3.

1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6

Z-
Z-
Z-
Z-
Z-
Z-

3.1.1 Z-
x(n) Z-
X ( z)

x(n) z n , z :

X ( z ) Z x(n)
z
x(n)
X ( z)

X(z) (ROC:region of convergence)

X(z) Z
Z- ( - )

[ 3.1]
z-
(a) x1 (n) {1, 2,3, 4,5}
(b) x2 (n) {1, 2,3, 4,5}
(c) x3 (n) (n)
(d) x4 (n) (n k ), k 0

Solution
(a) X 1 ( z ) 1 2 z 1 3 z 2 4 z 3 5 z 5 , ROC: z 0 z-
( z=0 z -1 )
(b) X 2 ( z ) z 2 2 z 3 4 z 1 5 z 2

, ROC: z 0 z z-

(c) X 3 ( z ) 1 , ROC: z-
(d) X 4 ( z ) z k , ROC: z 0 z-
4

[ 3.3]
z-
1 n
,

x(n) 3
0,

n0
n0

1 n
,

y (n) 3
0,

n0
n0

Solution
z- z-
2

1 1 1 2
1 n
1 n 1 1
X ( z ) 1 z z ... z ... z z
3
3
3

n 0 3
n 0 3

x(n) z- .
1 A A2 A3 ...

1
1 A

| A | 1
5

[ 3.3]()
1

A 3 z 3 z 1 ,
X(z)
1

X ( z)

1
1
1 z 1
3

ROC: z

1
3

1
3

y(n) z-
Y ( z)

3z
1

1 3z 1 1 z 1
3

A 3z

1

3z 1

ROC: z

1
3

1
3

n
1 n
1 1
Y ( z ) z z 3 z

n 3
n 3
n 1

[ 3.3]()
x(n), y(n) z-

z-
z- X(z) Y(z)

3.1.2 Z-
X(z) z
(polar form) z re j
X ( z ) z re j

x ( n) r

n j n

In the ROC of X(z), X ( z )

X ( z)

x (n)r

n j n

n j n

x ( n) r e

x (n)r n

x (n) x(n)u (n) & x (n) x (n)u (n 1)

X ( z)

x (n)r

n 0

x ( n) r
n 1

n 0

x ( n)
rn
x ( n)
rn

[ 3.4]
z-
x(n) nu(n) bnu(n 1)

Solution
X ( z)

n n

n 0

b z

n n

( z ) (b 1 z )l
1 n

n 0

l 1

1, z

b 1 z 1, z b
1: b
X ( z ) .
2: b
X ( z)

1
1 b z 1

1 z
ba

,
a b z abz 1

ROC : z b .

10

if

z
z
x1 (n)
X 1 ( z ) x2 (n)
X 2 ( z ) a1 , a2

then

z
x(n) a1 x1 (n) a2 x2 (n)
X ( z ) a1 X 1 ( z ) a2 X 2 ( z )

ex) x(n) (cos 0 n)u (n)

1
1
e j0 n u (n) e j0nu (n)
2
2
1
1
1 j0n n 1 j0n n
j0 n
j0 n
X ( z ) Z e u ( n) Z e
u ( n) e z e
z
2
2
2 n0
2 n 0
1
1
1
1

2 1 e j0 z 1
2 1 e j0 z 1
1 z 1 cos 0
X ( z)
ROC: z 1
1
2
1 2 z cos 0 z

11

If

z
x(n)
X ( z)

then

z
x(n k )
z k X ( z)

z-
If

z
x(n)
X ( z)

then

z
a n x(n)
X (a 1 z ) ROC: a r1 z a r2

ROC:r1 z r2

ex) x(n) a n (cos 0 n)u (n)

1 az 1 cos 0
x(n) a (cos 0 n)u (n)
,
1 2az 1 cos 0 a 2 z 2
n

ROC : z a

12

z-
If

z
x(n)
X ( z)

then

z
nx(n)
z

dX ( z )
dz

ex) x(n) na nu (n)

x1 (n) a nu (n)
Z
x1 (n) a nu (n)
X1 ( z)

1
,
1
1 az

ROC : z a

x(n) nx1 (n)

dX ( z )
az 1
x(n) na u (n) X ( z ) z

,
dz
(1 az 1 ) 2
n

ROC : z a

13

z
x1 (n)
X1 ( z)

