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Stanford Rock Physics Laboratory - Gary Mavko
14
Basic Geophysical Concepts
 
Stanford Rock Physics Laboratory - Gary Mavko
15
where 
ρ
density 
K
bulk modulus = 1/compressibility 
µ
shear modulus 
λ
Lamé's coefficient 
E
Young's modulus 
ν
Poisson's ratioM P-wave modulus = K + (4/3)
µ
P wave velocityS wave velocityE wave velocityIn terms of Poisson's ratio we can also write:Relating various velocities:
Body wave velocities have form:
velocity
=
modulusdensity
Moduli from velocities:
µ 
=
ρ 
V 
S 
2
K 
=
ρ 
V 
P
2
−
43
 
 
 
 
V 
S 
2
 
 
 
 
 
 
 E 
=
ρ 
V 
 E 
2
 M 
=
ρ 
V 
P
2
V 
P
2
V 
S 
2
=
2 1
−
v
( )
(1
−
2
v
)
V 
 E 
2
V 
P
2
=
1
+
v
( )
(1
−
2
v
)(1
−
v
)
v
=
V 
P
2
−
2
V 
S 
2
2(
V 
P
2
−
V 
S 
2
)
=
V 
 E 
2
−
2
V 
S 
2
2
V 
S 
2
V 
P
2
V 
S 
2
=
4
−
V 
 E 
2
V 
S 
2
3
−
V 
 E 
2
V 
S 
2
V 
 E 
2
V 
S 
2
=
3
V 
P
2
V 
S 
2
−
4
V 
P
2
V 
S 
2
−
1
V 
P
=
K 
+
(4 / 3)
µ 
ρ 
=
λ 
+
2
µ 
ρ 
V 
S 
=
µ 
ρ 
V 
 E 
=
 E 
ρ 
 
Stanford Rock Physics Laboratory - Gary Mavko
16
Thereflection coefficientof a normally-incident P-wave on a boundary is given by:where
ρ
V is the acoustic impedance. Therefore,anything that causes a large contrast in impedancecan cause a large reflection. Candidates include:•Changes in lithology•Changes in porosity•Changes in saturation•Diagenesis
We usually quantify Rock Physics relations interms of
moduli and velocities 
, but in the fieldwe might look for
travel time or Reflectivity 
 R
=
ρ 
2
V 
2
−
ρ 
1
V 
1
ρ 
2
V 
2
+
ρ 
1
V 
1
ρ 
1
V 
1
ρ 
2
V 
2
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