MudKwifawmif;yefjcif;

þpmpOfonf Myanmar Cupid rS wifxm;aom Post rsm;udk trsm;olig zwf&SEdkif&ef

pkpnf;wifjyxm;jcif; jzpfygonf/ uGsefawmfhwGif rl&if;pmtkyf r&SdygaomaMumifh pmpOfrsm;tm;vkH;
jynfpHkrSK &Sdr&Sd wdkufMunfhjcif;iSm rwufEdkifyg/ xdk haMumifh tu,f&sf pmrlrsm; MuGif;usef&pfcJhaomf
onf;cHay;Muyg&ef awmif;yeftyfygonf/

pmpOfrsm; pkpnf; ylaZmfol

&[EÅmESifh yk*¾dKvfxl;rsm; ( yxrydkif; )

0.1/ "mwfyHkawmfrsm;
0.2/ ed'gef;pum;
0.3.1/ jrefrmEkdifiH omoem0if c&D;wpfavQmuf tprS ]tpdk;&\ tm;ay;rI} acgif;
0.3.2/ ]tpdk;&\ tm;ay;rI} rS jrefrmEdkifiH omoem0if c&D;wpfavQmuf acgif;pOfqHk;xd
0.4/ r[mpnfq&mawmf
0.5.1/ a0blq&mawmf tprS ]Ak'¨\ wpfae hwm vkyfief;pOf} acgif;pOfcGJrwkdifcifxd
0.5.2/ ]Ak'¨\ wpfae hwm vkyfief;pOf} rS a0blq&mawmf acgif;pOfqHk;xd

ysLEdkifiH [efvif;acwf
1.1/ psmeftbdnmOf& &[EÅmomraP
1.2/ psmeftbdnmOf& 'defausmif; t&Sif okar"m

oa&acwå&macwf
2.1/ &[EÅmESifh yk*¾dKvfxl;rsm;
2.2/ 0dyóem&I&mrS tif;0dZÆmjzpfcJhaom &SifOwårod&D

oxHkacwf
3.1/ t&Sif*0Hywdrax&
3.2/ psmeftbdnmOf& jymP'óD rax&f

yk*Hacwf
4.1/ &Sift&[H rax&f
4.2/ yHhokulrax&f
4.3/ iSufypfawmif t&Sify@dwrax&f
4.4/ aygifavmif&Sif uóy
4.5/ yk*Hacwf ur®|mef;usrf;jyK t&d,myk*¾dKvfrsm; (em**kPfi,f? em**kPfBuD; )
4.6/ 'domjymrkuf q&mawmf (OD;usnfayG h) ESifh ulAavcef bk&ifBuD
4.7/ eef;awmif;rsm;q&mESifh wufao;BuD;

yif;,acwf
5.1/ &Sif'dAÁpuf &[EÅmaxG;
5.2/ a&iHkq&mwynfh (rPdrOöL q&mawmf)
5.3/ ordkif;uay;aom jrefrmwdk hwm0ef
5.4/ psmeftbdnmOf& tnmwuk@nf; rax&f
5.5.1/ bk&m;yGifh&m tdE´d,EdkifiHü tb,fhaBumifh omoem uG,faysmufoenf; tprS ]0dZÆmawGOHKcHí
yk*Hodk hajy;vmBuyHk} acgif;pOfcGJrwdkifcifxd
5.5.2/ ]0dZÆmawGOHKcHí yk*Hodk hajy;vmBuyHk} acgif;pOfcGJrS bk&m;yGifh&m tdE´d,EdkifiHü tb,fhaBumifh
omoem uG,faysmufoenf; acgif;pOfqHk;xd

tif;0acwf
6.1/ wufao;oljrwfESifh ykcef;BuD; udk&ifokar"m
6.2.1/ a&TOrifESifh awmifzDvmq&mawmf tprS ]owdk horD;av;ESifh wpfnwm}
acgif;pOfcGJrwdkifcifxd
6.2.2/ ]owdk horD;av;ESifh wpfnwm} acgif;pOfcGJrS a&TOrifESifh awmifzDvmq&mawmf
acgif;pOfqHk;xd
 ax&0g' omoem oefU&Sif;wnfwH NyefUyGm;atmif
taemf&xm rif;BuD; tultnDNzihf omoem NyKawmfrlcJhaom
&Sift&[H yHkawmf
yk*HNrKdU tmeE´mapwD twGif;ü&Sdonf/

xG#facgifq&mawmf &kyfxkawmf
(1160-1242)
q&mawmfOD;om&Tef; (OD;u0dE´) "gwfawmfrsm;
(1182-1282)

a&pBudK*lNzLawm& q&mawmf
(1190-1281)

bkef;awmfBuD; OD;oDv
(1194-1269)
 ykodrf rd*'g&Hk q&mawmf
(1194-1283)

yckuúL oJyHkawmf&q&mawmf
(1204-1288)
 v,fwDawm& q&mawmff
(1208-1285)

ppfudkif;-0wfcsuf rif;ausmif;q&mawmf
q&mawmf
(1215-1288)
 ppfudkif;-r[m*E¨´m&Hkq&mawmff
(1220-1281)

Nynf - tifBuif;aNrmif q&mawmf

(1222-1278)
anmifvGefawm&q&mawmf
(1229-1295)

oxHk aZw0efq&mawmf
(1230-1316)
aou©sawmif q&mawmf
(1233-1299)

rdk;nSif;awm& q&mawmf
(1234-1326)
odrfawmif tif;rBuD; awm&q&mawmf
(1237-1283)

Nrif;NcH-pGef;vGef;*lq&mawmf
(1239-1314)
 tbd"Zr[m&X *k&k 0ef;odkNrKdU cE¨´D;q&mawmf
(1286ckESpf? awmfovif; vNynfU *-&uf zGm;Nrifawmfrlonf/)

urÇÇmUowdyXmefomoemNyK awmifykvk
urÇÇmat;q&mawmf
(1258ck? waygif;vNynfUausmf 3-&uf zGm;Nrifawmfrlonf/)
a&TOa'gif;awmifq&mawmf
(1253-1346)

oydwftdkif awm&q&mawmf
(1255-1331)
odrfawmif-qnfBuD;q&mawmf
(1244-1321)

Nynf-edAÁE´q&mawmf
(1248-1338)
 rdk;ukwfq&mawmf
(1261-1324)

ed'gef;pum;

earm 0dbZÆ0g'daem r[mum½k

r[mum½kPduó

jrefrmEdkifiH y#dywådomoem0if (psmeftbdnmOf& yk*¾dKvfrsm;? &[EÅmESifh tjcm;aom t&d,m

yk*d¾Kvfrsm;? t&d,m rjzpfapumrl t&d,mjzpf&ef ajzmifhrSefpifMu,fpGm usifhBuHawmfrlcJhaom
a,m*Dyk*d¾Kvfxl;rsm;taMumif;)onf wpfusrf;wpfzGJUtjzpf pkpnf;xm;&Sdoifhaom vkdtyfcsufwpfck[k
,lqygonf/ tqufqufaom a,m*DwdkUtwGuf tm;aq;wpfcGufvnf; jzpfayvdrfhrnf/
]] þacwfwGif &[EÅmjzpfEkdifoavm? psmeftbdnmOfaum &Edkif ao;oavm}} [laom jyóemonf
tvkyfcGifodkU 0ifaom yk*d¾Kvfwdkif;ESifh ynm&SifwdkUtm; wD;wdk;ar;jref;aeaom ar;cGef;jzpf\/
tajztrsdK;rsdK;aMumifh pmayy&d,wfESifh pdwf"mwftm;enf;olrsm; pEdk;paemifh jzpfMu&onf/
tvkyfcGifrS xGufolxGufí vufavQmholavQmhoGm;Mu\/
]r[my&dedAÁmeokwf} ü jrwfpGmbk&m;u ]okb'´ }tm;a[mawmfrlonfrSmum; xif&Sm;\/
yGifhvif;\/ jyóemwifzG,fr&Sd/
w&m;ppf w&mrSefrsm; wnf&Sdí usifhBuHñTefjyolrsm; &SdaeorQ acwf?ESpf tuefUtowfr&Sd?
tcsdeftcgra&G;? jzpfvdkaom t&mra&G; jzpfEdkifavonf/ ]oE´d|du tumvdu} *kPfwdkUvnf;
þt"dyÜg,fudkyif ruG,fr0Suf jyufjyufxifxif ay:vGifapMu\/
odkUpifvsuf ½dk;½dk;uav; &Sif;&Sif;uav; a[mxm;aom Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf\ pum;xuf tMurf;pm;
cGJjcm;xm;aom t|uxm q&mwdkU\ acwf 5-acwf aemufodkU aumufaumufygatmif
pkNyHKvdkufoGm;wwfMu\/ ]] ygVdawmfESihf t|uxm xdyfwdkufawGUcJhaom ygVdawmfaemufudkom
vdkuf&rnf}} [laom r[mya'o (ñTefMum;csufpnf;urf;BuD;) udkvnf; arhaeMu\/
udk,fydkifÓPfvnf; toHk;rcs/
xkdrSjrpfzsm;cHíjyqdkNyD; ar;cGef;rsm;? udk,fhtcGifhta&;udk udk,fydwfaom tawG;tac:rsm;?
vufavQmhvdkpdwfrsm; jzpfrSef;rod qifhyGm;jzpfay:vmMu\/ odkUESifh ,ckacwfwGif t&d,mjzpfonf?
psmeftbdnmOf&onfudkyif r,HkcsifMuawmh/ aemufqHk; xdkcH,lcsufonf ] t&d,ly0g'} ac:
uHBuD;udkyif usL;vGefrdwwfawmhonf/ BudK;pm;aomfvnf; r*fzdkvfudk r&Edkif&SmMuawmhay/ xdkuHBuD;
rxdkufonfhwdkifatmif r*fzdkvf edAÁmefpsmeftbdnmOfonf ,aeUvlom;wdkUESifhyif rwef&moa,mif
rdrdwdkUb0udk avQmhaps;csvmMu\/ qifajcuef a0zefrIrsm;vnf; yGm;vmavawmhonf/ (þum;
xGif;azmufEkdifaom edaAÁ"duynm ryg? tay:,Hpmay tjrifrQjzifh ynm&Sd tac:cH olwdkUü
jzpfwwfaom ]au&m#d,yu©}pOf;vJaom tjrifwnf;/)

cE¨mudk,fawGUESifh "mwfpD; ur®|mef;

wpfzufwGif MunfhjyefygvQifvnf; roufom? ydkí jyóemwufjyefonf/ &Sif;r&atmif us,fjyefU

½IyfaxG;ap\/ taMumif;um; y&d,wåd tajcryg/ y#dywf(orx) oufouf orm"d
tpGrf;xufojzifh ]] r*fzdkvfqdkwm 'gyJ}} [kvG,fvG,fESifh t&d,mjzpfMu? &[EÅmvkyfMu?
&[EÅmorkwfMujcif;yifwnf;/ ] cE¨mudk,fawGU} [kqdkif;bkwfwifum y#du tmZmenfBuD;rsm; udkyif
olwdkUu oem;ae&SmMuao;awmh\/ ayg|dvBuD;ç t&Sif em*rax&fBuD;wdkUudkyif udk;um;í
]pmcHonf} [ka0zefvdkufBuao;onf/
]] pmudkrajymeJU? udk,fawGUyJajym}} [laom y#dywf vufzuf&nfMurf;0dkif;BuD;rsm;vnf;
&yfuGufwdkif;wGif aomaomnHavawmhonf/ ]tocFg&du ab;uef? oocFg&du Adkufuef} [kyif
wGifcJhaom tvªr*Fvm oCFmpifrS jiif;ckef &efjzpfMuonfh ]pum;ajymoN*ØK[f} y&rwf0dkif;BuD;rsm;udk
owd&apawmh\/ xdkolrsm;aMumifhyif tbd"r®m y&rwfw&m;vnf; emrnfysufcJh&zl;onf/
xdkUaMumifh
w&m;tm;xkwfolrsm;av &ifav;p&maumif;av jzpf&jyefonf/ (þum; ynmryg?
o'¨goufoufaMumifh tpGef;xGuf vrf;acsmfaom ,aeU y#dywftajctae a,bk,s
jrifuGif;jzpf\/)
xdkUaMumifh o'¨gESifhynm xrf;ydk; xrf;nDí tav;csdefrQ&ef vdkonf[k a[mMum;qHk;rawmf
rlMuukef\/
y#dywåda&;&mü jyóemum; þrQ r[kwfwHkao;/ y&d,wfvnf; wwf\/ y#dywfvnf; vkyf\/
odkU&mwGif rarQmfvifhaom tcuftcJrsm;ESifh &ifqdkifMu&aomtcg tvGeftuRH tm;xkwfjcif;?
rcsdrqHh ysif;&dí vufavQmhypfjcif;? udk,fydkifyuwd pdwf"mwfr[kwfaom tawG;tac:rsm;
vufcHaerdjcif; ponfwdkUaMumifh yef;wdkifra&mufbJ vrf;ckvwfwGif tvkyfcGifrS xGufum
w&m;a[mola[m? pdwåZaq;½Hka&mufola&muf? aysmufapq&mç aA'ifq&m vkyfolvkyf? zdkxdk;olxdk;?
trsdK;rsdK;acgif;ajymif;oGm;&olwdkYvnf; renf;awmhacs/
raocsmaom vufiif;tusdK;udk ajrmfudk;,Hkpm;vGef;ol tcsdKUu xdkodkUaom q&mrsdK;jzpf&jcif;udkyif
{&mr'kv’b tcGifhaumif;BuD;xifum xdk[m&zdkUudkom yef;wdkifxm;Muavawmh\/ aemufqHk;
y#dywf vufzuf&nfMurf;0dkif;BuD;rsm;ESihf tNydKif uefawmhyGJ a&SUcsum "mwfpD;ur®|mef;
xdkifMuavawmhonf/

wu,fhq&mESifh rdwfaqGaumif;

rjrif&aom taESmifht,Sufrsm;um; toHwdwfaoewfxuf aMumufvefUzG,f aumif;vS\/

rjrif&aom tcuftcJrsm;udk ausmfvGef&efrSm wu,fhtmZmenf pG,fpHkyk*d¾KvfBuD;rsm;yifaomfrS &Hcg
tajz&Smr&ouJhodkU jzpfoGm;&wwfonfudk jrifae&\/ Munfhaomolom jrifí jrifaomolom
qifjcifEdkifavonf/
] ,xmblwH ÓPm, owåm y&da,odwaAÁm} =
]t&SdrSefjrif&ef wu,fhq&m &SmrSjzpfonf/}
]ouvar0 [d'H jA[®p&d,H? ....,'dwH uvsmPrdwåwm} =
]rdwfaqGaumif;onf &mEIef;jynfh tiftm;jzpfonf} -
[ka[mawmfrlonfudk rarhoifhMuay/ ]q&mtppfESifh rdwfaqGtrSef} udkem;vnfoifh\/
w&m;oabmum; euf½Idif;pGmh/
] taESmifht,Suf tcuftcJrsm;&Sdonf} [kqdkap? jrifEdik fcuf\/ ,HkEdkifcuf\/ a&SmifEdkifcuf\/
a&SmifvGJausmfvGefenf;udk awGU&Sd&efum; tcufqHk;/ bk&m;&Sifonfyif &Hzef&Hcg tcuftcJrsm;ESifh
&ifqdkif&wwfonf/ awGU&apumrl (0dukAÁed'¨d=zefqif;rI) wefcdk;udk oHk;cJ\/ om0ursm;udkvnf;
oHk;cGifhrjyK/ arwåmjzifhom tEdkif,lawmfrlavh&Sd\/ rkef,pfaeaom ]emVm*D&dqif} ESifh rmef,pfaom
]a&mZrv’rif;om;} wdkUtm; arwåmjzifhyif ½kdnGwfapawmfrlcJhNyD/ ]bk&m;rdkU} [k rxiftyf/
"r®Av=w&m;\pGrf;tm;onf yk*¾dKvfra&G;? tcsdeftcg? ae&ma'ora&G;/ ,HkMunfjcif;
t&if;pdkuf&efom vdkonf/

oHk;acsmif;axmuf w&m;pGrf;tif

xdkonfh arwåmw&m;tjyif avmifaeaom rD;? pD;aeaom a&udkyif wefUapEdkifpGrf;aom opöm

(t&m&mü wdusrI)? bmrqdk vdkwdkif;&? wçwdkif;NyD;apEdkifpGrf;aom t[kwfoDv? xdkoHk;acsmif;axmuf
&Sd&efum; tenf;qHk;vdktyf\/ wd&pämefrsm;aomfrS vdkufematmifjrifcJhzl;vSNyD/
w&m;pGrf;tifudk twefi,fqufí qdkcsifygao;\/ ur®|mef;xdkifjcif;udk ysif;p&m[kvnf;aumif;?
tcsdefjzKef;onf[k vnf;aumif; vlrdkufwdkUxifwwfMu\/ vuf(o'¨g) rygbJ ,lcsifol? ajcaxmuf
(oDv) r&SdbJ oGm;csifol? tvkyfrvkyfrD vkyfcudk tvsifawmif;ouJhodkU o'¨gt&if;rpdkufcif
ÓPfynmtcudk aps;qpfMu awmif;cHMuolwdkUvnf; xdkUenf;¤if;yif/ wdwfwdwfaeí
axmifwefonfudk rodMu/wpfa,muf
aumif;u wpfaomif;Adkvfajc csrf;omapEdkifonfudkvnf; rjrif/ rdrdwdkU\ w&m;tm;pGrf;tif
tavsmuf urÇmppfrD;awmufBuD;rsm;udkyif Nidrf;apí odef;oef;ru owå0gtrsm;udk
tygaqmifvsuf urÇmopf wnfaxmifEdkifpGrf;onfudkrl omí rjrifEdkif r,HkEdkifMu/
jrifhrdk&fawmifudkyif trIefUjyKEdkif? a&TjzpfapEdkifaom orm"dpGrf;tm;udk ]t*kFwådK&f [dr0EÅokwfESifh
oH,kwf&ZÆokwfü}a[mawmfrlcJhNyD/ oufrJhudkyif apwdkif;&aom w&m;tm;um; qdkzG,fr&Sdav/
xdkonfh arwåmESifh opömç oDv oHk;acsmif;axmuf &&Sdxm;ygrl rnfonfh avmu"H rkefwdkif;udkrQ
rIp&mr&Sd/ BuHhBuHhcHay;vdrfhrnf[k rrSdwfrokef ,HkMunfjcif; vufudk urf;vSrf;oifh\/ rd½dk;zvm
axmifusrnfavmufudkom aMumufí usifhaqmifaom oDv? EIwfwdkuf&Gwfqdkaom tay:,H
arwåmrQjzifhum; rnfonfh tcuftcJudkrQ ausmfvTm;Edkifrnf r[kwf/
usifhBuH&mü cufonf vG,fonfrSmvnf; rdrdpdwfyifwnf;/

vrf;½kd;a[mif;wGif qifhumxGif

þusrf;pmonf xdkonfh taESmihft,Suf tcuftcJrsm; tm;vHk;twGuf &nfñTef;xm;ygonf/

udk,fwdkif &ifqdkifBuHKawGU&&mrS tm;aq;ç tm;udk;&mudk &Smaomtm;jzifh vufawGUusí
trSefpHjyKxdkufaom a&S;oljrwfa[mif;BuD;wdkU\ tqdktrdefU t|KyÜwf vkyfxHk;pHenf;rsm;udk &SmazG
zwf½I&ygonf/
jrwfpGmbk&m;onf yk&mPr*¾ac: a&S;bk&m;&Sif tqufqufwdkU\ oGm;&mvrf;a[mif;udk ]r[my'ge
okwfawmf} jzifh jyefajymif; xkwfazmfawmfrl cJhzl;av\/
]aAm"d&mZ ukrm&okwåef} jzifhvnf; bk&m;&Sifudk,fawmfwdkifyif bk&m;rjzpfrD q&mrSm;cJhyHk
txiftjriftawG;acsmfí aovkarsmyg; vrf;rSm;vdkufcJhrdyHkwdkUudk oifcef;pm ay;awmfrlcJh\/
uREkfyfwdkUonfvnf; xdkoifcef;pmrsm;ESifh a&S;ola[mif;wdkU\ t|KyÜwfudk zwf½Iaomtm;jzifh
vrf;a[mif;udk &SmcJh&yg\/ r&ao;onfudk &atmif? &NyD;onfudk wdk;wufatmif tm;jznfhcJh&yg\/
vrf;½kd;a[mif;wGif qifhumxGif? vdkvQifBuHqenf;vrf;&/
usrf;pmrsm; trsm;tjym; upOfhuvsm;&Sdaeonfudk &SmazGzwf½I&onfrSmum; vG,fulonf r[kwf/
tvGeftvkyfysuf (*E¦yvdaAm") cH&ygonf/ ]ur®|mef; xdkifw,fomqdk pmudkcsnf; zwfae
a&;aeoaum} [kyif tajymcH&\/ ajymxdkufaypGmh? xdkUaMumifh uREkfyfwdkUuJhodkU tvkyfcGifzifhaES;rI
rjzpfMuygap&ef rSwfwdkiftjzpf acwftvdkuf cGJjcm;í pkpnf; wnfaqmufxm;vdkufygonf/
a&S;ola[mif;wdkU\ t|KyÜwfwGif tcsdKUae&mü acwfvlwdkU zwfcsifhpzG,f pmjc,frIef;jcif;rSty
rlvtaMumif;t&mrsm;wGif o'¨gç ynmtpGef;xGufí jznfhpGufy,fEkwfjcif; tvsOf; r&SdygaMumif;
udkvnf; odaptyfygaMumif;/
] þjrefrmEdkifiH y#dywåd omoem0if} wGif tydkif;tm;jzifh oHk;ydkif;cGJxm;&m-
1/ yxrydkif;ü jyL[efvif;acwf? oa&acwå&m? oxHk? yk*H? yif;, ESifh tif;0acwfrsm;/
2/ 'kwd,ydkif;ü tavmif;rif;w&m;rS pí ukef;abmif acwfaESmif; txd/
3/ wwd,ydkif;ü NAdwdoQacwfrS pí rsufarSmufacwftxd yg0ifygonf/
þusrf;udk jyKpk&mü pmtkyfiSm;&rf;jcif;? tBuHÓPfay;jcif; ponfjzifh ulnDcJhMuaom-
1/ OD;av;NrdKif (aiGwm&D r*¾Zif; wm0efcH t,f'Dwm?)
2/ "r®mp&d, OD;armifarmifav; (oda&mrPd? bD-at?)
3/ OD;rsdK;jrifh (t,f'Dwm? yd#uwfjrefrmjyef?)
4/ OD;[efaX; (okawoet&m&Sd? urÇmhAk'¨wuúodkvf?)
5/ OD;ÓPf0if; (ygVdyg&*l? vkyfom;jynfolUaeUpOf?)
6/ urÇmat; OD;jrifhtkef;? OD;pdefvSatmifç refae*sm OD;vS0if;pdefç OD;cspf&Sdef?
7/ txl;ojzifh OD;rsdK;0if;ESifhtzGJU (Mo Gok Computer & offset )
wdkUtm; txl;aus;Zl;wifaMumif; rSwfwrf;wif&ygonf/

todrSefí csrf;omMuygap/

Ä olawmfaumif;"mwf? w&m;jrwf? vTrf;ywfurÇmwnf&rnf/

aX;vIdif
("r®mp&d, OD;aX;vdIif)

oDwif;uRwf vjynfhausmf 8-&uf? 1335-ckESpf/

(19-10-73)

earm wó b*0awm t&[awm or®morÁK'¨ó

jrefrmEdkifiH omoem0if c&D;wpfavQmuf

jrefrmEdkifiHonf vGefcJhaom ESpfaygif;wpfaxmifausmfrSpí þaeUwdkif urÇmay:wGif

Ak'¨omoemawmf\ ]aemufqHk;cHwyfNrdKawmfBuD;} tjzpf tcdkiftrm &yfwnfvm\/ urÇmolurÇmom;
tm;vHk;twGuf ppfrSefjrifhjrwfaom ,Ofaus;rI tarGudk xdef;odrf;odkrSD;&m
b@mwdkufBuD;ozG,fvnf; jzpfayonf/
jrefrmEdkifiHom ,if;uJhodkU r&yfwnfcJhvQif ,aeU Ak'¨omoemawmfonf tkwfta&ma&m
ausmufta&ma&m jzpfaeayvdrfhrnf/ arSmifESifhrnf;rnf; c&D;cJ? c&DMurf;wGif prf;w0g;0g;
avQmufaeMu&&Smaom urÇmolurÇmom;wdkU twGuf rZÑdry#dy'g vrf;rawmfBuD;onfvnf;
vrf;paysmufum acsmufurf;yg;rS wufvmEdkifMuawmhrnf r[kwfacs/ ,ckrl jrefrmedkifiHonf
wpfurÇmvHk;tm; wpfckwnf;aom? jrifhjrwf pifMu,faom? ppfrSefaom Nidrf;csrf;rI
"r®tvif;a&mifjzifh xGef;aqmifu,frEdkifavNyD/
 q&morm;? bdk;bGm;? rdbwdkU\ tajrmftjrifESifh o'¨g0D&d, (cH,lcsufESifhvHkUv) udkvnf; qajrmf
csD;usL;aus;Zl;wifoifhMuygukef\/ ,aeU jrefrmEdkifiHol EdkifiHom;wdkUonfvnf;
y#d½lya'o0goESifh oyÜK&dolyedó,pufrdum ]bkef;uH&Sdolrsm;} tjzpf *kPf,lxdkufMuygukef\/
,if;udkyifvQif ]b0tqufquf qnf;yl; cJhaom yg&rD&Sdol} [k qdktyf&um; jrifhjrwfvSaom
b0wefzdk;udk jrwfEdk;wwfMu&m\/
jrefrmEdkifiH omoem0ifESifh &mZ0ifudkMunfhygvQif vGefcJhaom tESpfwpfaxmif\ þrSmbufwGif
þ,aeUacwfuJhodkU y#dywådomoem xGef;um;onfudk rawG h&acs/ y#dywftEG,ftquf
rjywfrvyf½HkrQom&SdcJhonf/ acwftqufquf y&d,wådbufüom tm;oefí pmayüom
vrf;qHk;cJhMu\/
] y&d,wftvkyfonf EGm;ausmif;om; tvkyfrQomjzpfí y#dywf vkyfEdkifrSom EdkUpm;&aom
EGm;ydkif&Sifrnf\} [kqdkaomfvnf; EGm;ydkif&Sif rvkyfvdkMuay/
y&d,wfrQjzifh bk&m;&Sif\ aus;Zl;*kPfudkodjcif;? w&m;t&omcHpm;jcif;onf q,fyHkwpfyHkrQom
t&omawGUEdkif\/ omoemjyK&mwGifvnf; c&D;rwGif tiftm;rygacs/ omoem
,kwfavsmhaeNyDxifí bkefawmfBuD; rlvwef;ausmif;rSonf tcrJhynmay;Edkifaom
oHCmhwuúodkvfBuD;rsm;txd xlaxmifum acwfESifhtnD omoemjyK&aomf wpfurÇmvHk;
'dk;,dkaygufoGm;rnf[k xifMuaomfvnf; ½kd;&m y&d,wådatmufrsm;pGm usqif;oGm;Edkifayonf/
udk,fydkif tZÑwådu omoemtiftm;rsm; ,dkxGufum tay:,H [efjy omoemrQom
usefavawmhonf/
1247 ckESpfrSpí udk,fhrif;udk,fhcsif;1m0 usqif;í NAdwdoQ vufwGif;odkU a&mufMupOf rdrdwdkU
oabmaygufovdk trsdK;bmomomoem jyKcJhMuonf/ ousoD[ (rEåav;)? apwD,*FP(&efukef)?
ok0PÖblrd (oxHk)? okormpm& (armfvNrdKif) ? 0de,m"du(yJcl;)? ok"r®m(anmifwHk;) paom
y&d,wåd tm;ay;aom toif;tzGJUrsm;? rvGefqefvSLtoif; paom ypö,mEk*¾[tzGJUrsm;
wnfaxmifcJhMuonf/
wpfbufü tcsdKUaom bkef;awmfBuD;rsm;rSm avmuDausmif;rsm; wnfaxmifol wnfaxmifí
jynfrIudpöü OD;aqmifa&mygol ygMuukef\/
jrefrmEdkifiH y&d,wådomoemonf yk*HacwfrS NAdwdoQacwftxd trsm;tm;jzifh 0denf;ESifh tbd"r®mudk
OD;pm;ay;cJhMu\/ y#dywåd\ "r®m b@m wdkufBuD;rsm;jzpfaom rZÑdr? t*Fkwå& ESifh txl;ojzifh
oH,kwåedum,fBuD;rsm;udk oifMum;ydkUcs avhvmrI enf;cJhMuonf/ usrf;tdyfrsm;[kyif
ajymprSwfjyKukef\/ þonfyif y#dywfESifh tvSrf;uGma0;aecJhonfh trSwftom;yifwnf;/
acwftqufqufaom pmar;yGJ rsm;uvnf; ygVdawmfxuf t|uxm #Dumudk vnf;aumif;?
t|uxm#DumwGifvnf; o'´ga&;udkvnf;aumif; OD;pm;ay;cJhMuojzifh 0drkwåd&oESifh
tvSrf;uGmcJh&jyef\/ yÍöro*Fg,emtNyD; wm0efcGJa0 jyKcJhMuaom edó, bmomjyef vkyfief;BuD;?
rdk;xdedó,ESifh oaX;OD;a&TavS;?
q&mNrdKU (t*¾r[my@dw) wdkU\ yd#u jrefrmjyefrsm;onf vGefpGm aus;Zl;rsm;cJhMuaomfvnf;
yk*HacwfrSpwifcJhaom ]o'´gBuD; o'´gi,frsm;\ t&Sdeft0g} tpGJtvrf;rsm;udk rxdk;azmufEdkif
cJhMuay/
o'´gq&mESifh t|uxmq&mwdkU\ tyg;rS zJcGmapí jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sif\ a&TrsufESmawmfudk teD;uyf
zl;ajrmfcGifh r&EdkifcJhMuay/
 rnfodkUyifjzpfap? a&S;u q&morm; bkd;bGm;rdbwdkUonf ]] omoemudk acwfESifhtnD rjyKjyif
rusifhoHk;&}} [k cdkifrmaom ,HkMunfcsufjzifh (y#dywfodkU OD;rwnfEdkifMuapumrl) 0denf;ESifh
tbd"r®mudk NrJNrHpGm qkyfudkifí y&d,wådudk t½dk;cHtwdkif; oiftH aqmif,lcJhMuonfrSm vGefpGm
aus;Zl;wiftyfvSayonf/ ,aeU y#dywf EdkUrvdkifudk vdIifvdIifBuD; aomufpm;cGifh &aeonfrSm ]
½kd;&mudk txdrcH? vlqefí acwfrDonfudk rvdkvm;} aom xdkq&morm; bdk;bGm;rdbwdkU\
aus;Zl;yif/
pifppf rnfonfhacwf? rnfonfhpepfwGifrS Ak'¨0g'wGif y,fEkwf&efr&Sd ? jznfhpGufjyifqif&efvnfr&Sd/
]au0vy&dykPÖ} tMuGif;rJh jynfhpHkvHkavmufaeeSifhjyD; jzpfonf/ xkdtwdkif; auseyfavmufatmif
avhvmí jynfhrDatmif usifhoHk;&efom vdktyfonf/ xdk haMumifhvnf; jAdwdoSstkyfcsKyfa&;eSifh
twlygí tcsdK htmPmpufudkyif trSD&aom jrefrma&muf urÇmh1mmomMuD;rsm;tMum;wGif
Ak'¨0g'onf xD;xD;rm;rm; &yfwnfedkifcJh\/<uif;rjhjynfhphkvhkavmufaeesifhnyd;jzpfonf
xdktwdkif;="" auseyfavmufatmif="" avhvmí="" jynfhrdatmif="" usifhohk;&efom=""
vkdtyfonf="" xdkuamumifhvnf;="" nadwdoqtkyfcskyfa&;esifh="" twlygí="" tcsdku=""
tmpmpufyif="" trsd&aom="" jrefrma&muf="" urÇmbmombud;rsm;tmum;wgif="" ak=""
¨0g="" onf="" xd;xd;rm;rm;=""
&yfwnfedkifcjh\=""></uif;rjhjynfhphkvhkavmufaeesifhnyd;jzpfonf>
wrvGefb0udk OD;wdkufí u,fwif&Sif BudK;udkifaom bmomBuD;rsm; tMum;wGif vufiif;b0udk
OD;pm;ay;í udk,fwdkif u,fwifrI ("r®) udk qkyfudkifcGifh jyKaom Ak'¨onf ydkíyif ay:vGifvmcJhonf/
uHtm;avsmfpGm usL;ausmfvmaom NAdwdoQppfESifh acwfNydKif eef;wGif; yd#uawmfrsm;uvnf;
0dwdk&d,yd#u wdkufBuD;wGif a'opm&DMuGcsDí wefjyef omoemjyKMuukef\/
v,fwD'DyeDrsm;uvnf; xyfqifhí Oa&mywpfcGifvHk;wGif w&m;ppf wyfulay;cJhMujyefonf/
'kwd,urÇmppfMuD; jyD;qHk;í odyÜHudk trawjyKaom &kyfvGef0g'MuD; wpfurÇmvHk; zdpD;awmhrnfh
tajctaewGifyif Ak'¨0g'onf jrefrmwdk hOD;aqmifí wpfurÇmvHk;wGif
2500Ak'¨atmifyGJawmfMuD;udkyif cH,l&&Sdavawmhonf/<ucsdí wefjyef="" omoemjykmuukef\=""
v,fwd="" dyedrsm;uvnf;="" xyfqifhí="" oa&mywpfcgifvhk;wgif="" w&m;ppf=""
wyfulay;cjhmujyefonf="" kwd,urÇmppfbud;="" nyd;qhk;í="" odyÜhudk=""
tarawjykaom="" ½kyfvgef0g="" bud;="" wpfurÇmvhk;="" zdpd;vmawmhrnfh=""
tajctaewgifyif="" ¨0g="" onf="" jrefrmwdkuod;aqmifí="" wpfurÇmvhk;wgif=""
2500="" ak="" ¨atmifygjbud;udkyif="" ch,l&&sdavawmhonf

1mk&m;&Sifudk teD;uyf zl;&atmif

vGwfvyfa&; &NyD;aemufumvwGifum; o'´gudk OD;pm;ay;vGef;aom pmoif? pmar;jcif; pepfonf

csKyfNidrf;pjyK avNyD/ tpdk;&u ESpfpOfusif;yay;aeaom tbd"r®m? 0dok'¨dr*f pmar;yGJrsm;?
edum,faqmifrsm;udk arG;xkwfay;vdkufaom ] tbd"Zr[m&|*k½k} rpdk;&drfq&mawmf BuD;rI;aom
edum,fpmar;yGJrsm;? wdyd#u"& a&G;cs,fyGJBuD;ESifh oH,kwådedum,f jrefrmjyef pmar;yGJ (&efukef)?
rZÑdredum,f jrefrmjyefpmar;yGJ (yJcl;) omraPausmf paompmar;yGJrsm;onf jrefrmEdkifiH
y&d,wådomoemudk wpfacwfajymif;ay;vdkufaom pmar;yGJBuD;rsm; jzpfukef\/ y#dywådbuf
vHk;0rsufESmrlaom edwåd&Pw¦ pmar;yGJBuD;rsm;yifwnf;/
]a&jrifhrS Mumwifhonf} [louJhodkU y&d,wåd\ twdrfteufonf y#dywåd\ tedrfhtjrifhudk jyaom
jy'g;csdefjzpf\/ xdkUaMumifh y&d,wådoifenf;pepfudk vspfvsLr½IbJ rdrdwdkU jyKEdkifonfh u@rS
0ifa&muftm;ay;oifhMuavonf/ avemxatmif wpmpm tHí usufí omoemudk
toufqufay;Muaom &Sifi,f? &[ef;i,fwdkU\ b0udkvnf; twGif;usus avhvmí
MunfndKwwf&ef vkdayonf/
y&d,wåd jrifhrm;jcif;onf y#dywåd wdk;wufjcif;yifjzpf\/
1310-ckESpfrS pwifcJhaom wdyd#u"& a&G;cs,fyGJBuD;u ,cktcg yd#uoHk;yHkaqmif 4-yg;?
ESpfyHkaqmif 3-yg;? wpfyHkaqmifESifh edum,faqmif 160-xGufay:apcJhNyD;? wpfusrf;aqmif?
ESpfusrf;aqmif yk*d¾Kvfxl;rsm;vnf; ig;&mtxufüyif &Sdayvdrfhrnf/ ,if;odkUqdkaomf
,aeUomoemudk tb,frSmvQif usqif;onf qdkEdkifygtHhenf;/ jrefrmEdkifiH y&d,wådomoem0if
c&D;wpfavQmufwGif þrQavmuf xGef;awmufcJhonfrSm rnfonfhacwfurQ r&SdcJhpzl;acs/
(t|uxm? #Dum aemufjyefBudK;wJí tcsdefqGJaom pepfa[mif; tawG;a[mif;rsm;
ydkíavsmhyg;vmygvQif ]yd#u ol&Jaumif;BuD;rsm;} xkdUxufrsm;pGm xGufay:vmrnfrSm
aocsmvSygonf/)
y#dywåd a&pD;aMumif;

JNAdwdoQacwfrS vGwfvyfa&;acwftxd y#dywådomoem\ c&D;pOfrSm y&d,wådxufyif acwfapmí

Edk;Mum;wuf<uvmonfudk font=""><uvmonfudk awG h&\/ y</uvmonfudk>#dywf\
t&Sdeft0gaMumifhvnf; y&d,wfonf acwfajymif; wdk;wufvm&onfymlí
qdkoifhonf/<uvmonfudk font="">
</uvmonfudk>edum,fusrf;BuD;rsm; usrf;tdyf (tdyfaeaomusrf;) jzpfum pmwdkuf AD½dkü
"r®apwDtjzpf udk;uG,fylaZmfcJhMu&mrS ,cktcg trsdK;orD;i,frsm;yif zwf½IUavhvmEdkifMuNyDjzpf\/
&GwfzwfylaZmf½Hktjzpf usufrSwfcJhaom "r®pMum? tewåvu©PokwfESifh r[mowdy|meokwf
ponfwdkUonfvnf; vufawGU usifh&onfh pmrsm;jzpfvmMuukef\/
*kPfawmfESifh arwåmokwfponfudk bk&m;&Sdcdk;pmtjzpf &GwfqdkrIESifh pyfí rdk;ukwfq&mawmfu
]aomufaq;udk vdrf;aq;vkyfaeMuwm? a&m*gb,faysmufrSmvJ} [k rdefUqdkzl;\/ pifppf t&Gwfonf
tom;avmufraumif;/
xHk;tdkif? tif;tdkifrsm; jynfhvQHaomtcg acsmif;?ajrmif;tjzpfpD;qif;oGm;Muukef\/ t&yf&yf
acsmif;ajrmif;rsm; pkaygif;í jrpfi,frsm;jzpfvmukef\/ jrpfi,frsm;rS jrpfBuD;rsm;toGif ul;ajymif;um
ork'´&mBuD; jzpfvm\/
xdkOyrmuJhodkU ukef;abmifacwfOD;ydkif;txd y#dywfomoemum; rjywfrvyf½kH [dkwpfuGuf
onfwpfuGuf xHk;tdkif? tif;tdkifrsm;ozG,f &SdcJh\/pD;qif;Edkifatmif tiftm;rjynhfcJh/
ukef;abmifacwfaESmif; ...
xG#facgifq&mawmf (1160-1242)
bkef;awmfBuD; OD;oDv (1194-1269)
acwfwGifum; acsmif;ajrmif;ozG,f te,fe,f t&yf&yfpD;qif;vm\/ twefi,f xlxyfjrifhrm;aom
awmtkyf? awmifi,frsm;udkrl ausmfvTm;jzwfoef;Edkifaom tiftm;r&Sdao;/
v,fwDq&mawmf (1208-1285)
aousawmf q&mawmf (1233-1293) ESifh
rdk;nSif;q&mawmf (1234-1326) wdkU
vufxufwGif y#dywåd a&pD;aMumif;onf ododomom tm;aumif;vmum acsmif;ajrmif;toGifrS
jrpfi,frsm;toGif pD;qif;vmcJh\/ a&pD;tm; xuf a&pD;oHonf EdkifiHt0ef; ½kdufcwfoGm;cJhonf/
(,cktcg tar&duESifh Oa&mywdkUü ]jrefrmjynfjyef} EdkifiHjcm;om;wdkUrS wpfqifh udk,fawGU
0dyóemusrf;rsm;? ½kyfjrifoHMum;owif;rsm;aMumifh jrefrmEdkifiHESifh Ak'¨0g'udk rsm;pGm
tm½HkpdkufvmMuonf/ v,fwDq&mawmf? q&moufBuD;wdkU\ aus;Zl;aMumifh uG,fvGefol q&mBuD;
OD;bcif (tif;vsm;NrdKif y#dywådXme)\ wynfhBuD;rsm; jzpfMuaom rEåav;om; rm&0g&DvlrsdK;
olaX;BuD; OD;*dktifumu pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;udk vspfvsLjyKí tdEd´,jynftESHU w&m;Xmersm;
zGifhvSpf jyocJh&m 1974-ckESpfOD;uyif a,m*Daygif; ESpfaomif;ausmfavNyD? tar&duef trsdK;om;
rpöwma&mbwf[dk;Am;onf tar&duefESifh uae'gEdkifiHü a,m*Daygif; 1000 ausmfudk
w&m;ay;cJh\/ olum; wdkufcsif;ypf'Hk;ysHESifh tmumo,mOf wnfaqmufa&;udk tpjyKol okawoe
yg&*lwpfOD;jzpfonf/ t*FvdyfvlrsdK; rpöwm udk;vfrif;uvnf; t*Fvefü w&m;jyvsuf &Sdonfhtjyif
xdkoHk;OD; pkaygif;ívnf; tdEd´,? tar&duESifh Oa&myEdkifiHrsm;wGif ,m,DESifh tNrJwrf; ur®|mef;
Xmersm; wnfaxmifum y#dywådomoemudk qufvufjzefYcsDaeMuonf[k Mum;od&ay&m
wpfacwfqef;vmOD;rnfh y#dywådomoem\ tem*wf twdkif;twmudk cefUarQmfEdkifMuayonf/ ]
tem*grf; q&moufBuD;} pmtkyfü tjynfhtpHk azmfjyxm;ygonf)/
jrefrmEkdifiH omoem0if c&D;wpfavQmuf

tpdk;&\
&\ tm;ay;rI

1309-ck? vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;onfh aemufydkif;wGifum; a&vdIif;pD;tm; Nrifhrm;wdk;wufum {&m0wD

paom NrpfBuD;rsm;ozG,f toG,foG,faom NrpfaBumif;BuD;rsm;
tm;aumif;csifwdkif;aumif;ívmayawmhonf/

oxHk aZw0efq&mawmf (1231-1316)

pGef;vGef;q&mawmf (1239-1314)
uEéDq&mawmf (1241-1328 )
a0blq&mawmf (1257-1339)
rdk;ukwfq&mawmf (1261-1324)
r[mpnfq&mawmf (1266-1344) paom-
y#dywdå0efaqmif q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;rsm;onf omoem(2500) vGwfvyfa&;umvwGif omoemh
usufoa&udk wdk;NrSifhapawmfrlcJhBu\/

xdkwGif a0blq&mawmf? rdk;ukwfq&mawmf ESifh r[mpnfq&mawmfwdkh\ t&Sdeft0grsm;onf

tvTrf;rdk;qHk;Nzpfukef\/

1313-ckESpfrSpí EdlifiHawmftpdk;&udk,fwdkif y#dywdåomoemtm; oD;Ncm;tm;ay;csD;aNrSmufcJhonf/

ESpfpOf aiGwpfodef;cJG tenf;qHk;vsmxm;cJh\/ omoema&;0efBuD; vufatmuf&Sd Ak'¨omoemtzJG.
y#dywdåomoemNyKXmewGif wpfEdlifiHvHk;&Sd ur®®|mef; Xmeaygif; 336 Xme&Sdonf/ a,m*DOD;a&tvdkuf
twef;tpm;av;rsdK;cJGNcm;í axmufyHhvª'gef;vsuf&Sdonf/ av;rsdK;rSm a,m*D 5 OD;rS 20 OD;xd&Sdaom
Xmetm; qGrf;qefawmfaiG usyf(100)? 21-30 (150)? 31-40 (200)? 41- ESifhtxuf (250)
Nzpf\/ y#dywdå usufoa&aqmif ur®|memp&d, q&mawmfBuD; udkyg; tm; usyf(750) pD ESifh
ouFef;'dGpHk ESpfpOfqufuyfvsuf&Sdayonf/

y#dywdå Xmersm;ESifhpmaomf tpdk;&axmufyHhaiGrSm raNymyavmufapumrl EdlifiHawmftpdk;&udk,fwdkifu

todtNrwfNyK av;NrwfylaZmfonfh oabmudkaz:Nycsif;Nzpfí vdktyfvSayonf/
qGrf;qefawmfaiGtpm; y#dywdåqdkif&m usrf;pmrsm;udk tcgtm;avsmfpGm vª'gef;Ncif;? odkhr[kwf
y#dywdåqdkif&mrSwfom;BunfndKzG,f 'vpOfowif;pmapmiff'f rsdK; xkwfa0Ncif;Nzifh tm;ay;&aomf
ydkíyif aus;Zl;BuD;Nrwfay&m\/
t&d,mavQmhaps;

vGwfvyfa&;acwfrS þ,aehusatmif y#dywdå omoemawmf

t&Sdeft0gtiftm;BuD;rm;wdk;wufvmonfESifhtrQ Nrif&-rNrif&aom rdpäm'd|d 0g'rsm;vnf;
tuGufaphaph xdk;ESuf0ifa&mufvmonfudk awGh&ayonf/ tNrGufrQqdk&aomf-

1/ 'ur®®|mef;w&m; txl;&IyGg;zdkhrvdk' (arm[udkdedAÁmefxif) aom0g'rsm;?

