21

H e
e,
- :
IV: (i) p ( p, v) 1 (:
), v = p .
(ii) v p ( p, v) = 1 .
(iii) p p / ( p / p / )
(iv) ( p /| p /| ) p /|
(v)

( p /| 1 , p /| 2 ... p /| v ) p /| 1 2 ...v

(vi) p p > v p /| (v!) p

(vii) p ,
.
: (i) ( p, v) = > 1 .
/ p

( p )

( = 1 p ) ( 1)
= p

(1)

/ v p / v v = p

(1)

(ii) (i) .
(iii) ,
: (, ) = 1 , x
y : x + y = 1 .
:
( p / p /| ) ( p / p )

IV
( ii )

( p / ( p, ) = 1)

(2)

, ,

22

( x, y ) : px + y = 1 .

(2) :
= k p k

px + ay = 1

(3)
(4)

(4) (3):
( y 0 , y = 0 , p = 1
, 1 / ).
:

1 px
= kp kyp = (1 px)
y
kyp = px (ky + x) p =

= p p / .
( p / p /| ) p / .
,
( p / ) ( p / p / ) .
(iv) (iii), .
(v)

v = 2 (iii).
: ( p /| 1 , p /| 2 ,..., p /| k )
p /| 1 2 ... k

(5)

: ( p /| 1 , p /| 2 ,..., p /| k , p /| k +1 )
p /| 1 2 ... k k +1

(6)

(5) p /| 1 2 ... k (6) p /| k +1 .

v = 2 , p /| (1 2 ... k ) k +1
p /| 1 2 ... k k +1 , .
(vi) p > v , p v
.
p /| v, p /| (v 1),..., p /| 2, p /| 1 p /| v!
( v)

23

( p /| v!, p /| v!,..., p /| v!) p /| (v!) p .

 
( v )
p

(vii) p | 1 , p | 2 ... p | k p /| a k +1 ,
M = 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + k + k +1
M = 1 p + 2 p + 3 p + .... + k p + k +1
M = p (1 + 2 + ... + k ) + k +1 .

(7)

p / M , M = p (7)
p p(1 + 2 + ... + k ) = k +1
p ( 1 2 ... k ) = k +1 p / ak +1 .
V: :
(i)
(ii)

lim x n e x = 0, n
+

n x
x e dx = n! , n

(1)

:
(i)

lim x n e x = lim
+

xn
. de Hospital n
ex

:
( x n ) (n)
1
1
xn
n!
lim x = lim x ( n ) = lim x = n! lim x = n! = 0 .
+ e
+ (e )
+ e
+ e e >1

(ii) .
n = 0
+

x
x
x +
0 x
e x + e 0 = 0 + 1 = 1 = 0!
x e = e = (e ) = [e ]0 = lim
+

(1) n = k
+

k
x
x e = k!

(2)

x
k +1
x e = (k + 1)!

(2) (k + 1) :

(3)

24
+

(k + 1) x k e x = (k + 1) k!
0

k x
(k + 1) x e = (k + 1)!

k +1
x
( x )e = (k + 1)!

[ x k +1e x ]0+ x k +1 (e x ) = (k + 1)!

0

lim x k +1e x 0 k +1 e 0 + x k +1e x = (k + 1)! (i)

+
0

0 0 + x k +1e x = (k + 1)!

(3).

n x
x e = n0 ! n .

: e .
: e .

a n x n + a n 1 x n 1 + ... + a0 = 0 , a0 ,..., a n a n 0 .

M , M 1 ,..., M n 1 ,..., n .
x p 1[( x 1)...( x n)] p e x
=
dx
( p 1)!
0

M k = ek

x p 1[( x 1)...( x n)] p e x

dx
( p 1)!

x p [( x 1)...( x n)] p e x
ek = e
dx
( p 1)!
0
k

p .
[( x 1)...( x n)] = x n + ... n!
[( x 1)...( x n)] p = x np + ... + (n!) p .
:

25

x p 1 (cnp x np + ... + c0 )e x

( p 1)!

M =

(cnp x np + p 1 + ... + c0 x p 1 )e x

( p 1)!