If

z
x2 (n)
X 2 ( z)

then

z
x(n) x1 (n)* x2 (n)
X ( z) X1 ( z) X 2 ( z)

ex) x(n) 1, 2,1 ,

1,
h( n)
0,

0n5

X ( z ) 1 2 z 1 z 2 , H ( z ) 1 z 1 z 2 z 3 z 4 z 5
X ( z ) H ( z )
=(1 2 z 1 z 2 )(1 z 1 z 2 z 3 z 4 z 5 )
1 (1 2) z 1 (1 2 1) z 2 (1 2 1) z 3
(1 2 1) z 4 (1 2 1) z 5 ( 2 1) z 6 z 7
1 z 1 z 6 z 7
14

Parseval
x1 (n) x2 (n) ,

then

x1 (n) x2* (n)

* 1 1
X
(

)
X
1
* d
2 j C

(closed contour) C z-

,* .

15

3.3.1
( ): X(z) X(z) =0 z
(): X(z) X(z)= z
M

X ( z)

B( z )
A( z )

b0 b1 z
a0 a1 z 1

bM z

aN z N

b z

a z

k 0
M

k 0

a0 b0 0
b0 z M z M (b1 / b0 ) z M 1

a0 z N z N (a1 / a0 ) z N 1

b0 M N z z1 z z2
z
a0
z p1 z p2

bM / b0
aN / a0

z zM
z pN

Gz

N M

z z
k 1
N

z p
k 1

M : z1 , z 2 ,

(factorization)

, zM

N : p1 , p2 ,

, pN

z N M N M .

16

[ 3.9]

y(n) 2n u(n)
Solution
z
1
z

, ROC: z 2
1
1 2z
z2
X ( z ) z=0
X ( z)

z=2 .

17

3.3.2 ,

y ( n)

x ( k ) h( n k ) x ( n) h( n)

Y ( z) H ( z) X ( z)
H ( z)

1 k N ak 0
M

Y ( z)
:
X ( z)
N

k 1

k 0

k 1

k 0

y (n) ak y (n k ) bk x (n k )
Y ( z ) ak Y ( z ) z k bk X ( z ) z k

Y ( z ) 1 ak z k X ( z ) bk z k
k 1

k 0

Y ( z)
H ( z)

X ( z)

a.

b z
k 0
N

1 ak z k
k 1

H ( z ) bk z

k 0

1
M
z

b z
k 0

M k

, M
(all zero system)
FIR
b.
1 k M bk 0
H ( z)

b0
N

1 ak z
k 1

b0 z N
N

a z
k 0

N k

a0 0

, N .
(all pole system)
IIR

18

[ 3.10]

, . z-

1
y (n) y (n 1) 3x(n)
3

Solution

1
Y ( z ) z 1Y ( z ) 3 X ( z )
3
n

Y ( z)
3
1
H ( z)

h( n) 3 u ( n)
X ( z ) 1 1 z 1
3
3
1
z= 0 .
3
IIR .
19

Z-
x ( n)

1
2 j

X ( z ) z n1dz

(closed contour) C z-

. C
X(z) .

20

3.4.1 z-

z X ( z ) x(n) z n z k 1
n

1
1
k 1
n k 1
X
(
z
)
z
dz

x
(
n
)
z
dz

2 j
2 j n

1
x ( n)
2 j
n
1
x( k )
2 j
x ( n)

1
2 j

z n k 1dz

1,
z dz
0,
k

k 1

k 1

X ( z ) z n 1dz

21

3.4.2 z-

X ( z)

n
c
z
n

z-
n x(n)=cn
.

22

[ 3.11]

z-
X ( z)

1
3
1
1 z 1 z 2
2
2

(a) ROC : z 1
(b) ROC : z 0.5

Solution
(a) x(n)
(power series) z

z2
X ( z)
3
1
z2 z
2
2

23

[ 3.11] ()
1
3
1
z2 z
2
2

3 1 7 2 15 3 31 4
z z z z
2
4
8
16

z2
3
1
z2 z
2
2
3
1
z
2
2
3
9 3
z z 1
2
4 4
7 3 1
z
4 4
7 21 1 7 2
z z
4 8
8
15 1 7 2
z z
8
8
15 1 45 2 15 3
z z z
8
16
16
31 2 15 3
z z
16
16

3
7
15
31
X ( z ) 1 z 1 z 2 z 3 z 4
2
4
8
16

3 7 15 31
x(n) {1, , , , , }
2 4 8 16

24

[ 3.11] ()