2/ 'ormywf0ifpm;onf' [kqdkum &Sifi,f? trsdK;orD;i,frsm;udkyif "gwfyHkNzifhaz:Nyum
y#dywfomoemudk *kPfi,fapaom ur®®|mef;trnfcH pdwfñdI.0g'rsm;?
3/ &[EÅm[k vlNydef;wdkh orkwfonfudk om,mvsuf 'r*fav;qifh? zdkvfav;qifh' qdkufyHkudk
yGifhyGifhvif;vif;BuD; aBunmao0g'rsm;
4/'t&d,mNzpf vufrSwf' xkwfay;aom0g'rsm;
5/ y&d,wdå rwwfbJvsuf tawG;aumif; ta&;aumif;oNzifh taBumif;,kwdå qifaNcqifvuf
txGefhwufum rdrdudk,fukdvnf; t&d,mxifrSwfí 'tusOf;tusyf tcuftcJESifhBuHKvQif
aomwmyefonfvnf; ig;yg;oDvrvHk? aomwmyeft&ufaomufao;onf' [kcH,laom
tawG;y#dkywfrsm;/
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av;vcef hpD vSnfhajymif; oDwif;oHk;awmfrl\/ ausmufqnfü 0guyfawmfrlonf/ q&mawmf
oDwif;oHk;&m oHk;XmevHk;üyif xnf0gcef hnm;aom taqmufttHkrsm;eSifh oGm;vm 0ifxGuf
qnf;uyfMuonfudk MunfhygvSsif ]tmymkae,s ygymkae,s *kPf} eSifh oufawmfxif&Sm; 1mk&m;
a&Tvufxufawmfudk cef harSsmf MunfndKrdayvdrfhrnf/
q&mawmfonf a,1mk,stm;jzifh eHeufwpfMudrf? nwpfMudrf w&m;aymmonf/ yxr 10-rdepf?
15-rdepfcef hrSm a,m*DtwGuf tusOf;csKyf em;vnfusifhoHk;&rnfh tajccHoa1mmrsm;udk
a&pufcsouJhodk h aymmavh&Sd&m toHawmfuvnf; wdk;vSojzifh em;Mum;p r&Sdolrsm; pdwfr0ifpm;1mJ
&Sdaewwf\/ xdktusOf;csKyf (Oa'´o)rmwdumpum;rsm;onf tvGefta&;ygvSonf/
t"dyÜm,fvnf; us,f0ef;pGmh/
a&pufcs pum;rsm;wGif tvSL'gejyKolü &Sdxm;&rnfh tajccHoa1mmrsm;tukefyg\/ xkd htwl
w&m;OD; rmwdumü a,m*DtwGuf atmufygtcsufrsm; yg0ifukef\/

a,m*DtwGuf vdk&if;tcsufrsm;

1/ oDv&SdvSsif awmifhwvdkcsifwdkif; jynfhpHkapekdifí oDvudk MudK;pm;jznfh&ef/

2/ 31-1mHkcsrf;omum; txl;qkawmif;&ef rvdk? a&Smifwdrf;í rjzpfedkifatmifyif &&Sdwwfojzifh
om0uaAm"d paom aAm"dqkudkom awmifhwarSsmfrSef;&ef/
3/ omoemwnfaMumif; aumif;rSKrsm;onf edAÁmefoGm;&ef ajcaxmufozG,f (pm&P) jzpfí
wwftm;orSs jyKvkyf&ef/
4/ tvSLjyKaomtcg apwem? tvSL0w¬K? tvSLcHtay:ü oef hoef h&Sif;&Sif; &dk&dkaoao
udk,fwdkifudk,fus vSL'gef;&ef/
5/ 1mk&m;pum;? q&mhpum;udk ajr0,frus wpfxpfcs em,l&ef(aom0pówm)/
6/,ckuJhodk h w&m;yGJ vma&muf edkifjcif;onfyif ]yg&rD&Sdol}rnfí tcsdeftcg? 1m0aumif;onfrSm
1mk&m;vufxufawmfueSifh rxl;? 1mk&m; vufxufawmfu &ymef;&Sifvlrsm; &&SdMuonfhtwdkif;
1mmrqdk vdkwdkif; r&edkifwm rjzpfedkifwmymlí r&Sd? odoavmuf awmifhw arSsmfrSef;xm;cJhorSsru
tydkawGyifrsm;pGm&vmwwfojzifha&S;yk*¾dKvfwdk huJhodk h 0D&d,udkom trSDvdkufí pdkufxkwfMudK;pm;&ef/
7/ oifMum;rSwfom;xm;csufawG ajymírukefedkifatmif trsm;MuD; wwfodMu\/ xkdodk hrsm;pGm
&Sdaomfvnf; MudKuf&mwpfckudkom pl;pl;pdkufpdkuf 0D&d,oefoefeSifh rSefrSefvkyf&efom ta&;MuD;onf/
arG;onfrS aoonftxd xif&Sm;&Sdaeaom xGufav-0ifavum; vlwdkif;odvG,f xifvG,fojzifh
0ifwdkif;-xGufwdkif; eSmzsm;0ü xdonfudkom odatmifvkyf/ ,ck vkyfMunfh? ,ckrD;jidrf;?
,ckvufiif; csrf;om\/ (tumvdaum)
8/ ,if;odk h&SKrSwf&jcif;jzifh udk,feSKwf aomif;usef;rSKr&Sd(t"doDv)? pdwfaomif;usef;rSK r&Sd(t"dpdwå)
]&kyfemrfrSsom &Sdyguvm;} ymk eSmzsm;0rS wpfudk,fvHk;wvSKyfvSKyf w&G&G jzpfysufaeonfudk jrif&rnf
(t"dynm)/
odk hjzpfí odu©moHk;yg; tusHK;0ifoGm;jyD/ or®m'd|d paom r*¾if&Spfyg;vnf; ygoGm;jyD/
owdy|mefav;yg; paom aAm"dyu©d,w&m; 37 yg;vnf; vkyfjyD; jzpfoGm;jyD/ tmemyge
vkyfaejcif;jzifh yd#u oHk;yHkvHk;yif tusHK;0ifavjyD jzpfí ]axGvDumvD} avSsmufvkyfraeeJ h? awG;orSs
xiforSs rSm;wwfonf/
9/a&cyf&if;? xrif;csuf&if;vnf; &SKrSwfedkifí wpfcsdefwnf;wGif tvkyfudpöeSpfckjyD;onf/
rnfonfh £&d,mykwfeSifhrqdk &SKrSwfedkif\/ ]ur®|mef; xkdif&wm 1mmrSvJrawG haygif? r&aygif} ymk
rrSwf&/ wpfcPtwGif; &onfh tusdK;um; ukefpifatmifyif rajymedkif/ wpfae hxufwpfae h
wdk;wufjyD;awmhom oGm;awmhonf/
10/tdrftrdk; rdk;aomtcg pyfatmifrdk;vSsif rdk;aeumuG,fedkifouJhodk hwpf&uf 24 em&D
wpfqufwnf; wpfpyfwnf; (rtdyfpuf1mJ) &SKrSwfedkifatmif MudK;pm; (edoZf "kwifaqmif)/ 24 em&D
wpfpyfavmuf &vSsifyif xl;jcm;odomvmrnf/
11/31 1mHkcsrf;om 1mk&ifjzpf&wmrS tp 1mmrSs rawmifhw rvdkcsif&/ 'ku©csnf;jzpfonf/
12/rddrd tem;&Sd jriforSs Mum;orSs aus;Zl;&Sifcsnf; jzpfonf/ toHAvHqlaeí ae&mrajymif;eSifh/
]ig0D&d,? orm"d aumif;vSjyD} ymk tvGwftxifa&mufaewwf\/ qlnHoHrsm;u
]0D&d,wdk;vdkufygOD;} ymk ajymaom aus;Zl;&Sifrsm; jzpfonf/ arwåmxm; onf;cH&SKrSwf/
13/rd1m? om;r,m; 0wå&m;rsm;udk jyKvkyf&jcif;? ]uav;idkí acsmhxdef;&jcif;rS tp oDv? p&P
ukodkvf} csnf; jzpfonf/
14/rdrd tmemyge &SKrSwfjcif;udk taMumif;jyKí rdrdeSifhwu rdrdywf0ef;usif vlawG ewfawG
jAym®mawG ra&rwGufedkifatmifyif aus;Zl;rsm;ukefMuawmhonf/

pmawG h tawG;txifeSifh vufawG h todtjrif

q&mawmf aymmavhaymmx &Sdaom rmwdum pum;ajyrSm oHk;rsdK;cef h &Sdí tm;vHk;jcHKvdkufvSsif

txufyg tcsufrsm;udk awG h&rnfjzpf\/
&Hcg wpfae hwnf;ü w&m;av;ig;Mudrf aymm&onfh &ufrsm;&Sd\/ aymmwdkif;yif xdktajccH
tcsufrsm;udk yxr aymmonf/ q,fMudrfaymm&vSsif q,fcgyif xyfí aymmawmfrl\/ rnfrSs
ta&;MuD;onfudk pOf;pm;Mu&monf/ usrf;*efwdk hü odrSwf&ef? vdkufem&ef tcsufrsm;pGm
vmukefonf/ ur®® |mef; tvkyfcGifr0ifrDuyif MudKwifa&Smif&ef? aqmif&ef tcsufrsm;rSm tvkyfcGif
r0if&Javmufatmifyif rsm;ukef\/ y"me tcsufudk zrf;rd&ef cufvSonf/
rdrdwdk h tvSrf;rDoavmuf usrf;pmrsm;udkvnf; MudK;pm; zwf&SKMu&m ]t1m,ft&monf
ta&;MuD;qHk; jzpfonf} ymk em;vnf&efum; vG,fra,mifeSifh cufvSayonf/ yxrqHk; vdkufem&?
a&SmifMuOfMu&rnfh vdk&if;tcsufrsm;udk ta&;rMuD;ymk xifum ausmfvTm;oGm;wwfMu\/ o'¨g
0D&d, tm;ay;aom qHk;rpum;? ZmwfoGm;ZmwfaMumif;rsm;udkvnf; teSpftom; rymkwfao;ymk
,lqum aumif;pGm rem? rzwf/
eD0&Pig;yg;? psmeft*Fgig;yg;? ÚmPfpOfwufyHk? r*f0ifyHk? zdkvf0ifpm;yHk? opömav;wef?
edAÁmefqdkufyHk... ponfwdk hudkom zwf&SKMu\/ 0dyóemusrf;rsm;uvnf; OD;pm;ay; a&;Mu\/
aymmajymolrsm;uvnf; ]wu,fh r*fcef; zdkvfcef;} udkcsnf; zdí aymmMuukef\/ em,lMu?
aqG;aEG;Muukef\/ jiif;ckefMuukef\/
tcsdK huvnf; ]Ak'¨0g'ymlonf 0dyóem? 0dyóemonfom Ak'¨0g'} ymk r,HkMunfedkifojzifh
oAÁnKw ÚmPft&m rymmy|mef;usrf;MuD;txd t1md"r®mudkom rJí zwf&SKavhvm
oif,lMujyefonf/( tcsdef&Sdoí y&d,wådtjzpfvkyfonfudk rqdkvdk/ tdkMuD; tdkr toufae
enf;vSaomolrsm; pOf;pm;&efrSsom/)
ur®® |mef;q&mvkyfolrsm;om od&Sdxm;&ef vdktyfí a,m*DtwGuf wpfpHkwpfck &SKrSwfaevSsif tvdkvdk
uif;uGmoGm;rnfh (eD0&P paom) w&m;rsm;? tvdkvdk &ifhusufvmrnfh (ÚmPfpOf)w&m;rsm;udk
MudK;pm;yrf;pm; rSwfom;ae&jcif;onf tcsdefukef vlyef;vSacs\/ pmü jzwfvrf;&Sdaomfvnf;
tvkyfü jzwfvrf;r&Sdacs/ q&mu ]onftwdkif;vkyf}qdkvSsif a,m*Dum; onftwdkif;om
vkyf&ef&Sd\/ tajccHususjzifh &SKrSwfoGm;vSsif vrf;rSm;&ef r&Sday/ ur® |mef;q&mrsm;uvnf;
tcgtm;avsmfpGm a,m*DeSifh oifhawmfrnfh &kyfemrf o1mm0rsm;udk &Sif;jyaeMuonfyif jzpf\/ (odk
haomf wu,fhq&mum; &cJvSyg\/)
pmayAymkokw tMum;tjrifrsm;oavmuf? tawG;tac: taMumif;
,kwåd qifajcqifvufrsm;oavmuf pmawG htawG;txifwdk honf vufawG h todtjriftay:ü
tHacsmfíyif aewwfMu\/ jrwfpGm1mk&m;&Sif aymmMum;aom w&m;awmfonf vljydef;rsm;yif &SKrSwf
yGm;rsm;edkifatmif vG,fulvSygay\/
]a&S hrSma&mufaewJ h xrif;yGJ xdkifpm;&wm? wnfxm;wJh a&tdk;rSm cyfjyD; aomuf&wmurS
cufygao;w,f/ Mumygao;w,f/ &kyfay: emrfay:rSm xm;&wm(&SKrSwf&wm) tvkyfvJrysuf?
aiGvJrukef? vlvJ ryef;? ae&mvJ ra&G;&? vG,fvdkufwmAsm/ vG,fvdkufwmrS tifrwef vG,fwmAs/}
ymk wzGzG axmufcH aymmMum;onfudkyif uGsekfyfwdk h]av;eufonf} ymk rxifrdMu/
]olrsm; ae&mruswmudk avSsmufrajymeJ h/ udk,fae&muswm ruswmod&if awmfjyD/
ae&mruswmudk ae&mrus1ml;vdk hod&if ae&musjyDAsmh/ ae&mvJ rus1mJeJ h
ae&musw,fxifaewmuawmh enf;enf;av;rS arSsmfvifhp&m r&Sd1ml;Asmh/} (24?4?1955) ymlí
jywfjywfom;om; aymmMum;qHk;rawmfrl onfudkvnf; owdrlMu&ayvdrfhrnf/

rmwdumrS eda'´o

10-rdepf 15-rdepfcef h tusOf;csKyf rmwdumudk a&pufcsouJhodk h aymmoGm;jyD;aemuf 0w¬Koufao

om"u? ar;um? ajzum? rukefedkifaom Oyrm?Oyar,swdk hjzifh tm;wufoa&m aymmawmfrl&m
xkdtcg toHrSm Munfvifjywfom;um em;Mum;í rjiD;jzpfvm&onf/
tcsdeftcg jrifhjrwfyHk? 1m0wefzdk;MuD;yHk? 'ge?oDv? arwåm?cEåÅD paom yg&rDukodkvfrsm; ponfjzifh
rmwdum pum;xJrS wpfck eSpfckudk tcgtm;avsmfpGm? taMumif;tm;avsmfpGm tus,fcsJ hxGifí
aymmMum;&m em;rvnfolymlí r&Sdedkifatmif &Sif;vif;vS\/
]taMumif;tm;avsmfpGm tus,fcsJ hxGifí aymmonf} qkd&mwGif tuGsefkyfwdk hrodedkif rjrifedkifaom
taMumif;rsm;pGm ikyfuG,fvsuf &Sdyg\/ twGif;aeyHkrSef y&dowfrsm;udk aymmMum;&mü
xdk]taMumif;tm;avsmfpGm} onf tvGeft"dyÜm,f&Sdonfudk awG h&\/ teD;uyftjrifeSifh ta0;u
tjrifonf uGm;jcm;jrJjzpfonf/
rnfodk hjzpfap]ausmfMum;onf} ymk qdkum w&m;yGJMuD;rsm;eSifh MuHKí &Hzef&Hcg 0ifa&mufemolrsm;um;
"r®&o ay:rnfrymkwfacs/ q&mawmf\ w&m;rsm;wGif ygVdygXfom;vnf; ryg/ cE¨m?tm,we?
"mwf?opöm?t1md"r®m pum;vHk;MuD;rsm;udkvnf; rMum;&/ odk haomf q&mawmf\ w&m;rsm;onf
vlrsm;pk twGuf ta&;MuD;qHk;vdkufem&rnfh tcsufrsm;ü uGufuGufuGif;uGif;MuD; &Sd\/
xdktcsufrsm;uyif pOf;pm;p&mjzpfaeonfudk uGsekfyfwdk h owdrxm;rdMu/
ur® |mef;enf;rsm;udk jcHKí odrfodrfarG harG h oHk;oyfjyjcif;? Ak'¨acwftaMumif;? vuf&SdtajctaeeSifh
tem*wftaMumif; wpfavmuvHk;udk jcHKí odrfodrfarG harG h oHk;oyfjyjcif;? Ak'¨acwftaMumif;?
vuf&SdtajctaeESifh tem*wftaMumif; wpfavmuvHk;udk jcHKí aymmajymaom pum;rsm;rSm tvGef
pdwf0ifpm;zG,f aumif;vSay\/
]'Dcsrf;omudk odjyDvm;qdkrSjzifh olawmfaumif; tpm;pm;wdk hymm tm;csdef em;csdefrSsrxm;yJ
wpfqufwnf; aqmifMuawmhwmyJ} ymkvnf; rMumcP aymmawmfrlavh&Sd\/ 0dyóem &SKyGm;&aom
csrf;om? edAÁmefcsrf;omwdk hjzifh 24-em&D vHk;vHk; aeawmfrlMuyHk? xkdcsrf;om\ twkr&Sd
jrifhjrwfjidrf;at;yHk/ r&ao;aom w&m;rsm;udk &&Sdap&ef vufiif;csrf;ompGm ae&&ef ('d|"r®
okc0dymm&) twGufrSsomru tcsdeftcg tajctae tm;avSsmfpGm owå0gwdk h\ tusdK;udk
(rjrif&aom onfydk;jcif;jzifh) rtdyfrae MudK;pm;awmfrlMuyHkudk nTef;jy&m a&mufayonf/

Ak'¨\ waeUwm vkyfief;pOf

þae&mü owå0grsm;twGuf bk&m&Sif udk,fawmfjrwfMuD;\ rtdyfrae usifhaqmifawmfrlyHkudk

yxrqHk; jrifa,mifrday\/

]bk&m;&Sif\ waeUwm vkyfief;pOf} (Ak'¨udpö)udk t|uxmq&monf ig;ydkif;cGJjcm;í jyqdkxm;onf/

tm;vyfcsdef[lí r&Sd/ &Hcg yljyif;vSaom aEG&moDrsdK;ü wpfrk[kwfcefU rGef;vGJydkif;wpfcsdefESifh
t&kPfwufcgeD;wpfcsdef owdorÜZOfjzifh vJavsmif;awmfrl\/ cg;emaom a0'emvnf;&Sd?
&kyfcE¨mudk,f\ EGrf;vsanmif;nmrIvnf;&Sdí ]rtdyfbl;}[k vHk;0rajymEdkif&HkrQom arS;pufawmfrlonf/
opöuuJhodkU vluyfrsm; tajymrvGwf&Hkom&Sd\/
&[ef;jyKonfrS y&dedAÁmef pHonfhwdkifatmif ESpfaygif; ajcmufq,f? &Spfq,f rusdef;pufaom?
vJavsmif;íyifrae (edoZf"kwifaqmif)aom om0uwdkUyif trsm;&Sd&m ydkíyif touf&Snf
usef;rmMuonf udk awGUEdkif\/ xdkUaMumifh udk,fcsif;pmpdwfjzifh rMunhfoifhay/

bk&m;\ wpfaeUwmvkyfief;pOf tusOf;csKyfrSm-

1/ eHeufydkif; qGrf;cHqGrf;pm;jcif;? qGrf;tEkarm'em w&m;a[mjcif;?
2/ (u) qGrf;pm;jyD;aemuf aeUpOfyif 'kv’bw&m;ig;yg;udk ajcaq;&if; a[majym owday;
jyD;aemuf &[ef;wdkUtm;<st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">
ur</st1:city></st1:place>®|mef;ay;jcif;?
( c) xdkUaemuf *E¨uk#dodkU 0ifawmfrlvsuf &Hcg wpfrk[kwfrQ vJavsmif;awmfrlí wpfudk,fwnf;
udef;atmif;um avmu"mwfwpfckvHk;udk odrf;usHK; Munhf&IUawmfrljcif;?
( *) naecsrf;wGif ausmif;awmfodkU vma&mufzl;ajrmfol 'um? 'umrwdkUtm;
w&m;a[mMum;awmfrljcif;?
3/ (vdktyfvQif a&oHk;oyfawmfrljyD;aemuf) *E¨uk#d y&d0kPf twGif;üyif oDwif;oHk;cdkuf xdkrS þrS
vma&muf avQmufxm; ar;jref;awmif;yefaom &[ef;wdkUtm; nOfhOD;,H wpfcsdefvHk;
ajzqdka[mMum;awmfrljcif;?
4/ &[ef;y&dwfowfrsm; jyefMuaomtcg wpfaomif;aom avmu"mwfrS vma&muf ar;avQmuf
Muaom ewfjA[®m toD;oD;wdkUtm; nOfhv,f,H (oef;acgif,H) wpfcsdefvHk; ajzqdk
a[mMum;awmfrljcif;
5/ rdk;aomuf,HwGif tcsdefoHk;ydkif;ydkif;í-
(u) wpfcsdef pMuøMuGawmfrljcif;?
( c) *E¨uk#dodkU 0ifa&mufí avsmif;pufawmfrljcif;?
( *) avsmif;puf&mrS xdkifawmfrlí urÇmavmu"mwfwpfckvHk; acscRwfxdkufaom owå0gwdkU udk
ÚmPfuGef&ufjzifh jzefUMuuf &IUMunfhawmfrljcif;? (uRwfxdkufaom owå0g&SdvQif tjcm;
pMu0VmodkUyif MuGa&mufa[mMum;avh&SdaMumif; r[my&dedAÁmeokwfü a[mMum; awmf rl\/)
bk&m;&Sif\ wynfhom; om0ursm;onfvnf; rdrdwdkU tiftm;&Sdoavmuf rtdyfrae
csD;ajrSmufawmf rlMujrJ jzpf\/ t&d,m om0uMuD;wdkU tiftm;vnf; vlomrefwdkU
em;rvnfEdkifatmif pGrf;yum;MuD;rm;vSayonf/ pMu0Vm wpfaxmifjzifh wdkif;wm&\/
avmu"mwfaygif; wpfaxmifac: pMu0VmwpfaxmifvHk;udkyif e,fedrdwfjyKum oGm;vmxdawGU
usufpm;Edkifavonf/ wpfEdkifiH? wpfurÇm? wpfpMu0Vm avmufudkrl qdkzG,f&mr&Sd/

wpfpHkwpf&m pGrf;aqmifEdkifaom? odkUr[kwf vufeuftiftm;aumif;&Sdaom yk*¾dKvfwdkUonf

xdktiftm;wdkUudk (b0tqufquf cufcJpGm &SmazGavhusifhjyD;rS &,lxm;&onfhtwdkif; ) toHk;rcsbJ
tcsnf;tESD; odrf;qnf;xm;Muonf r[kwfacs/

jidrfoufpGm aejcif;jzifh xdkif&mrx aeUnrtm; xdkpGrf;tm;wdkUudk toHk;jyKaejcif;yif jzpf\/

**Fgjrpfurf;ü aeaom AujA[®mavmif; &aohMuD;onfyif rdrdocFrf;ausmif;ESifh rvSrf;rurf;

a*gp&*grf&Gmi,fodkU "m;jyrsm; 0ifa&mufum &wema&TaiGESifh uRJEGm;rsm;yg
,laqmifwdkufcdkufoGm;MupOf wefcdk;jzifh ppfwyfzefqif;í a&SUrSqD;MudKvsuf udk,fa&mifjy&m
"m;jyrsm; ypönf;csí xGufajy;Mu&onf/
urÇmay:wGif tvkyftvk
vkyfqHk;

tbdnmOftif;tm;&Sdaom t&d,m olawmfaumif;MuD;rsm;onfvnf; uHMur®m\ twdkif;twmESifh

0denf;a'oem\ abmiftwGif;om jzpfcJhaomf owå0gwdkU\ tusdK;udk pGrf;tm;&SdorQ
aqmifawmfrlrnfrSm ,HkrSm;p&mr&Sdtyf/ xdkodkU aqmifawmfrl aomfvnf; owå0gwdkUtm;
today;vdkMuonfr[kwf/ xdkUaMumifh **Fgjrpfurf; &Gmom;wdkUonf ]&aohMuD;\ aus;Zl;udkrjrif/
bk&ifhwyfrawmfMuD;\ u,fwifrI} [kom xifcJhMuonf/ owå0gwdkU\ tjrifonf
oem;avmufatmifyif usOf;ajrmif;pG/

v,fwDq&mawmfonf [oFmwwpfe,fvHk; aemufrdk;rodrf;í v,f{ursm;pGm ysufpD;rdta&;

opömjyKí rdk;MuD;onf;pGm &GmoGef;ay;cJhzl;\/ rdk;ñSif;q&mawmfurl ]ppfjzpfvdkU 'ku©a&mufaewJh
EdkifiHawGudk arwåmydkUay;&r,fuGJU? xdkppfab;MuD; wpfenf;enf;eJU at;&ifyJ udk,fharwåmatmifjyDvdkU
rSwf&r,f} [k rdefUcJhzl;\/ rdrdwdkU tiftm;tavsmuf (owå0gwdkUu rodaomfvnf;)
t&d,molawmfaumif;MuD;rsm;urI tcsdef&SdorQ u,frawmfrlaeMuay\/

]tm;csdef em;csdefrQrxm;bJ} [laom pum;ESifh rdrdurodaomfvnf; tydkawGyg&vsuf ]udk,fhtwGufeJU

vlawG? ewfawG? jA[®mawG ra&rwGufEdkifatmif tusdK;rsm;MuoAsm} qdkaom aus;Zl;&Sif
a0blq&mawmf bk&m;MuD;\ pum;udk tb,frQwmoGm;aMumif; em;vnftyfayonf/

],aeU t&d,m olawmfaumif;MuD;rsm;\ wpfaeUwm vkyfief;pOf} udkvnf; teD;uyfavhvm

enf;,loifhvS\/ a&S;a&S; olawmfaumif;MuD;rsm;\ tajctaeudk yGifhyGifhvif;vif;MuD; vSrf;í
ñTefjyawmfrlcJhonfudk axmufqjcif;tm;jzifhvnf; ],aeUtb,fodkU} [k
oabmaygufoifhjyefavonf/

pmaytaxmufxm;rsm; t&vnf;aumif;? (tvSrf;rSDorQ) rsufjrift& vnf;aumif; t&yfajym

ajym&aomf urÇmay:wGif tvkyftvkyfqHk; yk*¾dKvfrSm Ak'¨ESifh Ak'¨om0uMuD;rsm;om jzpfukef\/
tdrfwtdrfwGif uav;rsm; rdrdwdkU t0wftpm;ESifh upm;p&mudkyif odrf;qnf;vkyfudkif&aumif;rSef;
rod/ tusdK;tjypfodjrifaom vlMuD;rsm;um; tvkyfrsm;udk rqHk;Edkifatmif vkyfaeMu&onf/ t&d,m
olawmfaumif;MuD;wdkUtm; ]oHo&mrS uRwfatmif udk,fvGwf&kef;aeolrsm;om} [k rodolwdkUu
xifp&m&Sdaomfvnf; owå0gtrsm;aumif;pm;a&;twGuf (uREfkyfwdkU rodrjrifEdkifaom
apmifha&Smufjcif; trsdK;trsdK;jzifh) rtdyfrae tvkyfvkyfawmf rlaeMuonfrSm xif&Sm;vSay\/

&wemoHk;yg;\ aus;Zl;um; MuD;rm;jrifhjrwfvSaypGmh/ rdrd\ wpf0rf;wpfcg;twGufrQyif r0a&pm

pm;aomufae&aom olzkef;pm;\em;ü aeUpOfuka#csDí tvSLay;aeaom oaX;MuD;taMumif;onf
,HkMunfzG,f r&Sdacs/
taumif;MudKufwdkif; taumif;r&

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aeUrtm; nrem; MudK;pm;awmf rlaeMuaom t&d,m olawmfaumif;MuD;rsm;xH csOf;uyfMu&mü
uREkfyfwdkU owdjyK&rnfh tcsufrsm; rsm;pGm&Sdayvdrfhrnf/ csOf;uyfjcif;jzifh aESmifh,Suf&m
ra&mufap&ef ta&;MuD; ouJUodkU rdrdwdkUtwGufvnf; &awmifh&cJ tcGifhta&;MuD;rsm;udk
,lEdkifoavmuf&Edkifapumrl aumif;onf xuf aumif;í taumif;qHk;udk a&G;cs,f,lwwf&ef
todÚmPf ta&;MuD;vS\/

t&d,m olawmfaumif;MuD;rsm;um; todÚmPfacgif;yg;aom tuREkfyfwdkUtm; ydkí oem;iJhñSmMu

ukef\/ onf;cHMuukef\/ vdkufavsmMuukef\/ cGifhvTwfMuukef\/ trsm;ESifh pka0;í
uyfvSLMuaomtcg avmavmq,f pm;aomuf&efr[kwfaom pm;aomufzG,frsm;
udk,fxdvufa&muf (rvSLtyfonfudk) uyfvSLrdonfhtwGuf tvSLcHyk*¾dKvf roHk;qGJ&awmhay/
aiGpuúLrsm;udkvnf; ruyfvSLaumif;acs/ rmwk*grwdkU &Sdcdk;aomtcgqHyif, vuf ponfwdkUjzifh
rxdaumif;acs/ olawmfaumif;MuD;rsm;ü wpfpHkwpf&m tjypfr&SdapEdkifumrI vSLol? jrif&olwdkUü
tusdK;qkwf,kwfwwfayonf/ xdkUaMumifhvnf; rvdr®maom qnf;uyfolrsm;udk Munfhí
olawmfaumif;MuD;rsm;\ t&nftcsif;udk rqHk;jzwfMu&m/

wpfcgu bkef;awmfMuD; OD;oDvtm; ‘'umwpfOD;u rdrdjcHxGuf tkef;pdrf; wpfvHk;udk azmufí

uyfvSL&m ][dkem;rSm cPcsxm;OD;} [k rdefUaomfvnf; ]MumoGm;vQif t&omayghoGm;rnf? ,ck
bkOf;ay;yg} [k ZGwfuyfí bkOf;ay;&\/ tkef;pdrf;'um yxrwGif 0rf;om&aomfvnf; rMumrD
aemifwjzpf&&Sm\/ taMumif;rSm rnfonfhtpmudk rqdk wpfaeUwpfMudrfom
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olawmfaumif;MuD;wdkU\ w&m;usifhoHk;rIESifh &[ef;wdkU \ 0denf;onf us,f0ef;rsm;jym;vSukef\/
]aomwyef} vdkU ajym&wm &Sufp&m
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txl;odk0Suf odyfonf;awmfrlMuonf/ tydÜpäwm*kPf (tvdkenf;&jcif;) yifwnf;/ xdk[monfyif
t&d,m vu©Pmjzpf\/ xkwfazmfajymqdk&ef rqdkxm;bd? &dyfrdrnfudkyif pdk;&drfMuonf/ vlwdkUonf
todÚmPf enf;yg;vSí trsdK;rsdK; 'ku©ay;wwfaomaMumifhvnf; jzpf&m\/

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rlaeMuí ]&[ef;udpö jyD;aMumif;} ravQmuf&JcJhMuay/ xdkpOfu r[mor,yGJawmfMuD;ü
w&m;emcJh&í aomwyefjzpfcJhaom &ku©pdk;ewforD;av;onfyif ]oif aomwyefvm;} [k
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avQmufcJhzl;aMumif; (r[mor,okwf tzGifhü) vm&Sd\/
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(a&SUüvnf; taMumif;tm;avsmfpGm jyoGm;ygrnf/)
'gewGif vrf;qHk;u ,lusHK;r& aemifwjzpf

t&d,m olawmfaumif;MuD;rsm;onf tusifhoDvudk txl;vQdKU0Sufawmf rlMuaomaMumifh

vnf;aumif;? vlwdkUtodÚmPf A[kokw enf;MuaomaMumifh vnf;aumif; xdkyk*¾dKvfMuD;rsm;
oufawmf xif&Sm;&SdaepOf tcsdKUvlrsm; bmodbmomaecJhMu\/ qnf;uyfolrsm;uvnf;
wdkawmif;vSaom oufwrf; umv? tcGifhaumif;vSaom b0MuD;wGif ausmif;'um ausmif;tr?
qGrf;'um qGrf;travmufjzifh 'geoDvüom vrf;qHk;cJhMu&\/

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em&DrS 12-em&D txd (todÚmPfenf;aom 'um 'umrrsm;tm; csD;ajrSmufMu&ojzifh) t&d,m
olawmfaumif;MuD;rsm;onf tvGefwefzdk;MuD;vSaom tcsdefudk pm;aomufrIü
jrSyfESHawmfrIMu&ukef\/ vmbfvmbonf &[EÅÅmt&Sif jrwfMuD;rsm;udkyif 'ku©ay;wwfay\/

tcsdKU'um 'umrrsm;onf ]ywåjrm;awmif a&mufcgrS "m;aoG;ausmuf taumufrSm;ouJhodkU}

a[mMum; qHk;ronfh y"me w&m;tarGudkum; r&&SdvdkufMu? xdkyk*¾dKvfMuD;rsm; uG,fvGefí taMumif;
tw¬KyÜwådrsm; emMum;zwf&I&cgrS þrQ xl;jrwfaom yk*¾dKvfMuD;jzpfaMumif; od&SdMu&ojzifh
aemifwjzpfol rsm;vnf; renf;ay/ xl;jrwfrSef; rodí? r,Hkí tcGifhaumif;MuD;rsm; vufvGef&jcif;?
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vGJ&onfxuf aMuuGJzG,f aumif;vSayonf/
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vnf; psmeftbdnmOfESifhwuG t&[wåzdkvfayguf bmrqdk&Edkif a&mufEdkifaom
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avmuDtodÚmPfxl; trsdK;rsdK;ESifh jynfhpHkaom t&SifjrwfMuD;rsm; onfvnf; þavmuü
&SdaeMuonfom jzpfygukef\/

rsufpd&SdolwdkUonfom jrifEdkifMuí em;&SdolwdkUonfom Mum;Edkif Muukef\/ ESvHk;om;&Sdol

wdkUonfom o'¨g,HkMunfí vdkufemusifhMuHMuukef\/

omoemordkif;pOf omoem0if c&D;wpfavQmufudkMunfhygvQif MuufoD;xcref; awmMurf;

vrf;&IyfMuD;rsm; tqifhqifh ausmfvTm;cJh&avjyD/ ok0PÖblrdrS yk*H? yk*HrS ukef;abmif
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pí pepfwus wpf&Sdefwnf; csDwufEdkifcJhonf/ odkU&mwGif y#dywådtvkyfpcef;um; yk*¾vdu
twdkif;twmrQjzifh &yfwefUaecJh&ao;onf/

vGefcJhaom ESpfaygif;wpfaxmifausmfüyif r&SdcJhbl;ao;aom ,aeU y#dywåd omoemonf jynfolU

twdkif;twmrSonf urÇmUtwdkif;twmodkU OD;wnfaeayjyD/ uREkfyfwdkUonf
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1-jyLedkifiH ymefvif;acwf
&ymEÅmeSifh yk*¾dKvfxl;rsm;