=
=

dx

1
1 p 1 x
np + p 1 x
+
+
c
x
e
dx
...
np
c0 x e dx
( p 1)! 0
( p 1)! 0

1
ca x p 1+a e x dx
a =0 ( p 1)! 0
np

ca c0 = (n!) p .
V(ii)

k x
x e dx = k! .

np

M = ca
a =0

a = 0

( p 1 + a )!
.
( p 1)!

c0

(1)

( p 1 + 0)!
( p 1)!
= (n!) p
= (n!) p .
( p 1)!
( p 1)

p > n , (n!) p n, (
IV vi) a > 0 :
ca

( p 1 + a)!
= ca ( p + a 1)( p + a 2)... p
( p 1)!

p.
,
p, p.
( IV, (vii)) p.
M k . :

M k = ek
k

x p 1[( x 1)...( x n)] p e x

dx
( p 1)!

x p 1[( x 1)...( x n)] p e ( x k )

=
dx .
( p 1)!
k

26

u = x k du = dx

x=k u=0

x + u + .

0
(u + k ) p 1[(u + k 1)... u ...(u + k n)] p e u
du .
( p 1)!
0

Mk =

u k- p u p
(u + k ) p 1[(u + k 1)... u ...(u k n)] p

,
p.
u np + ... + D1u p
[(u + k 1)... u ...(u + k n)] p = Dnp
=1
Dnp
(u + k ) p 1 = u p1 + ... + k p 1
(u + k ) p 1[(u + k 1)... u ...(u + k n)] p =

u np + ... + Dnp
u np + ... + D1u p ) =
(u p 1 + ... + k p 1 )( Dnp
Dnp u ( n+1) p 1 + ... + D2u p +1 + D1u p

( Dnp u ( n+1) p 1 + ... + D2u p +1 + D1u p )e u

( p 1)!

Mk =

Dnp u ( n+1) p 1

du

D1u p u
e du + ... +
e du
( p 1)!
0 ( p 1)!
u

1
1
Dnp u ( n+1) p 1e u du + ... +
D1 u p e u du
( p 1)!
( p 1)! 0
0
V(ii) np

1
( p 1 + a)!
Da u p 1+ a e u du
=
Da
( p 1)!
a =1 ( p 1)!
a =1
0
np

Da .
p M k
p.

27

e e
a n x n + a n 1 x n 1 + ... + a0 = 0 , a n e n + a n 1e n 1 + ... + a0 = 0, a n 0 .

ek =

M k + k
M

k = 1,2,..., n

an

M +
M n + n
+ an1 n1 n1 + ... + a0 = 0
M
M

an ( M n + n ) + an1 ( M n1 + n1 ) + ... + a0 M = 0
(a n M n + ... + a1 M + a0 M ) + (a11 + ... + an n ) = 0

(*)

p >| a0 | p /| a0 .
a0 p ( IV (iv))
a0 M p.
M k p, a1 M 1 + ... + a n M n
p V(viii) a0 M + a1 M 1 + ... + a n M n
p.

- .
e

| a11 + ... + an n | 0

(1)

p.
(1) | k | 0 k = 1,2,..., n .
n ( ),
1 k n
ek =

M k + k
k = e k M M k
M
| k | = | e k M M k | | e k M | + | M k | | e k M |

28

| k | e k

| x p 1[( x 1)...( x n)] p | e x

dx
( p 1)!

n p 1 | [( x 1)...( x n) p | e x
e
dx
( p 1)!
0
n

0 x n x p 1 n p 1 .
A = max | ( x 1),..., ( x n) | x [0, n] ,
n

| k | e n

n p 1 A p e x
e n n p 1 A p n x
dx
e dx
( p 1)!
( p 1)! 0

(2)

e x dx
0

x = dx = d dx = d

x=0=0

x = n = n

n

e dx = e d = e d = [e ]

0
n

=e e
0

en 1
= n < 1.
e

(3)

(2) (3) :
e n n p 1 A p e n n p A p e n (nA) p
| k |

=
( p 1)!
( p 1)! ( p 1)!
n A ,

(nA) p

( p 1)!

> 0 , p (
). | k | < > 0 . k 0 (1).
, (*)
!

29

H
: ,
Lindemann 1882.


. ,

,
,

2,

5 . ,

.

,
.
,
e!
,
e ,
, , Euler
. e i = 1 .
,
.

.
,
, .
, . ,
, ,
. : , .
, ,

30

. .


