hora'; and from hora, through a French form, is derived the English hour. Then directly from Greek we have
(with the inserted hyphen-like

5, a), hor-o-scope
-o-)
hor-o-loge (see 51,
(see 74, 9), hor-o-meter (see 57, 4).
IV.
Q-Vebbs: Pkesent Indicative and

Infimtivk Active.
32.
Present Indicative Active. 1 write Sing. 1 ypdcpa^

2 ypdipeis
you write
he (she,
it} zrrites
3 ypd<pei
Dual 2 ypdeperov
3 ypdeperov
you (two} write

they (two~) write
Plu.
1 ypd(poaev_
2 ypdtpere
'we write you write

the// write
3 ypdtpov^k
Present Infinitive Active.

ypd(peiv to write
35]
O- VERBS.
23
33. Most Greek verbs are conjugated in the present tense like ypdcf)0), and are called, from the Besides the ending of the first form, co-verbs. singular and plural they have a second and third
person dual, but no first person dual. a. The accent of the verb, with but few exceptions, stands
as far from the end of the word as possible; that
if
is,
on the penult,
the ultima has a long vowel or diphthong, otherwise on the

is
antepenult, if there
an antepenult.
34.
Vocabulary.
a/covco
ev, adv.,
7]
hear (acou-stic).
well (eu-phony).
history, story.
ICTTOpid, -?
fxavOdpco (root fxa6^)

1 ovfo adv.,
learn (math-ematics).
machine (mechanic).
ov, ovk,
7)
not.
CJ-ôX//, -79
G-yo\aC,oi (fr. crôX?;)

rriXe, adv.,
?;
(1) leisure, (2) school. have leisure. at a distance, far (tele-phone).

sound, voice (tele-phone).
(f)a>v/), -779
(pcoveco (fr. cpcovrj)
sound (phonograph).
hand (chir-ography).
35. Exercises.
I.
Trans ;late into English.

2
Tjj
jjcrj-âvij
t i)\e
T>]v
cf)ojv>]v
(tele-phone)
1 Proclitic (see 19). The form ov is used before com ovk before a smooth breathing, o&x before a rough breathing. 2 Translate, By means of, etc. Tin- dative is used in Creek.
;i
like the
Latin ablative, to denote means or a
24
aKovofiev.

2. 3.
f)
[36
fitjâvr)
rfj
t<j
>')
(fxovu*;
rypdfei (phono(chir-o-
graph).
5.
iv
a)(o\fi
4.
xiP
ypd<f>eiv
rfj
graphy) fiavOdvei.
7)
ov a)ô\d^L<; iv
6.
crôXfj
(hhi)
ev (pcoveet (eu-phony).
7. ti
ov crôA'b/xej>
*n)
<
d/coveiv t>]v iaropidr.

8.
ixavddvere irepl
yf}<;
ai a)8al ovtc ev cjxoveovcrt.

II.
The machine writes at-a-distance (tele-graph). 3. What are you 2. They have-leisure in youth. 5. They are writing? 4. What do you hear?
1.
writing the history (histori-o-graph-er) of the ma7. We are writing 6. They have herbs. chines. 8. We hear songs in the sounds (phon-o-graphy ). 9. Are you learning the the season of the herbs.
song again
36.
1.
Notes on Derivatives.
hearing,
is
Acoustic,
'pertaining to
a clipped
form of dicovariK6<i, an adjective with an ending which we shall meet frequently. The addition of
an
-s
gives the noun acoustics, the science of sounds,
as heard.
2.
The adverb
force
of of
ev appears in the
easy, good,
in
form
a
eu-
with
the
well,
considerable
number
60, 1.)
3.
words besides eu-phony.

is
(See
51, 5, a\
but has come
merely a corrupted form of history, to have a slightly different meaning. We speak" of such form-. ;is corrupted (literally spoiled), because at first the change was simply a
Story
36]
Q.-VERBS.
25
mistake, or blunder, due to carelessness or ignorance but after a while the new form became common, accepted by eveiy one. and general good usage makes a word entirely respectable and correct. These slight changes of form, followed often by a variation of meaning, are no small part of the growth and development of a language, and the process is all the time going on. 4. Mijxavi'/ also is represented by two different forms. First it became in Latin machina ; this became machine in French, from which the word was taken into English. Then more directly from
;
Greek we have mechan-ic (^jâw/cc?), mechan-ism, with various derivatives and compounds. 5. A special meaning of erôX?? was leisure devoted to study; this gave the Latin schola, from which we get schol-ar (Latin scholaris} and the corrupted form school. Scholastic â-ôXacnLKosi), is from cry;oA.&>. Again, from aôXi] is derived (with a changed but clearly related meaning)
(T)(o\lov an explanation, comment, scholium. Scholium has the Latinized ending, -urn for -ov. Finally, from crô'Xtoy is derived scholiast âôXiaarri^'), a commentator, especially one of those otherwise
unknown commentators whose explanations are found on the margins of old Greek and Latin
manuscripts.
6.
Phonetics (from ^wvrj')
is
the science of spoken
sounds, or the sounds of the
human
voice,
and
is
thus to be distinguished from acoustics (see 36. 1). Phonetic ((J)(ovr]TiK6'i). is the corresponding adjective.
26

:
[37-
V. A-Declensiox
37.
Second Class of Feminines.
41]
A.-DECLENSION
SECOND CLASS.
27
iroieos
7]
f)
make. (poet).
-d<?
a(fialpa,
ball, sphere.
vyi&ja, -a?
health,
good health (Hygeia).
i)
xifAaipa, -a?
she-goat (ehimaera).
40.
I.
Exercises.

2.
/;
1.
"Eôucrt crfyaipav
3.
(t's)
,
yjpuaipa rr)v p,ovcnK)]v

iroieovcn.
;
d/covei.
a'i
rj
fiovaai
fiovcritcyjv
4.
7?)
tl
iari^v) 1
crcjiaipa.
Siatra
t?)<?
îp,alpd\
5.
//
e'crrt
6.
at
fiovcrat,
ov
pbavOdvovai
al
yjixaipat
t?
rem
t>;?
^tfiaipd'i &>_?,
qyffi
7.
(nor)
ray
fJLOvawv
(pha<i.
vjieiqiL ejôpev iv tffig.

/>//
II.
1.
The she-goat by her (Greek idiom

35,
I.,
^7^;
1) mode-of-life has good-health. 2. are learning about the mode-of-life of the 3. hear the language of the muse. muses.
compare
We
We
4.
They
are
writing music
5.
sounds well. 6. He is making a hear the music of the spheres ?

41.
1.
ball.
The language 7. Do you
Notes
071
Derivatives.
VXcorra appears, in the sense of language, in

<y\w(jcra
poly-glot (poly-
Greek
means many ; see came to mean an
91, 12).
In later
obsolete ov foreign
1 After (ttl and also after any word ending in -<ri, v is often added, whether the next word begins with a vowel or with a consonant. This is called v movable.
28
|-
word, requiring explanation, and then an explana tion given for such a word. In this sense we have
the form gloss, and the derivative glossary.
The
name
from yXojTra, was given (probably from the resemblance in shape) to the mouthpiece of a musical instrument like our clarinet: and k physicians applied the same term to the n irrow upper end of the windpipe or larynx (see the latter is the meaning of glottis. 76) 2. The muses were goddesses of literature and the arts, and everything over which they presided was included under fiovaiKi). Later, /movo-iki') was restricted to the art of music, as we understand
y\corri<;,
;
that term.
3.
Hemi-sphere has for
its first
part
f)fii-,
Greek
prefix
prefix
semi-,
meaning
half,
related
to
the
Latin
HemiIn forms part of many English scientific terms. sphere and its derivatives, ae, the Latin equivalent The change was of ac, has been replaced with e. made because the letter e represents nunc simply the sound which was given to ae in the English
and never used
as a separate word.
pronunciation of Latin.
So
in diet
from
Siaira,
and
in chimera.
4. 'Tyieia was personified as a goddess of health. Hygeia. the English word representing the later From the same word we shortened Greek form.
have hygiene and hygienic.

5.
The chimaera was

a tail.
fabulous
a
fire-spouting
monster, with
serpent's
goafs body,
lion's
is
head, and a
Hence the word
often used for
43]
A -DECLENSION
M. LSC'l
'L
IN ES.
29
any imaginary object of

chimera,
diet.
e
fear.
It is usually spelled
ae, as in
taking the place of

adjective
sphere and
The
chimerical
often
is
does
not
imply fear, but only that the thing improbable or impossible.^

VI. A-Declensiox
42.
o (/3tTc7-)
fanciful
and
Masculines.
6 (iroXiTci-*)
6 (/3ope-)
30

44.
[44
Vocabulary.
(3aX\(o
6 fiopidi, -ov 6 heairoTT]^, -ov
1
throw.
north-wind (Boreas).
..
of slaves ^despot).
Kpivw
o fcptTTjs, -ov
judge.
judge
(critic).
of,
trapd, prep. w. dat., at the side
beside (paxargraph).
irapa-fidXXw
U TTOLTITm, -OV
(
compare
,
(literally, throw beside).
poet (literally,
iroieco)
N
maker, from
7)
7rapa-j3d\A,
-179
comparison, illustration, parable.

citizen (politics).
6 iroXirrjs, -ov
virep,
prep.
\V.
ace.,
\
beyond (hyper-critical).
outdo, excel (literally, throw be-
v7rep-/3dXXa>
nd).
\
excess,
extravagance
(literally.
f)
v7rep-/3o\>j,
-f}<}
I
over-shooting), hyperbole.
45. Exercises.
I.
1.
2.
3.
wapd
6
'H x ei P T0U ôXirov fidXXei r^v acpalpav. rfj coSfj ypdcpo/xev (paragraph) /xovaiKi'jv.
ov aypXdêi
acpalpa 7rapafSdXXofiev.
ftdXXeiv rnv a<palpav. 5. S) heairora,
Sea-TroTi]?
4.
T))v <y?]V
OVK CLKOVei<i T)]V TOV KptTOV (p(i)V)']V ; 6. 01 TTOXlTai ovk aKovovat rrjv irapaôX^v. 7. rco KptT.ypd<peTov 8. ri inrep rov irep\ rrjq twv ttoXitwv v7repf3oXi}^. fiopedv (hyper-borean) io-ri (is, Latin est)
;
Aco-n-oT^s
draws the accent back
in the vocative singular;
8eo"7roTa.
46]
A-BECLENSION
II.
MASCULINES.
31
throwing ball again. 2. The master compares the head of the poet to a ball. 3. Have we a master? 4. Citizens, yon hear the voice of the judges. 5. We do not judge the
1.
The
citizens are
citizens.
master.
poets.
the ball beyond the comparing the judges. 8. Citizen, you are learning the language of the
6.
7.
They throw
are
We
46.
1.
is
From
the root of Kptvoa and Kpir/^

icptriico^
derived
icpi-
the adjective
gives us
capable
of judging, which
;
critic, critical, criticise, criticism
also
Tijpiov criterion,
and
Kpiais judgment, trial, which
gives us
2.
litical,
crisis.
we have not only politics, pobut also (through TroXireid, -<? administration, form of government) polity, policy, and the still farther shortened police.
-rroXt-n^
;
From
politic
3.
The
derivatives of
fidWo show
the original
form of the root with one X, and often with a changed to o, as in 7rapa/3o\/) and u7rep/3o\?/. In parable the o, even, has been dropped, but the adjective parabolical is nearer to the Greek form. Another compound of ftdWco is Sia-(3dXX(o ler, in which the force of the separate parts is not very clear. From Sia-,SdX\o) come Siafto\>) slander and SidfioXo? slanderer. This latter was used especially as a title of Satan, and has been
corrupted into devil; but, as with parabolical, the
32
THE GEEEE IX ENGLISH.
[46-
adjective diabolical
was taken more directly from
the
4.
Greek form.
Poet, poetry,
and poesy come to us through and poesis, which have lost the of the original Greek form. In Greek itself, however, iroUm and its derivatives were often written and pronounced 7roe&>, etc., without i. 5. In a par-ody (jrapwhia, horn irapd and -JS;y see 29 and 31, 7) the words of some writing are altered jusl enough to give them a laughable turn, while they still remind one of the original. Thus
the Latin forms porta
i
in reading- the parody

nal,
one seems to hear the origipoem, sounding beside it. Paragraph was used at first to denote a mark or note written beside the page, in the margin. Now it denotes especially the sign used to denote a break in the composition, and the beginning of a new line farther than usual from the margin; and.
usually
a
finally, the
word stands
Parais
for a section
or division
thus begun.
fcific
an element in
many
scien-
in
words. 6. The preposition birep has the meaning beyond a few English derivatives; thus hyper-borean,
<
beyond the north-wind, and so in the Secondly, in a number of derivatives the element hyper- denotes an extreme degree, or too much, of something, as in hyper-critical, (('dinpare witli this the related Latin word super-, as in
literally
./-
treme north.
super-natural, super-sensitive.')
49 J
0-BEGLENSION
MASCULINES.
34
KCLl
THE GREEK
and.
IX ENGLISH.
[50-
O KOa/MO<i, -OV
(1) order, (2) ornament, (3) the universe, world (cosmos).
icoapeco
adorn (cosmetic).
speak,
(
Xeyco
6 A.0'709, -ov (fr
tell.
)
(
word,
-\
)
(2)
talk,
discourse,
Xeyco)
O fMvOoS, -OV
1)
account,
description
(an-
6809, -OV
thropology). tale, legend, myth. road, way (odo-meter

54).
see (cosin-orama).
see meter,
opaco
6 (piXos, -ov 6
friend (phil-anthropy). time (chrono-logy

soul
{
xpovos, -ov
).
Psyche).
50. Exercises.
I.
1.
Ol
Troirjral
wSa?
Troieovai.
2.
rbv /3iov tov

<j)lXo<;
fcpirov
ypd(pop,ev
(bio-graphy).
3.
ypdcpei
Ttov epeovtov
Xoyov (phon-0-logy) real Ttov puvOcov Xoyov (mythology). 4. 0/'Xo? avdpco-rrcov (phil-anthrop-ist) >. iaropidv ypdtpei. yXcoaaa tov Kptrov ev Xeyei.
>)
6.
<\vayiyvu>cricop,ev
rrj<;
"ÛX ^
7
Y 0V
(psych-O-logy)
8.
7.
7roXiT^<?
ov yiyvojcr/cei rbv ypovov.

rfj
opdere
rbv Spopov iv
b8ro
9.
rovs pvOovs Ttov troirjTtov

10.
ui>ayiyvcoo-K6Te
(
iv
rfj
ayoXf).
1
e%ei
/c6crp,o<;
">il
meaning)
yfrvxyv;
11. ev Xeêt irepl tov (say
lux) (piXov.
Certain ancient thinkers believed that
it.
lias.
51]
0-DECLENSION
II.
MASCULINES.
35
1.
citizen of the
world (cosmo-polite)
is
read-
ing an account of the times (chrono-logy). 2. The 3. They are reading poets speak and Ave hear. 4. We hear the words the tale of the chimera. 5. They read an account of life (bioof friends. logy) and an account of the earth (ge-o-logy see 6. The poet is making an ode about the 31, 3). 7. The poets adorn the legends and write soul.
;
poems
9.
Qrroirifiara).
8.
The
life
adorns the man.

10.
Do you
see a
man
beside the road?
He
is
speaking about the race of a

51.
1.
man and
a she-goat.
In bio-graphy, bio-logy, cosmo-polite, and chronoit is
end of the stem of îe number of that part, ftio-, Koafxo-, XP 0V0 'compounds in which the first member was an ostem was very large, so large that the o- came to be carelessly regarded as a mere device for connecting the two parts of any compound. Hence the -o- was often inserted in other cases, where it
logy,
first
plain that the letter
o-
at the
part of the
compound belongs
to the
is
only a sort of spoken hyphen, connecting the

first
two members, although the have ended originally in a- or

31, 3.)
2.
member may
(See
a consonant.
The root of ycyvMa-Koj is yvo- or yva>-, related word know, in which the k was formerly pronounced. From this root was formed cyvwarucos
to our
36
[51
"knowing" whence our word Gnostic. An ancient were called Gnostics, because they claimed to be particularly "knowing" on certain (For agnostic see 60, 3, J.) Gnome is subjects.
religious sect
also a derivative of yiyvcocncco
;
certain imaginary
beings were so called because they were supposed to know where mineral treasures were hidden in
the earth.
3.
Apofxos appears
in
palin-drome
to us
(see
31,
6),
and dromedary, which comes

tion of derivative endings.
through a late Latin form dromedarius, -edarius being a, combina4.
K007A09 appears in English in two meanings, at first sight seem not very closely connected. First, from the meaning ornament, we
which
get,
through
Koa/xero
and
h'oa/-n]riKas\
the
word
cos-
Secondly, the visible universe was called k6(t/xo<;, as being an orderly, well-arranged system ; and in this sense we have cosmos, from which cosIn cosmo-polite, mic and cosmical naturally follow. cosmo-politan the tirst part, instead of including the entire universe, is restricted to the various counmetic.
tries of the earth.
So
in
cosm-orama, of which the
second part
5.
a.
is
from opdm.
-log-,
The
syllable
representing
A,o'yo9
in
the sense of discourse, account, description, appears in many name.-, of sciences, like those in the Exercises.
In
fact
this
element, preceded by an
often
the
is
so familiar that there has even been formed from

it
the separate
plural as a rather
word ology, u^vl most humorous name for
in
the
sciences.
51]
0-DECLEN8I0N
MASCULINES.
37
Eu-logy (see 36, 2) is good talk, a speaking well, about one; that is, praise. Eu-logium is a longer form of the same word eu-logize is the correspond;
ing verb.
pro-logue
(77736
something spoken
before, as
before, Latin pro} is an introduction to a
poem
o-loge
or play.
(Compare
epilogue, 68, 6.)
hor-
(wpa, see 31, 8) is an instrument which tells Further, X070? signifies that power of the time. the mind which is exhibited in speech, namely, From X070? in this sense we have logic reason.
(Xo'yiKrj), the science of reasoning.
b.
The
preposition avd, up or along, has taken on
a variety of meanings, the connection of which is not so plain as might be wished. Like Latin re(seen in re-pel, re-novate, re-neiv) it signifies back
and again.
again,
Thus from we have ana-gram,
dva-ypd<pa> write back or
word
or phrase
formed
by
re-writing in a different order, or transposing, the letters of another word or phrase. So anachron-ism is a transposition or confusion of the time
(j^povo<i) of events.
In hva-yiyd>vo~Kw the preposi-
tion has the force of again,

baptist,
and likewise
in ana-
one who holds that those baptized in infancy
should be re-baptized
tize).
when
older (/3a7rTt&> bap-
Then
in
in the sense of
two or three phrases dvd was used according to ; one of these was dvd
Xoyov, in which \6709 also has a highly specialized From this phrase sense, that of reckoning or ratio. was formed the adjective dvakoyos analogous, ap-
plied to things which are to each other according to a certain ratio, or which are alike in their rela-
38
[51
The neuter form avdXoyov tions or circumstances. gives us analogon or analogue, an analogous word or Am<7 ; analogy (avakoyla) is the relation between
analogous things.
The prefix ana- is found in many scientific terms. and should not be confused with negative an-, for which see 60, 3, b. c. The preposition Kara down is also much used in composition with meaning more or less changed.
Thus Kard-Xoyos
list,
a telling down, as
it
cata-logue;
cata-comb
(*:u/z/3?7,
-r/<?,
were, thai is something
hollow), underground
passages
where the
dead
were deposited.
6.
Philo-, phil,
and
-phile are the representatives
mankind, philharmonic (apixovid harmony), philter (<pi\rpov lovecharm, or means of producing love), philo-Turkish, Turco-phile, Slavo-phile, phil-hellenic ("EWvv a Philo-logy is etvmologieally Greek"), and others.
of
<f)l\o<i,
as in phil-anthropy, love of
fondness for words or for language ; hence the study of words or of language, or in a larger sense, the study of literature and all that is expressed in language. 7. Xpovo? gives us chronic, applied to diseases thai have lasted a long time, and chronicle, a narrative
8.
of events in the order of time. Psychic (-\/ri/Y//<:o<?) is our

Psych-o-logy
is
adjective
from
i/ruY^'-
the science which treats of

of the soul.
the nature
and powers
54]
0-
40
to epyov, -ov
eo-Ti(v) 1
TIIE
GREEK IN ENGLISH.
work (en-erg-y)
he (she, it)
the// are.
is.
[55
to-i(vy
6 ?;Xto?, -ov
sun (helio-trope).
theatre (place of seeing, Bed). heat (therm-al).
rb dedrpov, -ov
to Oeppuov, -ov
to pieTpov, -ov
;,
measure (meter, metr-ic).
, ,
-ov (related) , to opyavov, N v r ' \instrument (organ), to epyov) )

irepi,
prep. w. gen.,
about, concerning.
w.
ace.,
around (peri-meter).
rose (rhodo-tlendron).
staff, sceptre.
to poSov, -ov
to crKrjTTTpov, -ov
Tp7ro)
6 T/307TO?, -ov (fr. Tpe7T(o),
turn.
a turn (trope).
few other words,
is,
55.
The verb-forms
cort and elm, with a
are enclitics (from ev and kXIvw lean); thai
they usually
have no
a.
accent of their
in this
own, but lean
<<//
the preceding word. the following rules

it
As to accents
connection we have
enclitic, (1) If
The word before an

it
has the acute
<>n
the ultima, does not change the acute to the grave:
77-0177x179
eon. (2) If on tlie an' / icm, opyavov

h.
lias
it
mill,
the circumflex on the penult, or the acute takes also an acute on the ultima : crfyalpa.
eari.
t>'-<>
An
enclitic of
syllables takes an acute
if
the preceding
word
lias
an acute on the penult
on the ultima, : p68ov eorri.
56.
I.
Exercises.
1.
'O
av0pco7ro<i
1
eêt poBa atrh Se'vSpov (rhodoI., 4,
See 40,
with note.
56]
O-DECLEKSIOS
2. 6 ev
NEUTERS,
41
dendron).
rpov.
tw Oearpai 1 dv9pcoiro<; e%et aKrfiriart to fihpov rfc 68ov 8ia (dia-meter) tov rjKuov Kal to fieTpov t?}<? 68ov irepl (peri-od) tov
3. tL
rfkcov (peri-helion)
4. i/c
tov opydvov yiyvdto-KOfiev
5. 6 to tov Oepfxov fierpov (thermo-meter). Tpeiret ttjv (say his~) fce<f>a\r}v airo tov >)\lov.
KpiT^
6.
e'/c
tov fiiov
<ptkoi.
TffV -^rvxv v avOpoo-rrov ytyvwo-Kofiev. 7. 8. Oi TTOLt]Tai TpOTTOVS T>}? 6BoV OV% OpdeTG.
9.
tovs
etcn
ol <pi\ot eiai TT0i7)Tai.
10. ov -n?\e airb
tov Oefnpov SevBpov itrri. 11. ol <J)lXol KOo-fMeovai 12. tC 7T0ieet TO poSots TTjV TOV ttoiijtov /cecpakijv.
deppuov
II.
1.
You do
not perceive the measure of the time

2.
(chrono-meter).
3.
We
see roses in the theatres.
The man makes a road around the earth (peri4. The earth is far from the sun (aphgee). 5. In work (energy), not in talk, is the elion 2 ). way of the soul's health. 6. [There] is a tree 8. The 7. On the tree is a rose. beside the road.
sun makes the rose. 9. I see the helio-trope (to 10. What is the vikio-TpoTTiov) and the roses. 11. The sun adorns the measure of the staff? 12. The heat of the sun turns earth with roses. back the citizen from the road.
i
Such
a phrase standing
between the
oltto
article
and
its
noun
modifies the noun. 2 Before the rough breathing
may
lose its final vowel,
and then takes the form
a<fi.
42

57.
1.
[57-
Apology (a7ro-\oyLa, from a7ro and X0709) is literally a talking off, with which are connected
Apo-logue, though of the apologize and apologetic. same derivation exactly, has a curiously different meaning. Usage often proves stronger than etymology in fixing the significance of words. Apo-
gee has
2.
7,7
for its
is
Di-orama
to see through.
second part. from Si-opdw (from Bid and opdoi) (Compare cosmorama, 51, 4. and
is
panorama, 110, 11.) 3. Exodus (e|-oSo?)