,cktcg ymefvif;jynfonf &mZ0ifeSifh omoem0ifwdk hü pmwifjcif;rcH&awmhay/

ymefvif;jynfMuD;udk yg;pyf&mZ0ifeSifh pmwdkayp ordkif;wdk huom udk,fpm;jyKaeMu\/
ymefvif;jynfonf '@m&D jyLedkifiH rymkwfaMumif; a&S;aymmif;ypönf;rsm;u ajrrS xGufum
oufaoxlvsuf&SdaaeavjyD/ txl;ojzifh jrefrmedkifiH t&d,mrsm;taMumif;udk xkwfazmf&müyif
ymefvif;udk rarhtyfacs/ (ymefvif; odrSwfzG,fudk tenf;i,f aemufü jyygrnf/)
ymefvif;jynfrS tHhzG,f &ymEÅmwpfyg;taMumif; a&S;ynm&Sifwdk h armfuGef;wif
vufcHxm;onfhtwdkif; azmfjyygtHh/ armfuGef;wifonfh ynm&SifrSm rif;wkef;rif;vufxuf &wemyHk
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,if;armfuGef;t& ymefvif;acwfrS &ymEÅm t&SifjrwftaMumif;rSm atmufazmfjyygtwdkif; jzpfonf/

1.1/ psmeft1mdnmOf& &ymEÅmomraP

wpf&Ha&mtcgu ymefvif;jynfü pdwå&mZmrnfaomrif; rif;jyK\/ rdzk&m;acgif;MuD;rSm y'kra'0D

jzpfí tdrfa&S hrif;um; nDawmf 'dAÁ &mZmwnf;/
w&m;ojzifh rif;jyKawmfrlí wdkif;jynfom,m0ajym\/ omoem pnfyifyGifhvif;\/ odk hpOfMudKuf
nDawmftdrfa&S hrif;om;onf aemifawmftm; axmifxm;ykefuef&ef MuHpnf&m tcsdefrD
odawmfrlojzifh axmifoGif; tusOf;cs cH&avonf/ axmifrS wdwfwqdwf xGufajy;vGwfajrmufum
vufeufvlol pk&Hk;í awmfvSef&ef MuHpnfjyefavonf/ Adkvfygtiftm;jzifh eef;awmftm;
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eSKwfiHkawmft&ifhtrmeSifh rayghryg; vdkufyg&&Smavonf/
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rdkifcef h&Sd) awmif&dk;cifilwpfckodk ha&mufvmMu\/ opfoD;0vHyef;rmvfrnSdK; a&rdk;vnf;
tqifajyaom Xmejzpf\/ awmvnf;euf&SdKif;wkdif;jynfeSifhvnf; tvSrf;uGmojzifh xm0&ae&ef
oa1mmMudKufnDMuav\/ ewfwdk hzef a&ueftoifh ymlouJhodk hxdkawmif&dk;wGif *laymmif;MuD;
wpfckyg tqifoifh awG h&ojzifh a0óefr'´DxHk;udkrSDí oDvoDwif;apmifhoHk;umm aexdkifMuonf/
rMumjrifhrD xdkawmcifil xdkvSdKPf*lüyif pifjzLzGH hxGm;aom owdk hom; &wemudk zGm;jrif\/
om;i,fvnf; pum;yD em;vnfaom t&G,frSpí 5-yg; oDvud apmifhxdef;\/ rd1mrsm;eSifh twl
olawmfpif &SifomraPuJhodk h opfacgufqdk;t0wfudkom 0wf&Hk&onf/ &Hcg rd1mrsm;eSifh
opfoD;&Smvdkufí &Hcg *l0rSmyif aecJh\/ om;orifi,f ,kef'&,frsm;eSifh oli,fcsif;twl
uvlusDp,fí ae&onfrSm ol htzdk h Munfel;vS1mdonf/ xkdtcgrsdK;wGif rd1mrsm;ac:aomfvnf;
rvdkuf1mJaecJh\/
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tpmudk pm;aeaom orifwpfaumifrSm Adkif;ceJ vJusoGm;onf/ tjcm;orifrsm;
xGufajy;oGm;Mu\/ 1mmhaMumifhvJonf ajy;onfudkrl olrod/ rcsdaom eSvHk;jzifh AHk;AHk;vJí vl;vGef
haeaom orifi,ftm; Munfhvsuf idkifae&Sm\/ jrm;wef;vef; pl;0ifaeonfudkyif olrjrifacs/
cyfvSrf;vSrf; csHKuG,frS rkqdk;url opfacguf0wf&HkeSifh orifa&mif ruGJojzifh aemufwpfcsuf
'l;av;eSifh ypf&ef nSdK hMudK;udk qGJwifvdkufpOf jyefvmaom rd1mrsm;tm; vSrf;ac:vdkufaom oli,f\
toHaMumifh rkqdk;om;onf aemifwjzpfum teD;odk h a&mufvmjyD; vGeforSs 0efcsavawmhonf/
jzpfaMumif;pHk ajymqdkawmif;yefí rkqdk;jyefrnftjyK rdzk&m;MuD;rSm aomuwpfck 0ifvmavonf-
"aejynfawmf aygufMum;oGm;rSjzifh cufacs&J h/" odk heSifh &kwfw&uf tMuH&um vufrS
vuf0wf&wemudk cGswfjyD;aemuf rkqdk;tm; "tarmif/ tr,fwdk hwpfawG þt&yf rSm aeonfymk
rnfol hudkrSs rajymygvifh" ymkqdkum vufpGyfwpfjcnfudk eSKwfydwfc ay;vdkuf&onf/
uHMur®m\ pHkaxmufjcif;udk a&SmifuGif;ír&? at;ap&ef vm1mfxkd;aomfvnf; j*dKymfqdk;u arTavjyD/
rkqdk;om;onf vufpGyfudk,lí tdrfodk h jyefum vlodrnfvnf;pdk;í wdwfwcdk; a&mif;cs&m
0,f,loHk;pGJedkifaom aiGaMu;1mkef;uH &Sdolray:í aemufqHk; ymefvif; aejynfawmf
'dAÁ&mZmrif;xHa&mufavonf/ rif;u tusdK;taMumif;ppfar;awmfrl&m zHk;uG,fr&/ taMumif;pHk
oHawmfOD;wif&\/ xdktcg 'dAÁ&mZmonf "igh&ef rat;ao;" ymkrdef hawmfrlí ppfonfAdkvfyg
tvHk;t&if;eSifh awmwGif;om;rkqdk;tm; vrf;jyapum awmeif;csDwufí zrf;qD;ap\/
qifoHjrif;oHrsm;udk Mum;&vSsifyif pdwå&mZmonf e0&wf vufpGyfudk tajccHí &efolrsm;
0dkif;&HvmaejyDudk twyfod&um; rdzk&m;eSifh om;awmftm;...
"t1m,feSrawmf? oHo&m 0#faMuG;um; ajy;ír&? þtukov 0dygufonf armifawmfh
twGufcsnf; jzpfygapom;? eSrawmfwrl om;awmfudk ,ckac:í avsmf&mvGwfaMumif;
ykef;atmif;yacs" ymk tjrefyifapvTwfí rdrdrSm *l0ü w&m;udk eSvHk;oGif;vsufom ae&pf\/ rMumrD
ppfonfrsm;\ 0dkif;&Hzrf;qD;jcif; cH&&Smavonf/
om;trd eSpfazmf olawmfpif eSpfOD;rSm ajcOD;wnfh&m ajy;oGm;&if; awmwGif;&Sd 1mkef;awmfMuD;wpfyg;\
awm& ocFrf;ausmif;odk ha&mufoGm;Mu\/ 1mkef;awmfMuD;onf y#doE¨m& (ESKwfcGef;quf)
pum;ajymMum;jyD;vSsif "w&m;rSwpfyg; udk;uG,f&m r&SdjyD/ csrf;omymlonf {nfhonfomwnf;" ymk
trdef h&Sdum aomuudk aq;aMumay;\/ om;ord eSpfa,mufvHk; r&P ekówdeSifh arwåmur®
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jyKay;avonf/
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ae&wkef;uxufydkí aysmfvm\/ tazmfrvdkaom csrf;om udk ol hrSm yDwdjzpfoavmuf
r,fawmfrSmrl ol hcrnf;awmftwGuf &wufrat;edkifay-"ckavmufqdk armifawmfuHukef&Sma&mhrnf/
om;i,fudk jrifapcsifprf;yg1md/" taqG;"mwfcH &Sdoltm; 0rf;ajrmuf&ef r*Fvmonfyif
aomuavmifpm jzpf&jyefavonf/ odk heSifh &Hcg ausmif;ocFrf;odk ha&mufvmwwfaom t&yfom;wdk
hxH csOf;uyfí wD;wdk; pHkprf;&onf/
aemufqHk; "axmifwGif;tusOf;csxm;aom pdwå&mZmtm; nDawmfu uGyfrsuf&ef pDpOfaejyD" ymlaom
owif;rSm w&m;&SKaeaom rdzk&m;MuD;tm; rl;arhapawmhonf/ owd&vSsif 1mkef;awmfMuD;tm;
twefwefavSsmufxm;í om;&SifomraPudk vufqGJum ymefvif;jynfodk h vdkufvmcJhMu\/
om;uvnf; t&G,feSifhrvdkuf tm;ay;pum;ajymí r,fawmftm; eSpfodrfhavonf/ rif;aoG;yDyD
crnf;awmftwGuf aopm; taocHrnfymkyif Mudrf;0g;\/

Mumyv’ifeSifh aumif;uifysHMuG

om;trdESpfa,mufonf qdkufqdkufjrdKufjrdKuf nDvmo1mif usif;yaeqJ nDvmcHodk

ha&mufrqdkufyif-
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ppfppfonf rSdefwpfcg omwpfvSnfh acguf&SmiSufuJhodk hedrfhwkH jrifhwkH &SdcJhavonf/
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xkdtcg 16-ESpf t&G,f okb'´g olaX;orD;onf-
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aoMu\/ (xD;vdIifacsmif;wGif\/) tcsKd hvnf; xGufajy;Muonf/
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jyKjyifcJhaMumif; rGefbmomjzifh bk&m;ckESpfql ausmufpmvnf; &Sdonf/ okb'´gtaMumif; tus,fudk
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tHhMozG,fyif/
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cH,laom taemf&xmrif;MuD;\ aus;Zl;awmfvnf; MuD;rm;vSaypGmh/ NrefrmwkdYum; ES,fES,f&&
r[kwf/ orkdif;ay; wm0efukd xrf;aqmifaeMuolrsm; omwnf;/
okdY&mwGif &[EÅm t&SifNrwfMuD;rsm;ESifh omoemh 'g,umawmf taemf&xm rif;w&m;MuD;wkdY
Nrifvkdaom ax&0g' omoemawmfum; rsm;Nym;vSaom wdrfwkduf wdrfvdyfwkdY tMum;wGif
aNy;vTm;aeaom vrif;MuD;uJhokdY vif;csnfwpfcg rSdefcsnfwpfvSnfh NzpfcJh&av\/<O font <>
,if;okdYvQif NrefrmEdkifiH omoemorkdif;onf ½IyfaxG;ayGvdrfaecJh &oNzifh orkdif; ygarmu©? Nrefrmpm
ygarmu©MuD;wkdYyif rsufpdvnfum awm&&[ef; aumif;rsm;ESifh awm& t&nf;MuD;rsm;ukd
a&maxG;vsuf ]] t&nu*FrS t&nf;Nzpfonf/ t&nf;MuD;wkdY\ v,f,mckwfxGif pkdufysdK;Ncif;rSm
csD;usL;zG,f} NzpfaMumif;? ]] Nrif;pD;vSHxkd; yGJausmif; wuúokdvfrsm; NyefvnfazmfxkwfoifhaMumif;}}
ynmay; a&;om;aeMu&Smav\/
xkdYaMumifhvnf; tMum;tNrif& EkdifiHNcm;ynm&Sif tcsdKYu ]],aeYausmif; oifpmtkyfxJu
&mZ0ifrsm;onf wu,fhNzpf&yfrSefESifh MunfhvQif &,f½TifzG,f}} NzpfaMumif; aNymqkdMuavonf/
tdEd´,ausmufpm ynm&SdMuD; ] a*s? tdyfcsfrm&S,f } wkdYrSpí NrefrmwkdYonf tdEd´,ç oD[kdVf omoem
tNywftpJç tusyftwnf; umvwGif wpfckwnf;aom cHwyfMuD;tNzpf &yfwnfvsuf ta&SYbuf
urÇmwGif tdEd´,ç w½kwf EkdifiHMuD;rsm;ukdyif ausmfvTm;um ,Ofaus;rI OD;aqmifpHNy EkdifiHi,fwpfck
tNzpf &yfwnfcJhaMumif; csD;usL;cJhMu&\/ NrefrmwkdYom xkduJhokdY r&yfwnfcJhaomf ,aeY ax&0g'
omoemokdufMuD;onf tNcm;wpfae&m&mü arS;rSdefpGmom &Sdayonf/ t&Sifr[marm*¾vd
ykwÅwdó\ tem*wHo ÓPfawmfESifh NrefrmwkdY\ bkef;uHtpGrf;ukd cefYrSef;Ekdifavonf/ okdY&mwGif
]Nrefrmqkdonfukd ao;ao;av; Nzpfatmif} vDq,fMuaom taemufwkdif;rSvmonfh
a&S;a[mif;ynm&Sif tcsdKYESifh &mZ0ifq&mtcsdKY? 4if;wkdY\ tqufqufaom wynfhwkdYum;
r½kd;om;aom q&mhq&mMuD;wkd\ &nf½G,fcsuf? omoeduqkdif&m NyqkdNyD; uG,f0Sufonfh obm0
0wÅKrsm;ukd rqifNcifEkdifMuoNzifh xif&mNrif&m ynmay; a&;om;vsuf &Sd&m xkdobm0rsm;ukd
em;vnf xm;ESifhaom acwfvlwkdYyif oD;oefYvkdufpm;aeMuaom orkdif;&mZ0if ynm&SifMuD;rsm;ukd
ykHí,kHpm;tm;ukd;vkdaomfvnf; tm;rukd;&Jatmif &SdMu&onf/

psmeftbdnmOf& tnmwuk@nf;rax&f

yk*H? yif;, acwfysufumvMuD;um; xdkodkYaom ygarmu©MuD;rsm;yif em;a,mifzG,f&m r[m,meESifY

ax&0g' &IyfaxG;ayGvdrfaom umvjzpfí cJGjcm; &Ijrifwwf&ef rvG,fulvSacs/ rnfodkYjzpfap
wdkif;jynftvHk; upOfYuvsm;jzpfí omoemawmf0efxrf;wdkY y&rf;ywm &SdaepOfrSmyif
psmeftbdnmOf& yk*¾dKvfxl;rsm; &Sdaeao;onfudk axmufygvQif rsufjrift& rpnfum;vSaomfvnf;
"r®tiftm;um; MuD;rm;cdkifrmpGm tajcpdkufxm;jyD;udk odomvSayonf/

ouú&mZf ckESpf&m ywf0ef;usifü awm&ausmif; trsm;tjym;&SdonfrSm jrif;rl (tjrifh-tedrfY) paom

a'orsm;jzpf\/ xdkpOfu awm&aeaom bkef;MuD;udk ]awmjrwfMuD;} [kac:qdkMuaMumif;
xdkacwfausmufpmrsm;t& od&\/

ouú&mZf 733-ckESpfxdk; tjrifY rif;&Jausmif; ausmufpmyg awmjrwfMuD; wpfyg;\ taMumif;rSm

pdwf0ifpm;zG,f aumif;vSonf/ xdkawmjrwfMuD;\ trnfrSm]tnmw uk@nf;} (tnmw
aum@n) rax&fjzpf\/ avmuDpsmef tbdnmOftaMumif; ausmufpmü twdtvif;
a&;om;yg&Sdonf/ psmeftbdnmOf &&HkrQru avmukwå&m tiftm;rsm;udkyg awGYjrif&ojzifY t&d,m
yk*¾dKvfMuD; jzpfonf[kvnf; qdkEdkifavonf/

xdkt&SifjrwfMuD;\ taMumif;udk ausmufpmü atmufygtwdkif; a&;xdk;xm;\/

]zk&m;jrwfpGm omoemESkduf tusifhoDwif; onf;cHjcif;ESifh jynfhpHkpGmaom tvGef avmuDpsmef&jyD;

aus;Zl;MuD;aom zkef;jrwfMuD;pGm tnmwuk@nf; rnfaom r[max&fonfum; MuHwlrnfaom
jynf\ awmifrsufESm? &GmESifhruyf awm\t&yf opfyif&if;ü pr®cPf (om;a&tcif;) cif;í
oHoydwfudk a&SYwnfvsuf bm0emrlí (w&m;xdkifí) aepOfvQif awmqifaygufjrifí
ESmarmif;rdk;vsuf awmoH[def;í ajy;ckwfvwfaw;/

bk&m;yGifh&m tdEd´,EdkifiHü tb,fhaMumifhomoem uG,faysmufcJh&oenf;

&m[kvmoHudpönf;
þae&mü bk&m;yGifhawmfrl&m tdEd´,EdkifiHü Ak'¨omoem uG,faysmufcJh&yHk taMumif;onf
pdwf0ifpm;zG,f aumif;vS\/ oifcef;pm ,lzG,fvnf; aumif;vS\/

xkdtaMumif;ukd uGsEkfyfwkdh a&;om;jcif;xuf tdEd´,om;wkdh udk,fwkdifa&;om; 0efcHjcif;u ykdí

avsmf\/ ckdifrm\/ xkdhaMumifh emrnfausmf pma&;q&mBuD; &m[kvmoHudpönf;\ aqmif;yg;ukd
rl&if;pmom;twkdif; tusOf;csKyfí azmfjyygtHh/

( xkdaqmif;yg; rl&if;rSm 1973ck? pufwifbmvxkwf tdEd´,jynfrS r[maAm"d*sme,f trSwf 81? 9

ü yg&dSí urÇmhAk'¨wuúokdvf okawoet&m&dS OD;[efaX;u jrefrmjyefygonf/ )

]]jrwfpGmbk&m; y&dedAÁmefjyKNyD;aemuf tESpfwpf&m Mumaomtcg 0ZDÆwkdif;om; &[ef;rsm;onf

0denf;Oya'ukd ½dkaopGm rvkdufemMuawmhbJ a&T? aiGESifh ao&nfao&uf tyfonf ponfjzifh
jyefvnfjyifqifvkdMu\/ rax&fBuD;rsm;u 0denf;a'oemonf tmPma'oemawmfjzpfí
wdwdusus vkdufem&rnf[k aMujimcJhMu\/ tBuD;tus,f jiif;ckef Mu\/ pdwf0rf;uGJMu\/
xkdhaMumifh a0omvDjynfü umvmaumorif;ukd trDSo[JjyKí 'kwd,o*Fg,emwifMuNyD;vQif
t"r®w&m;rsm;ukd y,fzsufcJhMu&onf/ wdwdusus jywfjywfom;om; qHk;jzwfí 0denf;av;pm;aom
,if;rax&fBuD;rsm;ukd ax&0g'*kdPf;[k vnf;aumif;? t"r®0w¬Kq,fyg; wDxGifaom oHCmrsm;ukd
r[moHCdo *kdPf;[k vnf;aumif; ac:wGifcJhMu\/ r[moHCdo *dkPf;uvnf; oD;jcm; o*Fg,em
wifMujyefonf/

'kwd, o*Fg,emacwfrSpí wwd, o*Fg,emacwf ( taomurif;acwf ) txd 125 ESpftwGif;

ax&0g'rS wpfq,fhESpf*dkPf;? r[moHCdurS ajcmuf*dkPf; toD;oD; uGJxGufMu\/

xkdtcg Ak'¨bmom trnfcH *dkPf;rsm;u ]jrwfpGmbk&m;ukd xm0&bk&m;? xm0&bHk} ponfjzifh

tawG;tac: w&m;opfrsm;ukd zefwD;vmMuukef\/

xkdhaMumifh r[marm*¾vdykwåwdó paom rax&fBuD;wkdhonf yg#vdykwf aejynfawmfü

taomurif;ukd rDSí wwd,o*Fg,em wifMu&onf/ rl&if;w&m;awmfukd rvkdufemcsifaom
oHCmrsm;uvnf; oD;jcm;okwf? 0denf;? tbd"r®m wkdhukd wDxGifí oD;jcm; o*Fg,em wifMujyef\/

t,l0g' tusifhodu©mü tvGeftrif; uGJjym;jcm;em;MuavNyD/

taomurif;\ aemufumvü tdEd´,jynfwGif vlrsdK;toD;oD;? rif;quftrsdK;rsdK;

0ifa&mufvmMu&m qHk*rif;quf yk&SrdMwrif;vufxufwGif Ak'¨omoemawmf rsm;pGm qkwf,kwf\/
jA[®Pbmomukd pmayopfrsm;jzifh jyefvnf trTrf;wifcJhonf/

Ak'¨bmomtrnfcH oAÁwdå0g'*kdPf;vnf; usrf;pmtrsdK;rsdK; a&;om;í tcsif;csif; tjiif;yGm;Mu&m

*svef'&NrdKh (uoD®,) ü uedoQrif;BuD;ESifh 0okrdwå? tóaCmo rax&fBuD;wkdh OD;pD;í o*Fg,em
wifcJhMujyefonf/ xkdtcg 0dbmoQmac: ( r[m,e ) t|uxmBuD; oHk;usrf;ukd NyKpkí
0dbmoQm*dkPf;[k uGJjym;cJh\/

1 - [de,me ( t&[wå,me? om0u,me )

2 - yapöuAk'¨,meESifh
3 - Ak'¨,me ( r[m,me? aAm"dowåvrf;pOf ) [k vrf;oHk;oG,f wDxGifMuukef\/

c&pfESpf (1) &mpk? (2) &mpkwGif [de,meukd usOf;ajrmif; ,kwfnHonf[k ½Iwfcsum &[Eåmukd
txifao;vmMu\/ ¤if;wkdh\ ,lqcsufrsm;ukd MoZmwufí vlBudKufrsm;vmap&ef ynmyg&rdwm
paom okwåefBuD;rsm;ukd bk&m;a[m jzpfav[ef bk&m;trnfoHk;í a&;om;Mu\/ (2) &mpk? (3)
&mpk wGif r[m,e*dkPf;0g'ukd twdtvif; a&;om;vmMuonf/ rsm;jym;vSaom aAm"dowå
bk&m;rsm;ukdvnf; wDxGifvmMu\/

y&dedAÁmefpHNyD; ESpf 500 - 600 wGif okwåefopf? tbd"r®mopfwkdhukd &J&J0Hh0HhBuD; a&;om;í yif&if;rlv
omoemESifh jcm;cGmcJhMuonf/ xkdhaemuf tdEd´,awmifykdif; 0d'gwEkdifiHü em*ZÆKac:
tbd"r®mq&mBuD;u rZösdrdu ( okn0g' ) *dkPf;BuD;ukd wnfaxmif\/ avm*spfenf;?
'kdif,mvufwpfenf;t& y#dpöorkyÜm'f qefqef 0g'opf zefwD;cJhonf/

xkdhaemuf ESpfaygif; 200-tMum 0dbmoQm0g'ukd y,fí ygVdawmf (r[m,eokwåefrsm;) ukdom

cH,laom okwåEdÅu*dkPf;[k wpfpifaxmifMujyef\/ þ*dkPf;ü txif&Sm;qHk; acgif;aqmifrSm at'D
400-&mpkwGif ay:xGef;aom 0okAE¨KESifh 0dnP0g' (emrft"du0g') *dkPf;ukd wnfaxmifol ¤if;\
nDawmfto*F wkdhjzpf\/ xkd*dkPf;rS ,kwdåaA' (avm*spf) Ak'¨bmom*dkPf;BuD; cGJjcm;um 'domem*ESifh
"r®uxduwkdh ay:xGef;vmMu&m bmomwGif; bmomy tjiif;tckefrsm; rsm;jym;vmcJhonf/

Ak'¨ae&m ewfbk&m;rsm;a&muf

c&pfawmfay:NyD; 400-&mpkwGif a0bmoQdu?okwåEdÅu? 0dÓP (a,m*gpm&) rZösdrdu [laom

zDvkdqkdzD Ak'¨bmom*dkPf;BuD; av;*kdPf; ay:xGef;vsuf&dS\/ jA[®Prsm;ESifh tawG;tac: wkdufyGJ
qifETJcJhMuav\/
þ&mpkESpfwGif tdEd´,ü yif&if;rlv Ak'¨omoemjzpfaom ax&0g'ESifh ax&0g' ygVdpmayrsm; vHk;0
qdwfokOf;&avNyD/ ]]Ak'¨\ yif&if; rlrSef w&m;awmfum; tb,fenf;}} [k odjrif&ef
cufcJoGm;avawmh\/
aAm"dowåudkyif bk&m;tjzpf ajymif;vJukd;uG,fvmMu\/ r[m,me uAsmq&mBuD;rsm;onf
aAm"dowåudk ukd;uG,fylaZmf&ef? r[m,meomvQif edAÁmefa&mufaMumif; w&m;tjzpf jyo&ef okwå?
uAsm? p&dw pmaytrsdK;rsdK;ukd a&;om;vmMu\/ þ 400-pk 500-pk wGif owå0gtm;vHk;
aAm"dowåcsnf;[k vnf;aumif;? vlwkdif; (&[EåÅmtygt0if) or®morÁK'¨ jzpf&rnf[k vnf;aumif;
aMujimMuavonf/
bk&m;xuf bk&m;avmif;ukd tom;ay;vmMujyef\/ bk&m;avmif;rSmvnf; t&darwÅ,s
tavmif;omru topftopf jzpfaom t0avmuDawoG&? rOÆKo&D? "&yPÖd paom
ewfbk&m;rsm;ukd wDxGifvmMu&m aemufqHk;wGif vlwkdif; bk&m;? bk&m;avmif;jzpf&ef cJ,Of;aMumif;
0efcHaomtm;jzifh aumif;uifbHk&dS bk&m;avmif;ukdom ukd;uG,f&ef nTefMum;&jyefonf/ tdEd´,wGif
ae&mtESH aAm"dowåukd ewfbk&m;toGif ukd;uG,fyo vmMuukef\/ tppftrSef uG,favNyD/ (
yk*HewfavSmifausmif; owd&zG,f )
tusOf;csHK;&mrS tif;jzpfvm

r[m,mewkdhonf (9) &mpkrSonf (12) &mpk twGif; rEÅ&[me rEÅef*dkPf;BuD;ukd

wnfaxmifvmMujyef\/ ynmyg&rDwm? o'¨r®yk@&du paom r[m,me okwÅåefBuD;rsm;onf
tvGef&Snfvsm; ½IyfaxG;vGef;ojzifh tusOf;csKyf*gxmrsm; a&;í "m&PDac: EIwfiHkaqmif
&GwfqkdMuukef\/ ( aemuftp*gxm? tqHk;*gxmavmufom &Gwfjcif;? aemuf oH? *Hk? y? r uJhokdh
twkdaumuf&Gwfjcif;? xdrS r&GwfawmhbJ pm&GufwGifa&;í jymcsrsdKjcif;rsm; jzpfvm&onf/ )

*gxmrEÅef&Gwfjcif; ? ykwD;pdyfjcif;? qkawmif;yHkygaom puf0dkif;bD;rsm; vSnfhay;jcif;wkdhukd

txl;tom;ay;cJhMuonf/ (5) &mpkESpf aemufykdif;rS pí w½kwf? wdAuf ponfwkdh jyefhyGm;oGm;\/
okwåefBuD;rsm;ukdvnf; bk&m;tjzpf ukd;uG,fvmMuNyD;vQif ]ynmyg&rDwm ½kyfwk} ponfjzifh xkvkyf
ukd;uG,fMuonf/
ouFef;0wf 0dZÆmESifh atmufvrf; bkef;BuD;*kdPf; pwifyHk

(5) &mpkaemufykdif;rSpí bk&ifESifh olaX;rsm; ukd;uG,fí crf;em;aomausmif;rsm;

aqmufvkyfvSLNyD;vQif tvSLtwef; &ufa&mvmMu&m t&nftcsif;rrDaom tnHhpm;yk*¾Kdvfrsm;vnf;
omoemhabmifokdh 0ifa&mufvmMuonf/ ¤if;tnHhpm; &[ef;wkdhom tm;aumif;vmaomtcg
0denf;ukd ayghayghwefwef vkyfypfMu\/ *EÅ"k&? 0dyóem"k&ukd rvkdufemMu/ pm;umaomufum
aevmMu\/

xkd&[ef;rsdK;wkdhuyif okwÅåefukd jyifqifjcif;? wEÅ&pmay wkdhukda&;om;jcif;rsm; jyKvkyfMuonf/

rEÅefpkyfjcif;? tif;csjcif;? arSmf0ifjcif;? aq;ukjcif;? aA'ifa[mjcif;? eu©wfMunhfjcif; paom
avmuDtvkyfwkhdukdom tBuD;tus,fjyKvkyfvm Muonf/ vlxkukdvnf; vQdKh0Sufodyfonf;pGm
pnf;½Hk;odrf;oGif; Muavonf/

"r®pMumonf om0u,metwGuf? &mZN*dKvfü a[monfh w&m;rsm;onf r[m,etwGuf jzpfí

r[m,mejzifhvnf; tvGefÓPfxufolwkdh twGuf rvHkavmufao;aomaMumifh "nuwue,fü
0dZÆm[m& (0Zd&,me) w&m;ukd bk&m;a[mcJh&onf[k BuHzef0g' jzefhMuukef\/
(9) &mpkokdh a&mufaomtcg rlvr[m,mewkdhonf 0Zd&,me (rEÅef) *dkPf;BuD;ukd
rwm;qD;EkdifMuawmhacs/ (Ak'¨bmom trnfcH r[m,me*dkPf;uGJ wpfckjzpfaom) 0ZD&,me
*dkPf;onf vlNydef;BudKuf vQdKh0Sufvkyfief; £'d¨yg'f vkyfief;rsm;ukd vkyfcJhMu\/ Oyrm - bl;oGif;jcif;?
em;rvnfaom pum;vkH;oHk;jcif;? t*d¾&wfxkd;jcif;? aq;pD&ifjcif;? tif;csjcif;? *koQrEÅ? puúorÇ0?
*kVrEÅef ponfwkdhukd oD;jcm;a&;om;NyD; orxarSmfoGif;jcif;ESifh od'd̈rsm;ukdjyum vlNydef;rsm;tm;
odrf;oGif; qGJaqmifMuav\/ pdwfnd§Khjcif;? orxtm½HkjyKjcif;rsm; ykdí acwfpm;vm\/

rlvyifr omoemawmfukd arS;rSdefaponfomru r[m,m*dkPf;rsm;ukdyif 0Zd,me yHkpHokdh

ajymif;vJypfcJhMuavonf/ yef;OD;vTwfjcif;? tbdodufcHjcif;? a&TaiGcHjcif; paom ukd,fusdK;&Sm
umr*kPfcHpm;rIrsm;? twåudvrxusifhjcif;? od'd¨udpöwkdhukd vHk;yrf;í (12) &mpkwGif
umr*kPfazmufjyefrI? wefcdk;tvGJoHk;pm;rIwkdhaMumihf wjznf;jznf; odu©musavawmh\/

(8) &mpk? (9)&mpkwGif emVE´m wuúokdvf? 0dMuroDv wuúokdvfwkdhuyif 0Zd&,me vrf;pOfrsm;ukd

oifMum;cJhMu\/ xkdrSwqifh ewf0ifpkef;yl;jcif;? pkef;? ua0? wapä (atmufvrf;) ynmwkdhukdyg
yl;wGJavhvmMujyef\/

wEÅ&,me 0g'Dwkdhonf aAm"dowå½kyfwkrsm; trsdK;rsdK; xkvkyf ukd;uG,fMuí aMumufrufzG,f

yHkrsm;ukdyif xkvkyfudk;uG,fvmMu\/ (8)&mpkrS (10) &mpktwGif; Ak'¨bmom trnfcHNyD; 0dZÆm?
aZmf*sD? wyoDBuD; 84 a,muf ay:xGef;vmum 0dZÆm*dkPf; ynm&yfwkdhukd xlaxmifí
odrf;oGif;cJhMuonf/ xif&Sm;aom *dkPf;q&mBuD;rsm;rSm q&o[yg q&mBuD;? orÇ0q&mBuD;
ponfwkdh jzpfMuí t0wfpkwf0wfjcif;? t*d¾&wfxkd;jcif;? rEÅefpkyfjcif;? okóefü aejcif;?
t½kd;cGHukdoHk;jcif;? aq;0g;pD&ifjcif; ponfjzifh xl;xl;qef;qef; tvkyfwkdhudk vkyfMu\/
ao&nfaomufjcif;? yef;OD;vTwfjcif; ponfwkdhukdvnf; vkyfMu\/ vQdKh0Suf odEd´wefcdk;rsm;ukd jyum
vQdKh0Sufq&m (rpfpwpf) yk*d¾Kvfxl;BuD;rsm;[kyif ac:wGifcJhMuonf/

tdEd´,jynfwGif omoem arS;rdSefvmaomacwfü olaX; olMuG,fESifh &Sifbk&ifrsm;uyif

xkdvlxl;BuD;rsm;ukd csD;ajr§muf ukd;uG,fvmMu\/ wkdif;jynfat;csrf;a&;? vHkNcHKa&;?
ab;&efuif;a&;twGufyif xkdvlxl; vlqef;BuD;rsm;\ wEÅ&? rEÅ&? 0dZÆm,me twwfwkdhukd
&Sifbk&ifrsm; ukd,fwkdifrsm;pGm toHk;jyKcJhMu\/

0denf;awmfESifh tnD aexkdifMuaom &[ef;aumif;rsm; qif;&JNidKjiifum tiftm;enf;onfxuf

enf;yg;oGm;Mu&awmh\/

&[ef;wkdh\ twGif;omoem aysmhnHhtm;enf;vmaomtcg tcsdKh&[ef;rsm; 0dZÆmusifhpOfrsm; qDokdh

tm½Hkpkduf oGm;Muonf/

(11) &mpkokdh a&mufaomtcg tdEd´,jynfü vlrsm;pkonf t,lonf;rI tkyfpkuGJí jiif;ckefrIrsm;

rsm;jym;vm\/ &[ef;rsm;vnf; ypönf;pkjcif;? a&mif;0,fjcif;jzifh ykdí tusifhysufvmMu\/
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BuG,f0csrf;omaom ausmif;wdkufBuD;rsm;udk vk,ufwdkufcdkufvmBuukef\/
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uG,fy&Ncif;\ t"dutaBumif;BuD; Nzpfavonf/
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rwnfaxmifedkifBuawmYay/ &[ef;awmfrsm; 0wfpm;qif,ifyHk xl;Ncm;oNzifY ydkí
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paom t&yfrsm;odkY aNy;oGm; ykef;atmif; Bu&avawmYonf/ &[ef;awmfrsm; twGif;omoem
,dk,Gif;&mrS oHCmacgif;aqmif r&SdNcif;? omoemtaqmufttHkrsm; zsufqD;cH&Ncif;wdkYaBumifY
tdEd´,vlxkonf NA[®P0g'odkY Nyefvnful;aNymif;um Ak'¨bmomudk ypfy,foGm;BuawmYonf/
(14) &mpka&mufaomtcg NrwfpGmbk&m; arG;zGm;&m tdEd´,a'oü Ak'¨omoemawmf vHk;0uG,fy
oGm;&avawmYownf;/
þwGif tusOf;csKyfaqmifyg; az:Nycsuf NyD;\/
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ar;OD;pdkY

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,dk;,Gif; tm;enf;í omoemysufuG,f&onf}} [laom t"dutaBumif;rSm aumif;Nrwf
rSefuefvSay\/ obm0vJqdkuf\/ ordkif;aBumif;vJ udkuf\/ usef tcsuftvuf
tawG;tac:rsm;rSm uGsEkfyfwdkYESifY rwdkufqdkifwwf/ &efolrsm;0ifa&muf zsufqD;Ncif;udk eHygwf (2)
taBumif; tNzpfaz:Nyí NA[®P0g'Drsm; tEkenf;? tBurf;enf; (w&m;ppf?"m;ppf) wdkYNzifY
yl;uyfeSdyfpufNcif;udkrl &mZ0ifuGif;qufoabm rQom az:Nyí y"metaBumif;ESpf&yfwGif
rxnfYoGif; edkifcJYacs/ xdkrQomru [dE´Lordkif; q&mwdkY vufcHxm;aom Nzpf&yfrsm;udkyif
rsufESmvTJvdkaBumif; ay:vGifaeayonf/
Oyrm ya&mzufqm tvmawumESifY £qGm&Dy&quf polwdkY\ tdEd´,&mZ0if ta[mif;?topfwdkYü
c&pfray:rSD 184 ckESpfwGif qHk*rif;quf yk&SrdBwrif; onf NA[®P0g' &SifoefNyefYyGm;a&;twGuf
ukuúK!m&mr paom omoemY taqmufttHk rsm;pGmESifY oHCmrsm;pGmudk zsufqD;owfNzwfí
usef&Sdaom oHCmrsm;udkvnf; oHCmOD;acgif; wpfvHk; qkaiG 500-aBunmcJYolNzpf\/ xdktNyif
c&pf(6)&mpkwGif r[maAm"dyifESifY wuG oHCmrsm;tm; tNypftrsKd;rsKd; &SmíESdyfpufcJYaom
omouFmrif;/ c&pf 340 wGif ]] &[ef;rcH&? w&m;ra[m& }} paomOya'rsm;udk NyKum
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&m[kvm oHudpönf; arYypfvdk[ef &Sd\/
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&mus&,
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axmywfylylü ESpfowfNcif; ponfNzifY w&m;wpfzuf "m;wpfvufESifY NydKifbufr&Sd ausmfBum;ol
NzpfcJYonf/
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rsufESmvTJaponf[kom ,lqoifYawmY\/ ol\ aqmif;yg;wpfyk'fNzifY tdEd´,omoem0iftrSefudk
aNymif;NyefrazmfedkifNyD/ &mZ0ifbD;um; qufvufí vnfywfNrJ vnfywfayawmYrnf/
(tNcm;aom bmom0ifwdkY\ tBurf;zuf tNrpfNywf zsufqD;yHkrSm txl;ZmwfaBumif; vSef&efrvdk/
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t&if;ppf tNrpfaNru

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twnfNyKBu\/ oHk;csufum; -
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aemufqHk;vHk;0odu©m r&SdNcif;/
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Ak'¨bmom trnfrQomcHí? twÅudk r@dKifxm;aom r[m,me&[ef;rsm; Nzpfvm&Ncif;?
xdkrSwpfqifY *dkPf;q&m arSmfq&m tNzpfodkYa&mufNcif;/)
(3)aemufqHk; rdpäm&efolwdkY t"r® tBurf;zufí ESdyfpuf owfNzwfNcif;
(rBumrDumvu r[m,me wefcdk;xGm;aom edkifiHi,fwpfckvnf; tdEd´,NynfuJYodkY Nzpf&NyD/)
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[louJYodkY ,aeY tcsKdY&[ef;rsm; tHkusif;zGJYí avQmufaeaom vrf;aBumif;onf rZdÆsry#dy'g us-
rus pdppfí qifNcifoHk;oyfedkif&efom &nfnTef;ygonf/ &mZ0ifaBumif;vm &efolrsm;tm;
rvdkrkef;xm;Ncifvnf;r&Sd? 0rf;enf;aBuuGJívnf;r[kwf/ pifppf (2?3) tcsufrsm;onf
omrefvlwdkYtwGuf Zmwdrmefac: rme?a'go? £ómrapä&udkom ysKd;axmifay;aom ty"me
taBumif;rsm;om NzpfBu\? tusKd;vJrrsm;? taBumif;&if;vnf;r[kwf/
taBumif;&if;yifr y"me y'|mef taNccHrlv ZmpfNrpfusaom ,xmblw taBumif;um;
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(3)tcsuf "m;vufeufvnf; rxdk;azmufEdkifacswum;/
wufao;oljrwfESifh ykcef;BuD; udk&ifokar"m

tif;0acwf 1mk&ifrif;acgif;MuD; vufxuf (763-783)wGif yk*Hü oDwif;oHk;aeaom

wufao;oljrwfac: rax&fwpfyg;&Sd\/ wpfaeYwGif bk&ifrif;acgiftm; yk*H,mOfcGef vTwf&ef
tvªcH&m ]rdzk&m; &SifbdkYr,fudk ajym&OD;r,f} [k avQmufojzifY-
]oifrif;MuD;udk rdzk&m;ydkifoavm} [k rdefYawmfrl\/ xdktaMumif;udkrdzk&m;MuD; Mum;ojzifY
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aemufrMumrD rif;ESifY rdzk&m;wdkYonf bdk;acgif qif,mOfrudk pD;í yk*Ha&Tpnf;cHkodkY aeYcsif;ayguf

bk&m;zl; oGm;Mu\/ wufao;oljrwfvnf; a&Tpnf;cHkodkY MuGvmí ]tapm? igYudkuGyfrnfqdkvQif
uGyfavmY} [kajymav&m rif;ESifY rdzk&m;wdkY rsufESmysufukefMu\/ rif;rdzk&m;ESpfudk,fMum;
ajympum;udkyif Mum;onf[k od&SdMuavonf/

oDwif;onfwpfOD;tm; wufao;t&Sifoljrwfudk tpHkprf;cdkif;&m xdkrax&ftm; awyoifewfu

ajymonf[k qdkMuonf/ ewfqGrf;&onf[kvnf; ausmfMum;\/ 0dok'¨dr*¾'DyeD q&mu
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wGif;oif;&mZ0ifü qdkonf/

xdkrSwpfyg; tif;0 omvGefrif;MuD;acwf (990-1010) þrSmbufwGifvnf; psmeftbdnmOf&

udk&ifokar"m[k omraPwpfyg; ay:aygufzl;\/
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ESpf&ufoGm;&aom t&yfü jrKyfxm;jyD;vQif ]oifi,fpOfu upm;aom *Hknif;udk ,lacs} [kapcdkif;\/
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qdk\/

ycef;rS taxmuftxm;

udk&ifokar"m omraPausmfESifYpyfí ,aeYwdkif ycef;MuD;ü trSwftom; taxmuftxm;rsm;