.

cs
F ( x) =
x p 1 (c0 x + ... + c ) p
( p 1)!
( p
).
:
VI: e i = 1 (Euler)
: Taylor z :
sin z = z

z3 z5
+ ...
3! 5!

cos z = 1

z2 z4
+
...
2! 4!

z z2
e = 1+ +
+ ... .
1! 2!
z

z iz:
iz (iz ) 2 (iz ) 3 (iz ) 4 (iz ) 5
e = 1+ +
+
+
+
+ ...
1!
2!
3!
4!
5!
iz

= 1 + iz

z 2 iz 3 z 4 iz 5

+ +
+ ...
2! 3! 4! 5!

z2 z4
z3 z5
= 1 +
... + i z + ...
2! 4!
3! 5!

= cos z + i sin z iz
z =

e iz = z + iz e i = + i
i
e = 1

31

1: F .
x:
F [ x] = {av x v + ... + a1 x + a0 / ai F , i = 0,1,2,..., v v = 0,1,2,...}

av 0 f ( x) = av x v + ... + a0
f ( x) = v deg f ( x) = v . F [x]
, .. x F [x] x 1 F [ x] .
: ,
F .
,
, .
,

, ,

,
, .
2: () F a E .
f ( x) F [ x] , f ( x) 0 (: ) f (a ) = 0 ,
F.
, F.
:
F = , = , = 2 f ( x) = x 2 2 [ x] f [x]
/,

2 .

F = , E = , a = i f ( x) = x 2 + 1 [ x] f (x)
/, i (:
.

1)

32

3: () f ( x0 F [ x] , deg f ( x) 1 , f (x)
F f (x)
f ( x) = f1 ( x) f 2 ( x)

f1 ( x), f 2 ( x) F [ x]

f1 ( x)

f 2 ( x) .
:
x 2 + 1 , x + 1 , x 3 + 2 .
x 2 + 1 , x + 1 , x 3 + 2
, x 3 + 2 = ( x + 3 2 )( x 2 3 2 x + 3 4 )
x + 1 , x 2 + 1
, x 2 + 1 = ( x + i )( x i ) x 3 + 2

.
4: ()
f ( x) F [ x] deg f ( x) = v ,

.
:
i x 2 + 1 x 4 1 [ x]
i 2,

x 2 + 1

x 4 1 = ( x 2 1)( x 2 + 1) .
5: V F,
VF VF
dim F V [V : F ] .
:
V = {a 2 x 2 + a1 x + a0 / ai } . V
{1, x, x 2 } . [v : ] = 3 .
1: F E, E . F.

33

6: F ,
F E / F .
:
.
.
7: E / F
F.
8: E / F [ E : F ] = v + , E / F
.
9: E / F a E . F (a )
F . F (a )
F .
:
f (a )

F (a) =
f ( x), g ( x) F [ x], g (a ) 0 .
g (a)

F (S )

, F S.
10: ,
, .
11: m(x) ,

F.
, , .
F [a ] = { f (a ) / f ( x) F [ x]} .
2: f (x) F, f (x)
.

34

: f ( x) = g ( x) h( x) g ( x0, h( x) F [ x]

(1)

f (a ) = 0 g (a ) h( x) = 0 g (a ) = 0 h(a ) = 0 .
g ( x), h( x) , (1)
deg g ( x) < deg f ( x) deg h( x0 < f ( x) , f (x)
.
g (x) h(x)
f (x) .

3: f (x) F a F , f (x)
F.
: f (x) F,
g ( x) F [ x] deg g ( x) < deg f ( x) g (a ) = 0 .
, 2, g (x) F .

.
4: E / F , a E F.

F (a )

F,

{1, a, a 2 ,..., a v 1} , , F.
: m(x) F,
deg m( x) = V . 1, a,..., a n 1

F.
. b0 + b1 a + ... + bn1a n1 = 0 bi F , i = 1,2,..., v 1

(b0 , b1 ,..., bv 1 ) = (0,0,0,...,0)

g ( x) = b0 + b1 x + ... + bv 1 x v 1 ,

,
.
( x) F [ x] deg ( x) > v 1 , q( x), ( x) F [ x] : (x) =

35

q ( x) m( x) + ( x) ( x) = 0 deg ( x) v 1 .

F [a ] = F ( a ) {1, a,..., a v 1}
F (a ) , .