Latinized ending
tains a
-us.
from e| and 0869, with Meth-od (/xeO-oSos') also con-
osition fxerd,
fragment of 6S6?', the first part is the prepwhich with the accusative means after. As otto before the rough breathing becomes d<f>%so
Method, then, is primarily a going after, something; hence an inquiry, then the systematic way of making an in-
fierd
becomes
fie0\
way
after, or a
quiry or investigation. 4. The name George

710?,
is our eon notion of Tecopwhich goes back finally to an older form of yij and the root of epyoi\ and so means earihrworker, In forming the compound, a petiller of the soil A similar culiar change of vowels lias taken place. change has taken place in geo-metry (yewperpea), land-measuring; for the Greek science of geometry was used originally for measuring land. For horo-meter (also containing fiirpov) compare 31, 8. 5. From rfkios come various scientific terms,
58]
ADDITIONAL A- AND O-STEMS.

heliacal, connected with
43
such as
meter, originally
the sun, and helioan instrument for measuring the
diameter of the sun. 6. Along with the theatre must be placed amphitheatre. The preposition a/x(pi around, about, is In composition it related to Latin ambo, both.
often
latter
means (1) on
is
both sides, (2) double. The the force of amphi- in amphi-theatre, and
also in amphi-hious (/3i'o?),

is.
having
double
life,
that
in the
7.
water and
tropic
is
in air.
The
the apparent turning-jpl&ce of

a corrupted form of Tpoiraiov,
the sun.
Trophy
is
related to rpoiros.
At
the place where the
enemy
turned in flight during a battle, the Greeks piled up, or fastened on a tree, part of the armor taken from the enemy. This remained as a memorial of
victory.
7To?
(For variation of compare /3d\Xa>, 46, 3.)

IX. Additional A58.
of rpeTrw to o of rpo-
and O-Stbms.
Vocabulary.
6 clyye\os, -ov
ayyeWco
6 a,Se\(p6<;, -ov o aiikos, -ov
messenger (angel). report, announce.

brother (Adelphi).
eVt, prep.
w. ace,
1 o 0eo<?, -ov
iWo?,
1
-ov
pipe (hydr-axil-ic). to (after verbs of motion). a god, God (theo-logy). horse (hippo-drome).
is
The vocative singular of deos Compare Latin dens, vocative deus.
like
the nominative.
-II

ice (crystal). circle
<
[59
6 6
))
fcpvoTaWos, -ov
kvkXos, -ov
fAOpifil], -7]<i
cycle, cyclone).
form (morphology).
house of the muses, museum.
to puovaelov, -ov
fr. [xovo-a)
6 7rapd8eicro<;, -ov 6 7T0\6/i0?, -OV

6 TTOTCLfJLOS, -OV
park ^paradise). war (polemics). river hippopotamus).

(
areWo)
a7ro-o~TeX\.(o 6 <<7TU-0"T0X09, -OV
send.
send away.
envoy, ambassador (apostle),
letter (epistle).
art, skill
V
?)
irrL-aroXi'],
->}<?
Tkyyy),
-77?
(techn-ology).
6 T07TO?, -OU
T(J l/Scop
place (topo-graphy).
water (hydr-aulics).
6 <p6j3os, -ov
fear
59.
I.
livdro-phob-ia).
Exercises.

81 a
1.
To
vBcop pel (floivs~)

'2.
tov avXov (hydr-aulic,

lttttov
hydr-aulics).
opda>
ruv
iv
1
rm
vrorafxco
(hippo-potamus).
elo-i.
3. 01 d8e\<f>ol (piXoi
(Phil-adelphia)
4. (/>(Xo9
tinrmv (Phil-ip,
pel
('X,i7T7rosO irepl
tmv
to
2 ro7rcov ypd(f>ei (topo-graphy) rCov iv rep irapaheia^.

f>.
7TOTa/Ao sG.
iv
kvk-Xm
(en-cycl-ical)
irepl
fiovaelov.
1
ftopius iroieei
tcpvaraWov
;
iv
roU
The
article
is
omitted with
often distinguish the subj eel

1
thus we can a predicate noun from the predicate noun when
hey stand side by side,

2
:i-;
hero.
iv
The
repetition of
tw
shows that
tw TrapaSucru belong*
tO TOTTUiV.
60]
ADDITIONAL A- AND O- STEMS.

7.
45
p,op(pijv.
TTOTafiols.
8. 9.
6 a<yye\o<i opdet ti]v
tov deov
ol deol
ot
areXXovcrt^v^ dyyeXovs eVt dvdpdnrow;.
aSe\<pol (Adelphi) p,avQdvovo-i(y) dvcvyiyvco-
10. ol arrot9 iirLO~ToXa<i tmv turoaToXwv. aroXoc iirtaroX^v jpdcpovat to3 Kptrfj. 11. o <po/3o<; tov KpvcndXXov rpeirei fie (we) a7ro tou tottov. 12. ot
criceiv
#eol eôvcri ttjv (p(ovi]V ical rrjv fiopcprjv dvQpdiirwv
(anthropo-morphic).
13. ol dirocrroXoi,
dyyeXXovai
tovs twv d8eX<pcop Xoyovs.

II.
1.
The
of war. turns the horse in a circle around the park beyond the museum. 4. The water in the pipes is from the river. 5. The horses perceive the fear of the 6. are reading an account of the arts master. (techn-o-logy) 7. Fear in war does not adorn the
horses in the park are learning the art 3. He 2. The messengers announce war.
We
.
citizens.
9.
8.
You do
letters
not see the forms of the gods.

arts
bassador?
from the brothers of the amadorn the life of men. 11. The letter reports the ambassador's words about war. 12. The heat of the sun sends-away 13. Do you see instruments ice from the rivers. 14. The brothers perof war in the museums ? 15. The amceive the skill of the citizens in war.
Have you
10.
The
bassador's friend
60. 1.
is
in the messenger's place.
(36,
2),
As was
said before
the adverb eS
often has in composition the meaning good.
From
46
[60-
ev and ayyeXos was formed the noun ev-ayyeXiov good tiding s, which is also the meaning of our Saxon word gospel. In Latin this became evanrara, the sound of the combination of Greek letters eva- being best represented to the Roman ear by eva-, pronounced in the Roman way. Evangelium gave us evangel, evangelical, evangelize, etc., pronounced in our English way, which causes the first syllable to sound very different from the Greek
ev.
2.
Philadelphia
is
usually translated
brotherly
love; the verb
cptXeco,
to
I
from
cf)i\os, is
the
common
word signifying
3. a. Theology is the science which treats of the nature of God,and his '.elation to his works. Theist
and theism
b.
are
formed from
deus* as deist
and
deism from Latin deus.

A-theist lias for its first
(which takes the form
av- before a
to
element the syllable avowel), called

take away).
alpha privative (Latin privo,

syllable has the force of not
in
This
such words as
is
in-active
which in- and un- have and un-known; in fact

in-
av-
the original form, related to our negative
(from Latin) and

called negative av-.
theist.
and might more lit! Accordingly a-theist means

itw-,
So from
fiop^tj
we have
a-morphous, literally
shape-less; from vhrnp, an-hydrous av-v8pos water-lex*
and from gnostic (see 51, 2), a-gnostic. Cai sometimes necessary in order to distinguish this an- followed by -a- from the preposition ana- (see
51, 5, 5).
60]
ADDITIONAL
Apo-theosis
V-
AND
O-STEMS.
47
deify,
is formed directly from airo-Oeixo which goes back to euro and deo^. Theo-dore (eo-So)/jo9 gift of CrocT) lias for its second part
c.
Scopoi', -ov, gift.
Poly-theism (see 91, 12)
is
a belief
in
many
4.
gods.
Hippo-drome, from
is
tWos and
S/50/A09, literally
horse-race,
mostly used of a place for a ho

the syllable
hi- is
race.
5.
In
bi-cycle,
a Latin prefix
meaning
(For tricycle see 82, 8.) 6. Morpheus (from /xopcf)ij) was the god of dreams (literally the shaper or fashioner) and hence the god of sleep. From Morpheus in this latter s< we have morphine. In meta-morphosis (from p,eradouble.
(iop<p6a)
trans-form) the preposition /nerd, as
is
often
the ease, denotes a change.

psyehosis (p.er-epi-tyvôo)
So also in met-emeV,
from êrJ,
is
and ^%/y),
the doctrine that the soul, after the death of the
body which
tion of
it
inhabits,
reborn into another.

is
Antliropo-morph-ism (av6pwrro<i)
the representa-
God
in tli"
form
or with the character of
man.
another instanc< of a word which Greek original, while its ad(Comjective apo-stolic has retained the vowel. pare parable and parabolic, devil and diabolic, 46, 3.) Epistle and epi-stol-ary are another similar pair.
7.
Apo-stle
is
has lost the
o-
of the
(With the
rivatives of
8.
variation of
to o in the derivatives of
o in
drew compare
the variation of a to
46, 3.
the de-
See also 57, 7.) Tixyy gives us technical, pertaining to an art
fiaWw,
48
or trade
;
THE GBEEK
technique
TN ENGLISH.
[61
technical or material part of
(through the French), the an art, as distinguished

part, as in
from the intellectual and imaginative

arts ; also poly-technic (see 91, 12).
9.
music or painting; techn-o-logy, a description of the

"TScop generally appeal's in English as hydr-.
Examples arc hydra (a portentous water-serpent on which grew two new heads for every one cut off),
hydr-ant, hydr-o-meter (/zeVpoi/), hydr-o-graphy, hydr-
o-phobia
((/>o'/3o<?)-
X. Adjectives of
61.
the Vowel Declension.
These adjectives follow the second declension in the masculine aid neuter, and the first declension in the feminine.
Thus
-?/),
the
-ov
singular ends in
j
-09, -a
(or
nominative (Latin -us, -a,
u/m).
ADJECTIVES OF THE VOWEL DECLENSION. 49
60
65.
[65-
The relative pronoun agrees with Rule. antecedent in gender, number, and person, but takes the case required by the construction of its
its
own
clause.
66.
Vocabulary.
a<ya$6<},
civtl,
-?;,
-ov
good (Agatha).
instead
of.
prep. w. gen.,
to darpov, -ov
(astr-al).
S-self;
etc.
myself, himself, itself
(auto-biography); presd
bj the article,
mmc.
to fiifiXiov, -ov
8okco
;
book (Bible).
think.
&oa,
-77?
(fr.6Ww), opinion (ortho-dox).

wp<M
eVt, prep. w. dat.,

ere/309, -a, -ov
ica/cos,
-rj,
(compare 58 eV/)*
caco-phony
).
other (hetero-dox).
-ov
bad
6 \{0os, -ov
\
stone (litho-graph).
alone,
only, only too- (mono'
novo,,
-v,
-ov
j
gram)
,1.
p^pa
6 v6fio<i
2
f
al out, distribute
(Nemesis).
upright,
-ov(fi: vfxco), law (metro-nome).

(
(1)
straight,
/////(/
(2)
6pd6s,
-i],
-6v
\ (
(3)
(as opposed to
wrong} (ortho-dox).
singular of aero? is declined like (ro<o?, but has no
The neuter nominative and accusative

is
avrd; otherwise the word vocative form.
2 No/xos means. first, what is deaft owi to one and so whal is held in use and possession hence the meanings custom, usage, and finally law. For change of to o compare 60, 7.
;
67]
ADJECTIVES OF THE VOWEL DECLENSION.

6
51
6'?, 7] y
who, that, which.

sell.
7r&)Xea>
6 /3i/3~\.io-7ra)\r}<;, -ov
book-seller, biblio-pole.
aocpos,
rj
-i],
-ov
wise (theo-soph).
crocpld, -a?
wisdom (Sophia).
67.
I.
Exercises.
1.
KpiTrj?
2.
ypdcpei
7rot??T/)9
dyadbv
{3lJ3\iov rrepl
rwv
vbpwv.
oi
avrbs ypdcpet (auto-graph.)

.
rbv {his) /3iov (auto-bio-graphy )

robs
3.
ol
rroXirai
vopovs
elac.
avrol
rroiiovaiv,
avrbvopoi (auto\i6(p rbv voptov

e'^66
nomous)
ypdipeiv
crroXrjU,
4.
ov cryoXdôpev
5.
eirl
(litho-graph).
>}
dirbaroXos
eVt6.
ayyeWei
rr/v
Soâv rcbv ttoXItmv.

jSifiXia
7.
iv
%p6v(p
p.avQdvovaiv dyaOd
6
dvayiyvda/ceiv
1
avrl /ca/cwv j3ij3\iwv.
\Wo$
pijyvvai (breaks)
8. ra<i rcov aocpcov
rbv KpvaraXkov
Sola's
9.
iirl tco irorapicp.
rrepl
roiv
dcrrpcov /xavOdvofxev
Sk
ftiftXieov.
bpdere rbv erepov dhe\(pbv rod dyyekov.

al crocpal to avrb (the
10. ol
crocpol teal
same thing) \eyovac

;
(tauto-logy).
12. (debs
13.
ol
11. rl So/ceere avrol rrepl rov /3i{3\lov

vep,ei rots
dyaOa
dyaOols
ical
rot? /ca/cois.
rfi
opOol povot ev dvayiyvcoo-Kovat rovs iv

vbp,ovs.
"tyiJXV
14. ovk eyop,ev rovs avrovs vbp,ov<>
0&9 erepot côvcri.

II.
1.
2.
1
Not booksellers alone sell (mono-poly) books. The wise and good man's opinion is right
adjective
The
may be used
alone as a noun, as in Latin.
52
(ortho-dox).
THE GBEEK IX ENGLISH.

3.
[68
Bad
citizens
do not make wise

(philo-soph-er)
5.
laws.
4.
I see
a friend of
sell.
wisdom
who
bad horse to citizens who make war

lias
[They]
6.
are
bad
in the land.
The sun
distributes heat.
is
7.
The
bookseller's only brother
throwing stones. 8. The poets tell (Xeyovat) a legend about the two (St/o) ways of lite. We are ourselves leading a book about the laws of
'..
tli
stars (astronomy).
of
10.
We
11.
perceive the wiscitizens

12.
dom
God
in
the stars.
The
laws, which they
write on stone.
reading the books which they have. alone is mast< c of the upright citizen. have the same law.
68.
1.
make They are 13. The law

14.
Others
means instead of; but was rather facing, opposite to, opposed to, and this last is its common meaning in composition, both in Greek and in English. Thus an anti-periodic (7rept-oSo9) medicine is one aga inst a periodical disease (as quinine for fever and
a preposition av-i
its
As
original
force
ague). The word avri-fywva (<&>!;). an adjective in the neuter plural, denoted a form of church music in which one choir or part of a choir responds to another. This became in late Latin
antifona
(retaining
the
Greek accent), which
being taken into English became (through the forms antSfne, antSvne, antSmne, dntemn, (intern)
1
An
enclitic (55) should not begin a sentence.
68]
ADJECTIVES OF THE VOWEL DECLENSION. 53
anthem, taking on a slightly extended meaning. Finally anti-phone was reintroduced in the original
sense.
said,
The
that
Anti-nomians
(i>o/ao<?)
denied,
it
was
laic.
they were bound by the moral
Anti-nomy is an opposition or contradiction of laws. In fact anti- has been so fully naturalized that it
is
now used
word
2.
freely as a prefix,
whether the rest
of the
is
Greek or
not.
So far as derivation goes, we should expect have the meaning which is really given to astro-nomy (z/o/ao<?). But here, as often one might say, the happens, use and association have given a company which the word has kept
astro-logy to
certain twist to the original force of astro-logy, so that it is now the name for a false, astro-nomy
for a true,
of
science
is
of the
;
acrrpov
aar>jp
this
asterisk (do-repia/co^
is
Another form us aster, and diminutive of the same

stars.
gives
word.
3. a.
people that has the right of using or
own laws is called auto-nomous, and Auto-maton and autoauto-nomy is the right itself. The second element is matic also contain avros.
making
its
from a Greek root

auto-maton
will,
is
fia- to
desire, or will;
hence
etymologically acting by one's own
and
so self-acting.
The word
it
is
especially
used of machines.
b.
With
;
the article before
avros signifies the
same
to avro,
often
signifies, therefore, the
run together into ravro, same thing. Hence ravro-
\oyid tauto-logy.
54
4.
[68list
biblio-graphy
is
a description or
of the
Other compounds of $i(3\iov are biblio-mania (fiavia madness'), and

books on a particular subject.
biblio-phile (</\o>>).
is usually contrasted with orthoIn para-dox the first element is irapd; but the preposition here means, not beside, but against, contrary to. Aofa also signifies the good opinion
5.
Hetero-dox
dox.
which others have

This
6.
is
of
one,
and so fame,
glory.
the force of dox- in dox-o-logy.

is
Epi-graphy
the branch of philology (see 51,
6) which deals with inscriptions cut on stone, of which there are thousands in Greek and Latin
alone. Epi-gram (êTri-ypafifia) meant originally but as these were usually such an inscription
;
short
and often
in
verse,
the
used for a
glottis
short, pit
is
n saying.
word came to be The epiIn

all
Hi-
(see 41, 1)
just over the glottis.
these epi- has the

lary
(66); in d with prologue;
meaning given ep-ode (gJS) and

see 51,
5,
in the vocal
epi-logue
(con-
a)
it
indici
something added on at the end. Further, f)nepa is the Greek word for day : before the rough breathing- itri loses the final vowel and becomes e<f thus is formed icpnfiepis diary or day-book, wh
\
eph-emeris.
'Efaj/xepos eph-emeral is the adjective,
signifying lasting for a day.

7.
Karco<i
appears in caco-phony. the opp

I.,
eu-phony (see 35, of orthodoxy (see
5); in caco-doxy. the
63. 5);
and
in
caco-graphy.
opposite of ortho-graphy (see 68, 11).
68J
ADJECTIVES OF THE VOWEL DECLENSION.

8.
55
Lithol-ogy
is
another of the "ologies"
the
words.
science which treats of stones or rocks. 9. Mows is represented by mono-, with the force
of one, or single, in a great
many English
examples are mono-gram; mono-graph, a tise on a single subject, usually of a limited nature; mon-ody, a mournful poem (&>8?/) exj> ing one persons grief; mono-theism (#eo<?), belief in owe God; mono-logue, a speech uttered by one person, contrasted with dialogue (see 105, 2), and not quite the same as soli-loquy (from Latin solus
Common
and loquor)
mono-lith
(Xfflos'),
large
:
column
mono-mania or statue of a single block of stone (jxavla 68, 4) madness on one subject only ; monotone (0 Tovos tone, from tclvm strain) mono-metallist (to fieraWov originally a mine, then metal) one
;
that one metal only, gold, should be used standard of value, whereas a ^'-metallist (compare bi-cycle 60, 5) believes that both gold and silver should be used as a double standard; monosyllable (see 110, 8); mono-phthong, a single vowel
who holds
as the
sound
(for di- see 96, 1).
(6 <j)66yyo<i sound) contrasted with di-phthong Monad is also from fiovos, a
derivative of the
80).
live
same
sort with decad (see Se/ca9,

to
Further, from /.wvos were derived fxova&o

alone
and fiovax^
single, solitary.
The
Litter
has been corrupted to monk; from fiovdfa we have mon-astery (ixovaar^ptov, -ov) and monastic (/jLovaariKos). The early monks lived alone, hence
the
name.
Monachism has retained the -a^-
of
fiovaôs-
56

10. Metro-nome
[69
of
might be rendered law-giver

;
it is the name the measure Qperpov and vofio^) of an instrument for keeping the time in music.
From
the same verb
vefico
are derived vufxo^ lair
and foot-note to wfyto?) and vofios pasture (one meaning of ve,uw is graze or pasture} vofidSe? was a term applied to tribes who moved from Hence pasture to pasture feeding their herds. our word nomad. Xeêcrf? (originally distribution) denoted indignation at undue or too great good
(see 66
;
fortune; this indignation on the part of the gods was personified as a goddess, who repaired such
inequality by humbling those
in
prosperity, especially
;
led to impiety or crime

11. Ortho-graphy
who were too proud when such haughtiness hence our word nemesis,
writing;
ortho-epy
is
retribution, divine vengeance.

is
{
right
t-7ro?
right 'pronunciation
to
a word).
1 A
theo-sophist (6e6$
believes that
spirits;
and croô?) is one who superhuman knowledge may he at-
tained by direct intercourse with

theo-soph
is
God and
in
superior
sometimes used
the same
sense,
theosophists.
and theo-sophy is the belief or doctrine of (For sophist, etc., see 74, 10.)
XI.
Q-Verbs: Present Indicative and Inimmtivk Middle and Passive.
69. The passive voice represents the subject as acted upon, while the active voice iepres< nts the
subject as acting.
There
is
also in
Greek
a middle
71]
Q-VEBBB: MIDDLE AND PASSIVE.
57
which represents the subject as acting either to, itself. But in the presbense the passive and middle have the same endings, and often are to be distinguished only by the connection in which the words arc found. In
voice
upon, or with reference
book, only the one word fyaivw show will be in the middle voice; all other forms with these endings may be understood as passive, or else as deponent (see 71).
this
used
70.
Pres. Ind.
Middle.
Passive.
S.
1 (f)aLvo-fiac
I show
myself, appear
am shown
are shown
is
cf)alpi
3 (paive-rat
you show yourself he shows himself
shown
Du. 2
cf)aiv-cr9ov
you two show yourselves are shown
3 fyaive-aOov they two show themselves are shown
PL
1 tyaivo-fieda
we show ourselves
you show
//ourselves
are shown are shown
cf)aive-(x0
3 (paivo-vrai
Pres. Inf.
they show themselves
are shoivn
aive-<rdai to
show one's self
to be
shown
71. Deponent verbs, as in Latin, are such as have the passive (middle) form, but are net ice in meaning, as aKkirToîat view. The inflection is
exactly like that of âivofjuat, but the translation is of course active.
;->S
THE GBEEK IX ENGLISH.