&Sdaeao;aMumif; ]ycef;ausmf} a&; ]ycef;MuD;taMumif; odaumif;p&m} pmtkyf (140-1) ü
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t&Sif'DyuF& omraP[k jyqdkonf/]
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,if;ausmif;wdkufonf emrnfausmf acsmif;aumufq&mawmf t&Sif o'¨r®eE´D \ oDwif;oHk;&mvnf;

jzpf\/ ,cifu bkr®daZ,sm ausmif;wdkuf[k ac:wGif&m t&Sif o'¨r®eE´Dtm; a,mjrdKYe,f
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f
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(940-
(940-1012)

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ppfudkif;? yif;,? tif;0jynfwdkYwGif ausmufa&m*g jzpfyGm;í vltrsm;aoaus ysufqD;ojzifY
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jyKonf/ awmifzDvm ydk'fpHk Mo0g'&wk? qHk;rpm wdkYvnf;&SdaMumif; yd#u ordkif;rsm;u
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q&mawmfonf i,fpOfuyif olrwlatmif xl;jcm;wwfyGefí omraPausmf? jynfyOöif;ausmf[k

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pufawmf&mESpfql &SmazGjcif;

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wpfawmifxGuf oufwkH wufwHk &SmazGawmf rlMu\/ &ufvnf;twefMumavjyD/

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q&mawmfxHvmí-
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ESpfql&SdaMumif;?
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qufvuf&SmMuav\/

tdyfrufü jrif&onfYtwdkif; acG;eufMuD;wpfaumifonf pufawmf&m&Sdaomae&modkY

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tazmfrsm;xnfhum apvTwfjcif; jzpfavonf/ rjzpfoifhaomae&mrS rjzpfxdkufaomudpörsm;
jzpfwwfonfrSm "r®wmyifwnf;/

rif;orD;vnf; ]]apcdkif;onfh twdkif; awmifzDvm q&mawmftm; oDvtusifhudk jzm;a,mif;

zsufqD;cJhygNyD}} [k tjypfrSvGwf&ef oHawmfOD; wif&\/ xdkowif;rsdK;onf aMumfjimc rukefaom
owif;rsdK; jzpfonfhtwdkif; wpfrk[kwfcsif; jyefYum;oGm;awmhonf/ ,Hkolvnf;,Hk r,Hkolvnf;
r,HkMu/ xdktcg tvªtwef;ûyvdk[efjzifh vmaom rif;BuD;ESifh y&dowfwdkYtm; ouFef;pkwf
ywfwD;pnf;xm;aom ajcaxmufjy&if; "m;armufudk ,lum-

]]ig\ oDvysufpD;ygrl þ"m;armufonf csaomcP a&ü jrKyfygapom;/ pifMu,fygrl

a&0,ful;apom;}} [kawmifzDvmuefüyif opöm"d|mefí jyawmfrlavonf/ "m;armufvnf;
a&wGifjzwfoef;í ig;uJhodkY wvef;vef;ul; aom[l\/ q&mawmfum; 1012-ckESpf oufawmf 72-
ESpfwGif ysHvGefawmf rlcJhownf;/

,ckwdkif xdkawm&ü ]"m;rul;uef} [lí &dSaeao;onf/ 1228-ckESpfwGif rif;wkef;rif;\

ajrmufom;awmf pdefwHk;rdzk&m;u uefa[mif;udk xyfrHí jyifqifaMumif; ausmufpmxdk;xm;onfudk
uREfkyfudk,fwdkif a&;ul;rSwfom;cJh&yg\/ xdkacwfu pufawmf&myGm; ESpfqludkvnf;
awmifzDvmawm&ü ,ckwdkif trdk;tumrJhawGUEdkifayonf/

q&mawmfonf 0de,mvuFm& #Dumusrf; ed*Hk;ü or®morÁK'¨ bk&m; qkyefum *E¨rm'eawmifü

½ku©pdk;BuD; tjzpfjzifh rif;aumif; rif;jrwfrsm;tm; omoema&; tm;ay;ulnD&vdkaMumif;
qkawmif;xm;avonf/

(omoem0ifrsm;ESifh 1297-ckESpf½kduf a&TjynfOD;bwifa&; ppfudkif;awmif ordkif;vm

taMumif;t&mudk acwfom;wdkY zwfpzG,f rl&if;rysuf pmwef;qm qifvdkufygonf- / pmûyol/)

a,m*Dwdkif;twGuf a&S;OD;rSwfzG,f

tbd"r®m o½kyfcGJ ur®|mef;

]] owdy|mef a'oemawmfESifhtnD jzpfqJjzpfqJ ½kyfemrfudk rjywf½IrSwfjyD; ododaewJh a,m*DawGrSm
]pu©Ku&PD? ÓPu&PD} qdkwJh a'oemawmft&
½IrSwfjyD;yGm;ap&wJh r*¾if&Spfyg; tusifhvrf;u ]ynmrsufpdudk yGifhapw,f? todÓPfudk jzpfapw,f}
qdkwm udk,fwdkifawGYtm;jzifh xif&Sm;aeygw,f/
]tbd"r®mqdkif&m usrf;*efrsm;u jyxm;wJh twdkif;usufrSwfjyD; qifjcifae½kHrQESifh 'Dvdkxl;jcm;wJh
todtjrif jzpfygrnfvm;/ rlvu usufrSwfxm;jyD; xuf xl;jcm;wJh todtjrif jzpfygrnfvm;?
rpOf;pm; rqifjcifbJ ypfxm;&if usufrSwfjyD;om;awGawmif arhaysmufroGm;aybl;vm;/ tJ'g
bmhaBumifhvJqdk&if-
]udk,fwdkif awGYjyD;odwJh ynmodr[kwfbJ usufrSwfxm;wJh onmodrQ jzpfvdkYyJqdkwm
xif&Sm;ygw,f}}
r[mpnf q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;
("r®pBum w&m;awmf 122-3)

a,m*Dwdkif;twGuf a&S;OD;rSwfzG,f
&efolESifhrdwfaqG

þ ]]jrefrmEdkifiH y#dywådomoem0if}} udkxkwfazmf&mü uREfkyfwdkYodapvdkonfrSm tcsufESpfckom &Sd\/

1/ &efol/ 2/ rdwfaqG/
]&efol} [lonf tvkyfcGifü tenf;ESifhtrsm; rvGJraoG awGYBuHK&rnfh taESmuft,Suf(tarT"mwf)
trsdK;rsdK;udk qdkvdkyg\/
]rdwfaqG} [lonf xdktarT"mwfrsm;udk z,f&Sm;&mü txufjrufqHk;aom ed,mrobm0
tiftm;BuD;rsm;yif jzpfygonf/ a,bk,s tm;jzifh xdkESpfrsdK;pvHk;yif yuwdrsufpdjzifh
jrif&onfr[kwf/ xdkYaBumifh ,HkEdkifcuf\/ a,m*Dü udk,fwdkif cHpm;ae&apumrl &efolrSef;rod?
rdwfaqGrSef;rod/ xdkYaBumifh ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm oufpGefYBudK;yrf;ygaomfvnf; BudK;yrf;oavmuf
c&D;rayguf? 'ku©cHoavmuf rwdk;wuf/ tdyfrufxJ ajy;&ouJhodkYom jzpfBu&av\/
&efolum; enf;y&d,m,f BuG,fvS\/ ydkifeuftifyg&mvnf; us,fvS\/ jrif&-rjrif&aom
bufawmfom;vnf; twdkif;rod rsm;jym;bd\/ twwfrsdK;vnf; pHkvSonf/ olYEdkifiHwGif aeí
olcdkif;apovdk&aom olYvlawGtBum; a,m*Dum; wpfa,mufwnf;/ obm0 tiftm;BuD;rsm;udk
xkwfazmfEdkifaom r[myk&doom ray:aygufcJhaomf cufavpGmh/
&efol tb,frS0ifoenf;/ a,m*Dü wHcg;oHk;ayguf&Sd\/ xdkrS0ifonf/ udk,fü yl;uyf\/
EIwfudkpD;\/ pdwfudkrIdif;wdkuf\/ (raemwdkuf\/) ,if;odkYqdkaomf wpfa,mufwnf;aom
a,m*Donf &efolY EdkifiHom;? &efolY bufawmfom;rsm;udk tm;udk;&Jygp/ om;orD; rdb[lonf
tcdkuftwefYrQomwnf;/ q&mwynfh[lonf a0g[m&rQomwnf;/ tu,fí xdkolrsm;udk
tm;udkrdacstHh/ xdkolwdkY &r®ufBuD;av? trsufBuD;av? trdkufBuD;av anmifa&tdk;rS
rD;xawmufvmouJhodkY 'ku©a&mufapEdkif\/ a,m*Dum; wpfa,mufwnf;/
aumif;ygjyD? ]udk,fhudkudk,fom tm;udk;aeygrnf} qdkap? a,m*D ,ckvkyfaeaom tjyKtrlrsm;onf
a,m*D\ yifudkp½kdufESifh tBudKufnDí ½kd;½kd;om;om; BudKufaomtvkyf tjyKtrlrsm; [kwfygavp?
a,m*Dyg;pyfrS xGufvmaom pum;rsm;vnf; a,m*Dudk,fwdkif ajymaom pum;rsm; [kwfygavp/
xm;bdOD; ,cka,m*Dpdwful;BuHpnfaeaom tawG;rsm;onf Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfvdkvm;aom?
a,m*Dyuwdpdwf&if;tBudKufESifhavsmfaom? rZÑdry#dy'gusaom tawG;rsm;aum [kwfygavp/
tawG;onf avmuwGif wefcdk;tBuD;qHk; jzpf\/ raemuHyifwnf;/ b0udk yHkazmf&ef wpfpHkwpfckudk
trSwfrxif &SmazGaeaom pdwf0dnmOfyifwnf;/ olBudKufjyDqdkvQif aemufrqkwfwwf/
vkyfayawmhrnf/ xkdtawG;onf urÇmudk ysufapEdkif\/ urÇmopfwnfaxmifEdkifonfrSmvnf;
olyifwnf;/
(rZÑdr? OygvdokwfESifh "r®y'/)
a,m*D\ b0udkrl vG,fvG,fuav;ESifh tHhzG,fqdk;aumif; ajymif;vJrI BuD;rsm;udk jzpfapEkdifpGrf;\/
xdkrQ tpGrf;xufonfh pdwf(tn§m)udk odaom avmum,w(oHo&matmufqGJ)
wefcdk;&SifBuD;wdkYonf tm;enf;csufudk axmufí? ajr§mufí? ajcmufí ñdIY,lEdkifBuavonf/
xdkYaBumifh a,m*DtwGuf taESmuft,Suf[lonf wapäajcmuf pkef;yl;jcif;rsdK;om r[kwf? usm;cs?
ppfwk&if xdk;ouJhodkY trsdK;rsdK; uGufausmfqifum tm;enf;&mrS yd&dpGm uGif;quf0ifvmwwfonf/
odkY&mwGif t0dZÆmonf rnfrQ xkxnfBuD;rm;aomfvnf; 0dZÆmavmuf tiftm;r&Sd/
taESmuft,SufwdkY rnfrQrsm;jym; vSnfhjzm;tpGrf;xuf tuGufqifBuygap? rIp&mrvdk/
rdwfaqGobm0 pGrf;tm;rsm;\ tultnDudk &,lEkdifygvQif axmif;axmif;x aBurGysufjyKef;atmif
acsrIef;zsufcGJí vG,fvG,fESifh atmifyGJ&EdkifBuonfom/ rnfrQBuD;rm;us,f0ef;aom jrdKU&GmBuD;
jzpfapumrl rD;jcpfqH wpfqHrQjzifh wpfcPcsif; jymtwdjyD;apEdkifonf r[kwfygavm/
obm0pGrf;tm; wpfckckudk ,Hk,HkBunfBunf vufcHudkifwG,frdygvQif teEÅ urÇmavmu"mwf&Sd
"mwfwltwkrJh pGrf;tm; tultnDwdkYonf jrpfa&wm½kd; usdK;ouJhodkY xdk;vSdrfhpD;qif;um
t[keft&Sdefjyif;pGmjzifh &efoltm; eif;acs zsufrIef;ay;onfudk a,m*Dudk,fwdkifyif
wtHhwBoodjrifvmygvdrfhrnf/ Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwfudk,fwkdif toHk;cs oHk;oyfjyD;rS xdktwkrJh twdkif;rod
obm0 pGrf;tm;rsm;udk xkwfazmfcJhjyD r[kwfygavm/
cufonfum; a,m*Dudk,fwdkifu &efolESifhrdwfaqG tiftm;rsm;udk owdrrlrdbJ
]igaumif;wmvkyfaewmyJ} [k rdrdudk,fudk txifBuD;í? rodí? r,Hkí earmferJh aerdjcif;yifwnf;/
,if;onfyifvQif a,m*D\ ESvHk;om;onf &efolYvufü ygoGm;cJh&avjyD/ (rnrmaem acg bdu©a0
Aa'¨g rm&ó/ /,0uvmydokwf/ oVm-oH-405/)

tEÅ&m,frsm;vSaom omoem

tewåomoemonf tEÅ&m,frsm;vSyg\/ tyifaygufí tañSmufuwnf;u ydk;udkufcJhonf/

twåurÇmü tewåomoem rsdK;aphcsrnfholum; od'¨w¦wnf;/
olYudk zcifudk,fwdkifuyif bk&m;jzpf&ef rvdkvm;/ pBumrif;BuD; crnf;awmf jzpfvdkaom
tm;enf;csuf(tñDS)&Sd&mrS taESmuft,Suf ,ifydk;wG,fvmcJh\/ um,uH&Sif(oka'¨g'e)
udk,fwdkifyif r&dyfrdcJh/ odkYaomf rsufpd&SdolwdkYu jrifBuonf/ BudKwifae&m,lBu\/ tuGufqifí
yl;0ifESifhBuavjyD/ xdktcg oka'¨g'e bmvkyfoenf;/ od'¨w¦tm; bk&m;rjzpfatmif tBuHxkwf&\/
rdef;rtxdef;awmf? tacsmhawmf? tqdkawmf? rdef;rt&Ha&Gawmf wdkYjzifh zHk;tkyfay;&av\/
rdef;rwyfBuD;jzifh txyfxyf umqD;ay;xm;&onf/ umr*kPfü ESpfjr§yfxm;vdkufjcif;yifwnf;/
oka'¨g'eonf ]]ighpdwful;ESifhig}} vkyfaeaomfvnf; &efolvufoyf arG;cH&rSef;rodcHcJh&&Sm\/
wpfzef rdrd\ twyfa[m a0'ynmudkvnf; tBuGif;rJh ,Hkpm;? od'¨w¦udkvnf;
tm;udk;ygonfqdkaom aum@n? olonf ]]od'¨w¦ rkcs bk&m;jzpf&rnf}} [laom ,HkBunfcsufjzifh
tESpfoHk;q,fausmf 'ku©cHawmxGufESifhí tavmif;awmftm; tultnD ay;cJh&m bk&m;jzpfcgeD;wGifrS
awmfvSef xGufoGm;cJh\/ aum@n tajymif;tvGJum; jrefqefvGef;pGmh? avmuDtodESifh
0D&d,ZGJBuD;rm;aom olonf acwfrD acwfpm;aeaom twåudvrxvrf;pOfü
t,lonf;rI(tm;enf;csuf)&Sd&mrS &efolYtBudKuf vkyfaqmifay;cJh&onf/
xdkYjyif tavmif;awmf udk,fwkdifyifvnf; tawG;? tBuH? pdwful;wpfcsufrSm;í (0g) &efol\
rjrif&aomqGJaqmifrIt& 6-ESpfvHk;vHk; vrf;rSm;BuD;udk aovkarsmyg; vdkufpm;rdcJhonf/ xdktcg
a&SYaemuf urÇmav;q,fudk 'dk;,dkayguf jrifEdkifaom ajray:wefcdk;&SifwdkY trsm;tjym; &SdaeBu\/
(0d? |? 1/ 130/ 0dok'¨dr*f? 2? 41/) avmuBuD;udk BuD;yGm;apvdkaom? pdkjynfapvdkaom? rjrif&aom
ajrxuf wefcdk;&SifwdkYvnf; &SdaeESifhBu\/ touf&Snfí wefcdk;vnf; BuD;rm;Buukefonf/
xdktcgrsdK;ü twåomoem jyK&rnfrSm olwdkY\ r[mwm0efBuD;aywnf;/
tavmif;awmfonf xdkonfhtaESmuft,Suf tcuftcJrsm;Bum;rSyif aAm"dyifESifh a&Tyv’ifodkY
ta&mufcsDawmfrlEkdifcJh\/ bk&m;jzpfayawmhrnf/
xdktcsdefrsdK;ü twåwefcdk;&SifwdkYonf vufeuf vloltpGrf;ukef tiftm;ukef &SdpkrJhpk
oHk;Bu&ayvdrfhrnf/ xdkYaBumifh rm&fewfonf vufraES;/ a&SYwef;odkY udk,fwdkif xGufvm\/
twdkif;rodaom ppfonf vufeuftm;udk;jzifh yv’ifudk vkav\/ yv’ifvdkcsifí r[kwf?
bk&m;jzpfrnfpdk;í/ (xdkobm0udk em;rvnfEdkifaom Oa&mywdkuf ygVdynm&Sif tcsdKYonf
]rm&fewf[lonf owå0gtaumiftxnf &Sdaom t&mr[kwf/ pdwfü wpfpHkwpfck jzpfay:rIudk
wifpm;jcif;rQom} [k rSwfxif ,lrSm;Buav\/)
bk&m;jzpfawmfrlonfh aemufydkif;wGifvnf; oHCmwGif; y#dyu©rsm;? pifjydKifbk&m;rsm;? omoem0ifí
w&m;cdk;um ]]igwdkYvnf; 'Dtwdkif; a[majym usifhBuHonf}} [k toHvTifhaeaom
w&m;twkta,mifrsm;? rdef;rESifh pGyfpGJjcif;? AuuJhodkY twåwefcdk;&SifBuD;awGudk,fwdkif
0g'wdkufyGJ0ifjcif;? aemufqHk; toufudkyif vkyfBuHBuonftxd y&dedAÁmef
pH0ifawmfrl&onfhwdkifatmif qufwdkuf rvGwfpwrf; aESmuf,SufcJhBuav\/
,if;odkYqdkaomf tb,frnfaom a,m*Donf olYpufuGif;rS vGwfuif;Edkifygcsdrfhrnfenf;/
ur®|mef;owd &Sdae½kHrQjzifh ab;&efvHkjyD[k r,Hkpm;tyf/
(owdrawm oka0aoa,sm? a0&m e y&drkpöwd/ / rPdb'´okwf/ o*gxm-oH-210/)

urÇmudkyif BudK;udkifcsifolrsm;

Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf y&dedAÁmef pH0ifawmfrljyD;aemuf rZÑdra'o(tdE´d,)ü twå0g'BuD;acgif;jyefí

axmifvmcJh\/ acwfrD wdk;wufaom Ak'¨bmomBuD; jzpfvmap&ef "r®opfrsm; zefwD;vmBuonf/
rm&udk,fpm;vS,f bkef;BuD;rsm;vnf; r[m,me *dkPf;BuD;udk xlaxmifcJhBu\/ ]bk&m;
t"dur[kwf? bk&m;avmif;om t"du} [laom 0g'BuD;udk pGJudkifvmBuonf/ aemufqHk;
atmufvrf; txufvrf; vlom;BudKuf twåynm&yf rsdK;pHkjzifh OHKcH ref;rIwfBu&mrS yifr tdE´d,ü
omoem vHk;0 uG,fycJh&onf/ (tdE´d, omoemuG,fyHk &m[kvm oHudpönf;\ aqmif;yg;udk
yxrydkif; ed*Hk;ü tjynfhtpHk azmfjyxm;ygonf/)
jrefrmEkdifiH omoem0ifudk BunfhjyefygvQifvnf; acwftqufquf tarTcHcJh&\/ a&Tjzpf aiGjzpf
od'¨daygufvrf;pOftwGuf bk&ifrsm;udk,fwdkifyif aemufydkif;rS tm;ay;cJhBu&onf/ *dkPf;uGJrIrsm;
ay:cJh&\/ twift½kH 0d0g'yif ESpfaygif;&Spfq,f BumcJhonf/ taemf&xmESifh bdk;awmfuJhodkYaom
rif;rsm;om ray:aygufcJhygvQif cufavpGmh/ xdkYaBumifhvnf; avmum,w wefcdk;&SifwdkYonf
&mZ0ifudkyg ajymif;jyef vSefypf&ef BudK;pm;vmBu\/ odkYrS twåomoemtwGuf pdwfBudKufomoe
'g,um&&SdBurnf r[kwfygvm;/ bBuD;awmf acwf pBumrif;uav;onfum; qdkvQif &mZ0if
wpfZmwf cif;&ef wefcdk;&SifwdkY zefwD;xdk;oGif;cJhaom oaE¨om;yifwnf;/ (t,lawmfr*Fvm
avQmufxHk;udk BunfhygvQif wduscdkifvHk jynfhpHkpGm odEdkifygonf/) xdkYaBumifh olwdkYonf bdk;awmftm;
tcJrausBu/ ]armif0dkif; uwdopömr&Sd} [k ,ckwdkif ajymrqHk;/ bmrQ rod&Smaom vlrsm;pkum;
pBuma&csí ,ckwdkif idkBuqJ/ &mZ0ifESifh omoem0iftm; tjcm; ,kwfnHhaom wefcdk;rsm;jzifhvnf;
npfayapcJhBu\/
jrefrmjynfwGifom r[kwf/ Oa&my &mZ0ifwGifvnf; jyifopfawmfvSefa&;BuD;rStp ]vdkvm;oludk
wif? rvdkvm;oludk jzKwfcsa&;} rif;ajymif;rif;vGJ udpörsm;wGif ajray:ajrxuf wefcdk;&Sifrsm;
uvzefxdk;í wefcdk;jycJhBu\/ toHwdwf vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;jzpfí &mZ0if q&mwdkY rodvdkufBu/
(0gvfbl&f*g-yJa*; a&; ]rjrif&aom rdwfaqGwpfOD;ESifh aqG;aEG;yGJ}) 12-&mpk wcdku tdE´d,
ppfyGJrsm;wGifvnf; xdkenf;¤if;yifwnf;/ a&S;tcg uvd*Frif;ESifh tóurif;wdkY ppfjzpfBu&m
uvd*Frif;onf ppftiftm; BuD;rm;vsuf &aohBuD;\ a[mudef;udkom tm;udk;,Hkpm;rdí ppfa&;
½IH;edrfhcJh&zl;\/ xdkppfyGJwGif vlom;rsm;omru udk,fapmifhewfcsif;vnf; wpfzufESifh wpfzuf
ppfxdk;Buonf[k yg&Sd&m a&S;tcguyif &SdcJhzl;aom toHwdwf ppfyGJyifwum;/ (pwkuúedygwf?
plVumvd*FaAm"dZmwf/)
,cktcgwGifvnf; urÇmt&yf&yfü tBum;tjrif& vlom;wefcdk;&Sifrsm; aygrsm;vSay\/
½kyf0g'DEdkifiHrsm;u omíyif wefcdk;okawoe jyKvkyfaeBu\/ blvfa*;&D;,m; EdkifiHü ]A*Fg'DrD
x½kdAm} ac: tBum;tjrif& trsdK;orD;wpfOD;udkyif vcpm;tjzpf cefYxm;onf[k qdkonf/
Ak'¨acwfwGif a&SYaemuf urÇmav;q,fudkjrifEdkifaom wdwd¦BuD;rsm; &SdouJhodkY ,ckvnf;
&SdaeBurnfom/
odkY&mwGif uH-ÓPf-0D&d,jzifh &,lEdkifaom twkrJh obm0 tiftm;BuD;rsm;um; wefcdk;&SifBuD;wdkY\
tBum;tjrifudk cRwfvTJapukef\/ pDrHudef;BuD;rsm;udk ysufjym;apEdkifBuukef\/ xdkYaBumifh
uHtaBumif;udk a[mBum;awmfrl&mü ]uHtusdK;ay;ESifhpyfvQif pBu0Vm urÇmxkwfcsif; jrifEdkifaom
yk*¾dKvfrsm;\ pum;udkyif r,HkBunfBuvifh} [k ydwfyifawmfrlcJhzl;\/ (Oy&d? r[mur® 0db*Fokwf/)
xdkYaBumifh twdwfuHESifh ypöKyÜefvkyf&yfudk ypfy,fí tb,frnfaom wefcdk;&Sifonf tjzLtrnf;
vHk;0ajymif;vJEkdifygcsdrfhrnfenf;/ odkY&mwGif ]r&wJh trJ oJeJYyuf} wwfonfudkrl
owdrlBu&ayvdrfhrnf/ (Avó "r®*kwåó? y#d0wåm e 0dZÆwd/ a0ypdwådokwf? o*gxm-oH-223/)

rdpäm'd|dab;BuD; a0;vsufeD;

uREkfyfwdkYonf tvkyfcGifodkY r0ifrDu tdk-em-ao ab;BuD;rsm;udkom aBumufp&m[k

xifrSwfcJhBu\/ þb0wGif rdpäm'd|d(t,lrSm;) ab;BuD;um; rnfodkYrQ jzpfEdkifpaumif;aom
taBumif;tcGifh rjrifrdcJh/ tjcm;bmom wpfckckodkY ul;ajymif;ouf0ifEdkif&ef tdyfruf pdwful;rQyif
rwnfhEdkifatmif todÓPf &SdcJhjyD r[kwfavm/ odkY&mwGif tvkyfcGifodkY a&mufaomtcg tdk-em-ao
ab;BuD;wdkYxuf aBumufvefY ausmcsrf;zG,f aumif;vSaom rdpäm'd|d ab;BuD;rsm;
ur®|mef;ausmif;uav;wHcg;ü vmí acgufaeoHudk Bum;ae&\/
odkY&mwGif wHcg;udkzGifhí 0ifvmaomtcg rdwfaqGaumif;ozG,f jzpfí {nfh0wf ysLiSm
BudKqdkrdBuav\/ w&m;xl;? tmPm? pD;yGm;? usef;rma&; ponf a,m*D\ onf;ajcBudKuf
tjynfht0 &awmhrnfuJhodkY rsufvSnfhjyBu\/ erlemuav;rsm;yif tBudrfBudrfay;í
jr§LqG,fBuavonf/ a,m*Dum; ]]ig w&m; wufvmjyD}} [kxif\/ yxrwGif tawG; pdwful;
tm½kHrQomwnf;/ a,m*Donf pm;½kd;pm;pOf rpm;csifawmh/ wpfrsdK;wpfrnf jcdK;jcHpm;rS w&m;xl;
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oHC&ud©w rax&fBuD;onf &[EÅmrjzpfEdkifbJ ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm BumcJh&\/ ]t&darawå,susrS}
[ktawG;tac: tajrmfrSm;avonf/ 0dok'¨dr*f? 1? 45/ ]pHawmf0if t&d,mrsm;} pmtkyfü tjynfhtpHk
Bunfhyg/)
tm½kHtawG;onf aBumufzG,faumif;avpGmh/ tawG;jyD;vQif toHwpfpHkwpfck Bum;&wwf\/
tmemyge? uodkPf;ponf w&m;vrf;aBumif;ay;onfvnf; &Sd\/ rnfonfh wefcdk;&Sif[k
todray;ao;/ aemuf bdkifpukyf jyouJhodkY vQyfwpfjyuf udk,fxif&Sm; jywwfjyef\/ vdktyfvQif
vludk,fwdkif rdk;ay:u usovdk a&mufvmwwfonfvnf; &Sdonf/ xdktcg a,m*DtcsdKU yg;&mrS
aygufum acgif;ajymif;Bu&&Smavonf/ rZÑdry#dy'grS vrf;cGJum owå0grsm;tBudKuf
wpfvHk;wpf0wnf; jynfhpHkBuav\ (pdwful;ü)/ olaX;jzpfí omoemjyKrnf/
touf&maxmif&Snfí owå0gawG u,fwifum t&darawå,s vufxufusrS edAÁmef,lrnf/
qkBuD;yefrnf/ (qkBuD;yefolrsm; ,ckvdkb0rsdK;BuD;ü tavmif;awmfBuD;rsm;\ trltusifh&Sdr&Sd
pOf;pm;Bu&m\/) odkYr[kwf a,m*DtcsdKU t&d,mjzpfjyD[k xifolu xifBuav\/ tjcm;
avmum,w(oHo&me,fcsJU) twwfxl; wpfpHkwpf&m &csifolwdkY &Buonf/
xdkt&m tm;vHk;onf a,m*DjrwfEdk;vSaom omoem? umrbHkBuD;rS rxGufcGm vdkaom twå?
xdkESpfckudk aygif;pyfí pdwfwdkif;us azsmfay;vdkufaom ysm;&nf0rf;us ,rumyifwnf;/
xdkazsmf&nfum; qm'l;b0rSonf AujA[®mBuD;rsm; yg0gtxd od'¨djyD;Ekdif\/ arSmfq&mb0rSonf
t&d,m txifcH 0dZÆm"dk&fBuD;txd aygufajrmufEdkifavonf/
a,m*Dum; Eke,fao;\/ avmuum; us,fajymvSonf/ wefcdk;&Sif trsdK;rsdK;wdkYusufpm;&m
e,fajrjzpf\/ &efolESifh rdwfaqGudk arhavsmhum tewåudkom rJí &Smaeaom a,m*D\
ur®|mef;ausmif;uav; ywf0ef;usifü wefcdk;&SifBuD;rsm;\ oufjyif;csoHum; jyif;xefvSaypGmh/
rdrdudk,fudk omoemjyKol[k txifrSm;aeaom udk,fpm;vS,frsm;vnf; ajccsif;vdrfí aeBuavjyD/
(txacg rma&m ygydrm t0d'la& edoD'd wkPSDblawm ruFkblawm yZÑ,aEÅm/ / rm&"Dwkokwf/
o*gxm-oH 125/)
twuúm0pa&m "ar®m
þomoem0ifwGif a,m*D olawmfpifBuD;rsm;\ b0jzpf&yfrsm;udk oHk;oyfazmfjy&mü pmzwfolwdkif;
em;vnfrnf r[kwfaomta&;tom;rsm; ygaumif; yg0ifayvdrfhrnf/ avmutjrif ½Iaxmifht&
a0zefwwfol? y&d,wådtjrifudkom qkyfudkifxm;olwdkYtwGuf ,kwådrwef vufrcHEdkifaom
t,ltqrsm;vnf; tenf;i,f ygaumif;yg0ifayvdrfhrnf/ yg0ifcJhaomf ½kwfjcnf;tjypf
½IawmfrrlBubJ acwå&yfqdkif;í rSwfom;xm;apcsifygonf/ tb,faBumifhqdkaomf
&efoltaESmuft,Sufrsm;onf vnf;aumif;? rdwfaqG w&m;awmf\ twkrJh pGrf;tm;rsm;onf
vnf;aumif;? rsufpdjzifh jrifaumif;aom (0g) udkifjyí &paumif;aom t&mrsm; r[kwfygukef/
*rÇD&-euf½Idif;í? 'k'´o-jrifEdkifcufí? y@dwa0'eD,-ynm&Sdaom a,m*DwdkYom odEdkifjrifEkdifí?
twuúm0p&=tawG;tac: acwfÓPfjzifh ta0zefaumif;olwdkY\ ouf0ifusufpm;&m
r[kwfaomaBumifhwnf;/ (0de,? r[m0*¾-5/)
pifppf þordkif;udk jyKpk&mü jyqdkcJhonfhtwkdif; tjrGufrQ ysdK;cJhaom þoabmrsm;udk ydkifvQif
tmZmenf a,m*D olawmfpifBuD;wdkY\ taBumif; XKyÜwfudk zwf½I&müvnf; pmwGifa&;rxm;aom
t&omrsm;udkyg cHpm;&ygvdrfhrnf/ xdkoabmw&m;rsm;udk t,lonf;í? txiftrSwfvGJí?
tpGJrSm;í a&;om;jcif; r[kwfyg/ pdwful;,Ofoufoufjzifh a&;om;xm;jcif;vnf; r[kwfyg/
y"meokwf? jA[®edrEÅeduokwf? rm&wZÆeD,okwf? ,0uvmydokwf? rm&oH,kwf?
r[my&dedAÁmeokwf paom ygVdawmfBuD;rsm;ESifh omoem0if c&D;wpfavQmuf
ordkif;taxmuftxm;rsm;t& a&;om;jcif; jzpfygonf/ tvkyfcGifESifh qufEG,faom ta&SUwkdif;
taemufwdkif; *E¨&Dynm pdwfynmrsm;ESifhvnf; ÓPftvSrf;rDorQ ESD;aESmxm;ygonf/
xdkrQomvm; r[kwfao;? a,m*D olawmfpifBuD;rsm; jzpfBuaom q&morm;rsm;ESifh rdb tpfudktpfr
"r®rdwfaqGrsm;\ udk,fawGUjzpf&yfrsm;udkvnf; xif[yfxm;ygonf/ tcsKyftm;jzifh tvkyfcGifü
w&m;uay;aom todrsm;udk udk,fpm;jyKxm;jcif; jzpfygonf/
xdkYaBumifh uREkfyfwdkY BudKwifajymyg&ap-]]oifvufcH ,HkBunfatmif tjynfht0
rwifjyEdkifao;onfhtwGuf cGifhvTwfygbd/ odkYaomf xdkwifjycsuf xdktodrsm;udk tvsifpvdk
y,fcsxm;jcif; rjyKao;bJ acwå &yfqdkif;í aw;rSwfxm;ygavOD;/ tcsdeftcgu oifhtm;
tajzay;aumif; ay;ygvdrfhrnf}} [lownf;/
w&m;oabmum; euf½Idif;avpGmh/
(,HwH aeu©ar®e ÓwAÁH? wH 0w umry&da,oem, Oókaum Oówd0g? aewH XmeH 0dZÆwd/ 'EÅ
blrdokwf? Oy&d-yH-172/)
tBuGif;rJh jynfhpHkaom urÇmopfodkY
a,m*Donf &efolESifhrdwfaqGudk cGJjcm;odjrifvmygvQif tvkyfcGifü twdkif;rodaom tusdK;rsm;
&awmhrnfrSm aocsm\/ udk,fydkif todÓPfawG wdk;wufvmrnfudkvnf; uREkfyfwdkY ajym&Jyg\/
]]&efoludk aBumufjyD; tpkefvrf; vdkuf&if onfhxuf 'ku© a&muf&acs&JU}} [k oabmaygufum
&efoludk raBumufonfhtjyif ydkíyif tm;wufvmygvdrfhOD;rnf/ txmudk odaejyDjzpfívnf;
a'gorjzpf? pdwfvnf; rnpfawmh/ aysmfíyif aeawmhrnf/ taESmuft,Suf wpfcgawGUvQif
wpfqifhwdk;wufoGm;onfudk a,m*Dudk,fwdkif odaejyDjzpfaomaBumifhwnf;/
a,m*Donf xdktodudk ,Hk,HkBunfBunf odrf;ydkufxm;ygvQifum; BumvQif rdrdcE¨mukd,f?
rdrdywf0ef;usifrQavmufomru wpfurÇmvHk; pBu0VmteEÅ jzpf&yfrsm; txdjzefYcsdxdk;xGif;í
vif;vif;csif;csif;BuD; odjrifvmygvdrfhrnf/ ]]i,fOD;rS BuD;&monf}} [louJhodkY toduav;rS
todBuD;jzpfvm&\/ tbdnmOf\ a&SUawmfajy; todrsm;yifwnf;/ xdkurÇmhjzpf&yf?
pBu0Vmjzpf&yfrsm;udk jcHKvdkufvQif ]]tvHk;pHkaom ocFg&\ tESpfom& bmrQr&Sd}} [laom
tedpötcsufudk 'ufceJrdavaomtcg t&d,mudpöBuD;yif tjyD;wkdifEdkifavawmhonf/
uREkfyfwdkY þrQ &Snfvsm;pGm ed'gef;cif;aeonfrSm taBumif;&if;&Sdyg\/ wpfpHkwpfckaom
avmuDtusdK;udk arQmfudk;í BudK;pm;aeaom *E¨m&D wefcdk;&Sifrsm;? ,if;wdkY\ toif;tyif;rsm;
ponfwdkYtm; ½Iwfcsvdkí[k ,lqaumif;,lqp&m&Sdyg\/ pifppfum; r[kwfyg/ rdrdwdkY todÓPf
&Sdoavmuf tm;xkwfaeBuolcsnf;om jzpfí tjypfvnf;rwif/ vlom;wdkYtm; txdkuftavsmuf
tusdK;jyKEdkifonfyif jzpfívnf; (xdkrQavmufudkom tvSrf;rDolwdkYtwGuf) twefi,f
ESpfoufzG,fum; &Sdygayonf/
odkY&mwGif y"me &nfñTef;csufudk ½kd;om;pGm ajymyg&ap/ þacwfum; xdkrQavmufjzifh
a&mifh&Jae&rnfhtcgrsdK; r[kwfyg/ rjywfrom; rwdrus rcdkifrrm ,m,DtiSm; tBum;tjrifrsdK;udk
rqdkxm;bd/ wu,fh tbdnmOf&½kHrQjzifhyif auseyfxdkufonfhtcg r[kwfao;/ urÇmBuD;
us,fajymvmonfESifh trQ todtwwfynm&yfrsdK;pHkaeaomacwfjzpfí oku©0dyóu &[EÅm
jzpf½kHrQjzifhvnf; ,aeU omoemawmftwGuf vHkavmufjyD rqdkEdkifao;/
þacwf þurÇmBuD;url wefcdk;tbdnmOfwdkYESifh jynfhpHkaom &[EÅmt&SifjrwfBuD;rsm;udkom
awmif;qdk yifhavQmuf aeygacsjyD/ þacwf þurÇmBuD;u av;euf jyif;jypGm awmif;qdkaeaom
t&mvnf; rBum rjrifh rzifhrETJ rvGJraoG {uefrkcs jynfhpHk&rnf[k (acwfudkodjrifolwkdif;)
tBuGif;rJh ,HkBunfaeBu\/ Ak'¨&Sifawmfjrwf\ a'oemawmfuvnf; twdtvif; xkwfazmf
cGifhjyKxm;avjyD/ þomoem0ifü ygaom t&d,m t&SifjrwfBuD;rsm;uvnf; a&SUoGm;om"u
ay;awmfrlcJBuukef\/
xdkodkYaom pG,fpHk tmZmenf yk*¾dKvfxl;BuD;rsm;twGuf odyÜHynmonf þurÇmtm;
aq;aBumrGrf;rHvsuf&SdavjyD/
({0½laye acg om&dykwå bdu©Kem a*god*Fomv0eH aomab,s/ r[ma*god*Fokwf/ rlvyH-281/)
xdkYaBumifh xl;jrwfaom þacwftcgrsdK;wGif wpfurÇmvHk; jidrf;csrf;&m jidrf;csrf;aBumif;
aumif;onfxuf aumif;? ydkíaumif;? taumif;qHk;aom vrf;pOfodkY ouf0ifvmBuygap&ef
&nfoef½kd;&if; ESvHk;oGif;jzifh yGifhvif; ½kd;om;pGm xkwfazmf&ygaBumif;/

ukef;abmifacwf &[EÅmESifh yk*¾Kdvfxl;rsm;

pwk*D&d-awmifav;vHk; q&mawmf

(1088 - 1186)