5: .
: [ K : F ] = n . a 0, a K a 0 = 1 ,
a, a z ,..., a n . n + 1 F
[ K : F ] = n . c0 , c1 , c2 ,..., cn F (c0 , c1 ,..., cn ) (0,0,...,0)
:
c0 + c1 a + c2 a 2 + ... + c n1 a n 1 + cn a n = 0

f ( x) = c0 + c1 x + c2 x 2 + ... + cn 1 x n 1 + cn x n F [ x]

(1)

. (1) f (a ) = 0 .
F K
F. K / F .
6: F, E, K F E K . E / F K / E
, K / F
[ K : F ] = [ K : E ] [ E : F ]
:

A = {a1 , a 2 ,..., a n }

B = { 1 , 2 ,..., n } F.
M = {ai j / i = 1,2,..., n, j = 1,2,..., m} F.
x K x = c1a1 + c2 a 2 + ... + cn a n , ci E
.
ci ci = d i1 1 + d i 2 2 + ... + d im m , d ij F ,
F.
:
n ,m
n
n m

x = ci ai = d ij j ai = d ij j ai .
i =1
i =1 j =1
i =1, j =1

36

F.
.
:
n m

d ij ai j = 0 d ij j ai = 0 .
i =1, j =1
i =1 j =1

n ,m

d ij j E .
j =1
m

: d ij j = 0, i = 1,2,..., n .
j =1

d ij F F.
: d ij = 0, i = 1,2,..., n, j = 1,2,..., m .
F. | M |= n m :
[K : F ] = [K : E] [E : F ] .
VII: ,
.
: (, ) . n
m . :
[(, ) : F (a )] = m [((a ) : ] = n .

( 6) :
[(, ) : ] = [(, ) : F (a )] [ F (a ) : F ] = m n

m n F (, ) / F
.
(, ) ,
. , (, ) (, ) .
.
12: f ( x1 , x2 ,..., xn )
x1 , x2 ,..., xn
. :

37

a1 = xi
i =1

a 2 = xi x j
i< j

a 3 = xi x j x k
i< j <k

#
a n = x1 x2 " xn ,
a k k
x1 , x2 ,..., xn .

f ( x1 x2 ,..., xn ) = g (a1 , a 2 ,..., a n )

( x1 , x2 ,..., xn ) [ x1 , x2 ,..., xn ] .
( VII(iii)).
:
f (x) n 1 , 2 ,..., n :
f ( x) = a( x 1 )( x 2 )...( x n )
= a[ x n ( 1 + 2 + ... + n ) x n 1 + ( 1 2 + 1 3 + ... + n 1 n ) x n 2 + ...
+ (1) n 1 2 ... n ]
= a[ x n a 1 x n 1 + a 2 x n 2 ... + (1) k a k x n k + ... + (1) n a n ]

ak =

i1 <i2 <...<ik

i1 i2 ... ik

k-

1 , 2 ,..., n .
f (x)
f (x) .
12: f ( x1 , x2 ,..., xn ) F.
ax11 x22 ...xnn , x11 x22 ...x nn .
j j j . x11 x22 ...x nn
ax11 x22 ...xnn j > j .

38

. () f ( x1 , x2 ,..., xn )
.
VIII: f ( x1 , x2 ,..., xn )
ax1u1 x2u2 ...xnun . :
(i) u1 u 2 ... u n
(ii)

a 1u1 u2 a u22 u3 ...a unn11 a unn

a 1 , a 2 ,..., a n

x1 , x2 ,..., xn ,
f ( x1 , x2 ,..., xn ) .
(iii) f ( x1 , x2 ,..., xn ) g (a 1 , a 2 ,..., a n )
g ( x1 , x2 ,..., xn ) F [ x1 , x2 ,..., xn ] .
:
(i) f ( x1 , x2 ,..., xn )
a x11 x2k2 ...xiki xik+i1+1 ...xnkn

a x11 x 2k2 ...xiki +1 .xik+i1 ..xnkn .

k i k i +1 .
:

k1 k 2 ... k n .

(ii) : i = k i k i +1 , i = 1,2,..., n 1 n = k n . : i 0 ,
i = 1,2,..., n .
a x11 x22 ...xnn ,

a a 11 a 22 ...a nn

1 , 2 ,..., .
1 , x1 1 = 1 + 2 + n1 + ... + n =
(k1 k 2 ) + (k 2 k 3 ) + ... + (k n1 k n ) + k n = k1 .
x22 x33 ...xnn
2 + 3 + ... + n = k n
..