72.
[72-
Vocabulary.
lead.
ay to
6 6
aywyos, -ov
Bfj/xo<i,
(fr. ayco), leader,
guide (dem-agogue).
the free citizens,
the 'people,
-ov
the
true,
eru/u.0?,
-7),
-ov
commons (dem-agogue). real, nomine (etymo-
logy).
equal (iso-thermal).
/xafcpos, -a, -ov
long, large (macron).
luicpos, -a, -ov
small, Utile (micro-scope).
6 ol/cos, -ov
ol/ceo)
house (oeco-nomy).
inhabit, dwell in.
-c
7rpeo-/3vTepos, -a,
o-/c7TTOfiai, dep.,
older, elder (presbyter).
examine, view (skeptic).

watcher, lookout (micro-scope).
overseer, $rwanfa'an(episcop-al).
be clever, or wise (sophist).
(TKOTTOS,
-OV (fr.
o-K7TTOp:ai^)
O fcV('-(T/C07r09, -ov
<ro(f>iop,ai
(fr.
croô?), dep..
v7t6,
prep. w. dat.,
under.
(paivw
(pdLVOfAdL
show (dia-phan-ous ). show one's self, appear (phenomenon).

73. Exercises.
I.
1.
'O rov
8>)/xov aycoy'os
(dem-agogue) bv opdofiev
Followed by the dative. The ending -Tepos, -d, -ov is equivalent to the English denoting the comparative degree.
1
"
-fr,
73]
n-VEIiliS:
MIDDLE AND PASSIVE.

2.
59
ouk dya0b<;
eVt
(to
iroKefJLOV.
troXtrrj^ ecrrl.
3.
ot
iroXlraL ayovrai
irri
puicpb<; \i9o<;
fBdWerai
yrj
fxaxpov
a long distance).
4.
>)
virep
top fiopedv
5. 0eo9 eo-Ttv eVtWoTro? (see 46, 6) ovk ol/cierai. toO /xaKpov /caa/xou (macro-ecsm) 1 koI rod puKpov
Koafiov (micro-cosm).
6.
ol eTrto-Koirot o-KeirrovTai
t9
teal
oSovs.
7.
irpeafivTepos
o'ikg).
dSeXcpbs
8.
crocpLêrac
eêi fii/3\ia ev rco
ervfios 7rot?/T>/9
Xe'yei ervpôvs
S>/'/a<m
9. ot dyyeXoi (paivovat too \6yovstoO tcpiTov eTTKJToXi'jV. 10. >; OLKeop-evrj 11. ti u7ro tm \t#&> (inhabited) yi) \xaKpd ecrri. e'crTt ; 12. to depfibv rwv aarpwv ovk taov eari rco
T?)f
6eppL(2
(iso-thermal)
ej(to,
rod
>)\iov.
13.
Trpeafivrepov
d&eXcpbv
14.
09
e%ei 6 8f/yuo9
;
dyadbv tottov eyet ev rco Oearpm. 15. t'crot elcrlv 01 bp6ov^ dywyovs
;
dvOpwrroi,
II.
2. To learn-tois not small. the true opinions of the people is the work 4. The 3. The seasons are equal. of a wise man. skill of the overseer himself is not equal to the
1.
The
star itself
know
skill of
the
the
little
5. He is examining little bookseller. stones which are in the road. 6. True
There is 7. show themselves wise. 2 water under the house. 8. The laws of the people
overseers
are (being) written in books.
Tn contrast with the
r
9.
am
writing a
world, the larg<

2
mind of man, the micro-cosm or little was called macro-cosm. A predicate adjective belonging to the subject must agree
univ< rse
it in
with
gender, number, and case.
60
[74
long letter. 10. An upright leader of the people speaks true words. 11. In the long time of ice we do not see roses. 12. They examine the little
circles
which you are making on the

wise.
ice.
13.
The
leader of the people is-clever, but
(aWa)
does not
show himself
74.
1.
is
An
To
epi-demic disease
one prevailing among

to the
the people (eVt ra> 8?//iw).
Demotic, belonging
people, is often contrasted with hieratic (see 96, 6).

2.
erv/xov
was the Greek term

;
for the Ufa ral
sense of a
tive
3.
word
hence we have etymon, the primia
from which
word
xP V0li
is
,
derived, and etymo-logy.

'7""<'
From
t'0-09
time
chronous, lasting an equal time;
we have isofrom I'aov Oep/xov
heat, iso-therm. an iso-thermal line, or line passing through places of which the average tem-
equal
perature
is
equal; and from
'iaov
ure, iso-metric.
Iso-sceles lias for its

leg.
êrpov equal meassecond element
to creXo9, -eo? n
4.
The mark
of length over a
vowel
is
a macron.
The macro-meter measures

cephalous
5.
(fce(f)a\t]~).
objects a long
way
off.
Macro- occurs in other scientific terms, like macroMi/cpo?

is
seen in micro-scope
(o-/co7ro?),
(?/
micro-
meter,
micro-cephalous,
).
micro-nesia
vrjo-os
an
island
6.
Eco-nomy (formerly spelled oeconomy; see 14,//) from oifco-vofiia, which goes back to ol/cos and although the changes of meaning seem vo/jlos,
is
74]
SI-VERBS. MIDDLE
first sight.
ol/co<?
AND
is
PASSIVE.
61
strange at
also the estate or farm
which belonged
not only house, but to the house;
and one meaning of vifico, the primitive of v6fio<; An oIko-vo/ao? (see 66 and note 2), is to manage. was a manager of a house or an estate; hence oIkovofjbld came to signify, not only management, but This, then, is also good management, of property. the proper meaning of economy. present passive (middle) 7. In oUeofievi], the participle of ol/eea, the vowels eo were contraeted to ou; olfcovfievr], with yfj understood, was a term for the entire inhabited world. Accordingly an oecumenical council is one assembled from all
i)
lands.
8.
Priest
is
corrupted from presbyter.

is
(An
in-
termediate form
9.
prester.)
Skeptic or sceptic (âKeirrcKo^,
from aKkirroâi,
meant
originally one
who
is
inclined to examine
into statements,
examination.
in
(T/coTTo's-,
not accepting them without such The root also takes the form gkottwhich means not only watcher, but also
the
pose.
thing watched, namely, the
mark aimed
is
at.
Hence the
word.
original
meaning
of scope
aim, or pur-
From
this are
derived the other uses of the

of g-kott6$ in the sense
Among compounds
tele-scope (r//Xe)
of watcher, along with micro-scope (see 74, 5)
we
have
and
hor-o-scope, a view or de-
scription of the position of the planets at the hour
(&pa;
see 31,
8)
of one's birth; for astrologers
held that one's whole life could be foretold Prom such a horoscope. The syllable is even put with
62
[74
some words not from Greek, as in spectroscope, from Latin .spectrum. 'E7ri-aK07ro<i gave the Latin episcopus and our epi-scopal, epi-scopacy; bishop is a
corrupted form of iiri-aKOTro^ (in old English Mscop, bisceop').
10.
From
<ro<f)io/u,ai is
derived
a-o$io~Tij<i sophist.
The
sophists were teachers of eloquence, philoso:
and as many of them were phy, and politics skilled in a wordy and showy, but false, mode of Hence iment, the entire class got a had name.
the implication of dishonesty, or of an endeavor to
deceive, in our words sophistry, sophism, sophistical.
To
sophisticate
is
ties of a soîiist;
from
primarily to give one the qualithis follow sophisticated and
unsophisticated.
or (pa-. Phase phantasy or fantasy ((fravTaaui), fantastic (originally phantastic), phanall these have meantom, epiphany (eV* -<f>d veto) ings closely connected with that of appear'
11.
root
The
of (f>aivw
is
(bar-,
(^ttcrt?),
phantasm
((f)dvTaa/j,a'),
Fancy
is
a shortened
.id
form of
fantasy.
Em-phasis
from nearly the same sense of an appearing, took on the meanings declaration, significance, and finally special signifi(j)a(v(0~),
starting
adjective.
Emphatic is the or force in an expression. Diaphanous (8ta-(f)av>'j<;) signifies letting

Finally, (fraivo/xevos,
-r/,
things show through.
-ov
wing
is
the present middle participle, declined
like cvyado?.
The neuter
(paivo/xevov
phaenomenon,
ivhieli
or phenomenon, signifies, therefore, that
ap-
pears.
75]
CONSONANT DECLENSION.
Consonant Declension: Stems and -7-.
in
63
XII.
-k-
75. To the Third or Consonant Declension belong nouns whose stems end in (1) a consonant Masculines and feminines are or (2) in 1 or v. declined alike.
>/
64
THE GREEK
76.
IN ENGLISH.
[76
Vocabulary.
alcrQavofxai, dep.,
6 dptOfios, -ov
perceive (aesth-etic).
upcOfxeo)
cowwf (arithmetic).
yvp.vo$, -q, -ov
naked, bare.
exercise.
yvpvd^w
to yup.vdcnov, -ov
))
gymnasium {place for

ladder (climax).
throat, larynx.
exercise').
fcXl/jiaj;, -/cos
\dpvyg, -7709
dep.,
6 /LU/A09, -OU
p.lfieo/xai,
imitator (mime).
imitate.
oyfrofxai,
dep.,
-7],
shall see (syn-op-sis).

first
WpteTOS,
tj
-ov
(proto-type).
).
adpj;, -KO<i
flesh (sarc-ophagus
crrepeo9, -a, -ov
firm, solid (stereo-type).
avv, prep. w.
TV7TTCO
6 TV7TO<i, -OU
ilat.,
with (syn-opsis).
strike.
type (originally, what
is
caused
by a blow).
iiTTO-Kpivo/xai,
dep.
(1) answer, (2) play a part on

the stage,
6 V7T0-fCp IT >'}<;, -ov
actor (hypo-crite, hypo-crisy).

to eat
(
(payeiv, infinitive,
6 y_pvcro^, -ov
sarco-phag-us).
gold
77.
I.
chrys-alis).
Exercises.
1.
1
'Ez
to)
yvfivacrico
oyjreaOe
fia/cpas
root,
Kkip.aica<;.
6tt-,
Future of opdw, but from a different

-erooij/o/Aai, oipei, ttyerui, etc.
and the
future suffix
(passive),
or -at-: inflected like the present middle
77]
avOpwiroL
elaiv
o't
65
2.
jiavOdvovai
rrjv
adpxa
4.
dv.
dpoo-nwv cpayelv (anthropo-phagous, anthropo-phagi)

3.
ol \l6oi vtto toj oIkco arepeoi elcn.
ovk aloi
crQdvecrOe rrjv
toZ<?
arepeav adpKa twv

yv/Mvdôvrai
;
dvdpci>7rcov
rco
ev
<yv[ivao-ioL<i
5.
opyavcp tov
tov vTro/cpiTov \dpvyya (TKeirrerai (laryng-o-scope). aya6. o ctkotto^ alaOdverac to irpoyrov darpou. $ou<; VTro/cpiTas iv too 6edrp(p 6-^r6p,e6a, ol tovs rod
i
.
S/jfiov
dycoyovs ev pupbeovTai.
cpayelv.
9.
8.
6 xpvo-bs
ovk ayacrvv rco
0o?
ecrri
ovk
6-yjreL
rd darpa
rfk,icp.
10. rvirreiv erepovs kclkov eari.
11. 6 dpid-
/io? ra)V
ttoXIt&v
tcros
earl rco dpiOpuo
tmv
aarpcov.
12. ol Ittlo-kottoi dpiOfieovai tov ev
rrj
6Bo3 8rjp:ov.
13. 6-<jr6pLe0a tov [liicpbv oltcov bv 6 inroKptTrj^ OLKeet, 14. oi/ceei ev tm irpcoTO) ol'/crp virep tov Tpoirov t?)s
68ov.
II.
2. The is an elder brother. ladder strikes the bookseller on the head. 3. They will see a man who writes letters with (dat. of 1.
With
the actor
means) types ( typo-graphy)

art.
5.
4.
Wise
actors
The
throats of the horses are long.
6.
show The
see the solid types (stereo-type). We 8. perceive solid gold in the stone. 9. Actors see men who do not have flesh to eat. exercise their tongues (in Greek the tongues') and 10. To exercise the muscles (plural of throats.
overseers will
7.
We
<rdp) well is the way of health. see the messenger on a bare horse.
11.
12.
first
We
actor
shall
With
the
is
messengers are guides.
13.
The
good imitator
of others' voices.
14.
To count
the
66
little

stones in the river requires (in Greek
[78is of")
a long time.
78.
1.
l~)
From
av- privative (see 60, 3,
of alaOdvoixcu
we have
an-aesthetic,
and the root making in-sen-
sible, mid an-aesthesia, the condition of insensibility produced by an anaesthetic. The word aesthetic (alaOrjTi/cos), which originally meant merely capable of perceiving,h&s been narrowed down to the meaning
capable of perceiving beauty, or pertaining to beauty; hence aesthetics, the science of beauty or taste.
the meanings of and yvfivd^w is due to the tact that the Greek hoys and men trained, in the gymnastic Of course gymnic, gymnast, schools, quite naked. gymnastic are all from the same primitive. 3. K\i/xaKT)'ip is the round of a ladder; hence
2.
The connection between
tyvfivo?
one of the successive stages of developtim< of life. ment, and henc 4. Mimic and mimetic (/ii^Ti/co?), as well as Panto-mime has mime, are from ixlfxos, fil/xeo/xai.
climateric,
-
for its first

5.
element
iras (see 110, 11).

is 07r-,
The
root of oôfMai
which appears
in
optic, optics.
Aut-opsy (auras')
is self-seeing,
seeing
for one's
6.
self.
sarc-o-phagus was so named because it was originally made of a kind of limestone which quickly consumed the flesh of a corpse; then the name was given to any stone coffin. From adp^ was also derived the verb o-apKa^ca to tear the flesh. as dogs do. From thi s we have sarcasm (a-ap/cuo-fios).
The
78]
7.
67
The
stereo-type plate
is
a solid piece of metal,
as distinguished
The from the separate types. stere-opticon (crTepeo?, o-rr-) throws on the screen an image which appears solid ; the stereo-scope, >y the arrangement of its lenses, causes the picture to
1
look like a solid object. 8. Svv in English derivatives takes the forms syn-, sym-, syl-, or sy-, according to the nature of the following letter, and has the general meaning Thus, we have syn-opsis (oV-), a colof together. syn-od (oBos') a lective view (adjective syn-optic) meeting ; syn-agogue (âw-wywyi) ; a>yw), place of
;
religious assembly
among
;
the Jews
syn-chronous,
;
agreeing in time (%povos')
syn-chronism
sym-metry,
correspondence
(</>cwy?;),
in
measure
a form of
êrpov) orchestral music
symphony
syl-logism
(X0709 in the sense of reason; see
51, 5, a,
;
end), a
form of reasoning.
crreXXo))
is
Systole
(av-aTo\r]
is,
crvv
and
a sending together, that
contraction.
It is contrasted
with
dia-stole (Sta-o-roTu/), in
which
Bid has the force of apart, Latin dis-; thus dia-stole is the relaxation of the muscles of the heart, which
The same force of alternates with the sy-stole. Bid is seen in dia-critical, distinguishing (see 46, 1), and dia-gnosis QyiyvooaKw), the determination of a
disease
9.
its distinguishing marks. various significations of type can all be traced back to that of something produced by a blow. For instance, the image or other device on a coin was made by a blow upon the die under which the
by noting
The
disk of metal had been placed.
Thus two? and
08

meaning
of stamp,
[79-
type get the
image, and next
Among compounds and that of character or kind. derivatives are typical, proto-type (irpooTos), phonotype (a printed
</>&>f >?),
character representing a
sound,
auto-type (clvtos), helio-type (/7X109), the
two
latter being arbitrarily
used to denote varieties of permanent photographs. 10. From xpucros we obtain chrysalis (from its color), chryso-lite (\i6o$), chrys-anthemum (avdefiov,
-ov flower
compare avdos, 98), chrys-elephantine from e'Xe</>a9, -avros elephant, and then In some of the finest Greek statues the ivory). flesh parts were of ivory and the rest of gold ; this kind of work is called chrys-elephantine. 11. We have already had occasion to notice many words from Greek which end in -ic, representing the Greek adjective ending -ikos as, in
:
(ekedbdvTivo?
this section, aesthetic, optic, typic, etc.
This
it is
sylla-
ble
-ic is
so
common and
familiar that
added
to
many words
XIII.
not derived from Greek.
80]
69
Dual N.A.V.
70
6,
7)

7ra?5, TratSo'?
1
[81
child.
7rai8evQ>
educate (treat as a child).

.
' ~ [child-leader, teacher, paed-agogue "-& v ' * o waib-aycoyo<;, -ovl . ,
&^
(or ped-agogue).
Aree (tri-cycle).
bear, carry (Latin fero).
light (photo -graph).
81.
6 7rou?, 7ro86?
/<9o (anti-podes).
Toet?
(pepco
to
(ptos, <j>o)t6<;
Exercises.
I.
1.
SjJ/xov,
"Ottov (where') oXlyot dvdpwrroi dpyôvcrt tov 2 ivravOd (there') io-Tiv oXiyapxid (oligarchy).
2. 8e/ca 6pvi6e<? Xdpvyya? iv ycovia tov irapaheiaov. 3. eirrd puKpol Tralhes egco tov Trapaheiaov a/covovat tcov 6pvt0cov. s 4. aocpol TratS-
aycoyol T01/5 TraiSas TraiSevovai.
5.
ecrco
tov
yvp,-
vaaiov
eicrl
Tpet? 8efcd8e<i dvdpcoircov.
6.
eyofiev iv
eiTTa (3ift\ia tcov dpyaicov 7rocr/Tcov. 7. to tov ifkiov TrjXe cpaiveTai. 8. iv Ty dpyrj TJ79 7rpwT7]<; i7rio~To\r}<; dvayiyvcoo-Kopbev tov dpyaiov pJuQov. 9. Beo? /iwo? dpxei (mon-arch) tcov dvOpcool'/ccp
tw
cpcos
7rcov ical tcov daTpcov.
10.
rj
yij
cpepei
8ev8pa
zeal
to SevSpov cpepei p68a.

fxovoL<;
11. ovk dpxatoK} fii/3\ioi<;
7rai8evop,e0a.
12.
?;
/c\ip,ag
Se'/ca
7raoa<?
Vocative iral. In accent 7rais is like <ws (see 79, and b). Verbs of beginning and ruling, like apx^ govern the geni-
tive instead of the accusative.

3 Verbs of hearing and / rceiving, like aKovw and alaOavoiMi, take the genitive more commonly than the accusative.
Ace. of extent, as in Latin.
82]
13. rpe?? e/3So/xaSe<? elal fxa/cpb?
71
fia/cpa iart.
XP VQ,i
tois iraiaL
irepl
14. 6 TraiSaycoyos eêt fil/cpov fii(3\iov

viroicpLTWv,
o
TOiv apxaioiv
II.
avayiyvooo-tcovaiv
oXljoc.
2. The With the first bird we see seven other birds. 4. The seventh bird, the [one] on the ladder, is an overseer, who 5. [He] who begins is educating the first bird. war is not wise. 6. The sun shows its light to the earth. 7. The feet of the children are in the
1.
The stone has ten corners

of the
(deca-gon).
3.
government
few
is
bad.
8. What is the opinion of the ancients about the government of the few ? 9. The actors 10. In are leading horses which carry solid gold. a few weeks we shall see messengers who bear letters. 11. Within the house are three men who rule the people. 12. In the seventh house beyond the corner of the park dwells a man who reads few books. 13. An elder brother bears the child through the river.
river.
82.
1. a.
of ap%&>
Both meanings
(which are
evi-
dently nearly related) are well represented in English. Thus, archaeo-logy (apxalo<;) is an account
of ancient things; archaic (apâi/cos, -rj, 6v) and archaism also refer to ancient things, but with a
slightly different
(apxi-TV7ro<i~)
struck off
arche-type shade of meaning was originally that which is first or first moulded as a model or example.
;
72
b.
TTIE C4REEK IN EXGLISH.
[82^
60, 3,
Again, an-archy (hvapîd', dv- privative, see mon-archy (jiov-apyia) * s û b~) is no-rule ;
'
rule of one; hept-archy, the rule of seven ; dec-archy, patri-arch is a elan-ruler (?) the rule of ten.
irarpia clan,
from
irar/ip,
Latin pater, father)
archives (to dpxeiov, government house}, the place
where government records are kept, or the records

themselves.
Finally, the prefix arch- or archi- in
archi-episcopal,
is
arch-angel, arch-bishop,
archi-tect (d
and has used in the sense of chief or leader, with many words not from Greek, such as archWhen used with words not duke, arch-thief, etc. from Greek, or with words, like bishop, so thoroughly Anglicized that the Greek origin is obscured, the ch of arch- is pronounced as in child ; in words directly from Greek ch is pronounced
re/crap builder), etc.,
to be also
ap^co.
from
come
like k.
2. Tcovld appears in goni-o-ineter (gerpov), and gives the syllable -gon, angle, in dia-gon-al (htd), poly-gon (see 91, 12), tri-gon-o-metry (to rpL-ywvoi'
and
an
-a3.
tri-angle
the
first
syllable being the

;
stem of
rpei?
gerpov), hex-a-gon (k^-d-ywvov
e| six, with
which seems
to
have been inserted from

deca-logue.
analogy).
Ae/ca appears
in
names
4.
of metric weights
and in many aad measures, such as
deca-gram (see
91, 4), deca-meter.

t:/3Bop.(h
From
the stein of
we have hebdom(e<w),
adal, a
5.
clumsy word
for weekly.
An
exotic plant is
one from outside
82]
CONSONANT BECLEXSION.
73
Esoteric (e<r&>) doctrines are, so to speak, foreign. the " inside" or secret, doctrines, contrasted with
the exoteric, or outside, public, doctrines, which
be imparted to everybody. Ildt? takes the forms -paed- and -ped-; the latter syllable must not be confounded with ped in derivatives of Latin pes, pedis, foot. ped-o6.
may
baptist is
tl^co
one
who
believes in child-baptism (ficnris
baptize).
Ortho-ped-y
child
straightening
curing children's deformities. From iraihela education (jraiZeva)) we obtain en-cyclo(6p06<;*),
paedia
7.
and
cyclo-paedia (eV
and
/cu/cXo?).
appears in poly-pus, many-footed (see 91, 12), which is also shortened to poly-p. The stem-form -pod- is seen in chir-opod-ist (%etp), a healer of hands and feet, and tripod (rpels), and in numerous scientific words like cephal-o-pod (/cecpaXyj). Finally, anti-pode has been formed as the singular of anti-pod-es (avri), and
ttovs
The nominative
thus has final

8.
e.
TpeZ?
is
also seen in tri-logy, a series of three
connected plays, and in tri-cycle (atu/cXo?).