]]om;awmfBuD;? armifyZif; a&;om;onfh ½IzG,frsm;rSm bk&m;&Sif udk,fawmfjrwf tvdkawmfus

omoemh0efxrf;wJh usrf;aumif;BuD;rsm; jzpfayw,f/ aeUpOf ½ª&dIufauG;qefUNyD; aeMuayr,fh
½ªrSef;&dIufrSef; auG;rSef;qefUrSef; rodolawGu trsm;BuD;/ rdrdolwpfyg; tusdK;rsm;atmif BudK;pm;NyD;
ûypkygav armifyZif;}}

]]rSefvSyg? crnf;awmf t&Sifbk&m;}}

]],ck þ½IzG,f usrf;vnf; crnf;awmf tNrJwap Munfhvdku Munfh½Iawmfrl&efESifh crnf;awmfudk

taMumif;cHNyD; pdwftMuH&ovdk edAdÁE´ÚmPf &ifhoefBuD;yGm;&avatmif om;awmfudk,fwdkif
ayrSmwifNyD; pD&ifcJhygoz&m;}}

oufawmf oHk;q,fcefU &dSaom ]tHawmfacsmif;? 'DCm,k*gr0goD (ouf&Snf&Gmae) &[ef;ysdK

OD;ar"m0Du crnf;awmf OD;yOÆif;BuD;tm; ]emr&lyedAÁdE´½IzG,f} aypmudk qufuyfpOf ajymqdkaeMuyHk
jzpf\/

OD;yOÆif;BuD;um; usD;rEdk; awm&ausmif;ü wpfyg;wnf; &[ef;w&m;udk ESvHk;oGif;ae&m

&[ef;0gtm;jzifh igh;q,fhESpf0g oufawmftm;jzifh &Spfq,f &dSavNyD/ om;jzpfol OD;ar"m0D
ESpfESpfom; t&G,fuyif &[ef;ûycJh\/

tcsdefum; tif;0jynfBuD; tNyD;wdkif ysufpD;&ef ig;ESpfcefUrQom vdkawmhonfh acwfysufBuD;yifwnf;/

OD;ar"m0Dum; xdk tif;0ukef;abmif Mum;umv 1088-ckESpfwGif vlvmjzpf&&Sm\/ Zmwdum;

a&Tbdke,f OoQpfaus;&Gm jzpfonf/ tavmif;awmfrif;w&m;BuD; rif;jzpfaom (1114) tcg
&[ef;ûyí ajcmuf0grQom &dSao;\/ bGJU-OD;ar"m0D ac:wGifonf/ bdk;awmfrif;w&m; vufxufwGif
]rkedE´mbdvuFm& o'¨r®omrd r[m"r®&mZ*k½k} bJGUwHqdyfawmf cH,l&onfh awmifav;vHk; q&mawmf
[lonf OD;ar"m0Dyifwnf;/
ysHvGefawmfrl&m tHhzG,fESifh ½IzG,f

awmifav;vHk;q&mawmfonf tavmif;rif;w&m;BuD; eef;wufp ajcmuf0g avmufuyif

trsdK;rsdK;aom ½IzG,fusrf;wdkUudk pD&if\/ (½IzG,f usrf;aygif; oHk;q,fausmf pm&if;&dSí ,cktcg
ok"r®0wDwdkufu &Spfusrf;pD yg0ifaom av;wGJ½dkufxm;NyD; &dSonf/)

"r®edAÁdE´ ½IzG,fudk (1116-ckESpf? 6-0gt&) yxrqHk;a&;í pm,Ofyef;½IzG,fudk (1185-ckESpf? 97-

ESpfwGif) a&;onf[k usrf;NyD; ouú&mZfrsm;t& axmufqí &avonf/ earmwó *rÇD&½IzG,frSm
]pm,Ofyef; ½IzG,fvnf;a&;cJhzl;NyD} qdkojzifh q&mawmf\ aemufqHk;vuf&m[k ,lqzG,f &dS\/
pmom; t"dyÜm,frsm; t&vnf; (ydkrdk jynfhpHkU av;eufonfudk axmufí) xdkodkUyif jzpfzG,f &dSay\/

oufawmf udk;q,fausmfonftxd pma&;awmfrlEdkifonf rSmvnf; tvGeftHhzG,f jzpfay\/

trwaomyge? trw'Gg&? "r®yd,? oemx pom ½IzG,fusrf;rsm;ü omoemawmfESpf?

aumZmouú&mZfrsm;udk (&Hcg ygVda&m jrefrmyg) xnfhí oufawmfESifh 0gawmfrsm;udkyg awGU&\/
72-ESpf? 74-ESpfwGif pmtrsm;qHk; a&;om;awmfrlcJhonf/ odkU&mwGif ouú&mZfrsm;rSm
]rlva&;ouú&mZfavm? pmul;ol tqufquf\ xyfqifha&;avm} oHo, jzpfzG,f &dSaeayonf/
(þü zGm;ouú&mZfESifh yHsvGefaom ouú&mZfudk trwaomygeESifh pm,Ofyef;ç earmwó*rÇD&
½IzG,fwdkUt& jyqdkvdkuf&ayonf/)

ouú&mZfrsm; ta&;tul; cRwf,Gif;vSonf/ earmwó*rÇD& ½IzG,fudk pmtkyfrlrsm;ü 1151-ckESpf[k

jyí ayrlü 1182-ckESpf[k yg&dSonf/

1213-ckESpf rif;vSoD&d oD[ol rSwfwrf;ûyxm;aom emrnfausmf q&mawmfBuD; wpf&mhig;yg;

t|KyÜwåd (vufa&;rl) ü-

]]24? awmifav;vHk; q&mawmf 1090-zGm;? eH 5-aw;? oufawmf 78? 1168-b0ul;? &Sifar"m0D

OoQpfaus;&GmzGm;? orD;awmf [oFmwrif;orD; (udk;uG,f)? rkedE´mbd vuFm& o'¨r® r[m"r®&mZ*k½k?
tr&yl&ûrdU ajrmufrif;&Gmwdkuf oHk;xyfausmif;/}} [ka&;rSwfxm;onf/ þrSwfwrf;txdkuftavsmuf
cdkifrm\/ ESpfouf&m ,lMuygukef/

½IzG,fusrf;rsm;onf yd#uoHk;yHkrS ql&mql&m vdk&if; tESpfom&rsm;udk a&G;Ekwfí

vlwdkif;em;vnfEdkifaom jrefrmpum;0gusrsm;jzifh yGifhyGifhvif;vif; a[ma[m'dkif;'dkif;BuD;
a&;om;xm;&m ½IzG,f rNiD;atmif qGJaqmifvSayonf/
ESpfaygif; ESpf&mausmfaomfvnf; a,bk,s vlrsm;pktm; owdoHa0* &apí a,m*DwdkUtm;
wGef;tm;ay;&mü txdrdqHk; taumif;qHk; usrf;BuD;wpfqltjzpf &yfwnfvsufyif/ q&mawmf
ysHvGefawmfrljcif;ESifh pyfí tvGef xl;jcm;tHhzG,f&m tjzpftysufudkom zwf½I Mum;em&í
½IzG,fusrf;vm tvGefav;eufvSaom owdy|mef tmemyge t"dyÜm,frsm;udk rzwf½I& ao;vQif
,HkEdkifzG,f &dSrnfr[kwfay/

tb,faMumifhqdkaomf ½IzG,fusrf;rsm;u q&mawmf tb,frQ aygufajrmufawmfrlaeNyDjzpfaMumif;

wGef;jyaeNyD; jzpfaomaMumifhwnf;/
½IzG,frS rSwfzG,f

ysHvGefawmfrl&m tHhzG,fudk rjyrD ½IzG,fusrf;rsm;rS jrefrmpm ta&;tom; pum;toHk;tEIef;ESifh

t"dyÜm,f av;eufyHkwdkUudk odom½Hk azmfjyygOD;tHh/

]]xGufouf0ifoufudk xGufouf 0ifouf[k aomPod*Fgv (tdrfacG; awmacG;) wdkUyifvnf;

odukef\/ xdkUaMumifh xGufoufudk xGufouf[k? 0ifoufudk 0ifouf[k odumrwåonf
owdy|mefudk yGm;rsm;aponf rrnfao;/}} (y?24/)

]]a[mawmfrlonfh twdkif;usifhvQif ,ck'd|"r®ü r*fzdkvf&aMumif;udk txyfxyf a[mawmfrlonfh

a'oemawmf twdkif;rod &dSonf/ ¤if;&dSygvsuf ,ckb0ü r*fzdkvf&rnfç r&rnfudk 0dpdudpäm
&dScJhvQif q&mrjy enf;r&aomaMumifh &dSavonfaomf vnf;rSwf? q&mjyí enf;&vsufyif ,ckb0
r*f&rnfavmç r&rnfavm 0dpdudpäm &dScJhvQif tpdaeÅ,s oAÁñKwÚmPfawmfudk r,Hkaom
olomrSwf/ þrSwpfyg; qdk&mr&dSNyD/}} (y?51/)

]tedpö 'ku© tewå[k 0pDab' jzpfumrQ (&Gwfae½HkrQ) onf r[mykn rjzpfwwfacs/} (tedpö
ponfudk wyfwyfjrifvQif aeUpOf a&Tausmif;wpf&m? aiGausmif;wpf&m? a&TapwDaygif; 84000
wnf&onfxuf jrwfaMumif;/) (y?64/)

]]orx 0dyóem tm;rxkwfbJ tmywfroifh½Hk? tukodkvfrjzpf½HkrQ aeaom &[ef;ysif;um;

"mwfpmrQudkom a&SmifMuOf pm;oHk;í a&m*gaysmufapwwfonfh aq;udk rrDS0Jaom olemuJhodkU
udavom ElemBuD; raysmufEdkifaMumif;}} (y?60/)

]]tMuifolonf avmuDpnf;pdrf? avmuDcsrf;omrQudkom awmifhwí vGefuJpGmyif 'ge oDvudk

tm;xkwf\/ vHkUvûy\/ xdkolonf udk,fhudkudk,f&SifoHo&m0#f'ku©ü a&mif;pm;aygifESHaom
olrnf\/}} (y?210/)

]],xmblwÚmPf [laom avmuDopömawmfudkrQ rcH,lvQif tpdaEÅ,s bk&m;ocif\

&efolawmfppfjzpfonf/ omoedu or®m'd|d tjzpf odkUrQ ra&mufaomol jzpfaomaMumifh or®m'd|d
yk*d¾Kvfr[kwf/}} (y?296/)

]],xmblwÚmPf jzpfjcif;onf t½kPfwufonfESifh wlNyD/ umvrjrifhrD ol&d,rnfaom ae0ef;

wufxGef;ay:vmbdouJhodkU r*fÚmPf zdkvfÚmPf edAÁmef&awmhrnf/ oifhtm; eD;vSNyD/ owd&dSvSap/}}
(y? 354/)

]]wpfaeUudkrQ qif;&JcH&aomaMumifh aeUrsm;pGm csrf;om&rnfrSefvQif wpfaeUtzdkUü jzpfaomqif;&Judk

raMumufomNyD/ wpfvrQ? wpfESpfrQ? wpfb0rQom qif;&JcH&aomaMumifh vrsm;pGm? ESpfrsm;pGm?
b0rsm;pGm csrf;om&rnfrSefvQif wpfv? wpfESpf wpfb0üjzpfaom qif;&Judk raMumufomNyD/
wpfaeU? wpfv? wpfESpf? wpfb0jzpfaom wPSm? avmb? &m*udk tvdkrvdkufoifh/
t&SnfudkarQmfí olawmfw&m;ü ESpfESpfNcdKufNcdKuf udk,ftoufudk pGefUpm;í aysmfydkufoifhvSonf/}}
(y?363/)

]]ig\trd? ig\tb? ig\r,m;? ig\vif þodkU {uefxifpGJ NrJNrJrSwfacsvQif Al;awmif;xJodkU

BuGuf0ifouJhodkU xdkUtwl omoemawmfodkU r[mAmvkr®wåu (vlrdkuf½l;BuD;) a&mufí
arTaESmufNyDrSwf/ ,xmblwÚmPfpu©Kr&dSukefaom Amvkr®wåu yk*d¾KvfwdkU tm;BuD;vQif
omoemawmf ysufpD;vdkí ab;a&mufvmacsNyD[k owd&Muav/ aMumufvnf; aMumufMuav/}}
(udk,fhbmom t,ltq vGJrSm;aeí bk&m;udkvnf; pGyfpGJ\/ udk,fhudkudk,fvnf; wl;NzdK\/
raumif;rIvnf; rsm;pGmyGm;\/) (y?291/'k?88/)

]],xmblwÚmPf orÜZnudkrQ r&&dSacsonfjzpfvQif oGm;í oGm;rSef;udkrQ rod/ &yfí-xdkifí-

tdyfí-tdyfrSef;udkrQ rod/ uRJ? EGm;? acG;? 0uf? Muuf? iSuf? wd&pämefwdkUESifh twlwl/}} ('k?388/)

nDawmf OD;"r®yd,udk qHk;rjcif;

pwk*D&dawmifav;vHk;q&mawmfü OD;"r®yd,ac:aom nDawmfwpfyg;vnf; &dSonf/ 0rf;uGJavm?

ratwl zatuGJavm rqdkEdkif/ OD;"r®yd,vnf; awm&ausmif;wpfausmif;ü ae[ef&dSonf/
aemifawmfa&;aom pmrsm;udk zwf½IusifhBuHvsufae&m r&Sif;rvif;aom tcsuftvufrsm;udk
avQmufxm;ojzifh 1162-ckESpfwGif ]"r®yd,½IzG,f} [k a&;&jyefonf/

xdktcsdefü nDawmfonf 62-ESpf? aemifawmfum; 73-ESpf &dSMuavNyD/

]]nDawmf "r®yd,u aemifawmftm; "r®&wemOpömudk awmif;onfrSm idkcsif&ufudk vufwdkUonfhyrm?

,m;&mudk ½dkufrdawmhonf qdkouJhodkU rSwf&mawmhonf}} [k tpcsDum 0rf;omtm;& a&;awmfrlyHk?
wpfwpfcGcG qHk;rawmfrlyHkrsm;rSm nDawmf aemifawmfESpfyg; ajymremqdkrem
w&m;aqG;aEG;aeMuouJhodkU &dSawmhonf/ rsufpdxJwGif jrifa,mifapawmh\/
]]acG;\tyg; 0uf\teD; apmif;wD;ouJhodkU &dSwwfMuonf/ xkduJhodkU ighnDr&dSapvifh/
tusifhnpfvQif oHo&mü epfNrJ/ ([E´'ged bdu©a0) oem;í rSmxm;cJhonf[k odwwfap/
nDawmfrSwfav/ oHa0*rdrd owd&&? ,ckb0üyif r*fzdkvfNyD;ajrmuf edAÁmefodkUa&mufatmif
vHkUvûyEdkifwdkif; aumif;awmhonf}} (w? 142/)

]]t&Sif"r®yd, nDvS? owdruGm? ynmESifhwuG udk,fusdK;&dSatmif tcgcyfodrf;

usifhoifhvSawmhonf/ tNrJtHoGm;cJí usifhav/ (149) [kwfrSefwdkif;udk rodbJvsuf
arharhavsmhavsmh raeoifh/ jyoEdkifaom q&mudk &Smí [kwfrSefpGm odatmif vHkUvûyav?
tm;xkwfav}} (151/)

]]ig\ udk,f[k r[kwfrrSefajymqdkrSwf,lol....ig\ omoemawmfodkUr0ifNyD/ ]ykxkZÆaem Or®wåu

o'daom} ol½l;ESifh wlaom ykxkZOf[k bGJUcsnfí vTwfonfrSwf/ onftwdkif;om rSefvQif r*fapmf
zdkvfapmf reH? edAÁmefESifh a0;onfxuf a0;vdrfhrnf acG;[lvdk (179)/ ,ck acG;xD; acG;r
wdkUonfvnf; rif;orD; rif;om;a[mif;? ewforD; ewfom;a[mif; wdkUyif/}} (156/)

q&mawmfonf ]earmwóç Ak'¨H o&PH *pämrd} t"dyÜm,frStp a,bk,s em;vnfrIrsdK;udk

ausmfvGefum owdy|mef tmemyge tvkyfpcef;odkU ta&muf tiftm;ygygESifh wGef;ydkUawmf
rlxm;avonf/ 'ge oDvcef;vnf; rvGwf/ bk&m;'um bk&m;tr? ausmif;'um ausmif;trwdkU
rdpäm'd|d jzpfrSef;rod jzpfaewwfyHkrStp vlwef;pm; toD;oD;twGuf a&;om;awmf rlcJhonf/
omoemawmfESifh BuHK&onfhtcg ]]bm ta&;BuD;qHk;vJ}} qdkonfudk tajccHrSpí axmufjyxm;\/
bdk;awmftwGuf &mZaMu;rHk½IzG,f

awmifav;vHk; q&mawmftm; &orQ ypönf;udk udk,fydkifrxm;? pGefUvªNrJjzpfí tusifhoDv

jrifhjrwfaMumif;? bdk;awmfrif;w&m;BuD;u ]&mZ*k½k} bGJU tyfvªaMumif; ]oDv0daom"eDusrf;} (123?
170) ü azmfjy\/

1123-ckESpf tv,feef; rdzk&m;BuD;rS zGm;jrifaom i,frnf &Sifrif;wkwfac: [oFmwNrdKU?

wvkwfNrdKUpm;rif;orD;u udk;uG,faMumif; q&mawmfudk,fwdkifa&;cJhonf/

q&mawmfonf rlvu pwk*D&dac:aom a&Tawmifç aiGawmifç jrawmifç ywåjrm;awmifwdkUjzifh

tvGefwifhw,faom rEÅav;ac: awmif0Srf;awmausmif;ü &[ef;w&m;jzifh oDwif;oHk;&m
aemiftcgwGifrS tr&yl&NrdKU (taemuf) ajrmuf rif;&Gmwdkufü ajymif;a&TUMuGvm&awmfrl[ef &dSonf/

xdktcgrSpí ¤if;wdkufudkvnf; awmifav;vHk;wdkuf (pwk*D&d) [kac:wGif[ef&dS\/

(ickefq&mawmfa&; ck'´u ygX#Dum ed*Hk;/)
rlvawmifav;vHk;[lonf ]a0[mpuFr=av[mjyifpBuø? tpä&d, yAÁm&=tHhzG,f &dSaom awmif0Srf;}
ponfjzifh rdrd oDwif;oHk;&m Xmeudk azmfjy&mü ]rEÅav;} [k wdkuf½dkufyg&dSonfudk awGU&ojzifh
,ck&dSaom rEÅav;awmifom jzpfzG,f rsm;avonf/ twdtus rqdkEdkif/

rnfodkUyifjzpfap? bdk;awmfvufxufü rif;rdzk&m;rsm;omru tr&yl& aejynfawmf?

aps;awmfBuD;&yfae bHkoHk;qifh a&Tausmif;BuD; 'um paom t&yfolt&yfom; vluHkxHrsm;yg
udk;uG,f qnf;uyf&onfh xif&Sm;aom omoemûy yk*d¾KvfBuD; jzpfaMumif;rSm jiif;zG,fr&dSacs/

ouú&mZf 1148-ckESpf wefaqmifrkef; vjynfhausmf oHk;&ufaeUwGif bdk;awmf rif;w&m;BuD;onf

&cdkifodkU omoemûyvTwf&ef udpöESifhpyfí wHqdyf&q&mawmfBuD; ckESpfyg;udk eef;awmfodkU yifhí
avQmuf&mü-

]]rif;usifhw&m;ESifh rnD[k xifaom t&m&dSvQif qHk;rawmfrlMuygbk&m;? usifhEdkifonfudk

usifhygrnf/ rusifhEdkifao;vQifvnf; þt&mjzifh rusifhEdkifao;aMumif; avQmufygrnf/
q&mawmfbk&m;wdkU trdefUawmfudk emcHí usifhaqmif&ygrS q&mawmfbk&m;wdkUudk
udk;uG,f&usdK;&dSygrnf}} [k&TifMunf0rf;ajrmufpGm avQmufxm;av\/

bdk;awmf\ avQmufxm;yHkrSm av;euf odrfarGUvSay\/ ysLiSm,Ofaus;vSaypGmh/

xdktaMumif;ESifhpyfí q&mawmfu ]&mZaMu;rHk½IzG,f} trnfjzifh a&;om;qHk;rawmfrl&onf/

q&mawmf a&;om;onfh taMumif;t&mESifh a&;om;yHkwdkUrSm a&;½dk;a&;pOf rif;usifhw&m;rsdK;
r[kwfacs/ acgif;aqmifvkyfolwdkif; odxm;oifhaom tcsufrsm; jzpfayonf/

acgif;aqmifvkyfolonf t&m&mwGif awmifvdkjrifhrm;rS olUudkrDS&onfh opfyifi,fom;wdkU

jrifhrm;EdkifyHkrStp vdrfvnfrI? trsufxGufrI? ayghjyufavsmhvsJrI oHk;rsdK;udk ausmfvGefEdkifap&ef
tusdK;tjypfESifhwuG a&;om;qHk;rxm;avonf/

tcsKyftm;jzifh ]&mZaMu;rHk ½IzG,f} onf tdrfacgif;aqmifrS tp acgif;aqmifwdkif; MunfhrSeftjzpf

aeUpOfMunhf½I toHk;ûy&rnfh acgif;aqmifrI vrf;ñTefusrf;BuD;yifwnf;/
xl;qef;pGm ysHvGefawmfrljcif;

q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;onf tr&yl& aejynfawmf\ ajrmufrif;&GmwdkufoHk;xyfausmif;ü

oDwif;oHk;aeawmfrlpOf wpfaeUaomtcg 'umrsm;udk ac:í-

]]ig touft&G,f BuD;NyD? aocsdefeD;NyD? acgif;ESpfck ûyvkyfNyD; vmvªvSnfhMu}} [krdefUawmfrl\/

'umrsm;rSmvnf; rnfodkUrQ jyefravQmuf&JMu/ ausmif;rS jyefvmMuum tjrefqHk;ESifh taumif;qHk;
jzpfatmifom pDpOfûyvkyfMu&onf/
acgif;ESpfvHk; vkyfNyD;vQif ausmif;odkU ,laqmifvmMu\/ acgif;wpfvHk;udk oifhawmf&mü
ae&mcsxm;NyD;aemuf acgif;wpfvHk;udk erlemtjzpf q&mawmfteD;odkU ,lcsí jyMuonf/
q&mawmfum; ae&mrSxum-

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xawmfrrljyD/ avsmif;NyD;onfESifh 0dnmOfcsKyfNidrf; b0Zmwfodrf;awmf rlav\/

'umrsm;vnf; wpfa,mufrsufESm wpfa,mufMunfhum rnfodkU vkyf&rnfrod? twefMum

rifwufrdaeMu\/ xdktcdkuf 'umrsm;teD;odkU tm*EÅKu bkef;BuD;wpfyg; MuGvmojzifh
tm;vHk;vIyf&Sm;vmum bkef;awmfBuD;tm; OD;csMuonf/ tm*EÅKu bkef;awmfBuD;\ rsufESmwGifum;
wpfpHkwpf&m xl;jcm;tHhMoonfh trlt&mudk rawGU&/ awmifav;vHk; q&mawmf\ tavmif;awmf
teD;odkU oGm;í-

]]tif;-'umBuD;wdkU q&mawmfbk&m;BuD; ysHvGefawmf rlavrSudk;}} [k om ajymqdkav\/

rwfwyf&yfvsufuyif rsufpdudk pHkrdSwfNyD; ocFg& w&m;udk ESvHk;oGif; qifjcifí NidrfoufpGm
aeawmfrlavonf/

'umrsm;vnf; tvdkufodpGm pum;wpfpHkwpf&m ravQmufao;bJ Nidrfí vuftkyfcsDaeMupOfrSmyif

xdktm*EÅKu bkef;awmfBuD;onf rsufpdudk zGifhí ausmif;wpfae&modkU vSrf;Munfh&if;-

]]aMomf......[dkrSmvJ acgif;wpfvHk;ygvm;}} [k tjcm; acgif;qDodkU MuGa&mufMunfh½I\/ acgif;xJodkU

0ifí vJavsmif;Munfhawmfrlonf/ xdkbkef;awmfBuD;vnf; jyefí xvmawmfrrl/ 0dnmOfcsKyfNidrf;
b0Zmwfodrf;awmf rljyef\/

'umrsm;vnf; tusdK;taMumif;yif avQmufcsdefr&bJ ydkí tHhtm;oifhMu&jyefavonf/ acgif;ESpfvHk;

tvkyfcdkif;onfudk ,ckrSyif em;vnfoGm;Mu&\/

tm*EÅKu bkef;awmfBuD;um; awmifav;vHk; q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;\ nDawmf OD;"r®yd,yifwnf;/

awmifav;vHk;q&mawmf nDaemifESpfyg; ,if;odkU xl;qef;pGm ysHvGefawmfrlMuyHk anmifav;yifawm&

t*¾r[m@dw q&mawmf OD;t&d,t&SifjrwfBuD; a&;om;awmfrlaom ]0dok'¨dr*ft&om} pmrsufESm
129-ü yg&dSonfhtwdkif; azmfjyygonf/odkU&mwGif xdkpmtkyfü tm*EÅKu bkef;awmfBuD;rSm
awmifav;vHk; q&mawmf\ aemifawmf[k yg&dS&m tajctaet&yf&yfudk axmufqí ]"r®yd,½IzG,f}
vm nDawmf "r®yd,q&mawmfyifjzpfzG,frsm;ojzifh ]nDawmf OD;"r®yd,yifwnf;} [ka&;vdkufygonf/

(acgif;wpfckxJ-ESpfyg;wGJ y&dedAÁmefpHum aumif;uifü ysHwuftylaZmfcH&aom oD[dkVfacwf

&[EÅmrsm; taMumif; ]pHawmf0ift&d,mrsm;} ü Munfhyg/)
 q&mawmf\ qE´ESifh Mo0g'

q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;onf trsdK;rsdK;aom ½IzG,fusrf;rsm;udk ûypkawmfrlcJh&m q&mawmf\ qE´?

&nf&G,fcsufrSmrl wpfckwnf;om &dSavonf/

]]þpmi,fonf a&ay:qDESHU jyefUouJhodkU xdkxdkt&yfodkU tESHUjyefU onfjzpfí igyif aoaomfvnf;

ig\ udk,fpm; bk&m; oAÁñK trIawmfxrf; þusrf;jzpfí bk&m;ocif tvdkawmfjynfh
ewfvltaygif;wdkU\ aumif;usdK;udk tNyD;odkUa&mufatmif &Gufaqmifonf jzpfapownf;/}}
(earmwó *rÇD&ESifh trw'Gg& ½IzG,fed*Hk;/)

½IzG,fwdkif; vdkvdkyif ed*Hk;ü txufyg pum;udk udk,fawmfwdkif ayü unpfjzifh a&;jcpf

azmfjyavonf/ xdkqE´awmftwdkif; q&mawmf rvGefrD tcsdefapmpGm (1164-ckESpf) umvuyif
armfvNrdKifNrdKU ]&r®yl&} pmyHkEdSyfwdkufrS NyD;orQ ½IzG,f 12-wGJudk yHkEdSyfum q&mawmf\ qE´udk
jznfhqnf;cJhzl;avonf/ oufawmfxif&Sm; &dSaeao;ojzifh awGUjrifaomfvnf; jrifoGm;Edkifayonf/

xdkrSwpfyg; ]trw'Gg&½IzG,f} ('k wGJ-66) twGif;pmom;ü uREkfyfwdkUtwGuf xl;jcm;pGm rSmxm;awmf

rlcJhaom Mo0g'pum; wpfcGef;udk zwf½I&onf/ xdkMo0g'awmfum; atmufygtwdkif; jzpfygonf/

]]{u o|d owo[ó = (1161) ouú&mZfü pwk*D&dq&m aemifvmvlaygif;wdkUtm; qHk;rMo0g'

ay;xm;rSmcJhonf/ (rsufawmftydwfaysmufqHk;aeonf/)

]]owd&&? vHkUv&dSMuap/}}

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oGm;vnf; oGm;zl;vSukefNyD/ oGm;vnf; oGm;jyefukefvwåHU/ oGm;vnf; ,ckpGefUxm;cJhí
oGm;Mu&ukefonf/ þodkUjzpf&jcif;um; "r®wm? oHo&m0#f\ tusifhtavhwnf;[k oHa0*vnf;
&Muap/}}
psmemvmbD t&SifrkedE´ aCmoESifiYf t&Sif*rÇDom&

1114-ckESpf tr&yl&jrdKYwnf bdk;awmfrif;w&m;MuD;vufxuf a&pMudKt&yfü yk*¾dKvfausmf ESpfyg;rSm

q&m t&SifrkedE´daCmoESifh wynfh t&Sif*rÇDom& jzpf\/ q&mwynfh qdkaomfvnf;
udk,fhausmif;ESifhudk,f oDwif;oHk;Muonf/

wckaom 0gqdkvjynfh 0g0iftcgMuD;aeYwGif t&Sif urÇDom&onf olYq&mausmif;odkY vma&muf

uefawmh&m t&SifrkedE´aCmou qHk;rMo0g' pum;rsm;udk rdefYMum;jyD;vSsif-

]]igY&Sif urÇDom&? ,cktcg bk&m;&Sif omoemawmfü tESpfom& uif;jywfjyD[k rrSwfvifh?

tESpfom& &Sdayao;onf/ tm;xkwfrSl vHkYv0D&d, r&SdMuíom tESpfom& uif;jywfaeonf
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rdrd&&Sdaom w&m;udk wdkuf&dkufrajymMum;bJ "r®"d|meftm;jzifh rdefYawmfrljcif; jzpfonf/
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jyefvmcJYonf/ yVu pmayrsm;ESifY 0dyóem usrf;rsm;udk jyefvnfavYvm\/

tXuxmMuD; 5-apmifü omoemawmf acwf-5 acwf cGJjcm;jyonfrSm ,cktcgwGif psmeftbdnmOf

r&EdkifouJhodkY awGY&onfudk rauseyfEdkifbJ &Sdavonf/ pmwwfaywwf yk*¾dKvftcsdKYuvnf;
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vnf; b0ifrus/ r[my&dedAÁmeokwfü okb''´tm; a[mMum;aom pum;udkawGYrS ]]omoemvnf;
wpfaxmifru wpfaomif;ru? w&m;rSefrsm; wnf&SdaeorSs jzpfvdkaomt&m tcsdefra&G;
jzpfEdkifonf}} [k wpfxpfcs qHk;jzwf,Hkpm;um w&m;tm;xkwf&ef pDpOfavawmh\/

ur®Xmef; 40-wGif rdrdp&dkufESifh udkufnDaom ur®Xmef;udk a&G;cs,fvdkuf\/ eDvuodkPf; jzpfonf/

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qif&kyfay:vm\/ qif&kyfay:wGif jcaoFh? e*g;? *VKef edrdwfrsm;vnf;
wpfaumifay:wpfaumifqifhí qifhí ay:vm\/ xdkYjyif xl;xl;qef;qef; edrdwfrsm;rSm
ra&wGufEdkifatmif jzpfvmavonf/ q&mudkvnf; ravSsmufrd/ pdwfxJwGifvnf; rwifrus
jzpfaeonf/

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ac:um-
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avSsmufxm;apvTwfrnf[k owif;&onf/ MuGvmppfar;aomf rdrdoEÅmefü jzpfay:vmorSs
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a&pMudKjrdKYwGif;wnf;ausmif;r@yfü oDwif;oHk;Muonf/ t&Sif rkedE´aCmo q&mwynfh ESpfyg;udk
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q&mawmfMuD; av;yg;wdkYu tMudrfMudrf ppfar;pOf;pm;MujyD;vSsif-

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ESpfum; 1181-ckESpf jzpf\/

xdkaemuf bMuD;awmfrif;w&m;MuD; (1181-1191) vufxuf t&Sif rkedE´aCmo oljrwfonf

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t&yfav;rsufESmü ausmfapm\/ (bm0eme, 'DyeDusrf;wGif vm\/)
tif;0jrdKY &[EÇm t&Sif o'¨vuFm&

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wpfaeYaomtcg t&Sifo'¨r®mvuFm&u t&Sif0dok'¨gpm&tm;-

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a&S;rqGuyif 0dyóem tm;xkwf&ef qE´&Sdygonfudk ,ckuJYodkY trdefY&Sdí 0rf;ajrmufvSygonf/
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þum; Ak'¨0ifaemufuG,frS vQdK h0Suf
tjzpfrSef wpfck[k qdk&ayvdrfhrnf/

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tm;udk;avmufygaypGmh/

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urf;rjrifaom yifv,fjyifü rdcifudkausmydk;í vufypful;qJ/ &[EÅm jA[®mBuD;onf xdktjzpfudk
jrifawG h&í ]]þolum; aus;Zl;w&m;odí 0D&d, BuD;rm;ay\/ þoltm; bk&m;qkyefvdkaom
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bk&m;qkyefaponf/

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vuf0J&pfvSnfhum raumif;rI ûy&ef EdI;aqmf\/
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EdI;aqmfaMumif; awG h&\/

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t&SifpE´drmwnf;/
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tvGefvdktyfaomtcgrS tvGwftuRwf aqmifawmfrlMuonf/
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udk;uG,fawmfrlonf/ ‘ pE´drmbd0Ho oD&do'¨r®"Z r[m"r®&mZm"d&mZ*k&k} bGJUwHqdyfudkvnf;
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rEÅav;aejynfawmfodkY q&mawmfudk yifhcJhonf/ q&mawmfum; juGrvm/ xkdYaMumifh oD;vHk;&GmrSmyif
&wembHkpH ausmif;awmf aqmufvSLcJhonf/

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64- usrf; &Sdonf qkdMuonf/

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oli,fudk ausmif;om;tjzpf tyfESHvufcHrnfhnü qifjzLawmfuav;wpfpD; avSum;&if;ü
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y#dywåd yumoeDrS rSwfom;zG,f&mrsm;

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MudK;yrf;csufaMumifh rEÅav;jrdKU jrefrmhwm&m pmyHkESdyfwkdufrS 'kwd,tMudrf&dkuf ]y#dywåd
yumoeDusrf;} &SpfapmifwGJ xGufay:vmcJhonf/ tvm;wl y#dywfqdkif&m wkdwkdxGmxGm
usrf;pmrsm;vnf; &SmazG &&SdEdkifayOD;rnf/

xdk&SpfapmifwGJü pkpkaygif; 291-

291- rsufESm &Sdí-

1/y#dywåd yumoeDusrf;?
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xkd&SpfapmifwGJ usrf;pkü q&mawmfonf ]bGJUawmft&Sif pE´drmjzpfí &Tef;&Tef;wuf&Gm ZmwdjzpfaMumif;}

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pZ 'kZÆe oHo*¾H? bZ om"k orm*rH/

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(t*FkwådK&f pwkuú? puúokwf tzGifhvnf;Munfh/)

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vJvS,fjyD;aomtcg ykef;uG,fae&mrS a&tdk;udk qGJjyD; xGufvmum jzKef;ceJ avmif;csjyefonf/
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a&mufvmMuonf/

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,if;awmfrav;u q&mawmf qGrf;bkOf;ay;ckduf idk,dkavQmufxm;í Ekwf,lawmfrl&\/

&efatmifjrif 0efaxmufrif; &mxl;rScsxm;jcif;cH&pOf q&mawmf\ arwåm&dyfü cdkvIHvm&m

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oef½Gmodk h e,fESifav&m taMumif;tm;avsmfpGm u,fwifcJh&onf/

wpfcgu ppfudkif;NrdK h0ef OD;½dk;onf rw&m;ESdyfpufvGef;tm;BuD;í 'umwpfOD;u ycef;q&mawmftm;

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omoemudkomydkifwm? xG#facgifudk rydkifbl;}} [k trdef h&Sdvdkufaom [l\/ NrdK h0ef OD;½dk;um;
xG#facgifq&mawmf\ wynfhjzpfowwf/

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vma&mufcdkvIHaeMu&m oHawmfqifhrif;udk,fwdkif vdkufízrf;pOf &[ef;i,frsm;ESifh
tvkt,ufjzpfoGm;onf/ &[ef;i,frsm;u oHawmfqifhrif;tm; yg;em;½dkufykwfvdkufMuojzifh
oHawmfqifhrif;u bk&iftm; jyefvnfoHawmfOD;wif&m –

]]armifrif;? olawmfaumif;awG aMumuf&SmvGef;vdk h awmxJrSm ykef;atmif;aeygonfudk

armifrif;oGm;jypfrSm;oudk;? uefawmhacsyg}} ESpfodrfhpum; rdef hMum;í uefawmhcdkif;zl;onf/
cH&oludkyif xyfí t½HI;ay;ouJhodk h vnf;aumif;? &[ef;rsm;udk ]b pm;} ay;vGef;onf[k
vnf;aumif; xifzG,f&Sd\/ r[kwfacs/ bk&m;om;awmfrsm;tm; vuftkyfcsDí tEkenf;jzifh
qHk;rvdkufjcif; jzpfay\/

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q&mawmf rif;a&;rif;cGifh omrSef;odí t&Sdeft0gudk tumtuG,f,lum tcGifhta&;tvGJoHk;pm;

vkyfvdkolrsm;vnf; &SdcJhEdkif&m\/ bk&m;&Sif vufxufawmfuvnf; avmu Oya'udk
csdK;azmufolrsm;? ppfrIxrf;b0 NiD;aiG hí xGufajy;vmolrsm;? rusef;rmaomfvnf; aiGaMu;
tukeftus rcHEdkifojzifh q&mZD0uxH aq;ukocHvdkí tcGifhta&;,;um omoem&dyf cdkvSmolrsm;
&SdcJhavonf/ þum; vlom;wdk h\ obm0yifwnf;/
&mZOyg,f wk,lzG,f
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EdkifiHa&; bmoma&; a&maxG;onf[k wpfzufowf a0zefaumif; a0zefp&m &Sday\/ odk h&mwGif
tjypfrqdkomacs/
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rjzpf/

txl;ojzifh &Hcg rdrdtusdK;udk o,faqmifol? cspfuRrf;0ifolrsm; udk,fwdkifu rnfodk hrQ

cGifhrvTwfEdkifaom jypfrIudk usL;vGefvmaomtcg ydkícuf\/ vTwfívnf;rjzpf/
tjypfvnf;ray;&uf/ rdrdjyKxm;aom trsm;qdkif Oya'udk jyif& zsuf&rnf qdkjyefyguvnf;
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tqufqufwdk hvnf; vkyfcJhNyD/ ,ckvnf; vkyfqJ/ aemifvnf; þenf;udkyif
toHk;jyKMu&ayOD;rnf/

qdkygtHh .. bk&ifhaemif vufxufu jzpfonf/ bk&ifhaemifonf ppfonfAdkvfyg tvHk;t&if;ESifh

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NrdK hapmifhwyfonf rif;pnf;pdrf ckepf&uf&í aumif;rSef;odojzifh vufrvTwfcsif? bk&ifpdwf
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ta&;edrfhum NrdK hapmifh wyfacgif;aqmif ta&;ay:Adkvfrª;rsm;ESifh aemufvdkufi,fom; tm;vHk;tm;
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xGufaygufr&/ aemifwBuD;pGm aMumufvef hidk,dkMuukef\/ bk&ifuvnf; xdktwdkif;yif vSef
hxm;onf/ rD;½dI hí owfrnf&Sdaomtcg q&mawmfrsm;tm; bk&ifudk,fwdkifuyif wpfzufvSnfh
arwåm&yfapí toufab; tvªcHapcJhzl;\/ (acgif;aqmifrsm;om uGyfrsufcH&onf/)
omoemawmfvnf; *kPfwufí oHk;OD;om; om;a½Ttdk; xrf;aom &mZOyg,faywnf;/