39

a a 1k1 k2 a 2k2 k3 ...a knn

f ( x1 , x2 ,..., xn ) .
(iii)
f1 ( x1 , x2 ,..., xn ) = f ( x1 , x2 ,..., x n ) a a 1k1 k2 ...a knn
f1 ( x1 , x2 ,..., xn )
f ( x1 , x2 ,..., xn ) . b x11 x22 ...xnn
f1 ( x1 , x2 ,..., xn ) .
:
f 2 ( x1 , x2 ,..., x n ) = f1 ( x1 , x2 ,..., xn ) a1 a 11 2 ...a nn
f1 ( x1 , x2 ,..., xn ) .

x1k1 x2k2 ...xnkn
m
f m ( x1 , x2 ,..., xn ) c F .
f ( x1 , x2 ,..., xn ) = a a 1k1 k2 ...a knn + a1 a 11 2 ...a nn + ... + c
g ( x1 , x2 ,..., x n ) = a a 1k1 k2 ...a knn + a1 a 11 2 ...a nn + ... + c F [ x1 , x2 ,..., xn ]
: f ( x1 , x2 ,..., xn ) = g (a 1 , a 2 ,..., a n ) .
IX:
cs
F ( x) =
x p 1 (c0 x + ... + c ) p
( p 1)!
.
:
F ( x) =

cs
x p 1 (c0p x rp + ... + c rp )
( p 1)!

cs
F ( x) =
c0p x rp + p 1 + ... + crp x p 1
( p 1)!

40

F (1) ( x) =
F

(2)

c5
[c0p (rp + p 1) x rp + p 2 + ... + crp ( p 1) x p 2 ]
( p 1)!

cs
( x) =
[c0p (rp + p 1)(rp + p 2) x rp + p 3 + ... + crp ( p 1)( p 2) x p 3 ]
( p 1)!

#
F ( p 2 ) ( x) =

cs
[c0p (rp + p 1)(rp + p 2)...(rp + p p + 2) x rp + p 1 p + 2
( p 1)!
+ ... + crp ( p 1)( p 2)...2 x]

F ( p 2 ) ( x) =
F

( p 1)

cs
[c0p (rp + p 1)(rp + p 2)...(rp + 2) x rp +1 + ... + crp ( p 1)! x]
( p 1)!

cs
( x) =
[c0p (rp + p 1)(rp + p 2)...(rp + 2)(rp + 1) x rp + ... + crp ( p 1)!]
( p 1)!

F ( p ) ( x) =

cs
[c0p (rp + p 1)(rp + p 2)...(rp + 2)(rp + 1)rp x rp 1 + ... + !crp1 + 0]
( p 1)!

(Lindemann): .
: .
, i ( i = 2 )
( VII). i
. (x)
: a1 = i , a 2 , a3 ,..., a n .
( VI) : e i + 1 = 0 . :
(e a1 + 1)(e a2 + 1)...(e an + 1) = 0

(1)

( e a1 + 1 = 0 )
1 (1)
e ai1 + ai2 + ... + aim .
a

e j e am e ai 1 e ai 1 1...1 = e

a j + am + ai 1 + ai

, :
ai1 + ai2 + ... + aim , ,

41

a1 , a 2 ,..., a n / (x) ,
.
x nr (r
1)
(x) f (x)

1 , 2 ,..., r (1).
(1) :
e 1 + e 2 + ... + e r + e 0 + e 0 + ... + e 0 = 0
e 1 + e 2 + ... + e r + k = 0 k .

(2)

(1) 11...1 . > 0 . :

f ( x) = cx r + c1 x r 1 + ... + cr 1 x + cr cr 0

( 0 f (x) ).
F ( x) =

c s x p 1{ f ( x)} p
, s = r ( p 1) p .
( p 1)!