9.
Peri-phery
(irepi
and
;
cpepw)
is
the
exact
equivalent, etymologically, of circumference, from
Latin circnm and fero

of circles
but the latter
is
used only
and spheres, while the former is used of other figures. The root of <pepco takes also the form (pop-. A meta-phor (/lera-cpopa) is, in a certain sense, a transfer (Latin trans and fero) of meaning as when a soldier is called a lion to denote that he is brave, the word lion contains a
;
meta-phor.
74

10. Phos-phorus (jpw<$-<p6pos~) signifies light-bearer.
The stem (fxor- is found in phot-o-graph (ypd<pa> means to draw or paint as well as to write ; compare
graphic,
31,
4),
phot-o-sphere
(acpalpa*)
;
the
burning gas which envelopes the sun phot-ometer, an instrument for measuring the quantity of light; phot-o-litho-graph (\i'0o?), a print from a stone on which the picture has been printed by
photography.
XIV.
84]
84.
7.")
Vocabulary,
contest (agony).
struggle,
6 ayoov, a<ywvo<i
dycoviô/xcu, dep.,
engage in a contest
(agonize).
dvT-aywviôfiai (avri
struggle against (ant-agonize).

\
and a7 v),
6
6
ai'ip,
dep.,
6 (ivT-aycovLO-T))*;, -ov
ant-agonist,
air.
uepos
a0\os, -ov
athletic
game,
to dOXov, -ov
6 dOXvTljs, -ov
prize.
athlete.
6 halfxcov, -ovos
f)
divinity, spirit (demon).
eifcoov,
-ovos
-rj,
image, statue (icon-oclasm).

solitary, lonely (erem-ite).
epnp<os,
-ov
6 KCLVOJV, -OVO<i
K~K.d(0
i]
measuring-rod, ride (canon).

break (icono-clasm).
ship (nausea).
sailor (naut-ical).
fire (pyr-otechnics).
vavs
6 vavrns, -ov
to irvp
6 pijrcop, -opo?
6
orator (rhetor).
yapa%,
-/to?
pointed stake,
scratch.
yapcKTcroi
o %apa/CTrjp, -P/pos
mark (engraved
something.
85.
or stamped on
Character).
Exercises.
I.
1.
1
'H
yXwcrcra
ayco
:
rov
pjropo$
dpx ei T0V
&VfJ<ov.
From
(1)
a authoring, (2) a gathering for athletic
contests, (3) contest.
76
2.
TIIE
GREEK IN ENGLISH.
dOXa
(pepovaiv
i/c
[85
dycovcov.
oXiyoc d0Xr]Tal
ev
Tol<i
tcov
3. 4.
dywo-tv dycovlôvTat ol dOXrjTal yv/xvoL 1
o 7rou9 7toll irvp ev
ywvia tov
ov
Ka/cb<;
oI'kov.
5.
yapdo~-
aei ttjv elicova tov tcov vclvtoov deov, real xXdei tov
tov opvidos 7ro&a.

vavs
6.
7rat9
ecrrt,
7.
//
tov
xpvo-hv
10.
tmv
9.
ddXyjTOJV
(pipei.
8.
opvlv
C as )
oyjreade ev T(p depi.

67TiafC07T0V.
dyaObv Bai/xova %ei

(icon-o-clast)
&>9
TOV VTTOKpiTOV
el/cova?
ClVTay(OViaT7]<;
xXdet
11.
Tr/?
dpyald^
tcov decov.
opdeo /cpiT7]v opdbv, 09 oXi'yovs (piXov? e%ei /cat

12.
6 eir la k ottos fiarcpov /cavova
(paiveTai ep?;/A09.
(pepei
/cat
opdei to l9 filtcpovs TraiSa? ot eVt
tw
tfpu-
o-TaXXw
elal.
13. o/ 7ratSe9 TinrTOuat tov d6Xr]Tijv.
II.
The Through
1.
3.
child bears
air are
4.
[away] the
first prize.
2.
the air are borne the voices of birds.
good spirits who are guardians Small marks appear on the gold. 6. The 5. The statues in the park appear lonely. athlete has a measuring-rod seven feet 2 long.
In the
of
men.
7.
The orator
is
an antagonist of
a sailor in
the
8. The measuring-rod contest of the season. makes a long mark on the head of the ancient
first
mariner.
stones.
9.
Little children
break
the ice with
11. seen afar. reading the tale of the ancient mariner. wise orator by a few words leads the
10.
The
fire
is
We
are
1 A
people.
13. Shall
1
we
see a contest of athletes under the

-
This was the Greek custom.
Accusative of extent.
86]
14.
77
tree?
The
fear of
God
is
the beginning of
wisdom.
86.
1.
Agony
(ciycov Id,
another form for dyayv)
is
prop-
erly struggle, then the pain of struggle in a contest, but has come to include any severe pain or anguish.
From
this
dycoviô/jLai is
7rp(>)T09
formed
aywvicrTi]<; contestant
gives prot-agonist, first contestant, used especially of the leading actor in a Greek
play.
2. Aer-o-naut is an air-sailor ; aer-o-lite, a stone which falls from the air. As aer was taken from Greek into Latin, some of our derivatives have
with
Latin endings or are compounded with Latin words. Such are a,er-ial, aer-ate, B&T-ifornv. Air has been further changed by coming through French. 3. Daemon, or demon, now denotes bad spirits
only, quite
daimon
monic,
is
differently from Greek usage and sometimes used in the more general
;
sense of Sai/Mov.
This sense
is
retained in dai-
and sometimes, though not usually, in daemonic demoniac and demon-ology are connected
;
rather with demon.

4.
Icon-o-clasm
is
is
the act of an icon-o-clast
icon-
o-graphy
pieturesi
5.
the description of images, statues, or
mon
Eremite (ipi]fxhv<i, from epô?) is less comthan hermit, the corrupted form of the same word.
78
6.

The various meanings
of canon are all
[86
more
or less closely connected with the figurative sense

of rule.
For example, it denotes a rule of the church; the list of sacred books accepted by the church as belonging to the Bible the authoritative list of saints, as in the Roman Catholic church.
;
Hence we have
7.
Nai/T<,'A.o<r,
canonical
which
is
and canonize. merely another form of

little shell-iish
its shell.
vavrrjs, is
Latinized into nautilus, a
The connection between vavs and nausea is plain to any one who has been sea-sick. 8. On a pyre (from irvp) the dead were burned, among the Greeks and Romans. Pyr-o-technics is
that sails over the water in
the art (reyvrf) of
making
fire-works.
The
ein-pyr-
on fire, iv and irvp) is the highest heaven, which the ancients imagined to be pure fire. 1*. Rhetoric is primarily /; pvTopiKr) rex^v f ?"' Ilrt of an orator ; but the term is now used to denote the art of composition, while oratory has more reference to the art of speakiii;/ in public.
ean (from
efx-irvpo^ in fire or
force of character is still seen sense of a distinctive mark, as a letter. figure, or sign. Then the word came to signify
10.
The primary
in
its
the
i
sum
of those invisible
lie
qualities of soul
character.
marks of one's nature, which make up what is called Hence characterize (x a P aKT VPâ} } an d
characteristic.
11.
In this and former chapters
several
we have met Greek verbs derived from nouns and end-
87]
79
ing in -/ or
This ending -/ (-t^fiai) -iofiai. was used very freely in Greek to change nouns and so many Greek verbs have been into verbs taken into English with the termination -ize (or -ise) that this ending itself has been pretty fully naturalized, and is added to many nouns and adjectives which have themselves nothing to do with Greek. Also, from the same class of verbs were formed nouns in -lo-/jlo<; and -larr]?, which have given us the endings -ism and -ist.
;
XV. Consonant
80

and vocative
[89-
the nominative, accusative,
singular,
which take no case-ending.

in
b.
This t often appears
English derivatives. Stems in -ecr- change the last sj'llable to -09 in the nominative, accusative, and vocative singular. This is the same vowel-change winch we have already met in Xeyo>, X0709; rpeww, -773077-09 (see
57, 7
)
:
a-Keirrofiai, cr/co7ro<?
areXXo), 0-7-0X09 (see 60, 7) vepno, vop,o<i (pepa), cpopo? (see 82, '.'). Be;
;
;
tween two vowels, and before

88.
-<ri,
is
dropped.
nvuch
The adjective iroXvs, 7roXX?/, ttoXv (plural, many) has the stem -woXv- in some
and
in
forms,
others the stem ttoXXo- (feminine, ttoXXo).
Sing. N.
'
90
yapos, -ov
l
81
become,
\
marriage (poly-gam-y). be bom, (of events)

take place.
7)
yev.ea, -as (fr.
yiyvopai)
to
\fami iy (genea-logy).
)
yeW,
-eos (fr.
[
)
yiyvopat)
rb ypdfifia, -T09
(fr.
m ^ ^^
writing
^
(Latin
^ WMS
).
etUr (tele-gram).
yoa </)&))
->'),
to elSos, -eo?
ica\6s,
-ov
shape, figure (kal-eido-scope). beautiful (kal-eidoscope).

beauty.
strength.
rule (aristocrat).
like
to KaXkoSy -eo9
to tcpdros, -eo?
KpaTeco (fr.
opoios,
-a,
KpaTo^
-ov
(homoeo-pathy).
opov, adv.,
together.
to
to
ow pa,
it ui9 os,
-tos
-eo?
-7-09
name (syn-onym).
feeling, passion (pathos).
breath,
to irvevpa,
wind (pneumat-ic)
lung (pneumon-ia). n-okfc, iroXkrj] tto\u much, plural many (poly-gamy). before (pro-gram). 7roo, prep. w. gen.,
6 TTvevpcov, -ovos
to ^poipa,
-7-09
to yjrevSos, -eo9
color (chrome). falsehood (pseud-onym).
90.
I.
Exercises.
1,
'Ei>
Ty
apio-Tr)
apxfl
2.
oi
i)
apicrTOi
KpaTeovai
(aristo-crat, aristo-cracy).
apxv
icaicij
eanv
el
Root
ytv-
compare Latin gigno, genui, genus.
82
(jf) Ka/cbs
ttoXZtmv. 1
THE GREEK IN EX G LI SB.

8i]/u,o<;
[90-
/cpareei (demo-cracy)
rwv dpiarcov
dvdpdyrrwv
4.
tcl
2
3.
ol
9eo\ vepLOvaL
toj
rcbv
yevei icaXXos
TTcidea Tcov
elai.
6.
7.
/cat
/cpdros ical ra
aXXa dyadd.
optov
rr/v
6ewv ofioia toi? twv dvOpdyrrwv
Trddecriv
O.
TroWal yeveai
ol/ceovcriv
yrjv.
ol tcaXol real
dyadol TralSes ov Xeyovat tyevhea.
to xpojpia twv eVi

%pvcro~).
8.
rw
/3t/3Xup ypapbpbdrwv opioiov
icrri
ol TTvevpoves
kclI
ôvrat irpo rov dycovos,

Xi6(p.
9.
tl
iariv
iv
rod dOXrjrov yvp-vdaap% yiyverai opoi'd ovvpari ; 10. tcaXd ei'Sea

>)
aKenrropieOa
(kal-eido-scope).
11. ol
opvlOes
12.
icai
elai
ttoXXwv ^pwpdrwv z
ypd(f>ovo~t
irepl
(poly-chrome).
ttol^toX
/cpdreos.
rov
ydpou tcdXXeos
13. rroXXol irorapo]
paicpd ovvpLara eôvai.
14. ov
iroXv
vei
r/>w?
eÔfiev
i/c
twv darpwv.
;
15.
Si iral,
alaOd-
ro Kpdrof roiv irvevpidrcop
II.
1.
In
many
contests the best

2.
the
prizes.
The
3.
4.
athlete's
family
men bear [away] has many
marks of beauty.
a
beautiful race.
The sailor's horses are from The child has a good name
and a figure which

5.
is like the statues of the gods. painting (ypdcpco) the letters with beautiful colors. 6. Men do not rule the winds. 7. The ship is borne by the strength of the winds.
You
are
As
1).
a verb of ruling Kpareu) takes the genitive (see 81,
[., -
"0/xoios takes the dative, like uros (see 72
and note
).
Predicate genitive, used a^
in
Latin.
91]
;
83
they arc 8. The orators are exercising their lungs reading together a song about marriage, i). The marriage takes-place before the season of roses. 10. We have like feelings (homoeo-pathy) with 11. In the books of ancient orators other men. 12. In the best schools are not a few falsehoods. 13. The solichildren are educated together. tary athlete shows much strength, but not much
beauty.
91.
1.
use of such medicines as will produce effects different from

Allo-pathy (aX\o<?, 7ra#o?), the
those produced by the disease, is contrasted, as a mode of treating disease, with homeo-pathy (see 14,^).
2. From ydfxo<; we obtain mono-gamy (/.tow?), poly-gamy (ttoXvs), and />/-gamy; the last is another instance of the combination of a Latin with a
Greek element.
3.
(Compare
A/-cycle, 60, 5.)

;
Hetero-geneous (êrepo-yev^
erepos
and yevo^
of different kinds, and is contrasted with homo-geneous (ofjuo-yev)'^ for 6/jlo- see 91, 8) of the same kind, or all of one kind. Eu-gene (eifyev???,
means
from
ev and êVo?) and its feminine Eu-genia, or Eu-genie (the French form), signify well-born, or The root of yiyvopuai takes the form of good race.
b,
yov- (see 87,

yovia,
#eo'<?),
second sentence) in theo-gony (6eo-
birth of the gods, or genealogy of the
gods; also in cosmo-gony, birth of the universe. 4. The syllable -gram, from ypdfifia, has been already given, in some words, as from ypdcpco (epi-
S!
[91
gram, 68, 6: mono-gram, 68, 9; deca-gram, 82, 3). Further, pro-gram {-rrpu is literally a before-writing ; grammar was first applied to written language; the adjective grammatical shows the t of the stem. have seen that in many compounds the 5.
)
We
vowel -o- is inserted to connect the two parts. sometimes taking the place of a different vowel at (Compare 51, 1.) In the end of the first stem. spher-oid (from a<palpa), aster-oid (from dari'ip, aarpov), delt-oid (from BiXra), anthrop-oid tin which, if it stood by itself, our might say that the o belonged to tlie stem of avdpcoTros), this o has been contracted with id, the remnant of elSo?, into the Then, as this ending occurred so syllable -oid.
frequently
(especially
in
technical
or
scientific
words), the syllable -oid has come to be regarded as a simple suffix, meaning like, which may be added to words from Latin as well as to words from Greek. Thus ov-oii Latin ovum, egg), albuThe syllable -ide. frequent in chem//////-oid. etc.
(
ical
6.
terms,
is
also from elSos.

/ca\6<;
Instead of KaWi- was used
or xraAAo?, the related form
in
composition.
This gives
-eo?,
calli-
in calli-graphy, calli-sthenics (adevos,
strength,
nearly equivalent to Kpdros). 7. From Kpdros, Kparew,

-crat-ic
we have
;
the
;
forms
crat,
demo-cracy in aristo-crat, aristo-cracy theo-cracy (avr6<;) auto-crat demo-cracy
and
(0eo?)
pluto-crat, phito-cracy (ttXoOto?, -ou wealth).
These words have made the meaning of the part from Kparos so familiar, that -crat and -cracy are
91]
to
85
few words not from Greek. Thus and monocracy is sometimes heard instead of the more regular ochlo-cracy
added
a
bureanrCT&t, bureau-cra,cy
;
(o^Xcs, -ov mob').

jective
form of the adwhich early passed out But a number of compounds of of common use. use, and we have in 6/<io9 remained in common
8.
The adverb
oyLiof,
-rj,
ofiov is a genitive
-6v same,
English homo-geneous (o/xo-yei>?/9 see 91, 3) homonym, hom-onymous (ovvfxa), of the same name, that is, pronounced alike. 9. Besides hom-onym, ovufia gives us an-onymous (av privative ; see 60, 3, 6) syn-onym (crvv), a word of like meaning with another (to be distinpseud-onym (\|reOSo?) guished from hom-onym)
;
; ; ;
also ep-onymous (eVt), giving a
name
to,
and
ep-
onym, a name of a person given to a people or place. patr-onymic is a name derived from that of a father (jran'ip, irarp-oq father, Latin pater) or other Met-onymy (fierd indicating change ; see ancestor.
60,
6)
is
a rhetorical figure consisting in a certain are derived pathetic (jraOnTucos),

60, 3, b),
kind of change of name.

10.
From
irddo<i
a-pathetic
and a-pathy (alpha privative ; see
anti-pathy (dvri), sym-pathy (avv), hydr-o-pathy (the
treatment of disease by water, vBcop), and path-ology, the theory or doctrine of disease.
11.
12.
poly-
The t of irvevfiar- appears in pneumatic. The representative of ttoAu? in English
is
with the force of the plural, meat//, which has already been mentioned with a number of com-
THE GREEK IX ENGLISH.

pounds.
82, 7.)
[92-
(See
41,
1;
60,
3,
c\
60,
8;
82,
2;
13. Upo appears in pro-gnosis (yiyvcoo-KO)'). judgment beforehand, especially as to the probable course and result of a disease, whence pro-gnostic
and
pro-gnosticate.
14.
From
^pa>fxa
we have mono-chrome
I.,
(fMvvos),
poly-chrome, chrom-o-litho-graph (see 67,

the abbreviated chromo.
colors, retains the stem.
a
4),
and
Chromatic, pertaining to
Ii most often used of is musical scale of which the intervals are all halftones, the intermediate tones having been at one
time
commonly
written
in colors.
CVI. Consonant
94]
a.
87
-09,
Stems
in
-i-
take
-ox?,
instead of
in the
and take -v in the accusative singular. The vowel t appears only in the nominative, accusative, and vocative singular elsewhere e (in the accusative plural ei) has taken its
genitive singular,
;
place.
b.
The
genitive singular and plural of stems in
-1- still
keep
the accent on the antepenult.

c.
Stems
;
in -ev- lose v before a

-co?
vowel
in the end-
ing
they take
in the genitive singular, -a in
the accusative singular,

plural.
93.
and
-a<?
in the accusative
and, like
hvvafxai can, am nlh\ is a deponent, Latin possum, takes the infinitive in dependence upon it. It is conjugated as follows
The verb
Sing. 1
2
THE UUEEK
<y\v(pa>
o7<?,
IS ESGLlsR.
[95-
carve (hiero-glyph-ic).
adv.,
twid
can,
-co<;
related to Bvo two

able.
8vvap,ai
am
y &vvapi<i,
/epo'?, -a,
force,
power (dynamite).
6 hvvdarrj^, -ov
-ov
-e&><?
ruler, dynast (dynasty).
sacred (hiero-glyphic).
priest (hier-arehy).
loose,
6 iepevs,
\vw
>)
Xiktis, -eco?
undo, let loose. a loosing, setting free.

an
undoing,
ana-lysis.
ava-Xvo)
\
unloose, take apart, ana-lyze.
7)
avd-\vo-i$, -eeo?
}
taking
apart,
to fAiaos, -eo9
ve/cpos, -a, -ov
vt'os, -a,
7]
hatred (mis-anthrope).
-ov
dead (necro-polis ). new, young (neo-phyte).

city (necro-polis).
7TOX,i9, -eo><>
6 artôt;, -ov
rdcro-a>
7)
line (as of writing).
TUMI'S, -0)9
arrange (tactics). arrangement syn-tax).