(b)
z

2 z 2 6 z 3 14 z 4 30 z 5 62 z 6

1 2 3 1
z z 1 1
2
2
1 3z 2 z 2
3z 2 z 2

X ( z)

3
1
1 z 1 z 2
2
2
2 z 2 6 z 3 14 z 4 30 z 5 62 z 6

3z 9 z 2 6 z 3
7 z 2 6z3
7 z 2 21z 3 14 z 4
15 z 3 14 z 4

x(n) { 62,30,14,6, 2,0,0}

15 z 3 45 z 4 30 z 5
31z 4 30 z 5
25

3.4.3 z-
X ( z) a1 X1 ( z) a2 X 2 ( z) ak X k ( z )
X(z) ,

x(n) a1x1 (n) a2 x2 (n) aK xK (n)

26

[ 3.12]
z-

X ( z)

1
,
1
2
1 1.5 z 0.5 z

z 1

Solution
z2
X ( z) 2
(p1 1, p2 0.5)
z 1.5 z 0.5
Az
Az
z2
X ( z)
1 2
( z 1)( z 0.5) z 1 z 0.5
( ( z 1)( z 0.5) )
z 2 ( z 0.5) A1 z ( z 1) A2 z

(A1 2, A2 1)

2z
z

z 1 z 0.5
x(n) 2u (n) (0.5) n u (n)
X ( z)

27

3.5.1 z-

X u ( z ) x ( n) z n ,

n0

n 0

z- (bilateral) z-
z- (unilateral) z-

28

[ 3.13]
z- .
(a) x1 (n) {1, 2,3, 4, 0, 2}
(b) x2 (n) {1, 2,3, 4, 0, 2}
(c) x3 (n) {7,8,3, 4, 0, 2}
(d) x4 (n) (n k ),

k 0

(e) x5 (n) (n k ),

k 0

(a) X 1u ( z) 1 2 z 1 3 z 2 4 z 3 2 z 5
(b) X 2u ( z) 3 z 2 4 z 3 2 z 5
solution (c) X ( z ) 3z 2 4 z 3 2 z 5

3u

(d) X 4u ( z ) z k
(e) X 5u ( z) 0

29

If

Z
x(n)
X u ( z)

then

x(n k ) z X u ( z ) x( n) z n ,
n 1

Z
x(n k )
z k X u ( z)

prof ) Z x(n k ) x(n k ) z

n0

k 0

( x( n) )
n

x(l ) z

( k l )

l k

l
z x(l ) z x(l ) z l
l k
l 0

k
z X u ( z ) x ( n) z n
n 1

If

Z
x(n)
X u ( z)

then

k 1

x(n k ) z X u ( z ) x(n) z n ,
n 0

k 0
30

[ 3.14]
.
y(n) z- .
1
y(n) y(n 1) (n),
2

y(1) 3

Solution
1

z k y (n) y (n 1) Z u (n)
2

5
1
5 z
2
Yu ( z ) z 1 Yu ( z ) y (1) z 1
Yu ( z )

1
1
2
1 z 1 2 z
2
2
3.1 Yu ( z )
n

51
y ( n) ,
22

n0
31

[ 3.15]
z-
2
y(n 2) y(n 1) y(n) u(n), y(1) 1, y(0) 1
9
Solution
2
z 2 Yu ( z ) y (0) y (1) z 1 z Yu ( z ) y (0) Yu ( z ) X u ( z )
9
2
z
z2 z 1
2
2
z z
z z Yu ( z )
9
z 1
z 1

7
9

2
z z 1
7
2
Yu ( z ) z
=z

1
2
1
2 z 1

z
z
z 1 z z
3
3
3
3

9
71
2
y ( n) u ( n) u ( n) 7 u ( n)
2
23
3
32

3.6.1
z
y (n) x(n) * h(n)
Y ( z) X ( z)H ( z)
M

H ( z)

Y ( z)

X ( z)

b z

a z

[ 3.16]

k 0
M

k 0

.
H ( z)

5z 2
z 2 3z 2

Solution
5 z 1 2 z 2
H ( z)
1 3z 1 2 z 2
y (n) 3 y (n 1) 2 y (n 2) 5 x(n 1) 2 x(n 2)
33

3.6.2

y ( n) x ( n) * h( n)

h( k ) x ( n k )

h( k ) x ( n k )

y ( n)

h( k ) x ( n k )

Mx

H ( z)

h(k ) ( h(k ) < : )

h( n) z

H ( z)

h( n) z

h( n) z

h( n)

( z 1)

n
34

3.6.2

35