: g ( x) = F ( x) + F ( x) + ... + F ( s + p + r 1) ( x) .
: deg F ( x) = ( p 1) + rp = p 1 + rp
( 3)

s + p + r 1 = r ( p 1) + p + r 1 = rp r/ + p + r/ 1 = rp + p 1 .
F ( s + p + r ) ( x) = 0 . g ( x0 = F ( x) + F ( 2 ) ( x) + ... + F ( s + p + r 1) ( x) .
:
d x
[e g ( x)] = e x g ( x) + e x g ( x)
dx
= e x [ g ( x0 g ( x)]
= e x [ F ( x) + F ( x) + ... + F ( s + p + r 1) ( x)
F ( x) F ( 2) ( x) ... F ( s + p + r 1) ( x)]
= e x F (x) .
:
x

t
y
x
0
y
[e g (t )]dt = e F ( y )dy e g ( x) e g (0) = e F ( y ) dy

(3)

42

e x g ( x) g (0) = e y F ( y )dy .
0

y = x (! )
y = 0 = 0


y = x = 1
1

e x g ( x) g (0) = e x F ( x)d ( x)
0

e g ( x) g (0) = x e

F ( x ) d

( / e x )

e x e x g ( x) e x g (0) = x e x e x F ( x)d
0

g ( x0 e x g (0) = x e (1 ) x F ( x)d .
0

x 1 , 2 ,..., r , :
1

g ( 1 ) e 1 g (0) = 1 e (1 ) 1 F ( 1 )d
0

g ( 2 ) e 2 g (0) = 2 e (1 ) 2 F ( 2 )d
0

g ( r ) e r g (0) = r e (1 ) r F ( r ) d.
0

, (2),
(e 1 + e 2 + ... + e r ) = k :
r

j =1

j =1

g ( j ) + k g ( 0) = r e

(1 ) r

F ( r )d

(**)

: F (t ) ( j ) = 0 , 0 < t < p .
j =1

. F (x) p 1 ,
f ( m ) ( x) 1 m p 1 .
f ( i ) = 0 , i = 1,2,..., r . f ( m ) ( i ) = 0 .
r

F (t ) ( j ) = 0 , 0 < t < p .
j =1

43

t p F (t ) ( x) f m (x) . F (t ) ( i ) 0 ,
t p . F (t ) ( x) p ( VIII).

t > p .
r

t p : f (t) ( j )
j =1

j rp 1 s .
s ci / c . c s
f (x) .
p s :
r

(t )
f ( j ) = pt

(*)

j =1

t .

j =1

j =1

g ( j ) = [ F ( j ) + F ( j ) + ... + F

( s + p + r 1)

j =1

j =1

j =1

( j )]

= F ( j ) + F ( j ) + ... + ( s + p + r 1)( j )
(*)

= p 0 + p 1 + ... + p s + p + r 1

= p ( 0 + 1 + ... + s + p + r 1 ) = p , .
g (o) .
(i)

t p 2 F ( t ) (0) = 0

(ii) t = p 1 F (t ) (0) = c s crp

(iii) t p F (t ) (0) = p lt lt .
t = p l p = c s c rp1 .
.
: g (0) = c s crp + l p , l . (l = l p + l p +1 + ... + l rp + p 1 ) .
1 (**)
p + k (c s crp + lp ) = p + k c s crp + klp =

44

= ( + kl ) p + k c s crp = z p + k c s crp , z .

: k 0, c 0, cr 0 . p > max(k , | c |, | cr |) ,
(**)
p .
(**) :
cs
cs
p 1
p
| F ( j ) |
( j ) { f ( )} =
| | p 1 | j | p 1 | f ( j ) | p
( p 1)!
( p 1)!
=

cs
| | p 1 | j | p | f ( j ) | p
( p 1)! j

cs
| j f ( j )
( p 1)! j

| c | s {m( j )} p

| j | ( p 1)!
m( j ) = | j | sup | f ( j ) .
0 1

:
r

j =1

j e

(1 ) j

j =1

f ( j ) d j e
r

= j
j =1

(1 ) j

| c | s {m( j )} p
d
| j | ( p 1)!

| c | s {m( j )} p 1 (1 ) j
d
e
| j | ( p 1)! 0

| c | s | m( j ) | p 1 (1 ) j
= | j |
e
dl
j =1
| j | ( p 1)! 0
r

| c | s | m( j ) | p B
,

j =1
( p 1)!
r

B = max e
j

(1 ) j

d .

| c | s | m( j ) | p B
p +
0. p +
( p 1)!
j =1
r

45

(**) . .
.
.