(
<pVQ)
V)
make grow.
(originally
growth,
then)
(pi/ais, -eco?
mil are (physical).
to (bvrov, -ov
plant (neo-phyte).
95.
I.
Exercises.
1.
7rl
O/
tepees ev rj} a/cpoiroXei

'2.
yXixpovai ypdpLpara
(cosmo-gony).
\i0ois\
ev Tols dp%aioiir(ov.
iv
4. Sis"
89
<ri
dvayiyvooa/cet 6 fiaai-
Xeu? to veov fitftXiov

5.
rfj
<yevo<;.
irepl
7-779
tmv aarpwv
Taêco?.
via iroXet (Nea-polis, Haples) yiyveTai veov

6.
7r0A.ee? (necro-polis).
<f)vrd.
8.
iroXXal Kal icaXai elaiv al twv veicpaiv 7. >) Svva/Xis tov rfkiov fyvet tcl
to /ucro? dvOpdnrcov (mis-anthropy) /ca/cbv

9.
TrdOos
vaiis
eo-Ti.
ol 6eol
\vovat
tcl
TrvevfiaTU, /ecu
r]
Kal
tcl
via
cf)VTa icKdovrai.
10. al viat Svvav-
Tai dvaXvetv to cpvTov, to ovvfia ov SvvavTat Xe'yeiv. 12. ol 11. Svvaaat tt\v tcov dcrTpcov cf)vatv \eyew ;
lepies oltceovaLV iv rfj d/cpoiroXei,
TO8r)V hiica <ttl%ov<; fiafcpav.
II.
The sacred writings are carved on stones. 2. The priests rule (hier-archy) the city, and arThe birth of a 3. range the sacred [things]. young king is reported in the sacred city. 4. The overseer takes-apart and examines the new ma5. The force of the wind breaks many chine. 6. The rulers come-to-know the hatred of trees. 7. The priests announce the loosing the citizens.
1.
of the sacred birds.
8.
Sailors
winds.
cosm).
9.
Man
is
by nature a
little
cannot rule the world (micro-
10.
The plant
lives in the air
and
lias a
long name. 11. Many races of men arrange their houses in cities, and have kings and priests who make laws. 12. In the sacred books arc many
tales
about the birth of the gods.
13.
The
wise
90
[Ob-
man
of the laws.
writes a letter to the ruler about the nature 14. The top of the tree is dead.
96.
1.
(atcpov
An
is
acro-stic
line)
a scries of lines of
or both,
Lei bers,
form a
and o-T</yo9, -ov verse or which the first or last word or words. A di-stich
(oV representing 8i<s or Bvo) is a couplet, or two This prefix di-, making complete sense. fo'wes meaning double, or two, appears in a number of derivatives, as di-graph, two letters standing for one
sound
(/>//,
for
example)
;
di-morphic or di-morphous,
;
appearing nnder two forms; di-phthong (see 68, 9) di-(s) syllable (see 110, 8). di-lemma (see 110, 8) This prefix must nol be confused with the di- from
Latin,
2.
meaning
apart, as in di-gress.
proper name and as the name of a Basilisk, a hind of serpent, plant, is from fia<rikev$. is from ftaaiXiatcos little king, the diminutive of fiao-cXevs, so called because something on its head
Basil, as a
slightly
68,
"2.)
resembles a crown.
basilica ((3a<rikiicrf)
(Compare asterisk, was originally the
building in which a judicial officer at Athens, called /3ao-t\eus\ held court. This style of building,
imitated and somewhat changed at Rome, became the prototype of the early Christian churches, and churches of this form are still called basilicas.
3.
esis.
is
Genetic
is
the adjective corresponding to gen-
Palin-genesis {rrd\iv
and yeveais
see 31, 6)
again-birth, re-generation.
96]
The
tri-glyph
91
is
4.
(rpeU and yXvcfxo)

is
a kind of
architectural ornament.
5.
Dynamic
(8vvapu/c6<;)
is
the
hvvajXL^.
Dynamo
common
adjective from contraction for
dynamo-electric (^XeKrpov amber, in
which
electricity
was
it
observed) machine, so called because in electricity is generated by force from a steamfirst
engine.
is the adjective from were the sacred writing, or picture-characters, which were used by the Egyptian priests, and which have come down to us A hiero-phant (fyaivoo) is one carved on stone. who shoivs (make plain, interprets') the sacred things. Hier-onymns (oVtyxa) means having a sacred
6.
Hieratic
(lepariKos)
lepevs.
Hiero-glyphics
name
7.
Jerome
is
a corruption of the same.

is
Para-lysis (nrapd-Xvcn^)
a loosing aside, or
disabling, the
name
of a disease
which disables
is
the nerves.
Paralytic (jrapaXvTiicos)
the corre-
sponding adjective, as analytic is the adjective corresponding to ana-lysis. Palsy is a corruption of paralysis, intermediate forms being parlesg, palesy. 8. A necro-logy is an account of the dead.
9.
Neo-logy or neo-logism (ye'09)
words.
(pvrov)
;
neo-phyte
is,
is
is the use of new one newly planted (yeo-
that
new
convert, or a
new member
Also from yeo? we obtain the prefix neo- meaning new, used with a considerable number of words, as neo-platonism (JlXcnwv Plato).
of a religious society.
10.
Miso-gamist
gynist
from
puo-o<i
is from fxlao<; and yd/mo? and yvvrj, yvvaiK-o? woman.

;
miso-
92

11. IIo\/? has
[96
been put at the end of several such as Indianapolis, Annapolis, in imitation of ancient Nea-polis (literally new In Constantino-pie (Kcovo-TavTitown), and others. vov-iro\i<i Constantine 's town) and in some others, A Greek the last element has been shortened.
modern names
of cities,
metr-o-polis
mate?-)
was the mother city (^/iijrrjp mother, Latin which sent out colonies, and to which these
colonics looked back as to a adjective

is
common
centre.
The
metro-politan (77-0X1x779).
12. Tactics and tactic (tclktlkos from rdaaw) have reference to the arrangement of military or Syntax (avv and raft?) is the arrangnaval forces. syn-tactic is the ing together of words in sentences
;
adjective.
13.
From
fyvais are
derived
to
number
of
words
which show quite a variety of meaning.

physi-cal signifies pertaining
is
Thus
is
nature; phyai-o-logy
the science of nature, but in use the
word
re-
stricted to one phase of the nature of the
human
body
physi-o-gnomy (yiyvcocncco) is the art of dis; cerning the nature of a person from his face, and then the word comes to mean the face itself.
Again, physics
is
the force which
the science of nature, having about we should expect physiology to
have from
special
its
etymology.
Physic has received the
meaning of the art of healing diseases (whence physician) then the word was employed in the sense of medicine, and finally for thai par;
ticular kind of medicine with which, in old times, In meta-physics fierd people were most familiar.
97]
Mt-VERBS:
after (a
TiOrjfii
AND
&iSa>fu.
93
signifies
common
accusative), since meta-physics
use of fxerd with the was considered as

It
coming
after physics in the order of studies.
includes the study of the

chology (see 51, 8).
phenomena
of mind, psy-
14. An epi-phyte (tW, Qvtov) is a plant growing on another, without receiving from it any nourishment.
XVII. Mt-VERBS
97.
Tl07)fu
and
AiBcojjbt.
few verbs, some of them common ones, are conjugated in a slightly different manner from
the verbs thus far given (with the exception of This form of conjugation is called the hvvafiat).
/u.t-form,
from the
last syllable of the present inTl0i)/jll
dicative active first singular.

Sco/ju
put and
St-
give are examples.
94

Active.
[98-
Passive (Middle).
St-So-fxac
Sing.
8t-8o)-p,i
Sl-So-aat
Bt-Bco-crt
8l-8o-tcu
8i-8o-cr8ov
Dual 2
3
Bl-Bo-tov
SlSo-TOV
Bi-Bo-fiev
8i-8o-adov
8i-86-p,0a
Plu.
Sl-So-re
8i-86-o<ti
8t-8o-ade
8i-8o-vtcu
Inf.
8t-86-vat
8i-8o-a6at
a.
The
root of
Tidrjfxi is Oe-,
Ti-drj-fii
that of
St-
8(8(ofjLt is
Bo-;
the syllables n- in
and
in Si-Bw-fii, called
in
the
reduplication,
do not appear
derivatives.
(Compare
So- are
yi-yvco-o-Keo.)
The
#??-
root-syllables 0e- and

Sco-
lengthened to
98.
and
in the singular
active.
Vocabulary.
to avdos, -eo?
fioiver (anther).
to Bepp-a, -tos
SiSco fit,
skin, hide (derm).

(jive
(dose).
8pd(o
do. accomplish.
to Bpd/xa, -tos to
r)0o<>, -eo<i
-?;,
(1) deed,
("2)
drama.
character (eth-ics).
Kevos,
-ov
empty (ceno-taph).
soothsayer, prophet (neero-mancy).
song, strain of music (mel-od\
).
to icepas, KepaTos horn (rhino-ceros).

o fidvTis, -ew?
to /ieXo?, -eo9
fj
fiv/jfirj, -779
memory (mnem-onic).
Mi-VERBS:
TL$T]fii
AND
Ai'Sw/u.
9~)
nose (rhin-o-ceros ").

o Tacpos, -ov
tlOtj/jli
ij
grave, tomb (cenotaph).

put, place.
position, putting (thesis).
8e<ri<i, -e&>?
a-vv-ridrj/xi
put
'
together.
together,
.
\u , n n aw-veais, -ea)$ '

(
putting
'
composition
"
(syn-thesis).
to (fjupfiaKov, -ov
drug (pharmacy).
99.
I.
Exercises.

fj\iov
<pf>ei
1.
To Oeppbv tov
to,
dvdea.
2.
iiri
tco T(i(p(p (epi-taph)
tov pLavTeax; yXixpopev ra ypdp3.

?}
fiaTa tov ovvpaTO^.
fti/cpa 7rat?
Taaaec dvOea
5.
eVt T&>
&Kp}] dvdpdoirois ttoWci (f>apga/ca, a o
aofybs (pappctKevs (pharmacist, druggist) awTtdrjai. 7. tois epyois teal hpdpaai tov iraihbs yiyvdio-Kopiev
to
9.
rjdos.
8.
i)
avvOecris
^X
lXQ ^ a e"?"t Tj}
dvaXvaei.
yipaifivijpp
6 vavTi)<; TiOrjcnv vScop ev T(p /cevoj SeppuaTi
pa<?.
10. ol virotcpiTai (paivovTCtt e%ei.v ev

p,e\ea.
Trj
TroWd
\l0w
ev
11.
ol
iepe'e?
1"2.
TiOe'dat
%pvabv
vnro
ywvia tov
14.
a>
o'ikov.
dya6d
pubva Xeyopev
irepl T(av veicpwv.
13.
avvTtOepev poBa xal dXXa
dvBea.
htBbvai.
ftaaiXev, ov Bvvaaai fitov tois veicpols
Accusative piva.
96

II.
[100
1.
dead flowers.
The soothsayer sells drugs [which are] like The sun gives to the skin of 2.
good 3. the sailor's nose the color of a rose. character is shown by good deeds. 4. The best
actors have a
good memory. 5. The king who makes (tlBtj/ii) the laws of the people cannot make (iroieco) the songs. 6. Nature gives horns
and a thick Qtra-xy) hide (pachyhippopotamus. 7. The first flowers of the season are put upon the graves of the dead.
to the she-goat
derm)
8.
to the
Can you
is
tell
the position of
the cities
9.
which
are sending their citizens to
war?
The peda-
gogue
woids.
writing a book about the composition of

10.
The
priest
is
examining the origin of
11. Young orators are able to the sacred songs. put together many words which have little force. 12. The gods appear to the soothsayer alone.
13.
beautiful deed
is
like a light
which can be
seen afar.
100.
1.
is
Anth-o-logy
properly a collection of flowers;

Xeyco,
for the
primary meaning of
is
from which
('E^-Xe^Tt/co?
the last part

eclectic,
derived,
is
gather.
from e and
Xeyco.
of the verb.)
But
anth-ology
shows the same force is generally used in

a
a figurative sense, to denote
collection of choice
Heli-
pas-ages from authors, especially from poets.

anthus (vpuo?)
is
the scientific
name
for sun-flower.
100]
Mt -VERBS:
Epi-dermis
(iiri
TiOvfAi
AND
Ai'Sftyu.
97
2.
and
hepfia),
the
into
scientific
word
use.
for the outer skin, has
come
common
Hypo-dermis, the under skin (biro), is mostly confined to scientific writing and speech, although
the adjective hypo-dermic has become common from the practice of giving certain remedies by injecThe element hypo- is used in tion under the skin. many scientific terms in the opposite sense to that
of hyper- (see 46, 6,
prefix
super-).
sub-
is
in
like
and note that the related Latin manner contrasted with

pachy-dermatous
(iraxv
The
adjective
Taxi-dermy is thick) preserves the -ar- of 8ep/xar-. the art of preparing skins so as to preserve their
natural appearance. 3. Dose is our remnant of Boats, -ew? a giving, from Stow fit. Anti-dote (avrt-horov) is a medicine that is, to counteract some effect. given against The plural av-eicAn-ec-dote is from av-U-horov. hora (literally things not given out or published)
was the name 'given by Procopius
[a Byzantine
writer of the sixth century A.D.] to the unpublished memoirs of the emperor Justinian, which consisted chiefly of tales of the private life of the
court
4.
whence the application

drastic
(Jbpa<niic6<$
of
the
name
to
short stories or particulars?
from Spdco) remedy
is
an active, vigorous one. The t of the stem 8pdp,arappears in dramatic, dramatist, and in dramat-urgy (Bpdp.arovp'yid for 8pdp,aT-o-epyid, the second part being from epyov) drama-making, or the art of writing and representing plays.
98
5.
[100
An
earlier
meaning
of rjOos
is
custom, habit
hence, that body of habits and usages which make up character or morals. (In the same way Latin mos, moris, custom, has given us moral.} From
r/Oos in
the latter sense

to
we have
ethic, ethical,
per^
taining
6.
morals,
and
ethics,
Besides
rhin-o-ceros
the science of morals. (piv-o-icepG><i nose-horn)
fcepax;
gives us also mono-ceros (povo-fcepcos) unicorn (Latin unus, one, and cornu, horn).
7.
From
p,dvrt<;
we have
the adjective mantic
element -mancy (pavreid), divination, in chir-o-mancy. divination by examining the hand (%eip), necro-mancy. divination by consulting the dead (i/e-/oo<?), pyr-o-mancy, by interpreting the appearance of a fire (irvp), and
(pavTifcos), also the
and
biblio-mancy, by selecting hap-ha/.ard a passage of
the Bible
8.
(fttftXiov).
The corresponding
adjec-
tives are necro-mantic, etc.
Me\os (which
more
to
refers to the music, while
(oS/j
refers
the
)
melody (see 31, 7 play interspersed with music. 9. From p.vr\p.r\ is derived the adjective pv/jpeov mindful, which gives our word mnemonic, pertaining to memory, and mnemonics, a system of artificial aids to memory. A-mnesty (/i-pvyaTeid, alpha privative;
is,
words of a song) appears in and in mel-o-drama, song-play, or
see 60, 3, b) is a legal lack of memory, that a general pardon for past offences in time of war.
10. a.
The
root 6e-
is
the central element of a

Thesis has the
number
of important derivatives.
100]
Mt-VERBS:
meaning
TiOwfAt
AND
MSa/ii.
99
figurative
of a position taken
and main-
tained in argument.
tion
thesis
(Note the derivation of posifrom Latin positio, from pono, to place.) Anti-
(aim)
is
is
op-position, contrast;
par-en-thesis
Qrrapd, ev)
literally
a putting
in
beside,
then
something put in beside, as a side or subordinate matter; hypo-thesis (ytro) is under-putting, a supsyn-thesis, putting position (Latin sub, under) together, is often contrasted with ana-lysis, talcing
;
apart.
The corresponding
adjectives are anti-thetic
(avTL-6eTiic6<;~), par-en-thetic, etc., to
each of which
-al is
Further, epi-thet (eiri-OeTov) is a descriptive word put on (figuratively) to a person or thing. b. Again, 0/jkv is a ease or chest in which to put
often added. things
;
an apo-theeary (diro) was originally so
called because he has his drugs put

biblio-theke (/3t/3\tW), book-case,
is
away
in cases;
library.
Hypo-thecate
is
an old word for a legal term which goes
back to the elements

hypothecate.
c.
biro
and
is
drJKw.
Hence
re-
theme
(de/jua,
-ro$)
primarily a subject
;
laid doivn, or proposed for discussion
from
this
are derived the other uses of the word. The adjective thematic retains the -ar- of the stem. Finally, dvd0fia, -to? (avd here meaning up) was originally
anything put up in a temple, that is, offered or devoted to a god. Later, however, the form dvd07]/j,a was used in this sense, and dvd-de/xa meant only what was devoted to an evil power. Hence
ana-themat-ize (dva-0efjLaTia>) signifies to devote to
100
[101
evil, to curse solemnly ; and ana-thema is not only the person thus cursed, but also the curse itself, which was formerly a solemn ceremony of the
church. 11. Pharmaco-poeia ((papfAaico-'rrou'd') signifies a book describing drug-making, or the preparation of
medicines.
XVIII. Mt-VEBBS
101.
crra-,
"la-TTj/Jbl
AND
Kepdvvv/xi.
to
The
root of
La-rijfii set
up, cause
stand,
is
and
the same root which appears in Latin sta-re The present indicative and English stand.
infinitive are as follows:
103]
Mi- VERBS
"larripu,
AND
Kepdvvvpu.
101
of the
verb,
which we
shall not use here,

this
and most
meaning. 102. The root of Kepdvvupn mix is icepa-, which is The syllable shortened to Kpd-, in derivatives. -vvv-, -VW-, is a suffix used to form the stem of the
derivatives
show
present tense.
102
1810s, -a, -ov
THE GREEK
IN ENGLISH.
[104-
105]
Mi-VERBS:
II.
"larrffii
AND
KepdvvOfii.
103
1.
The
solitary dynast converses
with the
priest,
and makes-known his private feelings (idio-pathic). 2. The young [man] cannot mould an image of a hippopotamus. 3. The poets make-known the character and deeds of the ancients. 4. They mix drugs in a little mixing-bowl. 5. The animal is able to eat and digest man)- kinds of plants. 6. They are setting up a new machine, which cuts
7. It is best to choose the level road. In time we learn to choose the good instead of the bad. 9. The sailor's brother seizes and throws the measuring-rod. 10. The leaders of the people cannot divide the city. 11. To converse with others is not given to many animals. 12. A level road leads to the river. 13. He chooses the best place in the theatre, from which he can see the
grass.
8.
drama
well.
105.
-e&><?),
1. Di-eresis
or di-aeresis (h-aipecns,
liter-
shows the active signification of atpeco. From alpeco in its middle sense we have heresy (aipecris, -ecw?), a choosing, and heretic. The term heretic was originally given to people who did
ally a taking apart,
not accept the doctrines of the church, but chose their own beliefs and heresy was a belief thus chosen.
;
2.
From
Sia-Xiyopai {Sid and \ey(o, in which the

is
force of Sid
not clear) we obtain
dia-lect
(>)
Sid-
104

way
[105
Xe/cros, -ov conversation,
logue (Sm-A.0709).
Dia-lectics
of talking*), and diawas first used of a

investigation.
conversational form of
3.
argument and
is
A
is,
zob-phyte ((oov, (frvrov)
an animal-plant
zootic disease is
an animal very much like a plant. An epione which prevails among animals (eVt roh ^ftiot?) as an epi-deinic (see 74, 1) among human beings. The zodiac (&)8m/fo's\ an adjective formed from ^whiov, the diminutive of oW), that imaginary belt of the sky through which the sun seems to move-, contains the twelve constellations, which arc fancied to resemble various animals. 4. Idiom (iSlco/xa, -t<k) denotes, first one's <>mi peculiar use of language; thru a mode of expression which is peculiar to a particular language.
that
Idiomatic retains -ar- of the stem.
-ov)
Idiot (i8itoT>)-;,
Mas formerly used
in
the
Creek sense
a
of a
private person, as distinguished from one in public

station.
Then
it
came
to
mean
common, unedu-
cated, or simple
person, and finally one
who
has
not the ordinary degree of intelligence. 5. From the root of 'h-ri]/j.t we have static (arat(kos')
and
statics.
A compound
of statics
is
hydr-o-
the science which has to do with the laws of pressure and equilibrium of water and similar liquids. An apo-state ^d-rro-aTari^) is one who stands off from, or deserts, his former faith or party.
statics (y8a>p),
Apo-stasy (air 6-ctt avis)

Ec-stasy (evc-rrTacn?
).
state of emotion, in
is the act of so deserting. standing oat, is an extreme which, as we say, one is he-
side himself "
ec-static is
the adjective.
Sy-stem
; ;
105]
Mi-VEEBS
.-
"laTiifjLi
AND
KepdvvvfiL.
105
(<TV(m]fia, -tos, from avv and idTTjfii) denotes the standing together of things, in an orderly manner systematic is the adjective, and systematize the verb.
(Many English words containing

from Latin.)
6.
the root sta are

in
The Greek
Kpdrrjp
was a large bowl

so
which
resem-
the wine was mixed with water before being drunk

the crater of a volcano
is
named from
its
blance in shape.
ture
From
t8ios,
aw, and Kpaaa mix;
was formed ISio-o-vy-Kpdaia idio-syn-crasy, one's own peculiar mixture of qualities idio-crasy is rarely used in the same sense. 7. From 6pa\6s and av- 'privative (see 60, 3, 5), we have an-omalous (dv-oofiaXos with an irregular lengthening of o to &>), irregular, and ano-maly
(av-a>fAa\ia), irregularity.
8.
Eu-peptic
dys-peptic, (Zva-
and eu-pepsia are contrasted with and ireirro)') digesting ill, and dys-
pepsia,
9.
bad digestion.
rrXdaaoy
From
and
we
obtain
plaster
(ep.-ifkaa-
rpov),
also plastic (TrXaariKos), moulding, or

to
capable of being moulded, or pertaining or fashioning.
moulding
10. The root of rep,vw is rep.-, which appears in English derivatives in the form to p.-, with the common change of e to o. A tome (ropbo<i, -ou) is
from the rest, hence a volume. alpha privative) is a particle so small that it cannot be cut in two, an indivisible particle. Ana-tomy is primarily the cutting up (dvaa part of a
cut
work
An
a-tom
(d-rop.o<;,
To/jbij),
dissection of a
body; then
it
came
to
mean
106
[107-
the structure of a body, as learned by dissection. Zoo-tomy is the anatomy of animals. An epi-tome
(e7ri-T0fji,?]~) is
a brief
summary
of a book, the result
of
cutting out all but the principal statements.

for insect
The Greek word

cut)
is
(Latin
in
and
seco,
ev-rofjbov,
because so
cut
first
many
inserts, like the
wasp and
divided.
spider, are
Hence the
is
11. Phrase
<f>pd%a).
into so as to be almost element of entomo-logy. our form of ^pdat^ speaking, from
Compounds
and
( (
are phrase-o-logy, para-phrase
(irapd),
peri-phrasis QirepC),
peri-phrastic.
with the adjective Compare circum-loeution from Latin
circum and loquor.)
XIX.
106.
The Verb
&r)fit;
the Adjective
is
ITa?.
The conjugation
in
of (j>nfi(say, affirm,
nearly
like that of tarvfit
the present active'; but the
present indicative of c/h//u is enclitic (see 55), except in the second person singular, (f>rj<n hence it
follows the rules in 55, a and b, in regard to accent, and should not be placed at the beginning of
a sentence.
Sing.
Dual.
Plu.
1 2
(f>v-H-i
(pt]<;
a-p,kv
<f)a-rov (J)a-r6v
Inf.
<f>a-T
(prj-crl
<f)dal
cpd-vai.
107.
The
adjective 7ra? all (sometimes, in the

\<
singular, every)
of the third
declension
in
the
108]
THE VERB
cpnflt
THE ADJECTIVE
7ra?.
107
masculine and neuter, and of the first declension It has some irregularities of acin the feminine. cent, and is therefore given in full.
Sing. N.
108
rb
TO
jjbd6rifxa,
THE GHEEK IN ENGLISH.