,cktcgwGifvnf; tcgBuD; ae hBuD;rsm;udk &nfnTef;í tjypfrS yvSyfjcif;? &ufavQmhjcif;rsm;

jyKvkyfaeMu&onf r[kwfavm/ vkyfoifhonfudk vkyfjcif;aywnf;/

*smrefq&m0efBuD; rmbd
xG#facgif q&mawmf\ bm0emw&m;udk pOf;pm;awG;BuH vufcH ESpfoufolrsm;wGif
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q&m0efBuD; rmbdum; a&S hwef;rS yg0if\/ rif;wkef;rif;BuD; vufxufwGif oltdkolem½Hk
(aq;½Hkrsm;) aqmufvkyfum vcaMu;aiGrsm;xkwfay;í usef;rma&;udk tm;ay;cJhonf/ q&m0ef
rmbdum; bk&ifh&du©mawmf& orm;awmfBuD; jzpdonf/ ol htaMumif; 1238-ckESpf wydk hwGJvqef;
7-&uf paeae h(20? 1? 1877) xkwf &efukefrS ]avmuDokwynm} owif;pmeGif atmufygtwdkif;
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ckESpftwGif; tedpöa&mufí ¤if;\ aetdrf0if;twGif;üyif jrefrmbkef;awmfBuD;rsm;udk yifhí zkwfMunf;
oN*ØK[faMumif;}}

pifppf q&m0efBuD;rmbdum; c&pf,mefbmomrS Ak'¨bmomtjzpf ul;ajymif;um Oygoum

jzpf½HkrQru "r®duacsmifüyif ausmif;wpfaqmif aqmufvªí ausmif;'um tjzpfodk hyif
a&mufcJholjzpf\/
bkef;uHBuD;rm; vmbfaygrsm;
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rEÅav;acwfwGif olrwlatmif bkef;uHBuD;rm; vmbfaygrsm;aMumif; odrdcJhol rEÅav;taemufjyif
ig;qlawmfq&mawmfbk&m;BuD;u ajymMum;zl;owwf/

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taemufaqmifaom ajrmufaqmifaom wHcg;r&Sd "m;r&Sd 0ifxGufcGifh&xm;\/ tcgwpfyg;
q&mawmfu ae0ifcgeD;rS –

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qGrf;avmif;vªcsifouG,fh? jzpfygrvm;}} [k ar;awmfrl&m nBuD;rif;BuD; pDpOf&ef
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[kavQmuf&onf/ OD;a½T&if;onf csufcsif;pDpOfum "r®duacsmifrS xGufí cdkawmifukwdk hqdyf
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tusdK;taMumif; ar;jref;í ajymqdkaomtcg pma&;awmfBuD;rSm 0rf;omtm;&jzpfum –

]]aumif;ygNyD? olrsm;udk todray;ygESifh? uRefawmfyJ ukodkvf,lyg&ap? oHCmtyg; oHk;&mru

ig;&myif avmif;vªygrnf}} [k ajymqdkavonf/ csufcsif;pDpOf vlolpkaqmif;í ppfudkif;odk h
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oHCmtyg; ig;&myif avmif;vªªEdkifMuonf/
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Munfh½Iawmfrl\/ &SifomraPi,f uav;rsm; tvSnfha&mufvQif ]]xnfhygOD;[Jh}} [kqdkum rqef
hrNyJ avmif;vªaponf/

pma&;awmfBuD;vnf; xdkae htwGuf nDvmcH r0ifEdkifbJ&Sd&m aemufwpfae hwGif rif;w&m;BuD;u

tusdK;taMumif; ar;jref;ojzifh taMumif;pHk oHawmfOD;wif&m –

]]armifrif; uHaumif;vdkufygbd? igudk,fawmfjrwfxH q&mawmfu tvªrcHbl;uG,fh? armifrif;

w,fuHaumif;ygayw,f/ tdrf; --- igudk,fawmfjrwfuvJ oHCmtyg; oHk;&mtwGuf
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rxifrSwf0Hhygacs/

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'um 'umrwdk h\ o'¨gw&m;udk iJh&[ef wlavonf/

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vmbfvmb rsm;jym;onfh t½G,fü twdkif;rod rsm;jym;jcif;? acgif;yg;onfhtcsdefü jzpfovdk

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oDwif;oHk;oGm;aom *lESifh ]q&mawmfESifhwlvSonf} [k odrDolwdk h tHhMo&aom opfom;yHkwl
½kyfwlawmfudkvnf; zl;ajrmfEdkifMuonf/

( q&mawmfbk&m;BuD; taMumif; þrQavmuf tcsuftcuf &onfrSm (1301-ckESpf rEÅav; vScif

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aus;Zl;awmfyif jzpfygaMumif;/)

xG#facgifq&mawmfbk&m;MuD;\
ur®Xmef;oHayguf vuFmrsm;

1/ oaAÁowåm? a0ae,sm? oHom&SnfvSNyD/

2/ twnfusus? b,fb0? &Mur&SdNyD/
3/ &tHhEdk;Ekd;? avmbrsdK;? tusdK;,kwfvSNyD/
4/ oHk;yg;nD;nD;? avmifrD;MuD;? zdpD;vSavNyD/
5/ avmifrSef;rod? arm[zd? rdkufrdvSavNyD/
6/ ydk;zvHrsdK;? rD;ukdwkd;? udk,fusdK;enf;vSNyD/
7/ umr*kPfrGJ? onfrdkufcJ? rcGJEkdifMuNyD/
8/ rcGJEkdifMu? vlUAmv? rkdufpodrf;oifhNyD/
9/ **FgoJwl? yGifhawmfrl? qlqlrsm;vSNyD/
10/ rsm;toacFs? &SifapmaxG? a&SmifaoGvGJcJhNyD/
11/ wpfqlroifh? wpfqloifh? zl;cGifhawGYxkdufNyD/
12/ rawmfrw&m;? usifhazmufNym;? rdkuftm;MuD;vSNyD/
13/ tvkdrvkduf? onftrkduf? y,fxkdufoifhvSNyD/
14/ ry,frcsdK;? qifuef;wdk;? [kwfEkd;xifvSNyD/
15/ [kwfEdk;orSK? xifwkdif;NyK? ,ckwdkifcJhNyD/
16/ w&m;vufvGwf? iSufawmifuGswf? 0#fESifhruif;NyD/
17/ rEkówå? 'kv’b? r&rsm;avNyD/
18/ t&awmfpG? onfb0? vSvSusifhxkdufNyD/
19/ MuHKMudKufawmfpGm? omoem? a&mif0gxGef;vSNyD/
20/ owd&&? Nrwfykn? NyK&aumif;oifhNyD/
21/ wpfaeYwpfaeY? eufNzefa&GU? rarhaumif;oifhNyD/
22/ ighudk,fighom;? ighr,m;? xifrSm;vSavNyD/
23/ xifrSm;wwfpGm? ouúm,m? rdpämuif;oifhNyD/
24/ ig;ckcE¨m? &kyferfrSm? rSefpGm rSwfoifhNyD/
25/ or®oe? OmPftp? xifvSoifhMuNyD/
26/ eifNzifheifhudk,f? qHk;r,qkd? eifhudk,ftrSKonf/
27/ eifrqHk;r? eifhwmy? b,fucHvdrfhrnf/
28/ eSvHk;zHkzHk? xkHwHkwHk? eifhyHkaMumhMurf;onf/
29/ eifeSifUeifhuH? pD&ifzef? trSefNzpfawmYonf/
30/ ,ckeifhudk,f? eifhtvdk? b,fukdNynfhpkHonf/
31/ eifhudk,feifESpf? eifhtNypf? eifNzpfcH&rnf/
32/ eifhukdeifhtm;? eifroem;? eifrSm;&SmawmYonf/
33/ 'geoDvm? bm0em? eifomNyKoifhonf/
34/ ZmwdZ&m? r&Pm? rMumeifawGUrnf/
35/ rsufawmifwpf,Suf? vQyfwpfNyuf? eifhoufaovdrfhrnf/
36/ b,fESpfb,fv? a&mufcgrS? umvra&G;NyD/
37/ MuD;i,fr[l? udk,fh&G,fwl? ckrlaovSNyD/
38/ trSefao&dk;? xkdvlrsdK;? aMumufpdk;&GHUoifhNyD/
39/ roGif;ESvHk;? txif&SHK;? ysufNyKef;vSavNyD/
40/ cE¨maMuGavsmf? &SdNyefaomf? ylaZmfaumif;vSNyD/
41/ oGm;usdK;qHNzL? &Sdygrl? b,folraMumufNyD/
42/ þonfhr,m;? þonfhom;? rD;yGm;rSefawmhonf/
43/ c,0,? bdZÆe? ysufMuvSavNyD/
44/ tyÁda,[d? yda,[d? 'ku©dMuHKavNyD/
45/ 'ku©taxGaxG? wayay? cHae&avNyD/
46/ edAÁmefomacgif? ab;rJhaomif? a&mufatmifNyKoifhNyD/
47/ rNyKygbJ? eifa&SmifvGJ? eifyJrkdufvSonf/
48/ ,kwåd,kwåm? eifqifum? [efomeifrsm;onf/
49/ bk&m;oGm;oGm;? ausmif;oGm;oGm;? pdwfxm;eifrMunf/
50/ 'geoDvm? eifNyKcg? apwemaZmrMunf/
51/ odkYyifNyKvdk? eifhukokdvf? b,fukdoGm;vdrfhrnf/
52/ avmukwå&m? NrdKufMoZm? eifoma0;vSonf/
53/ aZmpdwfoefoef? ukodkvfrSef? eifMuHNyK&rnf/
54/ okdYNyKrSom? onfacrm? eifomeD;&rnf/
55/ þodkUpHkaph? NyefvSefí? aphaphESvHk;wnf/
56/ terw*¾? oHom&? MumvSavukefNyD/
57/ **Fg0gVK? yrmNyK? oJpk ruNyD/
58/ wPSm\aemuf? waumufaumuf? vdkufaxmufroifhNyD/
59/ wPSmNrpfr? yifv,f0? epfMuavukefNyD/
60/ wPSmvnf;yGm;? 'ku©rsm;? oGm;írqHk;NyD/
61/ wPSmydkYwif? yg,fav;cGif? vsifpGma&mufavNyD/
62/ aorif;EkdifiH? tzefzef? vkdufNyef&avNyD/
63/ a0blawmifrQ? yrmNy? t&dk;ruNyD/
64/ epfwHkay:wHk? oHk;yg;bHk? MuHKNyef&avNyD/
65/ csrf;omraiGU? qif;&JawGU? NiD;aiGUoifhvSNyD/
66/ t0dZÆE¨? onfarm[? nSOf;qJvSayNyD/
67/ eD0&P? qD;wm;Mu? vrf;p rqHk;NyD/
68/ *wdig;yg;? qHkvnfEGm;? oGm;írqHk;NyD/
69/ b0wdkif;ao? ocFsKdif;aNr? yGm;apvSavNyD/
70/ vrf;aumufvnf;oGm;? vltrsm;? trSm;MudKufcJhNyD/
71/ vrf;aMumif;rrSef? NrwfedAÁmef? {uefvGJcJhNyD/
72/ b0rqHk;? 'ku©wHk;? vHk;vHk; cH&NyD/
73/ avmursuf&Sl? oAÁnk? ,ck&Sd&JU rif;/
74/ bk&m;Nzpfcg? omoem? a&mif0gw0if;0if;/
75/ rEkówå? 'kv’b? &atmifcJMurif;/
76/ NA[®mhNynfu? tyfukdcs? aNrutyfwpfpif;/
77/ tyfoGm;csif;om? xdzG,f&m? yrmrSwfMurif;/
78/ ed,smedu? Nrwf"r®? Mum;&cJ\rif;/
79/ o'¨gAv0? 'kv’b? &atmifcJMurif;/
80/ t&awmfckduf? vlwpf0dkuf? cJvkdufMuukefrif;/
81/ ukd,fhzdkUr&? onfaemifw? NzpfwwfMu\rif;/
82/ þokdYb0? NzpforQ? &rnfcJ\rif;/
83/ xl;NrwfpGmvS? vlUb0? ESaNrmMuukefrif;/
84/ NrwfonfukdrS? rodMu? AmveSvHk;oGif;/
85/ AmvNzpfu? vlUygy? MumMuukefNyDrif;/
86/ vlNzpfusdK;rS? rcH&? &SlH;vSacs\rif;/
87/ b0wdkif;&SlH;? vlUausmufwHk;? pkef;pkef;NrKyf\rif;/
88/ pkef;pkef;NrKyfcg? ray:vm? Mur®marSmuf\rif;/
89/ edAÁmefvrf;p? þokdYNy? rSwfMueSvHk;oGif;/
90/ uvsmPrdwå? y@dw? aygif;azmf&\rif;/
91/ xdkuvsmP? qdkqHk;r? vkdufem&\rif;/
92/ a,medaomre? odum&? aeYnESvHk;oGif;/
93/ oDv"kwif? aqmufwnfvQif? onfwGiftprif;/
94/ tavmb ta'go tarm[ edu©r 0da0u edó&P? þaNcmuf0? tvkd&SdMurif;/
95/ a&TNynfoepf? omonfhacwf? pdppfMuukefrif;/
96/ a&TNynfcsrf;om? pHcsif&Sm? qdwfNidrf&mokdYcsOf;/
97/ tedpöaumif? 'ku©aumif? tewåaumif? tokbaumif? xifatmif ESvHk;oGif;/
98/ tedpöwHk;? 'ku©wHk;? tewåwHk;? tokbwHk;? vHk;vHk; ESvHk;oGif;/
99/ þokdYxifrS? r*fvrf;p? &rnfrSwfpif;pif;/
100/ r*¾ifazmifMuD;? wufípD;rS? NynfMuD;trw? eda&m"? &rnfrSwfMurif;/
101/ ,ckb0? rodMurll? trwrnfac:? a&TNynfawmf? tapmfreHvQif;/

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tenf;ESifhtrsm; tvkyfcsdef avsmhyg;&avawmh\/

- vmb (ypön;fav;yg; &jcif;)?

- ouúm& (t½dktao tylaZmf cH&jcif;)?
- odavmu (ausmfaZmowif; jyefUyGm;jcif;) oHk;rsdK;onfvnf; wyfpdwfwpfck xufwpfck
odrfarGUvSaom rm&fwyfrBuD; wpfrsdK;yifwnf;/ &[ef;udpö NyD;oGm;aom yk*¾dKvfrsm; twGuf
taESmifht,Suf jzpfapumrl raxmif;wmvS/ yGm;rsm;usifhBuHqJ yk*¾dKvfrsm;twGufum; BuD;pGmaom
taESmifht,Suf wpfrsdK;yifwnf;/

y#dywåd omoem0ifwGif tdyfrufay;aom jyóemvnf; rMumcP BuHK&wwfonf/ &Hcg

o'¨gvGefaom wefcdk;&Sifrsm;? ykxkZOf ½ku©pdk;rsm;\ zefwD;csuf jzpfwwf\/ wpfcgu oHk;q,fNrdKU
taemufbuf ajrjzLawmif awm&ausmif; bkef;awmfMuD;wpfyg;onf &yfa0;'um 'umrrsm;tm;
xdktdyfrufrsdK; rMumcPvkyfaeaom ½ku©pdk;BuD;tm; rmefrJawmf rl&zl;\/

wpfcgwpf&H ododomom aESmifh,Sufjcif;vnf; jzpfwwfonf/ wpfcgwpf&H txufyk*¾dKvfrsm;

trdefUt& w&m;yGm;rsm;aeolxH ]]w&m;em& usifh&rnf} [k wynfhcH vmolrsm;vnf; r&Sm;acs/
acgif;ay:wifí ypfcsjcif;yifwnf;/

toufwpf&m&Snfaom
&[EÅm OD;om&Tef; (OD;u0dE´)
( 1182 - 1282 )

armif;axmif? anmifuefwpf0dkuf t&n0goD awm&rDS yk*¾dKvfrsm; wpfacwfu tvGefrsm;jym;cJh[ef

&dS\/ xdka'oonf [dr0EÅmESifh wpfpyfwnf; jzpfí awmawmifvnf; xlxyfonf/ aMumifyef;?
v,fwD? uEéDpaom q&mawmfrsm;vnf; xdka'oü awm&cdkawmfrlMuzl;\/ a,m*Dtjzpfjzifh
avhvmpHkprf;aomtcgrS a,m*DwdkUtwGuf a'oaumif;wpfck jzpfaMumif; awGU&dS&onf/
armif;axmifBuD;&Gm\ ajrmufbuf ajcmufrdkifcefUü 0uf&Jawmac:aom t&yfonf ydkí
awmNrdKifxlxyfojzifh olawmfaumif;BuD;rsm; cdkatmif;&m jzpfcJh\/ r[mNrdKifawmBuD;\
awmifbufydkif; jzpfonf/
emrnfausmf awm&pcef;rsm;

oxHkacwfaESmif; yk*HacwfOD;avmufuyif cifBuD;rdk;ac:aom olawmfpifBuD;wpfyg; xdkawmüyif

acgif;cscJhonf/ xdktcsdefwGif awmBuD;rsufrnf; twGif;ü w&m; &GwfzwfoHrsm;ESifh aMu;pnf
acgif;avmif;oHrsm; nwdkif;vdkvdk &Gmom;rsm;tm;vHk; Mum;Mu&\/ qGrf;cHMuGaeus bkef;awmfBuD;
cifBuD;rdk;vnf; rMuGvmojzifh 0uf&J&Gmom;wdkU oGm;a&muf MunhfMu&m cifBuD;rdk;
ysHvGefawmfrlaeonfudk awGUMu&onf/ tavmif;awmfudk &GmodkU yifhaqmifcJhMu\/

armif;axmif &Gmom;wdkUvnf; xdktaMumif;udk Mum;í cifBuD;rdk; Zmwd armif;axmifodkU yifh,l

ylaZmfvdkaMumif; awmif;qdkMuonf/ r&onfhtqHk; ntcg oGm;a&mufcdk;,lMu\/ tavmif;awmfudk
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va&mifxdefxdefvif;aeonf/ armif;axmifodkU a&mufrSyif tvif;a&mifaysmufí vuG,faeU
jzpfaMumif; owdûyrdMuavawmh\/ (xdktaMumif; ]armif;axmif ½kyfvHk;azmf #Dum} ü zwf½I&onf/)

anmifuef&Gmtaemuf &SpfrdkifcefUwGif awmawmifxlxyfí vQdKajrmif acsmufurf;yg;vnf;

aygrsm;aom awm&ausmif;wpfck &dSonf/ aywpf&m ay ig;q,f eufí acsmif;\ atmufajcwGif
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ur®|mef;bm0em twGuf xl;jcm;aumif;rGefaom a'ojzpfayonf/ cdkacsmif; csyfuav; paom
&Gmrsm;udk a*gp&*grf ûyEdkif\/ a&S;tcgu xdkacsmufwGif OD;um ac:aom bkef;awmfBuD;wpfyg;
aezl\/ &[EÅm[k ausmfMum;onf/ usm;opfrsm;ESifhtwl rD;vIHwwf\/ ydk;avmuf tpm;cHí
ysHvGefawmfrlonf/

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aqmufwnfaom yk*¾dKvfrSm OD;OuúHo ac: EdkifiHawmf Mo0g'gp&d, q&mawmfBuD;Nzpf\/ 1239-ck?
yif;NrdKU pcef;r tv,f&GmzGm;? refvnf? wvdkif;ukef;? 0wfcsufrif;ausmif;q&mawmfwdkU\
wynfhjzpfonf/

1293-ckESpfwGif armif;axmifBuD; &GmOD;ü apwDvS ac: pmoifwdkif wpfwdkufudkvnf;

wnfaxmifcJh\/ ]*rÇD&w¦yumoeD? pwkuú0dedpä,? Ak'¨o&Pw¦'Dyu} usrf;rsm;udkvnf; ûy\/

ppfudkif; usdKufywdkifausmif; pmcsbkef;BuD;b0rS wpfawmxGuf0if awm& aqmufwnf\/

vHkUv0D&d, o'¨gw&m; BuD;rm;onf/ bkwvifNrdKU ta&SUajrmuf &SpfrdkifcefU&dS anmifeDawm&ü aepOf
wapäo&Jrsm; ntcgwGif tBudrfBudrfaESmifh,Suf&m enf;trsdK;rsdK;jzifh umuG,fí r&/ arwåmydkUrSom
Edkifojzifh arwåmvufeufwefcdk;BuD;aMumif; rMumcP wdkufwGef;awmfrlonf/

armif;axmifBuD;&Gm ta&SUajrmufbuf&dS tifMuif;prf; awm&ü aepOf awmvdkufrkqdk;rsm;

awmausmif;ywf0ef;usifodkU a&mufwdkif; rdk;arSmifBuD; usvmí tBudrfBudrf awmvdkufr&ojzifh
tonf;pGJ Munfñdkav;pm;Muonf/ xdkq&mawmf OD;umacsmufü aepOf wynfh&[ef;wpfyg;tm;
tawmifajcmufq,f&dS pMuøausmif;BuD;ü ur®|mef;ay;&m xdk&[ef; pMuøxdyfü w&m;xdkifae&mrS
wpfzuf pMuøxdyfodkU cE¨mudk,fBuD; aNrSmufysH ajymif;a&TUoGm;onfudk BuHK&zl;\/
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vif;xdefaeonfudk awGU&\/ oGm;í Munfh&m q&mawmfudk rawGUcJh&/ eHeufvif;í q&mawmftm;
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q&mawmfum; ZGJ? vHkUv BuD;rm;vSay\/ q&mawmfonf taMumif;udpö&dSvQif awm&ausmif;rS

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&dScdk;cdkif;avh&dS\/ ukodkvf ay;jcif;aywnf;/

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vrf;ckvwfwGif a>rudkufí aoqHk;&&Sm\/

q&mawmfonf xdka'owpf0dkufü vlwef;pm; tvdkuf todtvdr®m ay;awmfrl\/ odkUaomf

wu,fhaus;Zl;*kPfudk odolum; enf;yg;vSonf/ awm&ajrü om;vdkuf? xif;ckwf?
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1311-ckESpf? oufawmf-75-ESpft& azma&mifaom a&m*gjzifh tarmqdkU aeonfhMum;rS

wynfhrsm;tm; w&m;a[m r&yfbJ &dSaeí tarmydkjyif;xefvm\/ xdkESpf ewfawmfvqkwf 8-
&ufaeU nwGif aumif;uifrS oabFmMu,fudk tMunfhcdkif;NyD;vQif-

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tarmoufom oGm;rSmyg}} [k rdefUawmfrlonf/ q&mawmf\ w&m;oHrsm;rSm cRJrsm;ESifh vHk;axG;í
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oabFmMu,fudk Munfhvdkufaomtcg rGef;,drf;aeonfudk awGU&ojzifh q&mawmf
ajympum;rSefaMumif; ajymqdkaeMuonf/

pifppf q&mawmfum; oabFmMu,feSifhtwl rGef;wdrf;&avNyD/

,ck xdkawm&ü 0g;awmr OD;uvsmP q&mawmf qufvufapmifha&Smufí awm&aqmufwnfum
ur®|mef; ay;awmfrlvsuf &dSonf/

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xdkawm&ü bkef;BuD;OD;a'G;aESmif;? bGJU-OD;t&d,ÚmP ac:aom bkef;awmfBuD;wpfyg; &dSonf/
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aeUpOf bk&m;zl; MuGonf[k ,lq ajymqdkMuonf/ bdk;awmf rif;w&m;BuD;u q&mawmftm;
aejynfawmfodkU tylaZmfcH yifhavQmuf&m oHk;Budrfwdkifwdkif yifhavQmufrS MuGonf/

awmifuvyf\ ajrmufbuf oHk;rdkifausmfwGif tkwfzdkawmif? q,frdkifcefUwGif vufyH&Gm

vufyHawm& [k &dS\/ a,m*Dyg&*l uEéDq&mawmf\q&m? bGJU OD;tm'dpöac: vufyHq&mawmf\
awm&Xmejzpfonf/ vHk;awmfq&mawmf? t&mawmf q&mawmfESifh wdAufjynfom; oQDvwdó
q&mawmf wdkU\ wynfhjzpf\/ y#dywft&mwGif tvGefxif&Sm;onf/

þum; bkwvifNrdKUe,f armif;axmif? anmifuef ywf0ef;usif&dS Bwd*Ha'o awm&pcef;rsm;

jzpfonf/ ,ckwdkifvnf; wnf&dSMu\/ a&S;u y#dywf tajctaeudk cefUrSef;Edkif&ef t&yfa'o
wpfckudk axmuf½Ií Munfhjcif;rQom jzpfayonf/

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xyfrHcdkifcHhMuapukef&m\/

bkef;awmfBuD; OD;om&Tef;

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OD;om&Tef;taMumif;rSm uREkfyfwdkU\ aemifawmfBuD; armifaxmif,Gef; qufwdkufq&mawmf

OD;aombdw udk,fwdkif avhvm a&;om;xm;aom rSwfwrf;t& azmfjyygrnf/ xdkrSwfwrf;rSm
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tMum;&dS opfacgif; yvkyfwkwf awm&ü oDwif;oHk;onf/

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aMumifhMupdwfrsm; 0ifaeonf/ xdktwGif; q&mawmf oDwif;oHk;aom tkwfzkdawmiftm;
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xdkUaMumifh ig;pyfwif;wdrfBuD;udk acgif;ykNcHKum vufyHawm& ausmif;uav;rS wdwfwqdwf
xGufcGmvmcJh&onf/ armif;axmif&Gm ajrmufbuf ajcmufrdkifuGm 0uf&Jawmü a&TUajymif;í
oDwif;oHk;awmfrl\/

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tmeyge½IyGm;aom a,m*DwkdYonf rdrdwdkYaornfh tcsdefumvudk rdepfruGm twdtus
odjrifwwfMuavonf/
]]wynhfawmf psmyemrSm ukodkvfr&bJ tukodkvf rjzpf&pfMuygeJY? bkef;MuD;rsm;ESifh
&yf&GmvlMuD;rsm;uvJ omoemawmfMuD;eJY MuHK&usdK;eyfatmif bm0emw&m;rsm;udk OD;aqmif
MudK;pm;Muyg}} [kvnf; wkdufwGef;awmfrluydÜ, OD;yGm;ay:onf npOfvdkvdk bkef;awmfMuD;tm;
w&m;em&if; 0wfjznfh(ESdyfe,f) ay;avh&Sd\/ wpfckaom nwGif oHk;xyfausmif;MuD;
pmwkdufAD&dkab;ü vJavsmif;vsuf 0wfjyK cHawmfrlpOf]]armifyGm;ay:? ckumv bkef;MuD;a&m vla&m
&wemoHk;yg;udk wu,f,HkwJhvl &Sm;w,f? b,ftvkyfrqkd ,HkrS vkyfwm? vkyfrSvJ ,Hkp&mawG
awGYwwfw,fuG,fh? ,HkrSvJ t[kwftm;udk;wm? tm;udk;awmh ypöKyÜKefa&m oHo&myg tpD;tyGm;awG
rsm;awmhwmyJ}} [k jznf;jznf; av;av;MuD; trdefY&Sdonfudk OD;yGm;ay:onf ESdyfay;&if; em,lae\/
twefMumatmif ajcqkyfvufe,fjyKvkyf ay;aeaomfvnf; bkef;awmfMuD;\ toHrSm
qdwfoGmwaygif;vjzpfí &moDOwkum; tvGefyltdkufvSonf/ bkef;awmfMuD;\ w&m;oHudk
qufvuf em;pGifhaeao;\/ ay:rvmawmhacs/ pmwdkufAD&dkü xGef;n§dxm;aom vomrSeftdrfrSm
tvdktavsmuf rD;jidrf;oGm;onf/ oHk;xyfausmif;MuD; wpfckvHk; arSmifusoGm;\/ OD;yGm;ay:onf
pdwfxJü rouFmí rD;xxGef;n§djyD; (OD;u0dE´) um; tm,kocFg& csKyfjidrf;í tocFw
tjidrf;"mwfMuD;odkY tjyD;owf udef;0ifawmfrlavjyD/<o></o>
"mwfawmfzl;&rS aemifwjzpf<o></o>
y&dedAÁmefjyKaom xkdaeYum; bkef;awmfMuD; touf 99-ESpf? 9-v ESifh 9-&uf jynfhaomaeY
jzpfonfrSm xl;jcm;vS\/ rnfokdYaom taMumif;rsm;ESihf MuHK&apumrl uHw&m;\ pDrHcsufum;
twdrf;t,drf;r&Sd? wdusvSaypG/ toufwpf&myif &Snfaomfvnf; bkef;awmfMuD;\ yg&rD"mwfcH?
owå0gwkdY\ uHtm;enf;rIaMumifh bkef;awmfMuD;\ vlom;a0ae,sum; rsm;jym;[ef r&Sdacs/<o></o>
psmyeudk bkef;awmfMuD;\ qE´awmfESifhtnD pDrHMu&\/ bkef;awmfMuD;\ i,fwynfh&if;jzpfol
rEÅav;jrdKU oHawmfqifhrif; OD;qkyef (tar-ukwfudkpk? taz-uwkd;) u edAÁmefpHausmif;MuD;ESifhwuG
vmorQ y&dowfwdkYtm; pwk'dom auR;arG; {nfhcHonf/ &yf&Gm'um 'umrrsm; wm0ef rwufap&ef
oHawmfqifhrif;uyif tukef tuscHí oj*ØK[fav\/<o></o>
<o></o>
<o></o>
rD;oj*ØK[fjyD;aomtcg aygif&dk;? wifyg;qHk&dk;? ajcovHk;&dk;rsm;om t&dk;yuwdusefí
tjcm;taoG;tom; t&dk;rsm;tm;vHk; "mwfawmfrsm; jzpfukef\/ tcsdKU "mwfawmfrsm;rSm t&dk;MuD;
oHk;ckwGif tn§mav;rsm;jzifh tqkyfqkyf oD;í aeMuonf/ t&dk;MuD; oHk;ckudkrl tkwftkdif&Gm
awmifausmif; t0if&Sd t&dk;tdk; apwDü Xmyemxm;Mu\/<o></o>
<o></o>
<o></o>
xkdt&dk;tdk;wGifvnf; tjcm;bkef;awmfMuD; ESpfyg;\ t&kd;rsm;ESihf a&mpyfaejyD[k qkdonf/
"mwfawmfrs;udkrl toD;oD; cGJ,lylaZmfMu&m tkwftdkifausmif;ü vnf;aumif;? armif;axmif
,Gef;qufwkdufü vnf;aumif; zl;ajrmfEkdifonf/ uEéDq&mawmfbk&m;vnf; "mwfawmf ckepfql
yifhaqmifí npOf qDrD; ylaZmfavh&Sd\/<o></o>
<o></o>
<o></o>
þpma&;oludk,fwkdif ,Gef;qufwkduf q&mawmfxHrS cGJ,lyifhaqmifí ylaZmfxm;&Sdygonf/
,if;"mwfawmfrsm;rSm tkwftdkifausmif;ü bkef;awmfMuD; y&dedAÁmefjyKpOfuxJu tvHk ydwfqdkYxm;aom
"mwfawmfMuKwfrS yxrqHk; cGJ,lylaZmfcJhaom "mwfawmfrsm; jzpfygonf/ ("mwfyHkwGif
Munfhyg)/<o></o>
<o></o>
<o></o>
bkef;awmfMuD; tavmif;awmfudk rD;oj*ØK[fí "mwfawmfrsm; usvmonfudk zl;awGUMu&aomtcg
&[ef;&Sifvly&dowfrsm; 0rf;enf;0rf;om aemifwMuD;pGm jzpfMu&owwf/ tcsdKUu
bkef;awmfMuD;tm; ]oroDoD &[EÅm} [k ,lqMu\/ &[EÅm jzpfvQifjzpfcsif; y&dedAÁmefjyK&aom
&[EÅmrsdK;[k qkdvdk\/<o></o>
<o></o>
<o></o>
(oroDoD &[EÅmoHk;rsdK;? av;rsdK;&SdaMumif; yk*¾vynwf ygVdawmf-116/ tbd-|-3/ 37/ tH-|-3?
149/ oH-|-1? 168/ y#doH-|-1? 39-wkdYü tus,fMunfh/)<o></o>
<o></o>
<o></o>
&[EÅmtjzpfESifh umvrMumjrifhaomfvnf; oroDoD &[EÅmrsdK; jzpfvdrfhrnf[kum; wpfxpfcs
r,lqomacs

&[EÅmwkdif; "mwfawmfusoavm
ae&mü ]]&[EÅmrsm; y&dedAÁmef pH0ifwkdif; "mwfawmfusoavm}} [laom tar;udk A[kokwtjzpf
azmfjy&ef vkdayvdrfhrnf/ tusOf;csKyfí azmfjyygthH/<o></o>
<o></o>
<o></o>
jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sifrsm; y&dedAÁmef pH0ifaomtcg "mwfawmfjzpfaMumif; txl;azmfjy&ef rvdk/
r[my&dedAÁmeokwfjzifh xif&Sm;jyD;/ (okwf r[m0g t|uxm-196/)<o></o>
<o></o>
yapöuAk'¨g t&Sifjrwfrsm;um; y&dedAÁmefpHcgeD; tbdnmOf 0ifpm;í t"d|mefjyKawmfrlrSom
"mwfawmfusEkdifonf/ (okwåedygwf t|uxm-&weokwf/ c*¾0domPokwf-117/)<o></o>
<o></o>
<o></o>
&[EÅmt&Sifjrwfrsm;rSmvnf; t"d|merSomvQif t"d|mefonfhtwkdif; jzpfEkdifavonf/ (tH? |? 1/
0*Ðo0w¬K-209/)<o></o>
<o></o>
<o></o>
t&Sifom&d ykMwm "mwfawmfrsm; yGwfopfp c&koif;uJhodkY juGif;usef\/ (r[m0*¾oH,kwf
t|uxm- pkE´okwf- 254/)<o></o>
<o></o>
t&Sif'AÁrax&fum; aumif;uifü wifysOfacGí ormywf 0ifpm;jyD; t"d|mefawmf rlonfhtwkdif;
jymrQrusef&atmif awaZm"mwf avmifuRrf;onf/ (O'gef; t|uxm-'AÁokwf-389/) &Sif'AÁum;
&[EÅyif jzpfaomfvnf; toufawmf&SdpOfuyif pGyfpGJ cH&jcif; ponfjzpfcJh&m ol\"mwfrsm;
pifMu,frI r&SdvSojzifh "mwfawmf rxm;cJhjcif; jzpfay rnfvm; rod/<o></o>
<o></o>
<o></o>
oufawmf&Snf t&Sif Amukvrax&fum; tjcm;olwkdYtm; rdrdtwGuf wm0efydkrwufap&ef xkdifvsuf
awaZm"mwfavmifí y&dedAÁmefjyK&m jrwfav;yef;iHkyrm "mwfawmfrsm; usukef\/ (Oy&dyPÖm
t|uxm Amukvokwf-140/)<o></o>
<o></o>
<o></o>
]]xkdrSwpfyg; udavom tmoa0gukefaom &[EÅm t&Sifjrwfrsm;\ tavmif;awmf onfvnf;
tykyfeYH rxGufaMumif;}} (okwåedygwf-tmr*E¨okwftzGifh-303/) ü zGifhqkdxm;onfrSm
rSwfzG,fwpf&yfyif/<o></o>
<o></o>
<o></o>
(t&dk;uGif;quf? csdwfquf? awhqufrsm;taMumif; rdk;ukwfq&mawmf tcef;½I

þrQaom pum;tpOfjzifh "mwfawmfusaom ]]jrefrmEdkifiH y#dywåd omoem0if}} bkef;awmfMuD;

OD;oDvESifh þ,ckbkef;awmfMuD; ponfwkdYum; "mwfawmfusonfudk axmufqí cDPmo0tppf
&[EÅm yk*¾dKvfMuD;rsm; jzpfaMumif; rrSdwfrokef ,HkMunf 0rf;ajrmufxkdufvSaypG/

ydEéJuGif;q&mawmf OD;uvsmP
( 1188 - 1270)

ydEéJuGif; q&mawmf OD;uvsmPESifhwuG aemuf 'kwd,ç wwd, q&mawmfrsm;yg

ysHvGefBuaomtcg okH;yg;vkH;yif tavmif;awmfrsm; rykyfreH yuwdtwkdif; ,ckxd &SdaeBuonf/
yxr q&mawmf bk&mBuD; OD;uvsmP t|KyÜwådudk armifausmf'ifqdkolu vGefcJhaom
tESpf&Spfq,fcefYu a&;om;cJhzl;\/ um&efeabrsm;jzifh a&;xm;í tcsKdUt"dyÜm,frsm; roJruGJ
jzpfae\/ rsufESmzkH;ü 'kwd,q&mawmf OD;0g,r\ ykHawmfudk awGY&onf/ pkpkaygif;
wpfq,fh&SpfrsufESmrQom/ ausmif;'umrsm;rSm bdk;yef;&ESifh OD;yg[k awGY&\/
q&mawmfonf a&TawmifjrdKUü rdcif a':&pfrS 1188-ckESpf 'kwd,0gqdkvqef; 13-&uf
weif;vmaeYzGm;? i,frnf armifcdsef/ pmayusrf;*efrsm; wwfajrmufjyD;aemuf a&TawmifjrdKUrS
ydEéJuGif;&GmodkYBuGa&mufoDwif;okH;onf/ rdcifBuD;udkyg jyKpkvkyfauR;\/
ydEéJuGif;[lonf tkwfzdk (t*Fyl) jrdKUe,ftydkif taemuf½kd;rteD;&Sd uGif;aumufajcmuf&Gmwdkuf
tygt0if jzpf\/ &Gmausmif;ü ckESpf0grQaejyD;vQif 12-0gt& taemuf½kd;rwGif tjrifhqkH;jzpfaom
opfap;awmif? uAsKdU(urf;jydK)awmif? &efuif;awmif? uRJroem;awmif? udk;armif;awmif? pkdifawmif
ponfjzifh 15-Xmeawm&pcef;wdkYü vSnfhvnf oDwif;oHk;onf/ 15-XmevHk;ü txdrf;trSwf
apwDrsm; wnfxm;cJh\/
w&m;tpGrf; xl;qef;tHhzG,f toG,foG,f

q&mawmfonf tvGef vlola0;acgifaom awmawmift&yfü aeawmfrlonfh tavsmuf qif½kdif;?

usm;½kdif;ESifh uRJEGm;rsm;udkyif udkufowf rsdKEkdifaom ajrGqdk;BuD;rsm;? trsdK;rsdK;aom a0rmedursm;?
aywrsm;ESifhvnf; Budrfzefrsm;pGm awGYBuHK&ifqdkif&avonf/ xkdodkY awGY&Sd&ykHrsm;udk um&ef
eabvuFmoGm;rsm;jzifh wpfckpD wpfckpD a&;om;xm;onfudk t|KyÜwåd pmwef;ü zwf½I&onf/
arwåmwefcdk;onf ajrvQdK; rdk;ysHEdkifaom wefcdk;xuf tm;udk;&onfudk om"u rloifhBuay\/
OD;vlvS (q&mawmfudk odrDol) \ om; OD;tkef;jrifh polwdkYxHrS wpfqifh rSwfom;&aom
tHhzG,frsm;vnf; renf;acs/
xkdtHhzG,frsm;rS tenf;i,f azmfjy&aomf-
(1) uRJroem;awmifü aeawmfrlpOf vltrsm; vma&muf zl;Bu&m wpfaeYwGif tvdkvdk
prf;a&xGufaeaom uef (ewfa&uef) ü 'umrwpfOD; a&csdK;jyD;aemuf csufcsif;
a&rsm;cef;ajcmufoGm;í q&mawmftm; avQmuf&m em&Dydkif;twGif; a&rsm; jyefxGufvmaBumif;?
(2) urf;jydKawmifü aepOf noef;acgifausmfü aumif;uifrS wl&d,moHrsm; teD;ywf0ef;usifrS
vlrsm;yif Bum;Bu&aBumif;?
(3) &efuif;awmifü a&S;apwDa[mif;udk ikHí topfwpfzef jyKjyif&m xD;a[mif;rSm vltm;ESifhyif
qGJcsí r&Ekdifojzifh vufavQmhaeBupOf csufcsif; ivsifvIyfcgcsí xD;awmfrysuf ajrcç vmaBumif;?
(4) ¤if;awmifü aepOf qGrf;vSLvmol okH;av;q,fcefY &Sd&m vmwdkif;vdkvdkyif q&mawmf
tcef;üvnf; rzl;awGYBu&/ qGrf;pm; wkH;acgufí tcsufay;vQif rdrdwdkYa&SYüyif zl;awGY Bu&aBumif;?
(5) eHuol*l ponfwdkYü &Hcg uyÜd, wpfa,mufESifhom oDwif;okH;&m e*g;vdkvdk? ajrGvdkvdk
owå0grsm;tm; ]]'umu a&SYwdk;? 'umru aemufqkwf}} ponfjzifh trdefYay;&m trdefY twdkif;
vdkufemí w&m;a[mavh&SdaBumif;? tjcm;qef;Bu,faom blw owå0grsm;tm; w&m;a[maBumif;?
&wemrsm; awGY&pOf uyÜd, pdwfxm;rajzmifhí *lwHcg;BuD;ydwfoGm;ojzifh uyÜd,tm; rmefrJ&aBumif;
.....ponf/
q&mawmfonf 1270-jynfhESpf &Gmausmif;odkY ajymif;a&TYjyD; ESpf0gavmuft& oufawmf 82-ESpfwGif
ysHvGefawmfrl\/ BuD;us,fcrf;em;pGm psmyeyGJvkyfí ylaZmfBu&m rD;oj*ØK[frnf&Sdaomtcg rnfodkYrQ
jyKjyif rxm;&bJ tavmif;awmfrSm yuwd usdef;pufaeouJhodkY &Sdí *loGif; ylaZmfxm;Buonf/ ,ck
uAsKdU(urf;jydK)awmifü &Sd&m t&yfav;rsufESmrS vma&muf zl;ajrmfBu\/ tavmif;awmfrSm
ajcmufaoGY roGm;onfhtjyif tarG;awmfrsm;yif yuwd&Sdonf[k qdkavonf/

a&pBudK *ljzLawm& q&mawmf

( 1191-
1191- 1281)

a&pBudKjrdK h taemufajrmuf okH;rdkifcef h ompnf&Gmü tbOD;xyf? trdr,fidkwdk hrS 1190-jynfhESpfzGm;/

i,frnf armifausmf&GJ h? bGJ h t&Sifar"m/
i,fpOf ausmufcwf&Gmü ynmoifí aemuf a&pBudK q&mawmf OD;0&oarÁm"d? tif;0jrdKU
Am;u&mq&mawmf ESifh eef;ausmif;q&mawmfrsm;xH ynmoifonf/ 0denf;t&mü txl;ausmfBum;í
pHxm;jcif; jyKBu&onf/ 0dok'd¨r*fESifh yd#uudk acgufa& 52-acgufwdkifwdkif ydk hcsawmfrlaom[l\/
oufawmf 91-ESpf? 0gawmf 72-0gwdkifwdkif qGrf;cHjcif;paom "kwif 13-yg;udk &moufyef
aqmifawmfrl&m ysHvGefcgeD; 11-&ufom yd@ygwf"kwif tysufcHavonf/ qGrf;cHí &orQwGif
qefjzLqefaumif; qGrf;udk oHCmawmftm; vSLí rdrdrSmrl ajymif;qefBurf; qGrf;eDeDBuD;rsm;udkom
bkOf;ay;avh&Sdowwf/ zdeyfrpD;? xD;raqmif;? ,yfraqmif;? xef;&Guftwdkif; oifh&kHjyKjyifí
udkifawmfrlonf/

rdk;ñSif;q&mawmf enf;cHzl;jcif;

emrnfausmf rdk;ñSif;q&mawmf awmxGufp v,fwDq&mawmfESifh rawG hrD *ljzLq&mawmfxH okH;v

enf;cHcJhzl;onf/ rkd;ñSif; ax&my'gef (83) ü ae&if; q&mawmf OD;aum0d'u atmufygtwdkif;
a&;xm;\/
[]]q&mawmfbk&mBuD;onf vlawG hrcH? pum;rajym? w&m;tm;xkwf&m ausmif;ü wpfyg;wnf;aeí
ur®S|mef;udk tjyif;txef tm;xkwfawmfrl\/ ntcgwGif ausmif;eH&H [dkbufonfbuf
BudK;wef;qGJxm;jyD; BudK;wef;udk 0g;vkH;azmufqGJxm;onf/ xdk0g;vHk;udk vufESifhudkifum
vrf;avQmufvsuf w&m;tm;xkwf\/}}
]]wpfcgwpf&H tdyfidkufí 'dkif;ceJ wpfzufeH&Hudk wdkufrdrS ]aBomf- 'ku©-'ku©-xderd'¨
w,fESdyfpufvSyguvm;} [k nnf;wGm;jyD; wpfzef jyefavQmufavonf/ þuJhodk h
t&kPfwufonftxd tm;xkwf\/ tm;xkwfykH jyif;xefvGef;í *ljzLq&mawmfBuD;udk wpfe,fvHk;u
&[EÅm[k orkwfBuavonf/}}]
ppfudkif; a&T[oFmacsmif q&mawmf bk&m;BuD; ar;jref;rSwfom;xm;csufrsm;udkvnf; tvGef
pdwf0ifpm;zG,f aumif;ay\/ ]]a&Tusifedum, omoem0if}} ü Bunfhygukef/

bkef;awmfBuD; OD;oDvuyif av;pm;&

atmufjynfatmuf&Gmü &[EÅm[k emrnfausmfBum;aom bkef;awmfBuD; OD;oDvuyif

]]*ljzLbkef;awmfBuD;u wdkUrsm;xuf omw,f}} [k trdef h&Sdzl;owwf? 0denf; av;pm;rSKt&mwGif
qdkvdk[ef &Sdonf/
*ljzLq&mawmfrsm; acwfum; odyÜHpufrSK xGef;um;pacwf jzpfí trsKd;rsKd;aom ,mOf&xm;? pm;zG,f?
0wfzG,frsm; acwfajymif;pjzpfonf/ xdkacwf q&mawmfBuD;rsm;onf rnfonfU 0w¦Kypönf;udkrqdk
rnfonfht&mESifh rnfodkUjyKvkyfxm;onf[kyif avhvmpl;prf; raeawmhbJ ]]topftqef; rSeforQ
rokH;bJ aewmu 0denf;jypfuif;w,f}} [kyif cH,lxm;Buavonf/ xdk haBumifhvnf;
tcsdKUudpörsm;wGif 0denf;awmfESifh tyfpyfygvsuf rokH;rpGJ tqif;&JcHí wpf,l oef&m
a&mufouJhodkU xif&\/
rnfodk hjzpfap ]‘0denf;[lonf omoemawmf\ touf} yifjzpfí aemufom;wdk h twGufum;
twk,l av;jrwfxdkufaypGmh/ odyÜHxGef;um;í vlokH;ypönf;rsm; topftopf rsKd;rqkH;atmif
&Sdaeaom ,ckacwf t&Sifjrwfrsm; owdrlBu&ef jzpfay\/
xdkacwfu bkef;awmfBuD; OD;oDv? tvkHcifrGef-q&mawmfESifh þq&mawmfBuD; okH;yg;onf
rD;&xm;ay:pjzpfí rD;&xm;udkyif pD;awmfrrlvdkBuay/ *ljzLq&mawmfu cifrGefq&mawmftm;
]]ckumv &xm; tyfrtyf pmqdktwdkif; ajzprf;yg}} qdkí *dvme (rusef;rmol) r[kwfvQif
rpD;aumif;aom aygif;csKyf? &xm;? vSnf;? oHvsif;? xrf;pif? t0wfoHvsif; ajcmufrsdK;udk
0denf;ygVdawmftwdkif; &Gwfqdkjy\/
]],ckumv rEÅav;-&efukef pkefqefaewJh pufrD;&xm;rsm;aum tyfrtyf? b,fykH oabm&ovJ}}
[kqufar;jyef&m-
]]b,fykH oabm&zdk h&m xdkpufrD;&xm; oGm;vmyHk ajymjyprf;ygOD;}} [k cifrGefq&mawmfu xyfí
ar;jref;onf/
]]b,fajymwwfrvJ/ awG hrS rawG hzl;yJ}} [k *ljzLq&mawmfu qdkí-
]]onfvdkrawG hzl;olcsif; jzpfvQif tyf-rtyf qHk;jzwfzdk h b,frSmjzpfyghrvJ}} [k cifrGef q&mawmfu
ajymonfwGif-
]]'gjzifh rpD;wmyJ tjypfuif;ygw,fav}} [kom &xm; tyf-rtyf 0dedpä,udk tqHk;owf
vdkuf&avonf/
bkef;awmfBuD; OD;oDvESifh *ljzLq&mawmfESpfyg;? awG hqHkBuyHkudk bkef;awmfBuD; OD;oDv t|KyÜwÅdü
atmufygtwdkif; zwf&Sk&ay&m tcsif;csif; ajymqdkaom pum;ESifh tjyKtrlrsm;rSm
olawmfaumif;BuD;wdkU\ ESvHk;om;udk jrifomvSayonf/
[bkef;awmfBuD; yJcl;odkUa&mufí vdyfjymuefausmif;ü owif;oHk;aepOf txufjrefrmjynf yckuúL
a&pBudKe,f *ljzLawm&rS ycef;q&mawmfBuD;onf a&vrf;jzifh &efukefrS vSnfhí
yJcl;odkUbkef;awmfBuD;xH a&mufvm\/ bkefawmfBuD;xuf wpf0g ESpf0grQBuD;onf/ tcsif;csif;vnf;
owif;pum;jzifh a&S;uwunf;u tav;jyKBuonf/ ycef;q&mawmfBuD;u bkef;awmfBuD;tm;-
]]rD;&xm;pD;jyD[k Bum;&onf/ [kwfavovm;}} [k tjypfwifpum; rdefUBum;awmfrlowwf/
]]tkwfwGif; odrforkwfoGm;&rStp pD;rdygjyD/ qHk;rawmfrlyg/ emcHygrnf}} [k vuftkyfcsDvsuf
0efcHawmfrl\/
]]rusef;rrm *dvme jzpfvQif tjypfrqdkomaybl;/ wynfhawmfjzifh usef;rmao;\}} [k rdefUawmf
rlowwf/
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awmfouJhodk h jidrfoufvSojzifh jrif&olwdk hrSm rsufawmifrQ rcwfEkdifBuukef/ bkef;awmfBuD;udk
pifvsuf tjypfwifpum; &J0HhpGm rdef hBum;aom ycef;q&mawmfBuD;\ oDv*kPfawmf
orm"d*kPfawmf ponfwdkUudk vnf; wu,fh teEÅ[k aomif;aomif;jzjz tHhBocsD;rGrf;BuonfrSm
yJhwifxyfravmuf jzpfukef\/ ycef;q&mawmfBuD; jyefBuGaomtcg oydwfouFef; ponfESifh
pm;aomufzG,f tajrmuftjrm; vSnf;wpfpD;wdkufrQ vSLvdkufavowwf/)
q&mawmfonf oufawmf 91-ESpf? 1281-ckESpfwGif ysHvGefawmfrlonf/ q&mawmf
a&;om;jyKpkcJhaom usrf;ESpfusrf; &Sdayonf/ vGefcJhaom tESpfig;q,fcefUu rEÅav;"m;wef;
*kP0wD ykHESdyfwdkufrS wpfBudrf/ 1322-ckESpfu ok"r®0wDwdkufrS wpfBudrf &dkufzl;\/ 'kwd,
tBudrfum; &efukefa&TBuuf,ufausmif; q&mawmf OD;0dok'¨]*ljzLq&mawmfBuD;\ ajr;awmf} u
&dkufESdyfvª'gef;&m "mwfykHudkyg zl;awGU&ayonf/
usrf;trnfrSm ]'d|d0dapä'yumoeD}- ESifh ]"mwkab'0dedpä,} usrf;rsm;jzpfonf/

ykodrf rd*'g½Hk q&mawmf

(1194 - 1238)

ESpfaygif;oHk;q,fausmf &dScgrS xl;qef;pGm tavmif;awmf zl;awGUvdkuf&ojzifh ykodrfNrdKU

rd*'g½Hkq&mawmfbk&m;BuD; (bGJU OD;okrempm&) taMumif;udk MunfñdkMu&ayonf/

q&mawmfum; tr&yl&NrdKU Zmwd? ykPÖm;rsdK; ZmwfrS zGm;jrifonf[k qdkonf/ &Srf;uav;uRef;

q&mawmfESifh emrnfausmf oDv&Sifq&mBuD; a':uif;wdkU tquftEG,frPdyl& uonf;vlrsdK;
jzpfzG,f&dSavonf/ 1194-ckESpf e,kefvqef; 10 &uf aomMumaeU eHeuf wpfcsufwD;ausmftcsdefü
zGm;jrifonf/

'kwd, armif;axmif omoemydkif q&mawmf (t&SifaÚ,s"r®) ESifh&Srf;uav;uRef; q&mawmfrsm;

xHü yd#dupmayrsm; oifMum; wwfajrmufawmf rlcJhonf/

weoFm&D? a&;? Nrdwf? xm;0,fNrdKUrsm;ü omoemûy MuGa&mufí xdkrSwzef &efukef? vufyHwef;?

[oFmwrS wpfqifh ykodrfNrdKUodkU a&mufawmfrlvm\/ 1238-ckESpfavmufwGif ykodrfNrdKUodkU
a&mufawmfrl[ef &dSonf/
rD;uGif;q&mawmf

q&mawmfonf ykodrfodkU a&mufvQif ,ck rd*'g½Hk ausmif;\ ajrmufuefoHk;qifh teD;tyg;wGif

wpfyg;wnf; awm&aqmufwnfawmfrl\/ xdkpOfu xdka'oonf vloluif;a0;um
qifaeusm;atmif; ykayÜmif; xlxyfaom awmt&yfyif &dSao;onf/ tonf BuD;ukef; t&yfrsm;odkU
qGrf;cHawmfrl&onf/

wpfaeUaomtcg awm&ausmif;uav; teD;wGif awmif,mckwfxGif vkyfudkifaom 'umwpfOD;u

trdIufrsm;udk rD;½dIU&ef tajcmufcH pkyHkxm;&m q&mawmfvnf; eHeufapmapm xdktrdIufyHkBuD;
teD;uyfí w&m;½IrSwfawmfrlae\/ awmif,mvkyfol 'umu trdIufyHkBuD;udk rD;wif½IdUí
vSnfhywfMunfhumrS q&mawmftm; rD;awmuf rD;vQHrsm;[yfum ywfywfvnf rD;0dkif;aeonfudk
zl;awGU&avonf/ rD;rsm;udk uref;uwef; jidrf;owfaomfvnf; r&/ q&mawmfudkom ZGwf0if
ayGUcsDum rD;vGwf&modkU yifh&awmhonf/ 'umvnf; tvGefpdwfxdcdkufum trsdK;rsdK;
0efcsawmif;yef&Sm\/

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rdefUawmfrlumrS pdwfoufom&m &av\/

aumvm[vaMumifh a&TUajymif;&

,if;odkUvQif q&mawmfonf xdkteD;wpf0dkufü orxç 0dyóemw&m;yGm;rsm; tm;xkwfí ae&m

wpf&yfuGufvQif oHk;&ufrQom qGrf;cHawmfrlí okomef"kwif paom "kwifrsm;udkvnf;
aqmifawmfrl\/

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tqrwef rsm;jym;vmojzifh w&m;tvkyfysufí ykodrfta&SUydkif; opfñdSukef;? NrdKUacsmif;?
wukef;BuD;? udk;aomif;? a&wGif;ukef;? a&ausmfBuD;paom &yf&GmtoD;toD; wpfae&mNyD; wpfae&m
rem;wrf; ajymif;a&TUawmfrlae&\/

wpfpwpfp w&m;pum; tenf;i,f a[majym? qHk;rawmfrlvsuf aecJh&m 1242-ckESpfwGif ykodrfNrdKU

OD;ukvm;ESifh tonfBuD;&yf yGJpm;BuD; OD;&efpdkuf a':csif;rwdkUu rSefausmif;BuD; aqmufvªMuojzifh
awm&ae&mrS ,ck rd*'g½Hk ausmif;odkU MuGa&muf oDwif;oHk;&onf/ ausmif;'umBuD; OD;&efpdkufrSm
tonfBuD;&yfrS ausmif;&dS&m ukef;&yfuGuftxd ESpfrdkifausmf oHk;rdkifc&D;udk aeUpOfrvyf
vma&mufavh&dSonf/ w&m;tm;xkwfaeaom q&mawmf\ udk,frS ta&mift0grsm;
xGufay:uGefUjrL;onfudk Munfñdkí r0EdkifaomaMumifh jzpf\/

a&mif;a&;0,fwm tdrfrIudpörsm;udk ausmif;trBuD; a':csif;rtm; vTJtyfxm;&m a':csif;rrSmvnf;

wpfykwfwpfawmif; a&mif;íaumif;? a&mif;vdkUrukefaom qefrsm;? qla0vQHusaom qDtdk;rsm;udk
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tkwfzdkq&mawmfBuD;onf aemufygoHCmrsm;ESifhtwl MuGa&mufcsD;ajrSmufum wpf0gwGif;
oDwif;oHk;awmfrl\/
Munfhwdkif;oyÜm,f MunfñdkzG,f owd
owdy|mef tvS

wpfaeUwjcm; q&mawmf\ avsmif;xdkif&yfoGm; £&d,mykwfav;yg;vHk; MunfñdkzG,fcsnf; jzpfae\/

q&mawmfonf rsufvTmcsí tNrJaeawmfrljcif;? pum;tydk rajymjcif;? rnfonfhtcgrQ

ouFef;udk,f½Hk\ twGif;om;rsm;udk twGif;ae wynfhrsm;yif rjrifpzl;atmif qdwfuG,f&müyif
ouFef;udk aooyfyd&dpGm 0wf½Hkawmfrlavh &dSjcif;? qGrf;bkOf;ay;aom tcgwGifvnf;
qGrf;vkwf,lwm? pm;wm? rsdKwm? ZGef;yef;uef udkifwG,fwmrStp nifomodrfarGUjcif;
ponfwdkUaMumifh zl;jrif&olwdkif; rsufpdwGif Nidrf;Munf at;csrf;rI"mwfrsm; ul;pufaeawmh\/ zl;í
r0EdkifMuav/

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½IrSwfí aeonfudk w&m;½IrSwfonf rnfí xdk½IrSwfodjrifrI (orÜZn owdy|me) oabmrsm;
tvdkvdk wnf&dSaeaom t&d,m olawmfaumif;wdkU\ oabmawmfum; þodkUyifwnf;}}
[kaumif;pGm em;&nf r0ao;bJ &dSaeMu&m q&mawmf wpfyg;wnf; udef;atmif;&m tcef;xJtxd
acsmif;ajrmif;í Munfhvdkaom pdwfrsm;yif jzpfay:um zl;Munfhí r0EdkifMuay/

bk&m;vufxufawmfu 0domcg ausmif;trBuD;onf orD;rsm;? ajr;rsm;ESifh cGJjcm;í r&atmif

tûydifvSoljzpf\/ jrif&olpdwfü 0domcg iHkUaevQif armhoGm;rSm pdk;&drfMu\/ armhaevQifvnf;
iHkUoGm;rSm ESajrmaeMuonf/ rdrdjrif&wdkif;aom trl[efyefuav;rsm; taetxm; ajymif;vJroGm;bJ
tvSt&omudk cHpm;vdkMuaomaMumifh jzpf\/ pifppf 0domcg\tvSonf yuwdtvSom
r[kwfacs/ b,fawmhrS ½dk;roGm;Edkifaom tNrJwrf; vSyaponfh tvSrSm t&d,mwdkU\ tvS?
owdy|meftvSwpfckom &dSay\/ (vScsifolwdkif; w&m;tm;xkwfMuav/)

]]a*gwrAk'¨[m qGrf;pm;wmawmif tvGwfrpm;ygbl;/ qGrf;vkwfwdkif; qGrf;vkwf wdkif;rSm

&nf&G,fcsuf &SpfrsdK;eJUyJ pm;awmfrlygw,f}} ponf bk&m;&Siftm; tao;pdwf avhvmol
Owå&vkvifu ol\q&m jA[®m,kykPÖm;BuD;tm; bk&m;&Sif\ tao;pdwf MunfñdkzG,frsm;udk
jyefvnf ajymjyouJhodkU q&mawmf qGrf;bkOf;ay;onfudk Munfñdkí (Munfhaumif;í) wrif
qGrf;vmuyfolrsm;vnf; renf;acs/

q&mawmfonf toufawmf twefaxmufvmaomtcg wynfhoHCmav;q,fudk wdkuftkyf

bkef;BuD; OD;ok'óetm; vTJtyfí rdrdrSmrl tyÜrm'owdy|mef tvkyfjzifh tcsdefjynfh
arGUavsmfawmfrl\/

oufawmf &Spfq,fausmfvQif aomwyom' cRwf,Gif; (em;rMum;) í pmjzifh

a&;om;avQmufxm;&onf/ qGrf;yGJjyifNyD;í yifhvQifvnf; OD;ok'óe q&mawmfu
q&mawmftcef;odkU 0ifyifh&\/ tcef;rS xGufMuGvmvQifvnf; ouFef;rsm; t0ef;nDpGmyif
oyÜm,fí 'kuk#fouFef;BuD;udk vuf0JycHk;xufwifum xdkifae&mwGifvnf; nifompGm
xdkifawmfrl\/ tcef;wGif;odkU jyef0if&müvnf; xdkUtwlyif nifompGm vSrf;MuG 0ifpHawmfrl\/

rmefvnfq&mawmf tdyfruf& uefawmhcef;

1268-ckESpfwGifum; oufawmfckESpfq,f &dSNyDjzpfí uvsmPD yGJpm;BuD; OD;om a':apmwdkU

oD;oefUaqmufvªaom wpfxyfwdkufüom tNrJ½IyGm;í aeawmh\/ oufawmf &Spfq,fcefUtxd
ntcg okomefodkU MuGawmfrlonf/

1281-ckESpfu rmefvnf q&mawmfonf ykodrfodkU MuGa&mufvm\/ a&Trka|mbk&m;BuD;ü vQyfppfrD;

ylaZmf&m ykodrfOD;y'krESifh tyf-rtyf tjiif;yGm;í 0denf;w&m;qHk;jzwf&ef MuGvmjcif; jzpfonf/
bk&m;&ifjyifay:üyif oDwif;oHk;um 'um 'umrrsm;tm; w&m;a[mjy&if; t"du½kPf;udk
Nidrf;jywfapcJhonf/

wpfnaomtcg rmefvnfq&mawmfü tdyfrufqef;wpfck jrifruf\/ tvGefoyÜm,f MunfñdkzG,f

aumif;vSaom q&mawmfBuD;wpfyg; rdrd\ ezl;jyiftxufü pMuøMuGavQmufaeonf[k jrifrufí
tdyfruft& yk*¾dKvfxl;rsm;udk pHkprf;aomtcg r*'g½Hkq&mawmfBuD;taMumif; Mum;od
Munfñdk&ojzifh vªzG,fypönf;rsm;jzifh oGm;a&muf uefawmh\/ q&mawmfMuD;uvnf;
vªzG,fypönf;rsm; wHkUjyef pGefUvªum omoema&; aqG;aEG;OD;csNyD; jyefvmcJhonf/

ausmif;wdkuft0odkUa&mufcgrS q&mawmfBuD;tm; zl;ajrmf&onfrSm tm;r&í wpfaMumUjyefNyD;

zl;jyefonf/ c&D;oGm;&if; vª&ojzifh xdkufwefrGefjrwfatmif vª'gef;ylaZmfcGifhr&í
rmefvnfq&mawmf\pdwfü tm;&auseyfawmf rrlav/ odkUESifh ½kwfw&uf tBuH&ojzifh rdrdudk,fü
½HkvTrf;vmaom tvGeftzdk;wef aumif;jrwfonfh uwåDyg ouFef;BuD;udk tvªcHawmfrl&ef
avQmufxm;qufuyfjyefonf/

]]rmefvnfq&mawmfum; bkef;uHBuD;rm;aom ynm&dS a,musfm;aumif; wpfqljzpfawmfrlw,f/

'gaMumifh olvªwJhouFef;BuD;[m igwdkUqifjref;&ef rxdkufwefbl;/ odrfawmfBuD;xJrSm oDwif;oHk;wJh
avsmif;awmfrlbk&m; udk,fawmfjrwfBuD;tm; oGm;a&mufwifvTrf;NyD; vª'gef;Muacs}} [k
rdefUawmfrlojzifh teD;&dS 'umrsm;u ½kyfyGm;udk,fawmfjrwfBuD;tm; oGm;a&muf wifvªMu&onf/
omoemydkif\ udk,fydkifb0

rd*'g½Hkq&mawmf bk&m;BuD;onf y&d,wådbufuvnf; jynfhpHkawmfrlvS\/ 'ooDv0dedpä,usrf;?

0E´em'd0dedpä,uxm? ouúm,'d|duxm? Mo0g'uxmpmwef;? ,xm0de, 0ókyem,dupmwef;
(y?'k) paom usrf;rsm;udkvnf; 1271-ckESpf twGif;u ûypkawmfrlcJhonf/

yxrç 'kwd, 'Gg&omoemydkifrsm; jzpfawmfrlMuaom tkwfzdkq&mawmfESifh vufyHwef; r[maAm"d0ef

q&mawmfwdkU 1260-ck? 1275-ckESpfrsm;ü toD;oD; ysHveG fawmfrlMu&m q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;tm;
1275-ckESpfrSpí wwd,'Gg& omoemydkif tjzpf wifajrSmufcJhMuonf/ odkU&mwGif
q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;um; owdy|mef tmemyge rdrd\ y"metvkyf? bk&m;&Sif tvdkawmfus omoemh
tvkyfudkom &moufyef tm;xkwfawmfrlavonf/

rdrdudk,fudk ydkifEdkifatmif vkyfjcif;avmuf aumif;aom ydkifqdkifrIonf r&dSacs/ rdrdudk,fudkrS (0g)

rdrd\ rsufpd? em;? ESm? vQm? udk,fpdwfudkyifaomfrQ ydkifEdkifoolr[kwfygao;bJvsuf tjcm;ouf&dS
oufrJhrsm;tay: ydkifEdkifol vkyf&wmavmuf aMumufp&mb0 r&dSNyD/

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vkyfaqmifEdkifjcif;}} onf avmuü ta&;BuD;vSayonf/ vlrsm;pkum; udk,fhudk,fudk
(udk,fhpdwfudk,f) rpdk;ydkif rEdkifeif;Muojzifh jrifvQif jrif&maemufodkU? Mum;vQif Mum;&maemufodkU
aumufaumufygatmif vdkufygepfarsm aeMu&avonf/ tvG,fwul tm½Hk wpfpHkwpfck
ra&mufr&vQifvnf; xdkifae&if; tvkyf½Iyfum tm½Hkukd vdkufvH&SmazG BuHpnfaeMu&onf/

Nrifwdkif; Mum;wkdif; vdkufygaeMuojzifh jriforQ Mum;orQudk emrftm[m&tjzpf roHk;aqmifEdkifbJ

(r½IrSwfEdkifbJ) aumif;raumif; tm½Hktvdkuf xdcdkuf½dkufykwfjcif; cH&um avmu"H 'DvdIif;wGif
tcsdef&dSwdkif; epfwHkay:wHk jzpfMu&ukef\/

xl;qef;aom tavmif;awmf

q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;onf ouf&G,fawmf BuD;&ifhum tcsdeftcgudk BudKwif odjrifawmfrlonfh

tavsmuf 1279-ckESpf avmufrSpí tkwfvdkPf*lwpfckudk pdwfwdkif;us ûyvkyfapawmfrl\/
pum;udkvnf; enf;EdkiforQ enf;um wpfyg;wnf; udef;atmif;awmfrlonf/

1282-ckESpf oD[dkVfrS yifhaqmifpdkufysdK;xm;aom vif;vGef;yifBuD;ESifh OD;om wdkufausmif;uav;

a&SUü&dSaom ydawmufyifBuD; oHk;yifvHk;rSm tudkif;tcufrsm; ajcmufaoGUum tvdkvdk
aoukefBuonf? q&mawmf bk&m;BuD;vnf;-
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oGif;xm;Mu}} [k rdefUrSmawmfrlum 1283-ckESpf wefcl;vjynfhausmf 12-&ufaeU (oufawmf 89-ESpf)
wGif rnfonfha&m*g a0'emudkrQ jyif;xefpGm cHpm;&onfr&dSbJ tyÜrm'owdjzifh pkwdcsKyfNidrf;
cE¨m0ef odrf;awmfrlav\/

tavmif;awmfrSm EkysdKyuwd &Tef;tdoyÜm,fawmfrlojzifh xdkESpfwaygif;v txdyif trsm;&Sifvl

tylaZmfcH&avonf/ tMunfñdkvGefMuojzifh rsufESmawmfESifh OD;acgif;awmfudk
a&TcsylaZmfMujyefonf/ tavmif;awmfudk cdk;,lrI &dSojzifh aemufqHk; waygif;vqef; 12-&ufwGif
tEÅdrylaZmfyGJûyí uRef;om;acgif;? aMu;acgif;ESifh rSefacgif; oHk;xyf ylaZmfxnfhoGif;vsuf
*loGif;Muavonf/ ausmif;'um OD;omuvnf; rnfolrQ rcdk;,lEdkifatmif *ludk ydkrdkcdkifcHhpGm
tkwfjymó'fcHí tay:ü apwDaygufum aqmufvkyf vª'gef;\/

t&d,m olawmfaumif;BuD;rsm;onf jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sifh w&m;awmf\ oE´d|duç tumvdu*kPfudk

udk,fESifh&if;um vufawGUpHjy a&SUaqmifusifhBuHí jyawmfrlcJhMu\/ udk,fwdkifvnf; csrf;om?
t*¾'u©daP,sjzpfí trsm;owå0gwdkUudkvnf; ypöKyÜefoHo&m csrf;ompD;yGm;
rsm;jym;apawmfrlcJhMu\/

ykodrfûrdUrS rlvc&pf,mef bmom0ifrsm; jzpfMuaom OD;tmvpf-a':pdefESifh om;orD;rsm;vnf;

q&mawmfbk&m;BuD; oufawmfxif&Sm; &dSpOfuyif Ak'¨bmom0ifjzpfvmMuolrsm; jzpfMu\/
q&mawmf\ tqHk;trtwdkif; vdkufemí omoemûyMuolrsm; jzpfMu\/ q&mawmf\
tqHk;trtwdkif; vdkufemí omoemûyMu&m OD;&efpdkuf-a':csif;rwdkUuJhodkUyif wpfaeUwpfjcm;
pD;yGm;Opömrsm; ododomomBuD; wdk;wufBuD;yGm;vmMuonf/ q&mawmfbk&m;BuD; r&dSonfhaemuf
(1940) üyif ESpfxyfwdkuf ausmif;BuD;wpfaqmif aqmufvªcJhMuavonf/ (vªí ukefcef;rIr&dS?
odomxl;jcm;pGm csrf;omMuG,f0vmaom ausmif;'umrsm;taMumif; uREkfyfwdkUûypkaom &wemoHk;yg;
aus;Zl;ü ½Iyg/)

tavmif;awmf *loGif;í 35-ESpft& 1318-ckESpf wydkUwGJvwGif rd*'g½Hkpwkw¦ q&mawmf

OD;Zmae,sonf taMumif;tm;avsmfpGm tavmif;awmfrsm;udk wl;azmfapcJhonf/ wl;azmfaomtcg
yxrq&mawmfbk&m;BuD;\ tavmif;awmfrQomru 'kwd, (OD;ok'óe)? wwd, (OD;ukov)
q&mawmf ESpfyg;\ tavmif;rsm;udkyg acgif;toD;oD;jzifh wpfaygif;wnf; NrSyfESHxm;onfudk
awGU&&m usefacgif;ESpfvHk;rSm ysufpD; aMurGaeojzifh jrpfa&wGif arQmcsypf&onf/ yxr rd*'g½Hk
q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;\ ½kyfuvmyfawmfrSmum; r,HkMunfEdkifavmufatmif xl;jcm;tHhzG,f&m
zl;awGU&avonf/

1/ tjyifacgif;? uRef;om;acgif;BuD;rSm jcpm;í ukefaeNyD;vQif 'kwd, aBu;0g acgif;BuD;udkyif

azmufxGif;0ifa&mufum q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;\ ½kyfuvmyf eHab;üyif jctdrfzGJUxm;onfudk
awGU&\/
2/ 35-ESpfyif Mumanmif;aomfvnf; tavmif;awmfü vTrf;xm;aom ouFef;rSm
aqG;jrnfhysufpD;jcif;r&dS/ jcvnf;rpm;/

3/ tavmif;awmf eHab;ü jctdrfzGJUxm;aomfvnf; ouFef;awmfç udk,fawmfü ysufpD; cRwf,Gif;rIr&dS/

udk,ft*Fgrsm; yuwdyif &dSonf/ *lroGif;rDu csxm;aom a&TrSmvnf; ta&mifrysuf/

4/ tavmif;awmfudef;0yf&m tkwfjymó'fBuD;udk wl;NzdKvdkufaomtcg arT;BudKifoif;ysHUaom

teHUrsm; xGufay:vm\/

,if;odkUvQif tavmif;awmfudk teHUtoufr&dS? ajcmufaoGUysufpD;jcif;r&dS yuwd

usdef;pufawmfrlaeouJhodkU zl;awGUBu&ojzifh ykodrfûrdUwGif ]]&[EÅm tavmif;awmf ay:awmfrlavNyD}}
[kqdkum ,ckwdkif zl;ajrmfMunfñdkMu&avonf/ (tjynfhtpHkudk ykodrfûrdU
owdy|mefenf;jyq&mawmf OD;tmpdu©P t&Sifjrwfa&;om;xm;aom t|KyÜwådü ½Iygukef/)

1mkef;awmfMuD; OD;oDv
(1194-
(1194-1269)

jrefrmedkifiH y#dywådomoem0ifwGif 1mkef;awmfMuD; OD;oDv\ taMumif; t|KyÜwfonf

vGefpGmxl;jrwfvSay\/ rdrdwpfudk,fwnf;omru t,loDv nDrSsaom tusifh&Sdol
&ymef;awmfrsm;tm; awm&aqmufwnf&ef wdkufwGef;í atmufjrefrmjynfü awm&*dkPf;MuD;udk
pwifwnfaxmifawmfrlcJh\/ pmoifwdkufMuD;rsm;udkvnf; wnfaxmifay;cJhavonf/
udk,fawmfwdkifvnf; awmae pHjytjzpf usifhoHk;jyawmfrlcJh&m ]ygVdawmf ax&my'gef0if} Ak'¨acwf
t&SifjrwfMuD;wdk htvm; rsm;pGmthHMozG,f? twk,lzG,f? MunfndKzG,fwdk hjzifh
jynfheSufaeayawmhonf/
1mkef;awmfMuD; OD;oDvm\ t|KyÜwfrSmvnf; tjcm;t|KyÜwfrsm;eSifhrwl wpfrlxl;jcm;vSay\/
usrf;jyKyk*¾dKvfwpfOD;\ oa1mmrSsjzifh a&;om;aom usrf;rsdK;rymkwf/ 1mkef;awmfMuD;eSifh odrSD awG
hMuHKzl;olrsm;xH aMumfjimurf;vSrf;í te,fe,f t&yf&yf &ymef;&Sifvlwdk hxHrS ay;ydk horSs
wdk hudk pkpnf;í a&;om;xm;jcif;yif jzpfonf/ ay;ydk hol\ trnfvdyfpmudkvnf;
taMumif;t&meSifhwGJí azmfjyay;xm;avonf/ ay;ydk hwdik f;vnf; xnfhoGif;awmfrrl? txyfxyf
pdppfí ,kwådwefrSom ,liifazmfjyxm;\/ usrf;jyKq&mum; tjcm;rymkwf/ omoemawmfü
vGefpGmxif&Sm;aom ]t*¾rymmy@dw} anmifav;yifawm&q&mawmf } (OD;t&d,) t&SifjrwfMuD;
jzpfayonf/
a&;onfhtaMumif;t&m? a&;onf yk*¾dKvf? a&;yHka&;enf;ymlaom y"me 3-csufvHk;wGif
awmifhwif;cdkifrmvSonf/ ]xdkt|KyÜwfrsdK; jrefrmjynfwGif r&Sdao;} ymkyif qdkxdkufvSay\/
,cktcg rdrdwdk h\ *dkPf;*P omoem0ifeSifh rdrdwdk hq&mrsm;\ t|KyÜwfrsm;udk a&;om;Mu&m
]igwdk h*dkPf;? igwdk h q&momvSsif} vkyfMuonfrSm tvGef&SufzG,f aumif;avonf/ ynm&Sdrsm;
tuJh&J hvGwfatmif a&;om;xm;aom omoem0ifeSifh t|KyÜwfrsm;um; &Sm;yg;vsufyif/ pifppf
twkr&Sd jrifhjrwfaom wpfu,fhomoema&; wpfu,fh omoemtvkyfwGif igwdk h*dkPf;? igwdk
hq&mymlíyif r&Sdoifhygacs/

oli,fawmf1m0eSifh y&d,wådpmoifcsdef

1mkef;awmfMuD; OD;oDvum; yJcl;jrdK hajrmuf eSpfrdkifcef ha0;aom txuf Zdkif;*edkif;&GmMuDS;ü

zGm;jrifawmfrlcJh\/ ouú&mZfum; 1194-ckeSpf ewfawmfvqef; &Spf&ufaomMumae heHeuf
&Spfem&Dwnf;/ rd1mOD;xGef;atmif? a':csdK/ om;csif; OD;a&Tom? a':olZm? a':tdk? a':vSatmif?
OD;1mdk;ausmf (OD;1mdk;ausmfrSm &ymef;i,f1m0 eSpf0gt&wGif ysHvGefawmfrlcJh\/) 1mkef;awmfMuD;\
t1mdk;rSm jrefrm1mk&ifvufxuf ]1mef;MuD;aqmif;&} trSKxrf; wpfOD;jzpf\/
r,fawmfMuD; a':csdKrSm 1mkef;awmfMuD;tvsm ukd,f0ef&SdpOf oDvoDwif; ae hpOf apmifhxdef;vdkjcif;?
om;vGwfpm;vdkjcif;? csifjcif;rsm;jzpfí xkdktwdkif;yif usifhoHk;cJh\/ ]ql;onf jzpfpuwnf;u
cGsefonf} ymlouJhodk h 1mkef;awmfMuD;tavmif;vsmonf odwwfaom t&G,frSpí cg;0wfjrJ\/
&SufaMumufao0yf\/ tpm;taomuf acs;rrsm;? pm;p&m&SdvSsif tazmfeSifh a0iSpm;\/ awmif;vSsif
rodkr0Suf &ufa&m\/ qJqdk &dkufykwfjcif; r&Sd? 1mkef;MuD;vkyfwrf; upm;avh&Sdonf/ oli,fcsif;wdk
htay: vGefpGm onf;cH\/
q,feSpfom;wGif yJcl;taemufajrmuf usdKufa';,sHK 1mk&m;teD; aumhjyif;&Gm 1mkef;MuD;OD;rSL;xH
ausmif;aeí 12-eSpfwGif &SifjyK\/ 1mGJ h&SifoDvom&? 1213-ckeSpf wydk hwGJv wHigusdKufa';,sHK
1mk&m;ukef;&Sd odrfü yDvcuf&Gm 1mkef;MuD;udk OyZÑm,fjyKí &ymef;jyKavonf/ eSpf0g&vSsif 1mkef;MuD;yHk
(1mGJ h-OD;pE´mvuFm&) xHü ig;0g&onfhwdkif y&d,wådoif,lonf/ 1mkef;MuD;yHk\ ausmif;wdkufrSm ,ck
yJcl;aps;MuD;teD; ta&S Hajrmufaxmifhü ausmif;&Hrsm;pGmeSifh axmifhausmif;ac: ausmif;wdkufyifwnf;/
xdkpOfuyif taymmtajymaumif;\/ jywfom;\/
1218-ckeSpf ig;0gt&wGif &efukefjrdK h (,ck usdKufxD;&dk;ausmif;wdkuf) ykZGefawmif awmifvHk;jyef
a&TMuuf,uf1mkef;MuD; OD;ar"m0DxH pmoifonf/ wpf0gaejyD;aemuf yJcl;odk hjyefí
wpf&Gmwnf;om;jzpfaom uvsmPDawm& 1mkef;MuD; OD;0PÖxH wpf0gaeí pmoif\/ (xdkpOfu
uvsmPD ymoFmukef; ponfhXmaersm;um; qifaeusm;atmif;jzpf\/
a&Tomavsmif;1mk&m;onfyifvSsif ajrydk hí ukef;jrifhjzpfum vSnf;rsm;yif ausmfjzwfarmif;&\/
1243-ckeSpf rS &kyfyGm; ay:awmfrlcJhaonf/)
1220-jynfheSpf ckepf0gt&wGif tazmfeSpfyg;eSifhtwl ppfudkif;awmif&dk; t&d,0Ho a&iHkwkdufü
wpf0gpmoifjyefonf/ xkdrS rEÅav;ta&S hjyif pvif;wdkufü wpf0gaeí pmayoif,ljyef\/
1mkef;awmfMuD;onf &Spf0gausmf udk;0g&txd pmay y&d,wdåudk oif,lcJhjyD;aemuf
awm&aqmufwnfavawmhonf/ a&mufav&m awmawmifwdk hü ajymif;a&T h oD;wif;oHk;vsufu
pmoifwdkufMuD;rsm;udk w1mufuwnfaxmifí y&d,wådomoemawmfMuD;udk csD;ajrSmufawmfrlcJh\/
rdrdrSmrl &moufyeft&n0goD awmaysmf a,m*DMuD;tjzpf oDwif;oHk;awmfrlcJhavonf/