-tos
[109^
lesson (mathematics).
shut the eyes.

fjLVCTTlipLOV,
-v,
-ov
secret doctrine, mystery.

secret, mystic.
fivaTiKOS,
6\o<i,
-1],
-bv
-ov
whole (holo-caust
all,
).
77^9, Traaa, irdv

)'/
every (pan-orama).
Trelpa, -as
attempt, trial (em-pir-ic).

pirate.
o Treiparr)?, -ov
7rpdaaa>
accomplish (prac-tical).
deed, affair (pragniat-ii). split (schism).
say, affirm (cu-phe-mism).
109.
I.
rb Trpdypca, -to?
(p1]p,L
Exercises.

(3dpo<>
1.
Tt
2. iv rf)
rb rod ôwv (f>f)<i ayopd twv tto\1twv

8i]p,(p.
elvai
(to
be);
SiBdiv
//
oi pijropes
b
/xavddvovcn
4.
\iyetv rep
3.
hvvaTai
it peer fivr epos

;
CKeiv Trdvra rd pLvaTijpia tojv 6eS)V

rf}
roU
5.
aôXfj p.a6)jp.aaL 7r\dacrovTai ol TraiSes. pLvariK)] crocpid twv dpyaiwv ovk eri (longer)
Trrerai.
G. 7.
icpvTr}$
ol TroXlrai
>)
(ppdôvai rd Sbyp,ara
dyopds.
8.
rrelpa SiSdcncei ri SvvdpbeOa irpacraeiv.

(c\tto-
ol
irapd-ai a7ro-rep.vovai
(i')(ov
\as irdvTwv TG)V

vacrOe
o-^lêcv
a \ap,(3dvovai.
10.
off) ras /cecpa9. ov ovol
rb SevSpov.
Trdvres
iralhes
puavOdvovai
11. TO KavcrrtKov b\ov pL<Wvp<a. 1-. 6 p/jrcop cpi]al Bepp,bv tov i]\iov Sl&olhtii' akyea.
to
The verb
$y)\x\,
like verbs of saying in Latin, takes the ina subject-accusative, as its >>i>ject.
finitive,
with or without
110]
THE VERB
SfjfjLOv
(prffii ;
THE ADJECTIVE
13.
7ra?.
109
rbv
elvai aocpbv kcu dyadov.
ireipdovrac
Kaeiv rd hevhpa.
a6~\.i]Tov.
14. 6 rfkLos tcdei to Sep/xa rov veov
15. ra fivarijpia, a ol irpea^vrepoi /cpv-
Trreiv Tretpdovrac, irdvra cppdôvrai.
II.
They conceal the nature of the drugs which 2. The fire splits all the stones and they give. burns all the plants. 3. The whole affair is secret. 4. Pain teaches many lessons. 5. Can you tell in
1.
the assembly of the people the secret-doctrines
which the
priests teach?
7.
6.
The
pirate takes all
Caustic words give pain. 8. The king conceals the attempt of the sooth9. The air in the lungs has not much sayers. 10. weight. learn from ancient books the opinions of the ancients about nature. 11. The
the gold in the city.
We
wise affirm that the good citizen rules (inf.) his
own
a
feelings,
and gives much to
others.
12. It
is
best to learn, not
many
[things], but
few things.
14.
13.
What
about are you trying to accomare
much
plish?
trying to set
The image which the citizens up is a work of much skill.

Notes
071
110.
1.
Derivatives.
Phantasm-agoria (cpdvrao- pa, 74, 11, and dyopa) denotes an assemblage of phantasms or images. In pan-egyric we have a derivative of a dialectic form
of dyopa.
Trav-T'iyvpiq
the people, as at the great
was an assemblage of all Olympic games; and a
110
[110
X0705 was an oration delivered at such an assembly. As such orations were often
Trav-riyvpifcbs
in praise of
some
city or person, the
term came
to
mean
2.
a eulogy.
From aXyo?
is
derived the last part of cephal
and neur-algia (to vevpov nerve). 3. In bary-tone the y stands for v of ftapvs heavy which is plainly related to fidpo?. The word is (For tone see mono-tone. 68. also spelled baritone. 9.) The baro-meter is an instrument for measuring
algia (see 31, 5)
s
the weight of the atmosphere.

4. Didactic
(SiBa/cri/cos,
from
SiSacr/cw,
the root
of
which
is 8i8a/c-)
means
instructive.
5. Aoypba sometimes has the same meaning as ho%a\ but the English dogma has taken on the sense of an accepted opinion, or one which is put Hence dogmatic forth as unquestionably true.
and dogmatize.
6.
The verb
kuco has losl

to
the u
which
is
shown
Cautery
by other forms
belong to the root.

is
(KavTijpiov a branding-iron)
the act of burning

is
or searing in surgery.
7.
Cauterize
the verb.
Apo-crypha
(u7ro-/cpu<,
from
inro-KpvTTrw)
signifies properly
hidden away; then by a curious transfer the word was applied to those books of the Bible which were not recognized as inspired.
8.
Syl-lable
is
is
from
au\-\a/3>j
ftdvco),
what
taken together, that
(avv and Xap,is, pronounced

di-( s (syllable
with one impulse of the voice.

(for di- see 96, 1) the extra
to a blunder, like
8
In
was
original!)
due
many
other peculiarities of our
110 J
THE VERB
<f)t]fii ;
THE ADJECTIVE
7ra?.
Ill
Tri-syllable has for its first element the stem of rpels. Syl-labus, of the same etymology with syl-lable, denotes an abstract or compendium. In epi-lepsy (literally, an attack, seizure'), the root \aft- appears in the slightly different form \777r-. The root is still farther changed in di-lemma (81This word was originally the technVJ XijfifMa). name of a peculiar form of argument, but now is often used for a difficult situation, in which any course of action which may be chosen seems likely
spelling.
to lead to further difficulty.
The
force of the
for
word may be roughly given

di-
as double-catch;
see 96,
9.
1.
In mathematics the meaning of ixaQrgiara has
been restricted to a particular branch of learning. A philo-math (0/X.o?) is one who is fond of learning. 10. Holo-caust (6\os and Kavaro^ from tcau>) is used of sacrifices which were wholly burned, The phrase nadf 6\ov (for Kara. oXov) is used in an adverbial sense, wholly ; from this was formed the adjective Kado\i/c6<; universal, general ; hence our
word
catholic.
English in the forms pantThus, pant-e-mime (see 78, 4), pant-ophagous ((payelv), equivalent to omni-vorous, from Latin. Pan-demonhim (8ai\iwv) is the place of all demons ; pan-theon (irav-Oelov, 0eo?), a temple of all gods; pan-theism, the doctrine that the universe, taken as a whole, is God; pan-orama (opdoo), a complete view ; pan-acea (wav-d/ceia, from d/ceofxai to cure), a cure-all ; pan-oply (irav-oTfXld, from o-rrXov
11. I7a<? appears in
and pan-.
112
[110.
armor), complete armor. From frequent use in and similar words, the syllable pan- has come to be used freely with a like meaning in forming
these
often when the second part is not Greek, as in pan-evangelical, pan-Slavism. Diapason is an abbreviation of 8ca iraaoiv -ôpSoov (?;
Xop&'i the string of a lyre, whence our chord) means, therefore, the octave, or the entire scale.
12.
;
new compounds,
it
is
An em-piric is one whose knowledge or skill gained only in trial or experiment (Jv ireipa), and is not founded on scientific principles. A
makes
is
pirate
hostile attempts or attacks

iretpaTeid.
on others;
piracy
13.
shortened from
irpaaaco we have practical (nrpdKTLKos), and praxis (irpagis), a technical term having one of the meanings of practice ; pragmatic shows the stem of irpaypa. 14. A schism (axio-fia, -ro<?, from erîêo) is a
practice,
From
"split" or division, in
a party or organization;
hence
schismatic.
15. From ev-(piyxoq well-speaking (eS and (pvpi) we have eu-phemism, eu-phemistic. A 7rpo-(p?]Tv<; is one who speaks for another (77730, like Latin pro,
often having the meaning for) ; pro-phet, one who speaks for, or in place of, God; that is, one who is inspired by God and declares his will. Hence
pro-phetic, pro-phecy,
and
pro-phesy.
Hetero-phemy
(eVeô?)
is
a euphemistic word, of recent forma-
tion, for false-speaking.
GREEK-ENGLISH VOCABULARY.
dXXos,
-r\,
-o
other, 89.
read, 49.
riva-yi-yvojo-Kw
'A-yaGo's,
-tf,
-o'v
good,
66.
ayytWoi announce, report, 58. <vyYe\os. -on, d messenger, 58. ayopa, -as, t] assembly, 108. ayu lead, 72.
d-ywyds,
72.
o/ycov, 0I.7UVOS,
undoing, tJ an taking apart, analysis, 94. dvoAvw unloose, take apart,

dvdXvo-is,
-<o$,
analyze,
94.
av8os, -eo$, to flower, 98.

dv0pa7ros, -ov, d
avTo/ycovurTTi's,
-ov,
leader,
guide,
man,
49.
-ov, d
antago-
d contest, 84.
nist, 84.
dvTi, prep.
66.
dird,
d-ywvii;o|j.ai
struggle,
engage
w. gen., instead of,
in a contest, 84.
d8eX<|>o's, -ov,
d brother, 58.
prep. w. gen., from,

54.
away
difp, dt'pos, d air 84.
from,
dOXt^'s, -ov, d athlete, 84.

dGXov, -ov, to prize, 84.
dOXos, -ov, d athletic
alpe'w seize,
diroo-T'X\w
d-rrdo-ToXos, -ov, d
send away, 58. envoy, am-
game,
84.
bassador, 58.
dpi0p.a>
grasp, 103.
count, 76.
d
alpc'oâi choose, 103.

aio-6dvo|Aai perceive, 76.
oKjit], -tjs,
-i
dpi0|j.ds, -ov,
number,
76.
dpio-Tos,
29.
-t),
-ov best, 89.
summit, prime,
34.
dpxavos,
o-PX 1!'
-d, -ov
tj
ancient, 80.
(1)
dxcvu hear,
ciKpov, -ov,
-HS,
beginning,
80.
to top, upper part,
(2)
government,
94.
dpxw
ij
(1) begin, (2) rule, 80.
aKpoVoXis, -ws,
94.
acropolis,
do-Tpov, -ov, to star, 66.

aiiXo's, -ov,
d pipe, 58.
-d
aXyos,
-tos, to'
pain, 108.
avTo's,
-if,
-self;
myself,
dXXd but.
himself, itself, etc.
114
GREEK-ENGLISH
B. throw, 44.
to weight, 108.
o kiny, 92.
VOi
ABULABY.
-a8os.
5eKa ten, 80.

SeKas.
r]
BaMw,
Papos,
company of
-eos,
ten,
decad,
80.
Pao-i\vs,
-f'ws,
Se'vSpov, -ov, to' tree. 54.
Pip\iov, -ov, to book. 66.

Pi(3\iottu\t]s, -ov, d
8'ppa, -tos. to' skin, hide, 98.

8eo-7ro'TT|s. -ov.
5tJ|ios. -ov,
o'
bookseller
master, 44.
66.
ptos, -ov,
o'
d people, 72.
Life, 49.
8ia.
prep. w.
gen., through,
pope'ds, -ov, d
north-wind,
44.
54.
PoTavti,
-Tjs,
tj
grass, herb, 29.
Siaipe'w divide, 103.
Staira,
-7]s.
r\
mode
of
life, 39.
SuaXe'-yopai
converse, 103.
Tdjios. -ov,
o'
marriage, 89.
family. 89.
rj
SiSao-Kco teach, 108.

8i8topi give, 98.
yevta, -as,
ij
ytvto-is, -a>s,
birth,
origin,
Sis twice. 94.
genesis.
ye'vos, -eos,
94.
8o'\pa. -tos. to opinion. 108.
to rare, kind, 89.
8da,
-t|s-
t\
opinion, 66.
to'
A earth, land, 29. veyvopai become, be born, (of event- lake place, 89.
T1>
Y<\s-
8pdpa, -tos,
(1)
deed. (2)
98.
drama.
8pdp.os,
98.
8paw do, accomplish,

-ov,
yeyvcoo-KU)
perceive,
49.
learn
to
rate,
running,
know,
y\v<j>io
49.
Sv'vajiai can,
-tjs,
rj
carve, 94.
am
r\
able, 94.
yXuKro-a
or
yXuTTa,
39.
Sv'vapis, -e^S.
force,
power,
tongne, language,
Ypau.u.a.
94.
8vvao-TT|s. -ov, d ruler,
-tos. to' writing, let-
dynast,
ter (of the alphabet), 89.

ypcujxo write, 29.
yvp.vaw exercise, 76.
yvp.vaa-i.ov,
94.
E.
'EpSop.ds.
d8os-rj
week.
80.
-ov,
to'
gymna-
'p8oposi8os.
-t),
-ov seventh, 80.

to'
sium,
76.
.
-cos.
shape,
figure,
yvu.vo's- -r
-o'v
rj
naked, bare. 76
89.
yiovtd, -ds-
corner, angle, 80
cLkuv. -o'vos.
84.
tlo-(v)
rj
image, statue,
(they) are, 54.

prep. w. gen., out of,
54.
Aaip.iov.
-ovos,
o'
divinity,
'k
or
eij,
spirit, 84.
from,
GREEK-ENGLISH VOCABl LARY.

v,
li;
prep. w. dat.,
outside, 80.
in, 29.
I.
fa>
"ISios, -d, -ov one's
own,
pri-
iwi, prep. w.
dat.,
upon, 66;
overseer,
vate, 103.
Upcv's, -ws, d priest, 94.
W. ace,
eirfcr koitos,
to, 58.
-ov,
Upo's, -a, -o'v

'iirrros,
sacred, 94. horse, 58.
guardian, 72.
emo-ToXri,
tle, 58.
-rjs,
rj
-ov, d
letter, epis-
Ho-os,
-t|,
-ov equal, 72.
umip.1 set up, cause to stand,

103.
Lo-Topid, -ds,
ii
eirrd seven, 80.

ep-yov, -ov,
4'prjji.os, -tj,
to work, 54.
-ov solitary, lonely,
history, story,
34.
84.
K.
io-Ti(v) (he, etc.), is, 54.
Ka and,
kgko's,
49.
<rw inside, within,
80.
-v[, -o'v
bad, 66.
Tpos, -d, -ov other, 66.

jtvlios,
-r\,
koMos,
genKaXds,
-eos, to'
-tj, -o'v
beauty,
89.
-ov true, real,
beautiful, 89.
uine, 72.
tv well, 34.
Kavtov, -dvos, d
measuring-rod,
burning,
rule, 84.
Kavo-TiKo's,
->i,
Xw have,
29.
-o'v
caustic, 108.
kow burn,
Kevo's,
-n',
108.
-o'v
empty,
98.
Zwov,
-ov, to'
animal, 103.
Kpdvvv|xi
mix, 103.
to horn, 98.
Kt'pas, Ke'pdTos,
Kj>a\Ti, -Vis,
rj
head, 29.
ladder, 76.
"H(3ii, -r,s,
t|
youth,
29.
kXoiio
break, 84.
-kos,
tj
rfOos, -eos, to'
character,
KX.ip.aj;,
rpuos- -ov, d sun, 54.
Koo-p.e'w
adorn, 49.
(1)
Ko'o-iios, -ov, d
order, (2)
ornament,
0d,
-ds,
(3) the universe,
ti
sight,
show,
29.
world, 49. KpaWt) rule,

103.
89.
Ge'drpov, -ov, to'

Oso's, -ov,
theatre, 54.
heat, 54.
position, put-
KpdTtjp, -npos, d
mixing-bowl,
strength, 89.
d a
god, God, 58.
Gcpito'v, -ov, to'
KpdtTos, -os, to'
0o-is,
-ws,
ij
Kptvw judge, 44.
ting, 98.
Kpmis,
-ov, d
judge, 44.
116
GREEK-ENGLISH VOCAB ULAB Y.

p.ovo-iov, -ov.
51
Kpu'iTTw conceal. 108.
to house of the
58.
39.
Kpvo-raXXos. -ov. 6 ice,
muses,
museum,
t)
kvkXos-
-ov, d circle, 58.
p.ovo-iKn', -rjs,
music,
p.v0os, -ov, d tale,

u-vo-T^'piov, -ov,
legend, 49.
108.
to secret doc-
Aap.pavw take, 108.

Xdpv-y, -"yos, d throat,
trine,
mystery.
larynx.
p.vo-TiKo's, -tJ,
-dv secret,
mys-
tic, 108.
76.
Xiyo) speak, tell, 49.

\C0os, -ov, d -lone. 66.
Xd-yos,
-ov,
N.
word,
Navs,
(2)
vavi-qs. -ov. d sailor, 84.
rj
ship, 84.
(1)
talk, (3) account, descrip-
tion, 49.
vKpds,
r\
-d,
-dv dead, 94.
XvVis,
-tot's,
loosing, set-
ve'u.a)
deal out, distribute, 66.
ting free, 94.
vcos. -d. -ov

let loose, 94.
vdp.os, -ov, d
new. young,
law, 66.
94.
Xvw loose, undo,
'O.
?j,
to
the.
often transher,
its,
MdOtina. -tos. to lesson, 108.

IxaKpds. -a, -dv long, large, 72.
lated
by
his.
or
their, 18.
p.av0avw learn, 34.

pavi-is,
d5ds, -ov,
t]
road. way. 49.
-tws,
soothsayer,
otKt'w to inhabit,
dwell
in, 72.
prophet, 98.
(xcXos, -os.
oCkos, -ov, d
house. 72.
to song, strain of
dXtyoi, -at, -a few, 80.

d'Xos,
-r|,
music, 98.
lTpov,
FLTlX avTipiKpo's,
-ov,
-ov
-rj,
whole, 108.
-dv
to measure, 54.
ii
djiaXo's,
even,
level,
""i?,
machine,
72.
34.
103.
6'p.oios, -a,
-d -dv small,
-ov like, 89.

89.
iuu.top.ai imitate. 76.

p.ip.os, -ov,
dp.ov
together
d imitator, 76.
dvvp-a, -tos, to
name,
to
89.
(autos, -cos,
H-viiVti, -iis,
to hatred, 94.
ii
6pao> see, 49.

dp-yavov,
54.
-ov.
memory,
98.
instrument,
jidvos,
-T|,
-ov alone, only, only
one, 66.
(iop4>rJ, -lis.
t\
dp0ds,
-rj,
-dv (1) straight, (2)
form.
58.
upright, (3) right, 66.

,
jiovo-a,
-ijs, t\
muse,
39.
dpvts, -60s, d,
rj
bird, 80.
GREEK-EXGL ISB VOCA B ULART.

os,
t|-
11'
who,
that,
which
64.
iroTauos, -ov, o river, 58.

irov's, ttoSo's,
ov, ovk,
dJ/op.ai
ov\ not, 34. future of dpdw,
d foot, 80.
76.
Trpd-yua,
-tos, to'
deed, affair
108.
n.
IldOos, -60s,
sion, 89.
ircuSa-ywyo's, -ov, d child-leader,
to'
Trpao-o-w
accomplish, 108.
-d,
feeling, pas-
Trpeo-pvTepos,
72.
irpo',
-ov older, elder,
prep. w. gen., before, 89.

-tj,
teacher,
pedagogue,
o',
80.
Trpun-os,
-ov first, 76.
iraiSevu educate, 80.

irats, Trai8o's,
t]
Trvp, TTvpo's) to' fire, 84.
child, 80.
Tr&>\ sell, 66.
iraXiv again, 29.

irapa, prep.
w.
dat., at the side
of, beside, 44.
'PtJtwp, -opos- d orator, 84.

44.
pis, pivds,
tj
irapapaMw compare.
Trapo.poX.TJ, -t]s,
TJ
nose, 98.
comparisou, illustration, parable, 44.

o'
po'8ov, -ov, to' rose, 54.
irapdSeio-os, -ov,
park, 58.
every, 108.
2dp,
-ko's,
tj
irds, -rrdo-a, irav all,
flesh, 76.
irapa, -as,
tj
attempt.trial, 108.
o-KTTTop.ai
view, examine, 72.

to
staff,
impdouai
try, 108.
o-K-rp-rrpov, -ov,
sceptre,
TreipdTTJs, -ov, d pirate, 108.
54.
o-kotto's, -ov,
tk'tttw digest, 103.

irepi,
d watcher, look-
prep. w. gen., about, con-
out, 72.
o-o(|>d, -ds, tj
cerning; w. ace, around,

29 and 54.
ir\ao-o-w
wisdom,
66.
o-o(J>top.ai,
am clever,
or wise,
irvtvaa, -tos, to
89.
form, mould, 103. wind, breath,
72.
o-o<j)o's, -tJ, -o'v
wise, 66.
firm, solid, 76.
o-Tt'Ww send, 58.

o-Tpo's, -d, -o'v
TrvevuMV, -ovos, d lung, 89.

ttoiw
make,
39.
o-tCxos, -ov, d line (as of writ-
ttoit)ttJs, -ov,
d poet, 44. d war, 58.

city, 94.
ing)
o-vv,
94.
TrdXji,os, -ov,
tto'Xis, -ws,
tj
prep. w. dat., with, 76.

tj
o-vv9o-is, -ws,
a putting to-
Tro\tTT)s, -ov, d citizen, 44.
gether, composition, 98.

o-vvti8t)p.i
iroXvs,
ttoXXtJ,
tto\v
89.
much,
(plural)
many,
o-j>aipa, -as,
put together, 98. tj ball, sphere,
39.
118
GREEK-ENGLISH VOCAB ULA Z? Y.

fca-yetv,
crxC?w, split, 108.
o-xoXd^w, have leisure, 34.

0-xoA.t], -qs,
ij
inf., to eat, 76.
leisure,
school.
4>atvu>
show,
72.
34.
4>aivop.ai
appear, 72.
to drug, 98.
T.
Tafjis, -ws,
Tcto-o-o)
ij
<j)dpp.aKov, -ov,
arrangement,
94.
j)'pw
4>ri|j.C
bear, carry, 80.

say, allirm, 108.
d friend, 49. d fear, 58.
tell,
arrange, 94.
Td4)0S: -ov. d grave,
tomb,
98.
<j)iXos, -ov,
<j)d(3os. -ov,
T|XVW cut, 103.

tc'xvt). -t)s.
tt)\.
ii
art, skill, 58.
j)pdi>
<t>v'o-is,
make known,
-ttosij
103.
at a distance, afar, 34.

29.
nature. 94.
tC
what?
4>vto'v. -ov.
4>vo)
to plant, 94.
94.
-H0T]fu put, place, 98.

to'it-os. -ov,
make grow,
t\
d place, 58.
54.
<}>wyrj, -r\s.
<J>t5s.
sound, voice, 34.

light, 80.
TpiVw turn
Tpds three,
<j>o)To's. to'
Tpdiros, -ov, d turn, 54.

80.
tv'ttos, -ov, d
type,
76.
tvittw strike, 76.
XapaKTTJp,
-T)pos- d
mark,
84.
Xapdo-o-w scratch, 84.
\dp.
'Y-yUia, -as,
v'Sup.
vire'p,
t|
i}
hand, 34.
-as,
ij
health, 39.
Xâipa,
she-goat, 39.
to water, 58.
prep. w. ace, beyond,
Xpo'vos, -ov, d time. 49.
Xpi"ds. -v- d gold 76.
44.
Xpwua,
-tos,
to color, 89.
virtpPdAXw outdo, excel, 44. virepPoXif, -r\s, rj excess, ex-
vtto'.
travagance, hyperbole, 44. prep. w. dat., under, 72.

(1)
^v8os,
-os, to'
t]
falsehood,
xj/vxii- -tis.
sold, 49.
viroKptvouai
answer,
'fliStf, -i\s
play a part on the stage,
76/
v-rroKpiTTJs, -ov, d
song, ode. 29.

season, time,
i
actor, 76.
<opd, -as,
r\
ENGLISH-GREEK VOCABULARY.
Are, they
Able,
dcrL(y).
am
7rpt
Svvapai.
Around
irtpi
w. ace.
About
w. gen.
6.
rj-
Accomplish Spdco. Account Adyos, -on,

Acropolis
d/</D07roAts, -ews,
Arrange Tacrcrw. Arrangement Tafis, -ews, Art Tx vV> " 77 s, 77Assembly dyopd, -ds, 17.
17.
Actor
VTTOKpLTrjS, -ov, 6.
Koap.lu>.
At a
distance
TrjXe.
6.
Adorn
Afar
rrjXe.
Athlete aÂ-^Tr/s, -ov, Athletic game d#Aos,
-ov, 6,
Affair 7rpdypa, -tos, to.
Affirm
(j>r)fAL-
Again
Air
All
7rdAiv.
Attempt 7mpa, -us. 17 At the side of 7rapd w. dat. Away from utto w. gen.
B.
drjp,
a epos,
-rj,
6.
7ras, Tracra, ttolv.

-ov.
Alone pdvos,
Ambassador
6.
airoo-ToXos- -ov,
Back 7rdA.1v. Bad a/<o's, -rj,

Bare yuavos, Bear (f>cp<o.
-ov.
17.
Ball acfxupo., -ds,

-co;?, y.
-17,
Analysis dvdAvo-is, Analyze dvaAvw.
-ov.
Ancient dpxaios,
-a, -ov.
Beautiful kuAos,
->/,
-ov.
And
ko.L
Beauty KaAAos,
-ds,
17.
-eos, to.
Angle ywvi'd, Animal o>ov,
Become
yiyvo/xai.
-ov, to.
Before 7rpd w. gen
Announce
-ov, 6.
dyye'AAo).
Antagonist
dvTaytoviorr/s,
Begin dpx w Beginning apx>h

-
"*? s >
17-
Appear
(ftaivopw..
Beside 7rapd \v. dat. Best dpioros, -17) -ov-
120
Beyond
ENGLISH-GREEK VOCABULARY.
xnrip
w. ace.
Bird opvls, -60s, o or 17. Birth yevecrts, -ecus, rj.
Book
6.
fiifiXtov, -ov, to.

/3i/3Aio7ro>A?7s, -ov,
Dead veKpos, -a, -ov. Decad Sexds, -80s. 17Deed 8pap-a, -to?, to.
Description Adyos, -ov, Digest TriiTToi.
6.
Bookseller
Born,
am
yiyvopui.
Break k\<xo)Breath Trvev/xa,
-ros, to.
-ov, 6.
Brother d8eA<ds,
Burn
Kaeo.
-1?,
Discourse Adyos, Distance, at a Distribute kjhw. Divide Sicupe'w. Divinity oat/zow,
-ov, 6.
,
TrjXe.
-ovo?, 6.
Burning /cavcrTiKOS, But dAAd.

C.
-ov.
Do
Spdoi.
Drug
(pdppuiKov, -ov, to.
Can
Svvafxm.
<epa).
Dwell in 01/C6W. Dynast Svvdo-Tiys,
-ov, 6.
Carry Carve
yAv'<o>.
-7/,
Caustic Kauo-TiKos,
-dv.
Earth
yrj. yrj?, 17,
Character r)6os, -eos. rd. Child 7rcus, 7rai8ds, 6 or rj.
Eat, to
inf., cpayeiv.
Choose
alpeo/MU.
o.
17.
Educate 7rou8eva). Elder wpeo-ftvTepo?,
-a, -ov.
Circle kvkAos. -ov,
Empty
Envoy
Epistle
Kevds,
-rj,
-ov.
Citadel aKpoTroXis, -tws.

Citizen
TroXiTr)?, -ov, 6.
a7rdo-ToAos, -ov, 6.
7rio-roAi7, -rj?,
-rj,
r).
City 7rdAis, -<os, 17. Color y(puipua, -to?, to.
Equal
lo-os,
-ov.
Compare
V-
Trapa/3dXXw.
rrapa(ioXrj,
-rj?,
Even 6p.aXos, -rj, -ov. Examine aKe-rrTopxii.

Excel vTrepfiaXXix). Excess vTrepftoXrj,
Exercise
yvp.va.t,w-rj?. r).
Comparison
Composition avvueaL?, -ews, Conceal KpvrrTw. Concerning irepi w. gen. Contest dycov, dywvos. 6. Converse SiaXeyofiai. Corner ywvtd, -as, 17.
17-
Extravagance
V-
vTrepfioXrj,
-rj?,
V.
Falsehood ijjevSo?, Family yeved, -as,
-fos, to.
17.
Count dpifyxew. Cut re/xvw.
Far
TrjXe.
Fear
<p6/3o?, -ov, 6.
EX'. L TSH-G BEEE

Feeling iraOos,
-eos, to.
V<)<
AB ULAR Y.
eô).
121
Few
Fire
oAtyot.
-at, -a.
Figure
etSos, -eos, to.
Have Have Head

Hear Heat
leisure o-ôAdô).
K<j>a\y'i, -77s, 17.
irvp, irvpos, to.
Health vyUui,
aKova>.
-ds,
17-
Firm
Flesh
orepeos, -a, -oV.

-77,
First 7rpwT0S,
-or77.
6epp.ov, -ov, to.
crdpf, -/cos,
Flower dv#os, -eos, to. Foot 7rovs, 7ro8os, 6.

Force SvVapis, -ews, 17. Form (noun) pop (77, -17s,
17.
Her, possessive, translated by the article 6, 77, to.
Herb Hide
fioravq,
-77s, 17.
Seppa, -ros, to.

civtos,
-77, -o.
Himself
-ov, 6.
Form
From
(verb) TrXdaaw.
<iAos, -ov, 6.
6.TTO
Hippopotamus
k, e
i7r7ro7roTapos,
Friend
w. gen., or
His, translated
6,
yj,
by the
article
w. gen.
G.
to.
History
lo-Topid, -ds,
77.
Horn
-17,
Ktpas, KtpdTos,
-ov, 6.
to'.
Game
d#Aos,
-ov, 6.
Horse tWos,
-ov.
Genuine ervpos, Give oYSwpi.
House oikos, -ov, 6. House of the muses

-ov, TO.
povo-eiov,
God
Gold
#eds, -ov, 6.
xpvo~ds, -ov,
6. I.
Good dya^ds, -77, -ov. Good health vyieia, -as, 17Government dp^) -*??> VGrasp
Grass
aipe'o).
Ice KpvoraAAos, -ov,
6.
-77s, 17.
Illustration TrapafioXrj,
Image
-77s, 17.
cIkwv, -oVos,
17.
(ioTavr},
Grave rd<os, Grow, make

Guardian,
-ov, 6.
,
<piia).
Imitate pipeopou. Imitator ptpos, -ov, In ev w. dat.
6.
zttlo-kottos, -ov, 6.
Guide dywyos,
-ov, 6.
Gymnasium
yvpvdcriov,
-ov,
Inhabit oik<j. Inside taw. Instead of dvTi w. gen.
Instrument opyavov,
Is eoTt(v).
Its,
-ov, to.
translated
77,
by the
article
Hand X etp,
Hatred
rj.
6,
TO.
pio-os, to.
Itself, avTo's, -y, -6,
122
Em
LISH-GBEEK VOCABULARY.
Live
oiKeo).
lprjpuo<;, -77. -ov.
Judge (verb) ktAvw. Judge (noun) Kpirys.

K.
Lonely
-or, 6.
Long
pM.Kpo<s, -a, -dv.
Loose Araj. Loosing AvtTIS,
-(us,
7}.
Kind King
yVos, -eos, to/Sao-tXeus, -ea>s, o.

.
Lung
.
7TVeviitoV, -ovos, 6.
learn to
yiyvw-
M.
cr/cu).
Machine
,
p-qxavrj,
-77s. 7;.
Known, make
L.
<ppdia.
Make
tj-ouw.
<piiw.
.Make grow
Ladder
kXI/ui$, -kos.
y>ys.
77.
77.
Land
Large
y^,
Make known <odw. Man dv^pwTros, -ov, 6. Many 7roAAot. 77-0AW,

Mariner
vavrr/s, -ov, 6.
7roAAa.
Language
yAtoorra,
-77s, rf-
p.a.Kpo\, -a, -dv.
Mark âpaKnjp,
-jJ/jos, 6.
Law
i/ojuos, -ov, 6.
Lead ayw.
Leader dywyds, -or. 6. Learn fmvOdvw. Learn to know yiyi'too-Kw. ad firOus. -ov. 6. Leisure crôX,}. -77s, 7}; to have
leisure o-ôAa^w.
Marriage ya/ios, -ov, 6. Master oWttott;?. -or. 6. Measure fierpov, -ov. to. Measuring-rod /cavwv, -dvps,
6.
Memory
Mix
pvy/ii].
-77s,
?).
Messenger ayyeAos,
Ktpdvvvp.i.
-or. 6.
Mixing-bowl KpuTl/p.
-TipOS, O.
Lesson pdOqpxi. -70s. to. Letter (of the alphabet) ypd/x.fxa, -to?,
to.
-^s,
Mode of life ouutcl, Mould 77/\aao-w. Much TToAvs, 7roAA7y.

Muse pMvaa,
-77s,
77.
-77s, 17.
770A77.
Letter (epistle) iwurrokq,

7/-
Museum
o/xaAds.
-7/.
/wvaelov. to.
-77s, t).
-dv.
Music
,
p.ovo-iKy,
Life
Life,
/3ibs, -or, o.
mode
of
oYairu.
N.
Naked
ciais. c/xords,
yr/xvo's,
-17,
-ov.
to.
Name
1
ow/xa, -tos, to.

-e<n?,
77.
Like Line
otioios, -a, -ov.
Nature. (pwris,
o-riôs, -ov, 6.
eos, -a, -ov.
Little fUKpos, -a, -dv.
North-wind /3opcds,
-ov, 6.
ENGLlsII-G KEEK VOCABULA K Y.

Nose
pis, plvds,
77.
123
17.
Power
Prime
SvVa/xis. -ecu?,
Not
ov, ovk, ov%.
Priest tepevs, -os> 6.

dx/M/,
i'Stos,
-t}<j,
Number
dpi#pds, -ov, 6.
?}.
Private
-d, -ov.
-ov, to.
O.
Prize dOkov,
Ode
wSt;,
iv
-fjs, r).
Older
pea[Svt epos,
-d, -ov.
Prophet pdvns, Put TiOrjp.1.
-ews, 6.
On 67rt w. dat. Only, only one, Opinion Sda,
Put together
p,dvos,
-77s,
-rj,
avvTL$rjp.t.
o-vv0eo-is,
-ov.
Putting
-ews.
17.
together
r)
or
8dyp.a, -tos, to.
R.
Race, kind, yevos. -eos, to. Race, running. Spdpos, -ov,
Orator prjrwp, -opo?. 6. Origin ye'vecris, -cojs, 17. Other aAAos. -rj, -o or eVepos,
;
c.
-d, -ov.
Read dvayiyvwcrKw.
Real IVvpos, -17, -ov. Report dyye'AAw. Right 6pd6s, -rj, -ov. River 7roTap.ds, -ov, 6.
Outdo vTrepflaXko). Out of k, e, w. gen.

Outside ea>. Overseer e7ricrK07ros, -ov, 6. Own, one's own, i'Sios,*-d, -ov.
Road
68ds, -ov,
17.
Pain dAyos,
-eos, to.
Rose pdSov, -ov, to. Rule (noun) Kavwv, -dvos, 6. Rule (verb) ap\<x> or Kpareo). Ruler Svvacrnjs, -ov, 6.
Park
7rapdSeio-os. -ov, 6.
Running
6.
opdpo?, -ov,
b.
Passion
TrdOos, -eos, to.
Pedagogue
7rai8aywyds, -ov,
People 8^p.os, -ov, 6. Perceive alcrOdvopM or

yVWCTKW.
yt-
Sacred
tepds,
-of.
-ov.
Sailor vavrr/s, -ov, 6.

-ov, o.
-ov, 6.
Pipe avAds.
Same
6 urrds.
i)
avrrj.
to avTO.
Pirate ireipdTrjs,
Sceptre
o-Krj-n-Tpov, -ov, to.
Place (noun) toVos, -ov, 6. yiyvopxxi. Place, take Place (verb) ri6rjp.i.
,
School o"xoA?/, -rjs, r), Scratch âpdo-croj. Season wpd, -ds. r).
Secret /juiotikos, -rj, -ov. Secret doctrine pvorr/piov, -ov,
Plant (j>vrov, -ov, to. Poet KOLrjTrj'i, -ov, 0.

Position
fo'cris,
-ew>,
17.
TO.
124
ENGLISH-QUEER 'OCAB ULAB Y.

T
See opdw; future

Seize
aipe'io.
oif/ofmt.
Strike twttw.
Straggle dym'i,op.ai.
Sell 7rwXeo).
Send
Set
o-re'AAa);
send away
d7ro-
Summit aKpirj. -77s, Sun 17X105, -ov, 6.
17.
up
lo-rrjfu-
Seven e-rd. Seventh e/3So|U.os, -t), Shape elSos, -eos, to.

She-goat v/p-aipa, -ds,
-ov.
17.
Take Aap/3dvio. Take apart dvaXvu). Take place yryvopai. Taking apart dvdAvo-is,
V-
-ews,
Ship
vui"s.
'}
Show (noun) Bid, -as, Show (verb) <aiW

Si "lit
17.
Title fjivOos, -ov, 6.
Side, at the side of 7rapd w.dat.

Bed. -ds.
17.
Talk Aoyos, -ov, 6. Teach Si8do-Ko>. Teacher 7raiSay(oyds,

Tell <ppd?oi or Ae'yaj
-ov, 6.
Skill ri-xyy],
-77s, rj-
Skin
Sepfjua, -tos, to.
Snuill piKpds, -a, -ov.
Ten The
SeKa.
6,
17,
T<i
-ov, to.
Solid o-repcds.
-a, -ov.
-77,
Theatre Bedrpov,
Their, translated
cle 6,
17,
Solitary ep^pos,
-ov.
;
by the
arti-
Song, ode, wSy. -t/s. 17 strain of music, pc'Aos, -tos, to. Soothsayer pdvTis, -ecus, 6. Soul ipvxv> "*7 ? 17>
TO.
Three Tpeis. Throat Adpvy,
-yyos,
6.
Through
Sid
\v.
gen.
Sound (noun) cfxavrj, Sound (verb) (pcovc'w. Speak Ae'yw.

Sphere
o-<aipa, -ds,
}
-17s, rj-
Tli row /idAAco.
Time
^povos. -ov, 6;
1/.
season
uipa, -ds.
To, with verbs of motion, rt

W. ace.
Spirit Ottt/xwv, -ovos, Split o-y/^w.
6.
Together opoO.
Staff (TKYjTTTpOV, -OV, TO.
Tomb
Top
Tree True
rdcpos, -ov, 6.
yA.uxrcru
-/7s, *)
Star acrrpov,
-ov, to.
17-
Tongue
Statue etKwv, -dvos,

Sfcone Xi'Bos, -ov,
6.
dxpov,
-ov, TO.
Se'vSpov, -ov, to.
Story
lo-Topid, -ds,
-rj,
17-
ert'pos,
-r?,
-ov.
Straight dp#ds,
-ov.
Strength updTos,
-cos, to.
Try Trapdopuxi. Turn (verb) TpeVcu.
ENGLISH-G REEK
Turn (noun) TpoTros. Type twos, -ov, 6.
U.
-ov, o.
r
1
0( 'AB ULA E Y
eySSopds, -80s,
17.
1-"
Week
Weight jSdpos, Well eS.
-eos, to.
What? Tt. Who, which

Whole
dAos,
ds,
-7?,
t)',
d.
Under
viro w. dat.
A.vo>.
-ov.
Undo
Upon
Unloose dvaAvw.
7rt
Wind 7rvev/xa, -tos, to. Wisdom o-o<f>id, -as, ^.

-ov.
w. dat.
-77,
Upright
dptfds,
Wise o-o</)ds, With o-w w. Within Icrw.
-y, -ov-
dat.
V.
VieW
Voice
<TK7rTOjU*U.
<f>wvrj, -rjS, rj-
Word Adyos, Work e'pyov,

World
-ov, 6.^
-ov, to.
Koo-pos, -ov, 6.
-tos, to.
w.
Write ypdcôj. Writing ypdppa,

o.
!
I
War
7rdAepos, -ov,
"Water v'Swp, to.
Y
Youner
Way
6Sds, -ov, y.
ve'os, -a, -ov.

r)(ir], -tjs, fj-
\outn
INDEX OF ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.
A-, an- (privative) 60, 3, b.
Anabaptist
51, 5, b.
Acephalous
31, 5.
1.
Anachronism
51, 5, b.
1. 1.
Acme
29; 31,
Acoustic 34; 36, 1. Acoustics 36, 1 36, Acropolis 94. Acrostic 94; 96, 1. Adelphi 58; 59, I, 9. Aerate 86, 2.
;
Anaesthesia 78, Anaesthetic 78,

6.
Anagram
51. 5, b.
.">.
Analogon 51. b. Analogous 51, 5, b. Analogue 51, 5, b. Analogy 51, 5, b.

Analysis 94; 96, 7; 1G0,
10, a.
Aerial 86,
2.
Aeriform
Aeronaut
86, 2.
2.
Analytic 96,
7.
Aerolite 86,
Analyze
94.
86, 2.
1
;
Anarchy
78, 11.
82,
1, b.
Aesthetic 78,
Anathema
100, 10,
c.
Aesthetics 78,
1.
Anathematize
100, 10, c.
10.
Agatha
66.
3, b.
Agnostic 60, Agonize 84.
Anatomy 105, Anchor 6, a.

Anecdote Angel 58.
Annapolis
1.
100,
3.
Agony
Air 84
;
84; 86,
86, 2.
1.
Anhydrous
91,
60, 3, b.
Albuminoid
91, 5.
9G, 11.
;
Allopathy 89;
Alpha and Omega Alphabet 2.
2, a.
Anomalous 103 105, Anomaly 105, 7. Anonymous 91, 9.

Antagonist Antagonize
81.
7.
Amnesty 100, 9. Amorphous 60, 3, b. Amphibious 57. 6.

Amphitheatre
57, 6.
84.
1.
Anthem
Anther
68,
98.
128
INDEX OF ENGLISH: DERIVATIVES.

Archaic
82,
1, a.
Anthology 100, 1. Anthropoid 91, 5. Anthropology 49. Anthropomorphic 59, I, 12. Anthropomorphism 60, G. Anthropophagi 77, 1, 2. Anthropophagous 77, I, 2.
Anti- G8,
1.
Archaism
82, 1, a.
,
Archangel 82, 1 Archbishop 82,
b.
1,
b; 74,9.
Archduke
82, 1, b.
Archetype 82, 1, a. Archi-82, 1, b. Archiepiscopal 82,

Architect
82, 1, b.
1,
b; 74,
9.
Antidote 100,
3.
1.
Antinomian
68,
1.
Antinomy
Antipathy
68,
91. 10.
1.
Archives 82, 1, b. Archthief 82, 1, b. Aristocracy 90, I, 1

Aristocrat 89; 90,
91, 7.
1;
Antiperiodic 68,
I,
91,
7.
Antiphone 68, 1. Antipode 82. 7. Antipodes 80; 82,

Antislavery 68,
Antithesis 100.
Antithetic 100.
1.
Arithmetic 76. Aster 68, 2.

7.
Asterisk 68, Asteroid 91,

Astral 66.
2.
5.
10, a.
10, a.
Astrology 68,
2.
Apathetic 91,
10.
Astronomy
Atheist
Athlete
84.
67, II, 9; 68, 2.
Apathy
91, 10.
56. II. 4.
60, 3, b.
Aphelion
Apocrypha Apogee 31.
110,
7.
Atom
1.
105, 10.
67, I,
2.
3; 57,
Autobiography 66;
Autocrat
91,
7.
Apologetic 57, 1. Apologize 57, 1.
Apologue 57, 1. Apology 54; 57, Apostasy 105, 5. Apostate 105, 5.

Apostle 58
;
1.
Autograph 67, I, 2. Automatic 68, 3, a. Automaton 68, 3, a.
Autonomous 67, Autonomy 68, 3,

7.
1,
3; 68,
3, a.
a.
60,
7.
Apostolic 60,
Autopsy 78, 5. Autotype 78, 9.

P.
Apothecary 103. lo. Apotheosis 60. 3. C.

Arch- 82. 1, b. Archaeology 80;
82,
Baptize 51,
a.
5, b.
3.
Baritone 110,
1,
Barometer
108.

Barytone
Basil 88,
110, 3.
2.
129
Caustic 108.
Cauterize 110, 6. Cautery 110, G.
Basilica 96, 2.
Basilisk 96,
2.
Cenotaph 98
;
99,
I, 3.
Bible 66.
Bibliography 68, 4. Bibliomancy 100, 7. Bibliomania 68, 4.

Bibliophile 68,
4.
Cephalalgia 31, 5; 110,2. Cephalic 29 31, 5.
Cephalopod
82, 7.
10.
10.
Character 84; 86,

Characteristic 86,
Bibliopole 66.
Characterize 86,
10.
;
Bibliotheke 100, 10, b.

Bicycle 0.
5.
Chimaera, or Chimera 39
5.
41,
Bigamy
91. 2.
9.
I,
Chimerical 41,
5.
Bimetallist 68,
Biography 49; 50, Biology 50, II, 5; Bishop 74, 9. Boreas 44. Botanic 31, 2.
Botanist 31,
2.
2; 51,
1.
1.
Chirography 34; Chiromancy 100,

Chiropodist 82,
35,
7.
I, 3.
51,
7.
Chord 110, 11. Chromatic 91

,
14.
Chrome Chromo
89.
91, 14. 91, 14.
Botany 29; 31, 2. Bureaucracy 91, 7.

Bureaucrat 91,
7.
Chromolithograph Chronic 51, 7.

Chronicle 51,
7.
;
Cacodoxy 68, 7. Cacography 68, 7. Cacophony 66 68,

;
Chronology 49 50, II, 1 Chronometer 56, II, 1.

Chrysalis 76; 78,
7.
51,
1.
10.
Chrysanthemum
78, 10.
10.
Calligraphy 91,
6. 6.
Chryselephantine 78,
Chrysolite 78, 10.
Callisthenics 91,
Canon
84
86, G.
Climacteric 78,
3.
Canonical 86, C. Canonize 86, G.
Climax
76.
Comedy
31, 7.
11.
Catacomb
Catalogue Catarrh 7.
51, 5, c.
51, 5, c.
Constantinople 96,
Catholic 110,
10.
Cosmetic 49 51, Cosmic 51, 4. Cosmical 51, 4.

;
4.
:o
INDEX OF ENGLISH BEBIYATIVES.

91, 3; 95. 51,
1.
Cosmogony
T. 2.
Democrat
91, 7.
;
Cosmopolitan
51,4.
Demon
1
:
84
86, 3.
3.
polite 50, II,
51, 1;
Demonic 36, Demonology

Demotic
74,
86, 3.
1.
Cosmorama Cosmos 49:

-cracy 91,
-crat 91,
7.
7.
49; 51,
51, 4.
4.
Derm
98.
Despot
6.
44.
I>evil46. 3; 60,7.
Crater 103; 105,

Crisis 46,
1.
Di- 96.
Dia- 78,
8.
Criterion 46,
1.
1.
44
46,
1.
Diabolical 46, 3; 60,7. Diacritical 78, 8.
Critical 46.
Diaeresis 105,
1.
1. 8.
Criticism 46,
Criticise 46,
Diagnosis 78,
1.
Diagonal
82,
2.
Crypt 108.
Crystal 53.
Dialect 103; 105,2.
Dialectics 105.
2.
Cycle 58.
Cyclone 58. Cyclopaedia
82, 6.
Dialogue 105, 2. Diameter 54; 56, Diapason 110, 11.
I, 3.
Diaphanous 72;
74, 11.
Daemon
86, 3.
Diastole 78,
8.
Daemonic 86, 3. Daimon 86. 3. Daimonic 86, 3. Decad 68. 0: 80.

Decade 80. Decagon 80:
81. II, 1.
Didactic 103; 110,

Dieresis 103; 105,
4.
1.
Diet 39; 41, 3; 41,5.
Digraph
96,
1.
Dilemma
91, 4.
110,
8.
Dimorphic, -ous
96,
1.
nil 32. :;;
tie 82, 3.
Diorama 57. 2. Diphthong 5; 68,

Dissyllable 110,
0G,
1.
0; 96,
1.
Decameter 82. 3. Decarchy 82, 1, b.

Delta
2, a.
8.
L08; 110,
5.
91, 5.
Demagogue
Democracy
72: 73,
90,
I,
I, 1.
91,
7.
Dogmatic 110, 5. Dogmatize 110, 5. Dose 98 100, 3.

;

Doxology
68,
5.
131
Epidermis 100,
Epiglottis 68,
6.
2.
Drama
98.
Dramatic 100, 4. Dramatist 100, 4. Dramaturgy 100,

Drastic 100,
4.
Epigram 68, 6; 91, Epigraphy 68, G.

4.
4.
Epilepsy 110, 8. Epilogue 68, 6.
Dromedary 51, Dynamic 96, 5. Dynamite 94.
3.
Epiphany 74, 11. Epiphyte 96, 14.

Episcopacy, 74, 9. Episcopal 72; 74,9.
96, 5.
Dynamo
96,
5.
Dynamo-electric
Epistle 58
60,
7.
Dynast 94. Dynasty 94. Dyspepsia 103

Dyspeptic 105,
Eclectic 100,
Epistolary 60,
7. 2.
Epitaph
;
99, I,
105, 8.
8.
Epithet 100,
10, a.
Epitome
105, 10.
3.
Epizootic 105,
1.
Economy
74, 6.
5.
5.
Ecstasy 105,
Ecstatic 105,
Epode 68, G. Eponym, 91. 9. Eponymous 91

Eremite 84;
;
9.
86, 5.
5.
Electricity 96,
5.
Elephant
78, 10.
11.
Esoteric 80 82, Ethic 100, 5.

Ethical 100,
5.
Emphasis 74, Emphatic 74, Empiric 108;
11.
Ethics 98; 100,
5.
110, 12.
Etymology 72
74, 2.
Empyrean
86, 8.
Etymon
Eugene
74, 2.
Eucephalon
30, II, 5; 31, 5.

I, 5.
91, 3.
Encyclical 59,
Encyclopaedia
82, 6.
Energy 54; 56, II, 5. Entomology 105, 10. Eph- 68, 6. Ephemeral 68, G. Ephemeris 68, G.
Epi- 68.
G.
Eugenia 91, 3. Eugenie 91, 3. Eulogium 51, 5,

Eulogize 51,
a.
5, a.
Eulogy 51, 5, a. Eupepsia 105, 8.

Eupeptic 104,
I,
8; 105, 8
Euphemism
74, 1; 105,3.
108; 110, 15.

15.
Epidemic
Euphemistic 110,
132

34
;
Euphony
68, 7.
35, I, 5
36, 2
Harmony
51, 7.
;
Evangel
60,
1.
Hebdomadal 80 Hebe 29.

Heliacal 57,
5.
82, 4.
Evangelical 60, 1. Evangelize 60, 1.
Exodus
57, 3.
Helianthus Heliometer
100.
57,
;
1.
"..
Exoteric 82, 5. Exotic 80 82,

;
5.
Heliotrope 54 Heliotype 78,
56, II, 9.
9.
Fancy
74, 11.
Flint astic 74, 11.
Hemi- 41, 3. Hemisphere 41, 3. Heptarchy 80; 82,

Heresy
105,
1.
1,
b.
Fantasy
74. 11.
Heretic 103; 105,
1.
Genealogy
89.
3.
Genesis 94; 96, Genetic 96, 3.
Geography 29; 30, 1,8; 31,3. Geology 31, 3; 50, II, .V Geometry 31, 3; 57, 4. George 57, 4
(.loss 41,
1.
Hermit 86, 5. Heterodox 66 68, Heterogeneous 91. Heterophemy 110,

;
5.
3.
15.
Hexagon
82,
2.
Hierarchy 94;
Hieratic 74.
1
;
95, II, 1.
96, G.
Hieroglyphic 94.
41.
1.
Glossary 39;
Glottis 41,
1.
Hieroglyphics 96,
0.
Hieronymus
3, b.
96, 6.
6.
Gnome
51,
2.
Hierophant 90
Gnostic 49; 51, 2; 60,

jitter 82. 2.
I
Hippodrome 58; 60, 4. Hippopotamus 58; 59, I,

Historiographer History 34; 36,
35, II, 5.
.'!.
2.
ar 91,
4.
Leal 91, 4.
lie SI, 4: G Graphite 31, 4.
82, 10.
Holocaust 108;
110, 10.
Homer
91,
1.
7.
Gymnasium
!
76.
Homoeopathy
89; 90, II, 10;
78, 2.
Gymnastic
78, 2.
Homogeneous
91,
;;
9i, 8.
9.
Gymnic
Hades
78, 2.
Homonym
91, 8; 91,
9'
!
Homonymous
7, a.
Horography
30, 1,9; 31,3.
INDEX OF ENGLTSn DERIVATIVES.

Horologe 31, 8; 51, 5, a. Horometer31, 8; 57,4. Horoscope 31, 8 74, 9.
;
133
Idiopathic 104, II,
1.
Idiosyncrasy 105,
Idiot 105,
4.
6.
Hour 29 31, Hydra 60, 9.

;
8.
Indianapolis 96, 11. Iota

2, a.
Hydrant
60, 9.
1.
-ise 86, 11.
Hydraulic 58; 59,1,

"Hydraulics 58; 59,
-ism 86, 11.
I, 1.
Hydrography 60, 9. Hydrometer 60, 9. Hydropathy 91, 10. Hydrophobia 58 60,

;
Isochronous 74, Isometric 74, 3.

Isosceles 74,
3.
;
3.
Isothermal 72
9.
73, 1, 12
74, 3.
-ist78, 11; 86, 11.
Hydrostatics 105,
5.
-IteSI,
4.
Hygeia39; 41,4. Hygiene 41, 4.

Hygienic 41, 4. Hyper- 46, 6. Hyperbole 45.
-ize86, 11.
Jerome
Jot
46,
6.
96, 6.
2, a.
Hyperborean
45, I, 8
;
6.
Kaleidoscopic 89
90, I, 10.
Hypercritical 44
46,
Hypo-
100, 2.
Hypocrisy 76. Hypocrite 76.
Laryngoscope 77, I, 5. Larynx 76. Lithograph 66; 67, I, 4.

2.
2.
Hypodermis Hypodermic
100,
100,
Lithology 68,
8.
Logic
51, 5, a.
Hypothecate 100, 10, b. Hypothesis 100, 10, a.

-ic 78, 11.
Machine 34 36, Macrocephalous

;
4.
74, 4.
Iconoclasm 84
Iconoclast 85,
86, 4.
I,
10; 86,
4.
Macrocosm 73, I, 5. Macrometer 74, 4. Macron 72 74, 4.

;
Iconography
-ids 91, 5.
86, 4.
Idiocrasy 105,
5.
Idiom 103
105, 4.
4.
Macroscopic 74, 4. Mantic 100, 7. Mathematics 108 110, Mechanic 34 36, 4.

;
9.
Idiomatic 105,
Mechanism
36, 4.
134

100, 8. 100, 8; 31,7.
Melodrama Melody 98,

Metal
68, 9.
Monoceros
100,
6.
Monochrome 91, Monody 68, 9.
14.
Metamorphosis 60, 6. Metaphor 82, 9. Metaphysics 96, 13. Metempsychosis 60, 6. Meter 54. Method 57, 3.
Monogamy 91, Monogram 66

Monograph
Monolith 68,
2.
68, 9
91, 4.
68, 9.
9.
Monologue 68, 9. Monomania 68, 9.

Monometallist 68,
9.
Metonymy
Metric
54.
91, 9.
Metronome 66;
Metropolis
68, 10.
Monophthong 68, 9. Monopoly 67, II, 1.

Monosyllable 68,
9.
9.
96, 11.
Metropolitan 96, 11. Microcephalous 74, 5.
Microcosm 73, 1, 5; Micrometer 74, 5.

Micronesia 74, Microscope 72
5.
;
95, 11,9.
Monotheism 68, Monotone 68, 9. Morpheus 60, 6. Morphine 60, 6. Morphology 58.
74,5; 74,9.
Mime
Mimic
76; 78,
78, 4.
4.
Muse 39; 41,2. Museum 58.

Music 39; 41,2. Mystery 108.
Mystic 108.
Mimetic
78, 4.
Misanthrope 94. Misanthropy 95, I, Misogamist 96, 10. Misogynist 96, 10.
8.
Myth
49.
50, I, 3.
Mythology
9.
Mnemonic 98; 100, Mnemonics 100, 9. Mobocracy 91, 7. Monachism 68, 9.
Naples 95,
I, 5.
Nausea 84;
Nautical 84.
86, 7.
Nautilus
86,
7.
Monad
68, 9.
Neapolis 95,
I,
5; 96, 11.
Monarch 81, I, 9. Monarchy 82, 1, b.

Monastery 68, 9. Monastic 68, 9.
Necrology
96, 8.
Necromancy 98;
Necromantic
Necropolis 94
;
100, 7.
100. 7.
95, I, 6.
Monk 68,
9.
Nemesis 66;
68, 10.
INDEX OF ENGLISII DERIVATIVES.

Neo- 96, 9. Neologism 96, 9. Neology 96, 9. Neophyte 94 96, Neoplatooism 96,
;
135
Pan- 110,
11. 11.
Panacea 110,
9.
9.
Pandemonium
110, 11.
Neuralgia 108
110, 2.
Panegyric 110, 11. Panevaugelical 110, Panoply 110, 11.
11.
Nomad
68, 10.
Panorama
7.
57, 2
108; 110,11.
Ochlocracy 91,
Ode 29. Odometer 49. Oeconomy 72

Oecumenical
-oid91,5.
Pan-Slavism 110, 11. Pantheism 110, 11. Pantheon 110, 11.
Pantomime
;
78, 4
110, 11.
74, 6.
Pantophagous
Para- 46,
5.
110, 11.
74, 7.
Parable 44; 46, 3; 60,

I, 1.
7.
Oligarchy 80; 81,
Parabolical 46, 3
60, 7
Ology
51, 5, a.
2, a.
Paradise
11.
58.
Omega
Optic 78, 5; 78, Optics 78, 5.
Paradox 68, 5. Paragraph 44

;
45,
I, 2
46, 5.
Paralysis 96,
Paralytic 96,
7. 7.
Organ
54. 80. 68,
Ornithology
Paraphrase 105,
Parenthesis 100,
11.
Orthodox 66; 67,11,2; Orthodoxy 68, 7. Orthoepy 68, 11. Orthography 68, 11. Orthopedy 82, 6. Ovoid 91, 5.
10, a.
a.
Parenthetic 100, 10, Parody 31, 7; 46,5.

Pathetic 91,
10.
Pathology Pathos 89.
91, 10.
Patriarch 82,
1, b.
9.
Pachyderm 99, II, 6. Pachydermatous 100, Paedagogue 80.
2.
Patronymic 91, Pedagogue 80.

Pedobaptist 82,
51.
3.
C.
Palimpsest 31, G. Palindrome 31, 6; 49;

Palingenesis 81, 6; 96,
Perigee 56, II, 3. Perihelion 56, I, 3.
Palinode 29; 30,11, Palsy 96, 7.
4.
Perimeter Period 56, Periphery
54.
I, 3.
82, 9.
136

Phrase 103; 105, Phraseology 105, Physic 96, 13.
110,
1.
Periphrasis 105, 11.

Periphrastic 105, 11.
11. 11.
Phaenomenon 74, Phantasm 74, 11.

Phautastic 74,
11.
11.
Phantasmagoria 108;
Phantasy
74, 11.
Physical 94 96, Physician 96. 13.

;
13.
Physics 96,
13.
Physiognomy
;.
96, 13.
Phantom
74, 11.
1.
Pharmacist 99. Pharmacopoeia
Physiology Piracy 110,

Plaster 105,
Plastic 105,
96, 13.
12.
100, 11.
Pirate 108; 110, 12.

9. 9.
,
Pharmacy
Phase
98.
74, 11.
Phenomenon
72;
74. 11.
6.
Phil-, philo-, -phile51,
Plutocracy 91 7. Plutocrat 91, 7.

2.
Philadelphia 59, I. 3; 60, Philanthropist 50. I, 4.
Pneumatic
91, 11.
89.
7.
Pneumonia
Philanthropy 49; Philharmonic 51,

Philhellenic 51,
6.
51.
6.
0.
Poem
50, II,
Poesy 46, 4. Poet 39 44

;
46, 4.
Philip 59,
I, 4.
6.
;
Philology 51,
Poetry 46, 4. Polemic-s 58.

110,9.
Philomath 108
Police 46,
2.
Philosopher 67, II, 4. Philo-Turkish 51, 6.

Philter 51,
6.
Policy 46,
2.
Politic 46, 2.
Political 46,
2.
Phonetic 36, 6. Phonetics 36, 6.
Politics 44
46, 2.
Polity 46,
2.
Phonograph 34; 35, I, 2. Phonography 35, II, 7. Phonology 50, I, 3. Phonotype 78, 9. Phosphorus 82, 10. Photograph 80 82. 10.
;
Poly- 91, 12.
Polychrome 90, I, Polygamy 89: 91,

Polyglot 41,
l.
11; 91, 14.

2.
Photolithograph
82, 10.
Polygon 82, Polyp 82, 7. Polypus 82.

Polytheism
2.
7.
Photometer 82, 10. Photosphere 82, 10.
Polytechnic 60,
60.
8.
.".,
c.
INDEX OF ENGLISH DERIVA

Practical 108; 110, 13.
137
;
Sarcophagus 76
Sceptic 74,
9.
78, 6.
Practice 110,
3.
;
Pragmatic 108
110, 13.
Sceptre 54.
Praxis 110, 13. Presbyter 72; 74,8. Prester 74, 8.

Priest 74,
8.
Schism 108;
110, 14.
14.
Schismatic 110, Scholar 36, 5.

Scholastic 36,
Scholiast 36,
5.
Prognosis 91, 13. Prognostic 91, 13. Prognosticate 91, 13.
5.
Program
89; 81,
4.
Scholium 36, 5. School 34; 86, 5. Scope 74, 9.

Skeptic 72 74, 9. Slavophile 51, 6.
;
Prologue 51, 5, a; 68,6. Prophecy 110, 15. Prophesy 110, 15. Prophet 110, 15. Prophetic 110, 15. Prosody 31, 7.
Protagonist
86,
1.
Sophia
66. 74, 10.

10.
Sophism
Sophist 72; 74,
Sophistical 74, 10.
Sophisticate 74. 10.
Prototype 76;
78, 9.
9.
Sophisticated 74,
10.
Pseudonym
Psyche 49. Psychic 51, Psychology
96, 13.
89; 91,
8.
Sophistry 74, 10. Spectroscope 74, Sphere 39; 41,3.

51, 8;
9.
50, I,
6;
Spheroid
91, 5.
;
Static 103
105, 5.
5.
Pyre
86, 8.
Statics 105,
100, 7.
;
Pyromancy
Pyrotechnics 84
86, 8.
Stereopticon 78, 7. Stereoscope 78, 7.
Rehypothecate
100, 10, b.
Stereotype 76 77, Story 34; 36,3.

;
II,
78,
7.
Rhapsody
31, 7.
Syllable 108
110, 8.
8.
8.
Rhetor 84. Rhetoric 86, 9. Rhinoceros 98
Syllabus 110,
Syllogism 78,
99,
;
1,
00, 6.
1.
Rhododendron 54
Sarcasm
78, 6.
56,1.
Symmetry 78, 8. Sympathy 91, 10. Symphony 78, 8.

Synagogue
78, 8.
138

73, 8.
Synchronism Synchronous Synod 78, 8.
Theogony
81,
3.
78, 8.
Synonym
89: 91,
;
9.
Synopsis 76
78, 8.
8.
ptic78,
Theology 53; 0, 3, a. Theosoph66; 68, 12. Theosophist 63, 12. Theosophy 68, 12. Thermal 54.
Syntactic 96, 12.

94; 96, 12.
Thermometer
a.
56, I, 4. 10, a.
10.
Thesis 98; ICO.
Synthesis 98: 100, 10,
Tome
103; 103,
System
105, 5.
5.
untie 105,
Systole 78,
8.
Tone 68, 9. Topography 58

Tragedy
31,
7.
59, I, 4
oatize 105, 5.
Tricycle 80; 82,
8.
Triglypb.96,
4.
Tactic 96,
12.
Trigonometry
Trilogy
82. 8.
7.
82, 2.
94; 96, 12.
Tautology
67, I, 10; 68, 3, b.
Trip..,! 82,
Taxidermy
Technical
100, 2.
Trisyllable 110,
8.
60, 8.
Technique 60, 8. Technology 58; 59,11,6; Tele-ram 89. Telegraph 35, II, 1. Telephone 34; 35, I, 1.
ope 74, 9. Theatre 29; 54; 57,
6.
Trope 54. Trophy 57,

60,8.
7.
Tropic 57, 7. Turcophile 51,
6.
Type 76;
78, 9.
9.
Typical 78,
Typography
77, II, 3.
Theism
60. 3, a.
3, a.
Unsophisticated 74,
c.
10.
Theist 60,
Thematic
100, 10,
c.
Theme
100, 10,
Zodiac 105, 3. Zoology 103.
Theocracy 91, 7. Theodore 60, 3, c.
Zoophyte
105, 3.
Zootomy
105, 10,
UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO
LIBRARY
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REEK

With Special Reference

THOMAS DWIGHT GOODELL

SECOND EDITION, REVISED AND ENLARGED

NEW YORK HENRY HOLT AND COMPANY

HENRY nOLT &

issue of a second edition of this

calls for very-

modification of what was said in the preface to the

to enable pupils to gain

be said at once, however, that the

writer has no faith in royal roads to learning

and thorough study of the Greek

not intended to lessen

upon such a course of may increase that number.

not a sufficient introduction to the reading of a

not a rival of the various excel-

lent First Lessons in use.

the belief that that portion

absolutely essential to a ready

of a full English vocabulary.

The Greek element

English employed in any conis

versation or writing on a high intellectual plane,

of the key-words to the thought.

those key-words are alive with

not give what

putting these ideas into practice, the following con:

siderations have been regarded

The Latin element

of course vastly greater

highly inflected language

the simplest prin-

limited use of the language on rational

quantity of doubtful vowels

the written accent

expected to be learned from the beginning, although

an uncommon or poetical construction has been employed,

from likeness to the and can be used without explana-

of least use for the purposes here indicated.

persons would entirely agree in making out such a

with the exception of a very few words necessary to give a

beyond the comprehension

the Greek primitives are

words will enter

It will delight the child to discover

fraction of the Greek words which are found in scientific

remains true, that

urgent request in this volume accomplishes

and development of the original germ.

Grammar, and from various

and other works

hardly necessary to mention by name.

thanks are due to Professor B. Perrin for valuable assistance,

Mr. Henry Holt, Professor T. D. Seymour, and

Professor B. G. Wilder for helpful criticism and suggestions.

Writing, Pronunciation, Transliteration

The Article Nouns First

Vowel Declension Indicative and

THE GREEK IN ENGLISH.

WHY EVERY ONE SHOULD KNOW SOMETHING

plain that rex, reg-is,

miles, milit-is, like milit-ary

animal like animal;