okomef"kwif awm&0ifjcif;
1222-ckeSpf udk;0gt&wGif 1mkef;awmfMuD;onf pmayy&d,wåd'PfeSifh 1m0ay; yg&rDuH\
edSK;aqmfcsuft& usef;rma&;csdK hwJhojzifh ae&yfodk h jyefMuGvmawmfrl&\/ tawmftoifh
usef;rmvmvSsif yJcl;taemuf1muf vmurGwf&Gm? awmif1mufaps; anmifyif&Gm? usdKufywdkif
ukef;wef;&Gmwdk hü wpfvSnhfpD acwåa&T hajymif;í oDwif;oHk;onf/ xkdoDwif;oHk;&mwGifvnf;
ausmif;rymkwf/ xdk&Gmrsm;\ okomefwdk hom jzpfMu\/ xkdokomefrsm;onf
awm&rac:avmufojzifh &GmeSifh wm500(ig;zmvHkcef h) a0;uGmaom awmxJrSmyif aeawmfrlonf/
twlpmoifMuG1mufjzpfaom uvsmPDOD;0PÖ? aps;anmifyifom; OD;okre wdk hvnf;
uvsmPDawmeSifh ta&S h a&TeH homodk h toD;oD; awm0ifMu\/ rEÅav;rS twlvdkufygvmaom
OD;tmp&vnf; OD;0PÖeSifhtwl awm&0ifí aemufMucwf0dkif;odk h
a&G hajymif;aeawmfrlonf/
1mkef;awmfMuD;eSifh uvsmPDOD;0PÖwdk honf xdkpOfu tvGefxif&Sm;í wynfhtiftm;aumif;aom
axmifhausmif;MuD; *dkPf;tkyf q&mawmfMuD; 1mkef;MuD;yHktm; awm&0if&ef vSHKaqmfMu\/
1mkef;MuD;yHkum; rlvuwnf; o'¨g0D&d,&Sdoljzpfonf/ q&mvnf; jzpfcJh\/ xdkpOfu 1mkef;awmfMuD;
tcsdK hrSm vSnf;EGm;axmif? aA'ifaymm? aq;ukaiGpkjcif; paom omoemawmfeSifh rtyfr&m
(taeoe? rdp¨ämZD0? ukv') rsm;twk,l jydKifqdkifaeMuonfudk awm& &ymef;i,frsm;
pdwfraumif;&SmMu/ txl;ojzifh ]acgif} jzpfol q&m(1mkef;MuD;yHk) upí jzdK&ef pOf;pm;&if;
wpfpwpfp em;azmufMu\/ qGJaqmifMu\/ 1mkef;MuD;yHkvnf; *gr0goD&ymef;\ trltusifh
tavhqdk;rsm;? wPSmtaeSmiftzGJ h\ vSnfhpm;zrf;rsdKyHk? twkjrif twwfoifum vlusifhvlMuHí
tvZÆD? 'kóDvawGom OD;a&rsm;vmyHkwdk hudk jrifvmawmhonf/
]]igonf oHCmrsm;pGmudk tkyfcsKyfí *dkPf;tkyfMuD; vkyfumrSseSifh rjyD;ao;/ omrefukodkvfrSsom
&Sdao;\/ *dkPf;tkyfMuD;um; tyg,fa1m;rvHkacsao;}} ymk rdrd1mmom pOf;pm;í awmxGuf&ef
qE´rsm; MuD;xGm;vmcJh\/

q&mhypönf;udk rD;&SdK hí aus;Zl;qyfjcif;

dxdktawmtwGif; 1mkef;awmMuD; OD;oDvvnf; rdrdi,fq&mtwGuf trsdK;rsdK; tMuHxkwfí

q&mvkyf&m ra&mufatmif MuHaqmif&avawmhonf/ wpfae haomtcg awmxJrS oydwfvG,fí
1mkef;MuD;yHk ausmif;qDodk h MuGvmcJh\/
rdrdi,fpOfumv 0denf;rwwfrDu 1mkef;MuD;yHkxHwGif &ymef;ig;0gxd aecJh&í omrSK emrSK oGm;&ef
udpöay:vSsif rdrdudk,fwdkif vSnf;OD;pD;vkyfcJh&yHkudk jrifa,mifrdav\/ rdrdyifudk,f tavh 0goemt&
t&m&mwGif aooyfjcif;? vlMuD; pdwfcsavmufatmif aqmif&Gufwwfjcif; ponfwdk haMumifh
1mkef;MuD;yHku ]]OD;yOÆif; vSnf;armif;yHku c&D;vnf;wGif? EGm;vnf; oufomay\/}} ymk csD;usL;cH&um
ta0;odk h oGm;p&m &SdorSs OD;yOÆif; OD;oDvonf vSnf;OD;pD;csnf; vkyfcJh&av\/ xdk trltusifhwdk
hum; 0denf;wwfvmaom OD;yOÆif; OD;oDvtm; axmifhausmif;MuD;rS xGufcGmapawmh\/
i,fpOfu tjzpftysufrsm;udk pOf;pm;&if; avSsmufcJh&m 1mkef;MuD;yHk ausmif;MuD;wdkufodk h
a&mufvm\/ odk haomf wdkifxJodk hum;r0if/ ausmif;tjyif&Sd Z&yfüom pwnf;csav\/
om;a&EG,fudkcif;um arwåmpaom ur®® |mef;1mm0emudk yGm;vdkuf? avSsmufxm;&ef pOf;pm;vkdufeSifh
eSpf&ufcef hMumoGm;\/ ]]tvZÆÆD &ymef;wpfyg;onfvnf; vZÆD&ymef;aygif; t&mtaxmif jyef
hapedkifao;vSsif vZÆD&ymef;wpfyg;onfvnf; vZÆD&ymef;aygif; t&mtaxmifru jyef hyGm;ap&rnf}}
ymkvnf; tm;cJawmfrlxm;\/
ausmif;wdkufxJodk h r0if1mJ aecJhjcif;rSmvnf; trsm;tm;jzifh &ymef;rsm; rtyfrpyf udk,fwdkif pDrHcef
hcGJ aqmufvkyfaprSk(ya,m*) rsm; yg0ifwwf&m 0denf;av;pm;aom &ymef;wdk honf
ausmif;wdkif;ürae/ 1mk&m;apwDwdkif; OD;rcsMu/ rtyfpyfaom ausmif;uef1mk&m;um;
wpfomoemvHk;eSifhyif rtyf? xdpyforSs tmywfoifhapawmhonf/ ynmenf;aom tvSL&Sifwdk
hvnf; tusdK;enf;Mu&avawmh\/ þoa1mmudk rodolwdk hu ]MuD;us,fvdkufwm} ymk
xifrSm;wwfMuavonf/
1mkef;MuD;yHkvnf; Z&yfü OD;oDv a&mufaeonfudk od&ojzifh ukd,fwdkif <uvm\/
]]OD;yOöif;? 1mmjzpfvdk h ausmif;ay: rvm1mJ 'DrSmae&ovJ/ wdk hrsm;rSm 1m,fvdktjypfrsm; jrifvdk hvJ}}
ymk 1mkef;MuD;yHku ar;&m.....
]]q&m1mk&m;onf trsm;wynhf\ aus;Zl;&SifMuD; jzpfygonf/ q&morm;\ aus;Zl;aMumifhyif
0denf;usrf;*efrsm; wwfajrmufcJh&ygonf/ 0denf;jypfruif;aom t&mrsm; awG h&í
aus;Zl;qyfrnftMuHjzifh tcgtcGifhudk apmifhvifhaejcif; jzpfygonf 1mk&m;}} ymk avSsmufxm;vdkuf&m
1mkef;MuD;yHkrSm pdwfrckonfhtjyif 0rf;ajrmufoGm;\/
]]OD;yOöif;? wdk hrsm;rSm wynfhtrsm;&SdaomfvJ OD;yOööif;udkom tm;xm;onf/ roifhvSsif jyKjyifyg? wdk
hrsm;udk ypfrxm;ygeSifh? wdk hrsm; tm;vHk;tcGifhay;onf}} ymk rdef hawmfrlojzifh-
]]þodk hcGifhjyKygvSsif omoemeSifh rpyfaom vSnf;,mOf? avSavmif;rS tp okwfoifyg&ap 1mk&m;}}
ymk avSsmuf\/
q&muvnf; ausauseyfeyfMuD; cGifhjyKojzifh rtyfr&m ypönf;tm;vHk; pkí a&eHavmif;jyD;
1mk&m;tm; rD;ylaZmfvdkufonf/ 1mkef;MuD;yHkvnf; wynfhrsm;uJhokd hyif awm&0if&ef tpp
pDrHavawmh\/ ]wynhfi,fu q&mvkyfonf} ymk rjrif/ t&Sif om&dykMwmtm;
ouFef;w&GwfqGJonfudk avSsmufwifaom omraPxHk;eSvHk;rlí MunfjzLpGmyif vufcHawmfrlonfrSm
omoemwGif wpfO'gef;yif wGif&pfavawmhonf/
({0H oH0¡km ymd wó 1m*0awm y&dom ,'d'H tnrn0paee tnrn 0k|myaee-0denf;/)

vlaygif; aygif;í 0rf;ausmif;aom &ymef;

1mkef;MuD;yHk awmxGuf&mü txl;jcm;qHk;um; yAÁmZed,uH aqmifjcif; (0g) eSifxkwfcH&jcif;yif

jzpf\/ xdktjypfudk oHCmu pGyfpGJazmfxkwfí cH&jcif;rymkwf/ rdrd1mmom udk,fhudk,fudk tqdk;xm;í
xdkuHudk jyKapjcif;yif jzpf\/ xdkyAÁmZed,uH\ oa1mmtcsKyfrSm &ymef;jzpfvsuf 'um? 'umr
rsm;xHrS ypönf;&,lrSKtwGuf opfoD;ay;jcif;? ajrSmufw&m; aymmjcif;? aA'ifaymmjcif;? aq;ukjcif;
paom 21-rsdK;aom vm1mfqG,f (taeoe ulv') enf;rsm;jzifh vm1mf&atmif vkyfvSsif xdkypönf;
jyKvkyfolomru rnfonfh&ymef; eSifhrSsrtyf/ roHk;xkdif/ pGef hypf&onf/ jriforSs Mum;orSs
&ymef;wdk hu aemif þodk hrvkyf&ef qHk;r &\/ oHk;MudrfqHk;rírS r&vSsif yAÁmZed,uH jyK&onf/
(eSifxkwf&onf/) xdkausmif;? xkdypönf;rsm;omru xdk'um xdk&Gmwdk hüyif tvSLrcH&awmhacs/
tvGefMuD;av;aom rw&m; vm1mf&SmrSkMuD;yif jzpf\/
t1m,fhaMumifhqdkaomf þodkd h&ymef;qdk;rsm;u vleSifha&maeSmum ypönf;r&/ &aMumif; enf;rsdK;pHkjzifh
aygif;oif;&,lcJhaom xkdypönf;udk oHk;pm;rd (ausmif;jzpfvSsif) aerdaom &ymef;aumif;wdkif;tm;
tmywfoifhaprd\/ vl'umwdk hvnf; xdkodk h qufqHa&; rvkyfaom olawmfaumif; &ymef;rsm;tm;
ay;vSLvdkjcif; r&SdMuawmhojzifh omoemawmfü MuD;pGmaom tEÅ&m,fMuD;wpfck jzpfvmawmhonf/
'umüvnf; tusdK;ay; rxufoefawmhacs/ xdk haMumifh vlaygif; aygif;í 0rf;ausmif; vm1mf&Sm
o'¨gzsuf &ymef;rsdK;udk eSifxkwf&aom pnf;urf;wpfck ynwfcJh&avonf/
1mkef;MuD;yHkum; þtjypfrsdK; r&Sd/ roef h&Sif;ymk xiforSs ausmif;rSpí pGef hypfvdkuf ayjyD/ odk h&mwGif
1mkef;MuD;yHkonf rdrdudk,fudk tqdk;xm;í oHCmxHü xdkuHudk cH,lcJhonf/
sd]]*dkPf;tkyfMuD;jzpfvsuf yAÁmZed,uH jyKonfudk cH&ovm;ymk ar;vSsif ukv' ('umwdk h
o'¨gudkzsufqD;rSk) aMumifh cH&onfymk ajym&pfMuyap}} ymk aemufom;wdk h owd& a&SmifedkifMuap&ef
omoemtwGuf rdrd*kPfudk tepfemcHcJhaonf/
avmuDypönf;udk rpHkruftyf/ eSpfoufzG,f*kPfum; awmxJrSmom &Sdonfudkvnf; om ;pOajr;quf
oifcef;pmay;vdkufayonf/
rdrdusL;vGefrdonfxuf tjypf'Pfudk ydkí xrf;aqmifjcif;? rdrdukd,fudk omvSsif rdkuf&mxm;í
omoem jyKjcif;rSmvnf; tHhzG,fo&J jzpfay\/ tcsdK hum; rdrdusL;vGefrdonfudk ajzazsmufypf&ef
r&dk;om;aom pdwfjzifh 1mk&m;aymmudkyif rwnfh?wnfhatmif zmax;í zHk;uG,fvdkMu\/
]]rdk;MudK;ypfxef;vufum}} ymlouJhodk h rdrdtjypfudk 1mk&m;aymm yVdawmf xef;vufMuD;u vHkjcHKatmif
zHk;um ay;edkifavmufaom qGJqef h,ljcif; r&SdedkifcJhaomf ygVdawmfudkyif trSm;jzpfatmif qufvufí
aumufuspfpOf;vJ Muawmhonf/ aemufqHk; ]tjypfr&Sd 0g'D} (te0ZÆonD) 1m0rS i&J? ewfjynfyif
r&Sdapvdkaom rdpäm'd|dyef;wdkifxd au&m#d,yu© (pOf;vJrSk) aMumifvdrfavSum;MuD;udk axmifí
wufrdrSm;Mu&Smawmhonf/

1mkef;MuD;yHk awmxGufcef;

1mkef;MuD;yHkum; r&Sdaom tjypffudkyif t&Sdvkyfí omoemudk pifMu,fapcJhonfrSm o'¨g&Sdaom

ynmwwf olawmfaumif;MuD; yDoygaypGmh/ tjypfudk xkwfazmf0efcHjcif;onf omoemawmfvnf;
pifMu,fí rdrdvnf; w&m;xl;&aMumif; olawmfaumif; vu©Pmyif jzpfayonf/
1mkef;awmfMuD;yHkonf *gr0goD(&Gmae) &ymef;wdk h\ trltusifh teH htoufrsm;tm;vHk;udk
aq;aMumokwfoifaepOf wynfh oHCm 'um 'umrwdk honf trsdK;rsdK; taMumif;jyvsuf
awmrxGuf&ef wm;Mu\/ zsufMu\/
]]rwm;csifMueSifhawmh wynfhwdk h? wdk hrsm; y&dowfarG;í y&d,wfwm0efvnf; xrf;cJhjyD? wdk hrsm;
67-eSpf ao0yg;eD;&SdjyD/ oifwdk htm; rcspfírymkwf/ ed,smedu (xGufajrmufa&;)
omoemawmfMuD;eSifh MuHKvdk hrS wpfr*f wpfzdkvf r&vSsif MuHK&usdK;reyf}} ymk at;at;omomjzifh
eSpfodrfh&if ausmif;MuD;ay:rS qif;vmcJhawmh\/ ydkufuGefrdrSef;rodaom ig;\ xkd;xGufjcif;uJhodk
hvnf;aumif;? avmifpmtm;aumif;aom rD;\ rqkwfrepf a&S hwdk;í avmifjcif;uJhodk hvnf;aumif;
wynfhy&dowfrsm; tMum;rS xdk;xGufí tvm oydwf? awmifa0S;eSifh wdpD0&duf ouFef;oHk;xnfudk
ausmif;0dkif;t0rSyif yHhokulaumif,l &&Sdavonf/
t1mdodwfcHtHhaom rif;{u&mZfonf rif;ajrmufwefqm ig;yg;&ouJhodk h yHhokul&aom
ouFef;rsm;jzifh ausmif;t0rSmyif vJvS,f0wf&Hkí wynfh 'um? 'umrwdk hrsuf&nfjynfhaom
rsufpdwdk hjzifh MunfhMuukefpOf? awmif;yefc, idkaMuG;MuukefpOf uvsmPrdwåvnf; jzpf
wynfhvnf;jzpfMuaom OD;0PÖeSifh OD;oDvwdk htm; aemufygac:í uvsmPDawmwdk h
0ifawmfrlav\/ (1mkef;MuD;yHk 1159-ckzGm;? 1226-ck awmxGuf/ 1mkef;awmfMuD; OD;oDvum; 13-0g
&avjyD/ OD;0PÖum; OD;oDvxuf 4-ESpf MuD;\/)
xkdtcgrSpí atmufjrefrmedkifiHwGif ]awm&*dkPf;} ymlí xif&Sm;av\/ 1mkef;awmfMuD;rsm;uvnf;
MuHK&m pyf&m aymmajymwdkufwGef;awmf rlMuonf/
1mkef;MuD;yHkonf uvsmPDausmif;wdkuf awmif1muf opfap;yif av;wdkifpifausmif;üvnf;aumif;?
1mkef;awmfMuD; OD;oDvum; xdktaemuf1muf ausmif;i,fwpfcküvnf;aumif;
oDwif;oHk;awmfrlMu\/ 0gvuGswfaomf 1mkef;MuD;yHkonf a&TymoFmukef;odk h MuGí 1mkef;awmfMuD;
OD;oDvvnf; 1228-ckeSpfwGif twlvdkufí 0guyfavonf/ xdkpOfu qifaeusm;atmif;
ykayÜmif;xlxyfaom awmt&yfaywnf;/
wpfae hwjcm; awm&*dkPf;MuD; xif&Sm;wdk;yGm;vmojzifh 1mkef;MuD;yHkudk em,uxm;í 1233-ckeSpf
wefaqmifrkef;vrSpí OD;0PÖ\ vHSK haqmfcsuft& Mucwf0dkif;ü 0denf; pmjyefyGJMuD; jyKvkyfjcif;?
1253-ckeSpfrSpí y0g&PmyGJMuD; usif;yjcif;rsm; jyKvkyfedkifcJh\/ txufjrefrmedkifiHwGif
a&Tusif*dkPf;uJhodk h *dkPf;aeoHCmi,frsm;vnf; a&mifjyefymyfum 'd|mek*wd (twkvdkufjcif;)
tm;jzifh ,ckwdkif ao0yf uspfvspfawmfrlMuygay\/

1mkef;awmfMuD;\ tavhtxrsm;

1mkef;awmfMuD; OD;oDvonf q&meSifhtwl eSpfeSpfwmrSs vdkufyg 0guyfí aemufumvwGif ae&mtESH

htjym; wpfyg;wnf; wpfawmxGuf0if t&nuif aqmifawmfrl\/ yJcl;ywf0ef;usifESifh usdKufxdk?
oxHk? armfvjrdKif? rk'Hk? 1mDvl;uGsef; ponfjzifh 0gqdkpOf&ef rwwfedkifatmif &Sdavonf/ oGm;av&m
ydwfrdk;ausmif;xdk;í ae\/ tjrJae&mr&Sd/ apmifymlír&Sd/ csrf;vSsif om;a&EG,ftcif;udk jcHK\/
1mkef;awmfMuD;\ t&yfrSm ig;aycGJcef hysyfysyfyg;yg;&Sd\/ tom;awmf jzL0gí 0if;ae\/
omoema&;eSifh pyfvSsif yifh&modk hMuGa&mufcsD;ajrSmuf\/ pdwftvGefxuf\/ ajzmifhpif;\/
y#dywft&mü odk0Suf\/ pmoifwdkufMuD;rsm; jzpfxGef;apvdk\/ c&D;oGm;onfhtcg uyÜd,? olawmf
ponftazmfygonfh tcgvnf; yg\/ ajrvrf;ü ajcjzifhom MuGí a&mufav&mü t0wfykqdk;
cif;Muojzifh ajr0,fajcrus/ cif;xm;aomfvnf; ]]edAÁmefr*fzdkvftwGuf csD;ajrSmufyg}} ymk
avSsmufrSom eif;MuG\/ qHyifrsm; cif;xm;onfudkrl reif;/ omoema&; udpö&Sdí vlodcH MuG&aom
Xmaewdkif;wGif ysm;yef;cwfrSs MudKqdkMu\/ 70-ausmfaomtcg xrf;pif? rD;&xm;jzifh MuGonf/
yHhokul "kwifudkvnf; tjrJaqmifrSef; odMuojzifh tcsdK hvnf; ouFef;udk okomefü? vrf;a1m;ü csí
]]tok1m&SKMuGyg1mk&m;}} ymk yifhwwfMu\/ uk#Dvrf;ü csívnf; ]]tzl;ajrmfcHMuGyg}} ymk yifholu
yifhMu\/ wpfae hig;Mudrf ajcmufMudrf ouFef;topf vJ&avonf/ Mumaomf-
]]ighrSm 0rf;rem1mJ uk#DoGm;&? romr&Sd1mJ tok1m&SK MuGMuGae&w,f}} ymk rdef hawmfrl\/
qGrf;r&aomtcg a&jzifhom a&mifh&Jae\/ qGrf;udkvnf; wpfae&mwnf; wpfcGufwnf;
({umoeduf"kwift&) 1mkOf;ay;\/ oGm;emwwfí oufoufvGwf tjrJ1mkOf;ay;\/ jrif;o&dkufeSifh
ovdyfyef;em&Sdí xrif;&nf oifhjrwfonf qdkojzifh uyÜd,rsm;u &Smí uyf&onf/ odaE¨mqm;
tenf;i,fxnfhívnf; uyfMu\/
&ymef;i,frsm;tm; pmoif&ef wdkufwGef;í &ymef;MuD;rsm;tm; awm&0if&ef wdkufwGef;avh&Sdonf/
a&mufav&m t&yfwdkif; 'um? 'umrrsm;u wpfokwfjyD; wpfokwf tcsdefqGJí ig;yg;oDvcsD;jrSifh&ef
avSsmufxm;wwfMu&m qkay;udk wdkwdkay;í ]]earmwóqdk}} ponfjzifhtqdkcdkif;onf/ jyD;vSsif
]]uJ-oGm;Mu? oGm;Mu}} ymk eSifavh&Sd\/ tuGsrf;w0if rajymaymm/ vltdkeSifh vlrsdK;jcm;rsm;
ygvmaomf w&m;tenf;i,faymmavh&Sd\/ 1mkef;awmfMuD;\ tavhtxudk odxm;olwdk hu vltdkeSifh
vlrsdK;jcm;rsm;udk a&S haqmifac:oGm;wwfMu\/ w&m;aymmjyefvSsifvnf;-
]]ol htoufrowfeJ h? oef;OrwkwfeJ h? i&JMuD;wwfonf}} ponfjzifh &wemoHk;yg;udk
tav;tjrwfjyK&ef tajccHudk wdkwdkwkwfwkwf rarhedkifatmif aymmavh&Sd\/ &Hcg ]]&lyu©E¨m tedpöm}}
ponfjzifh csay;wwf\/ 1mkef;awmfMuD;eSifh oHk;eSpfcef h vdkufzl;aom q&mawmfMuD; wpfyg;u-
]]1mkef;awmfMuD; tjrJvufoHk;jyKaom w&m;um; igwdk hodaom enf;eSifh ruGmvS? vHk hvMuD;rm;í
&dk;om;ajzmifhpif;jcif;om uGmavonf}} ymk qkd\/
1mkef;awmfMuD; OD;oDv a&muf&mt&yfü ypönf;vm1mfvm1mrsm; tHhMoavmufatmif rsm;jym;\/
&orSs &ymef;oHCmrsm;udkom vSLypfonf/ rdrdrSmrl oydwfwpfvHk;? oHk;xnfaom ouFef;jzifhom
wpfawmxGuf0if vSnfhvnfawmf rlavonf/

tEÅ&m,ftrsdK;rsdK;eSifh awG hMuHKawmfrljcif;

1mkef;awmfMuD;onf touf&SiforSs umvywfvHk; wpfawmxGuf0if vSnfhvnfí t&n0goD

(awm&aqmufwnf) aeawmfrl&m 1mkef;awmfMuD; raezl;aom awmawmifrsm; r&Sdoavmufjzpf\/
awmMuD; rsufrnf;wGif i&Jwd&pämefrsm;um; aygrsm;vSayonf/ tEÅ&m,fvnf; MuD;rm;vSayonf/
omrefvlwdk htwGuf tEÅ&m,fvnf MuD;rm;vSayonf/ omrefvlwdk htwGuf tEÅ&m,fymk xif&aom
t&mrsm;onf 1mkef;awmfMuD;twGuf rdwfaqGrsm;ozG,f jzpfaeonfudk awG hMu&avonf/
]]a1m;&efymlonf olawmfaumif;rsm;xHrS rjzpf? ol,kwfrmwdk hxHrSom jzpfay:vm\/ xdk haMumifh
olawmfaumif;rsm;ü a1m;&efr&Sdacs/}} (Oy&d? Aymk"mwkuokwf/)

usm;

1mkef;awmfMuD;onf 1288-ckeSpfu usdKufa';,sHK1mk&m;MuD; taemufawmif1muf ydef;tif;awm&

av;wdkifpifausmif;i,fwGif oDwif;oHk;&m ,if;Xmeum; usm;rsm; usufpm;&mXmejzpf\/
ausmif;atmufeSifh uk#DoGm;vrf;wpfavSsmuf usm;rsm;npOf ymdef;aymmufae\/ 1mkef;awmfMuD;um;
aMumiftvm;? EGm;ozG,f atmufarhawmfrlonf/
wpfcsdefurl yJcl;acsmif;zsm;&Sd urf;jrifh&Gm okomefZ&yfü wpfn wnf;cdkawmfrl\/ xdk&Gmü
usm;qdk;wpfaumifonf npOf EGm;rsm;udk udkufowfavh&Sdojzifh &Gmom;rsm;rSm 1mkefa;wmfMuD;twGuf
pdwfraumif; jzpfaeMuonf? ntcg oGm;ívnf; ravSsmuf&JMu/
eHeufrdk;vif;rS ]usm;pmjzpfa&mhrnf} txifeSifh oGm;Mu&m vrf;wGif qGrf;cHMuGvmonfeSifh yufyif;yg
zl;awG h&í &GmjyefjyD; 0rf;omtm;& qGrf;avmif;Mu\/ qGrf;cHtjyefvdkufygMunfhMu&m
1mkef;awmfMuD;eSifh usm;qdk;MuD;rSm oHk;awmifcef hom a0;onfudk awG hMu&onf/
a';pGefygawm&ü aepOf uyÜd, OD;tmumvnf; tazmfvdkufae\/ uyÜd,MuD;um; aqmif;tcgvnf;
jzpfojzifh rD;vSHK&efeSifh usm;rsm; rvmap&ef &nf&G,fí ae hcif;u xif;acGxm;jyD; ntcg
rD;xnfhvSHKavh&Sd\/ usm;MuD;wpfaumifonf rD;zdk&Sd&modk hwnfhwnfhMuD;0ifvm\/ 1mkef;awmfMuD;um;
av;wdkifpif ausmif;ay:ü &Sdaeí atmfvnf; ratmf&J/ r&Jaomfvnf; ajy;cJap vkyfae&\/
rD;zdkrSmyif &GwfzwfyGm;rsm;&if; wxdwfxdwf jzpfae\/ usm;MuD;vnf; rD;zdkodk hyifvmí 0yfae\/
twefi,fMumvSsif usm;MuD;rSm rD;yHkteD; yg;pyfymvsufom; rSdef;oGm;ojzifh uyÜd,MuD;rSm
pdwfoufom&m &oGm;\/ usm;MuD; yg;pyftaymmif;om; tdyfaysmfoGm;cdkuf uyÜd,MuD;onf-
]'DrD;usD;cJawGaumfjyD; usm;MuD;yg;pyfxJ xnfhvdkuf& aumif;rSmyJ} ymk pdwful;rd&m xdkcPyif
usm;MuD; ymdef;avawmhonf/
]]uyÜd,MuD; 1mmvdk h raumif;MuHjyD; jypfrSm;&ovJ/ udk,fhtvkyf udk,fvkyfwm rymkwf1ml;?
awmif;yefvdkuf}} ymk 1mkefawmfMuD;u ausmif;uav;ay:rS toHjrSifhí cyfqwfqwf ajymvdkuf\/
awmif;yefjyD; arwÅmyGm;vdkufrSom usm;MuD; jidrfusoGm;awmhonf/ (aumhu&dwfe,f
awmrsm;wGifvnf; ausmif;avSum;&if;xd usm;rsm; vmtdyfMuonfudk awG hMu&\/)

qif

1mkef;awmfMuD;onf usdKufxkdeSifh oHk;rdkiftuGm uifyGef;pcef;a1m;&Sd oufi,fusif;&Gmawm&ü 1250-

jynfheSpfavmufu oDwif;oHk;zl;onf/ xdk&Gmü oDwif;oHk;&efyifhaom 'umoHk;a,mufeSifhtwl
armif;awmifawmrS vmMu&m &GmteD; wpfrdkifcef havmuf ta&mufwGif vlrsm;pGm eif;owfzl;aom
qif&dkif;wpfaumifudk awG h&\/ qifeSifh &ifqdkifawG hvSsif 'umoHk;a,mufrSm xGufajy;í
wpfa,mufrSm opfyifay: wufae\/ 1mkef;awmfMuD;um; a&S hrwdk;? aemufrqkwf/ &yfjrJ&yfae\/
1mkef;awmfMuD;qDodk h tm;ukefajy;vmaom qifMuD;onf tem;a&mufvSsifyif tvdkvdk ykqpfwkyfjyD;
usoGm;\/ 1mkef;awmfMuD;uvnf; rwkefvSKyf/ qif&dkif;MuD;rSm ykqpfwkyfjyD; rsuf&nfrsm;
wawGawGusum acgif;iHk hjyD; aemufvSnfhxGufoGm;onfudk jrifMu&avonf/
tvm;wlyif 1257-ckeSpfavmufwGif udsKufxdk tif;pdkifarmif awm&? oxHk? ajreDukef;awm&?
c&GJawmifay:awm& ausmif;rsm;ü aepOfuvnf; qGrf;cHvrf;wGif awmqif&dkif;rsm;eSifh awG h&m
qif&dkif;rsm;uyif a&Smifay;Mu&\/ ausmif;0if;twGif;ü awmqiftkyf 0ifvm&mwGifvnf; ]]oifwdk
hraESmifh,SufMueSifh}} ymk rdef hawmfrl&m vl hpum; em;vnfouJhodk h xGufcGmoGm;Muzl;\/
wpfzef aumhu'Gwf&Gm awmausmif;ü aepOf usdKufxdkjrdK h ta&S h 1mk&m;oHk;qlawm&rS
&ymef;cHudpötwGuf ntcg wpfyg;wnf; MuGvm\/ vrf;ckvwf Z&yfwpfckwGif vSnf;orm;rsm;
vSnf;0dkif;csí em;aeMu&m 'umwpfa,mufrSm usdKufxdkodk hvdkufvdkojzifh 1mkef;awmfMuD;aemuf
oydwfvG,fí vdkufygcJh\/ vomom awmvrf;c&D;wGif awmqiftkyfMuD;vmaeonfudk ta0;rSyif
jrifae&\/
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aemufaMumif;jyef xGufajy;av\/ 1mkef;awmfMuD;udk vSrf;í Munfhvdkuf&m rwkefrvSKyf qiftkyfxJ
jrKyfoGm;onfukd jrifae&\/ vSnf;0dkif;a&mfí xdk'umu tjcm;olrsm;tm;-
]]ckavmufqdk 1mkef;awmfMuD;rSm tpteawmif &Sm&awmhrSm rymkwf1ml;}} ymk ajymqdk&m vltrsm;u
]]tJ'g 1mkef;awmfMuD; OD;oDv jzpfvdrfhrnf/ 'D1mkef;awmfMuD;u qifreif; usm;rudkuf1ml;}} ymk
ajymMu\/ xdk'umvnf; eHeufrdk;vif;vSsif 1mk&m;oHk;qlawmifodk h owif;ar; vdkufoGm;um
jypfrSm;rdorSs onf;cH&ef 0efcsawmif;yefavonf/
1mkef;awmfMuD; awmqif&dkif;rsm;eSifh tMudrfMudrf awG h&&mwGif usdKufxD;&dk;vrf; rdk;ayg&Gm
awm&üaepOfu awG h&aom jzpf&yfrSm ydkí tHhzG,faumif;avonf/ awG hyHkrSm rdk;ayg&GmrS
oufi,fawmifodk husdKufxD;&dk;vrf;jzifh MuGawmfrl&m yJcl;yef;vdSKifq&mzdk;uav;vnf; oydwfvG,fí
aemufyg uyÜd,tjzpf vdkufygoGm;cJh\/ vrf;ckvwfwGif 1mk&m;zl;jyefrsm;eSifh teD;tem;&Sd
&Gmom;rsm;u-
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vljrifwdkif; vdkufjyD; eif;owfaeygw,f/ rMumrDu &Srf;MuD;av;a,muf eif;owfvdk ho&JjzpfJjyD;
aMumhrSL;MuD;udk pD;aeygw,f/ MuGawmfrrlygeSifh}} ym 0dkif;í wm;Mu\/ yefcsmyD oHk;a,mufeSifh
t*FvdyfppfAdkvf wpfa,mufvnf; aoewfudk,fpDudkifvsuf awG h&jyef&m xdkenf;ajymqdk
wm;jrpfMu\/ 1mkef;awmfMuD;um; MuGjrJMuGav\/ rMumrD qifaMumhrSL;MuD;eSifh
yufyif;wdk;avawmhonf/ q&mzdk;uav;um; 1mkef;awmfMuD;tm; ,HkMunfod&Sdxm;oljzpfí rsm;pGm
xdwfvef hjcif;rjzpf? 1mkef;awmfMuD;udkom tuJcwfae\/ 1mkef;awmfMuD;um; 1mmrSs trlt&m
rxl;jcm; a&S hodk hMuGjrJMuG\/
tMurf;ajy;vmaom qifMuD;onf 1mkef;awmfMuD;teD;odk h a&mufvSsifyif OD;acgif;idkufpdkuf ajrü
vufarmif;csum atmfympfae\/ xdktcg carmufeDeD udk,fpDeSifh vlvdkvkd o@meMuD; av;ck
qifay:rS qif;ajy;oGm;onfudk jrifvdkuf&onf/ jyD;vSsif qifMuD;rSm vrf;a&Smifay;í awmxJodk h
0ifoGm;avawmh\/ ]]1mkef;awmfMuD;\ oDvESifh arwåmonf tpGrf;xufavpGmh}} ymk ajymqdkcsD;usL;í
rqHk;Muawmh/

EGm;? ajrG? jcif? yk&Guf? ysm;

1mkef;awmfMuD; usdKufxdk qdyfzl;awmifü aepOf wpfae h jrddK hwGif;&Sd r,fZ,fausmif;odk h udpö&Sdí

vmjyD; jyeftMuG vrf;ckvwf tkwfwHwm; vrf;usOf;ta&muf EGm;odk;&dkif;wpfaumifvnf;
ckefaygufajy;vmonfeSifh &ifqdkifwdk;\/ vdkufydk haom r,fZ,fq&mawmfrSm vGefpGm pdk;&drfae\/
1mkef;awmfMuD;um; £ajE´rysuf MuGjrJMuGonf/ teD;odk ha&mufvSsif EGm;odk ;&dkif;MuD;onf
a&SmifxGufajy;av\/
usdKufywdkifukef;wef;ü aepOftcgurl *ltwGif;ü 15-awmif? vHk;ywf oHk;xGmcef h&Sd
ajrGMuD;wpfaumif0ifaeí 1mkef;awmfMuD;u ]]taeSmifht,SufrjyKaumif;1ml;}} ponfjzifh ajym&m
pum;em;vnfouJhodk h at;aq;pGm xGufoGm;\/
usdKufxkde,f usdKufuom&Gm aumhpHawm&ü aepOfuvnf; Z&yfrD;zdkodk h 12-awmifcef h&Snfí
em;udk;ayguf&Sd ajrGMuD;wufvmí 'um? 'umrrsm;onf xdwfvef haeMupOf 1mkef;awmfMuD;
MuGvmjyD; ]]þae&monf olawmfaumif;rsm; ukodkvfvkyf&m Xme jzpfonf/ raeSmifh,Sufoifh}} ymk
ajymvdkufrS xdkajrGMuD; qif;oGm;ojzihf vltrsm; tHhMoMu\/
xdk hjyif a&Tusifawm&ausmif;onf rSuf? jcif? yk&Gwfqdwf? u&ifeDrsm; tvGefayg\/ 1mkef;awmfMuD;
wpfem&D eSpfem&D ponf Mumatmif xdkifí 0wfjyKjcif;? w&m;&SKjcif; jyKaomfvnf; wpfcsufrSs
rvSKyfojzifh ntdyf Oykofonfrsm;u ]]jcifrudkuf}} ymk vnf;aumif;? ]]udkufrSmygyJ? orm"daMumifh
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r[kwfvm;? *gxmuvG,fvG,fav;yg/ wu,fhwu,f a&mufawmh r,Hkbl;} [ktrdefU&Sd&m
]wynfhawmfwdkU cdkif;wmvkyfyghr,f? usufqdkusufygh r,fbk&m;} ponfjzifh arQmfvifh
wMuD;avQmufxm;Mu\/ uwdcHMu\/ ] wdkUrsm; vufawGY *gxmawG?
w&m;awGutvGefvG,fygw,fuG,f/ usufvJrae&ygbl;? &dk;vGef;awmh vlMudKufenf;aew,f/
wu,fvkyf&ift[kwfpGrf;yg&JU} [krdefUawmfrlavh&Sd\/ qifeif;íraoaom rC 0wÅK? emVm*D&d0wÅK?
qDylavmif;írylaom OwÅ&m owdkUorD; taMumif;? vlUatmufwef;pm;jynfwefqmr AE¨KrwD yif
opömqdkí jrpfa&wefU yHk (rdvdE´)? om;i,fa>rqdyfrGefaomtcg tESpfajcmufq,f &aoh0wfESifh
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m kUudk
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bk&m;&SifawG[m wdkUbk&m;&Sifvdk Oya'0denf;awG trsm;MuD;vJ rynwfbl;? yd#uoHk;yHk
qdkwmvnf;xm;awmfrrlcJhMubl;/ vjynfhvuG,faehwdkif; ] cEÅDy&rH wayg wdwdu©m} oHk;*gxmyJ
wpfoufvHk; a[moGm;MuwmyJ/ bmrqdk ajrMuD;vdk onf;cH&r,f/ olwpfyg;udk xdcdkufepfematmif
bmrSrvkyf&bl;/ tjypf&SdwJh tukodkvftvkyfqdk&if jyKcsif ayr,fh MudwfrSwfonf;cHjyD; a&Smif&r,f/
aumif;wJh ukodkvftvkyfudkrvkyfcsifayr,fU MudwfrSwfonf;cHjyD;vkyf/
tpm;taomufudkcsifhcsdefpm;jyD; pdwf"mwf jzLpifatmif qdwfjidrf at;csrf;&mrSm orm"d xlaxmif&HkyJ/
{wH Ak'¨gomoeH=a&S;uyGifhawmfrljyD; bk&m;&Sif tqlqlawG[m onftwdkif;a[mMum;
qHk;rawmfrlw,f/ yd#uoHk;yHk csKyfvdkuf&if vJ 'gygyJ/ 'Dvdkt&dk;cHw&m;awGudk usifhawmh
usifhEdkifoavmuf tusdK;MuD;Muw,f/ wefcdk; MuD;Muw,f/ onfhjyif r&Sdygbl;}} [k a[mawmfrl\/

urÇmUed,mrukd csKd;azmufNcif;

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oufNyif;csBuavawmU\/ oDv?arwÅm?opöm? cEÅDpaom taNccHw&mrsm;rygbJ ur®|mef;xkdifí
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rsm;Nym;ukef\/
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tm;vkH;ukd onf;cH&\/ eHeufrkd;vif; uwnf;u “,aeU igonf;cHNcif;ukd usifUokH;&rnf” [k
wpf&ufpDvDí usifU&m\/
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ukdifygrsm;aom ykqdef&kd;wGif vufacsmif;&mrsm; tvIdif;vIdif; xifvmouJUokdU tom;wufrSef;rod
wufvmayvdrfUrnf/ bk&m&SifonftHusdwfí wufacgufíyif tm;xkwf&SmazGawmf rlcJU&onf/
“oAÁ*kPmeH t"d0goeblrd” = onf;cHNcif;? t&m&m t&IH;ay;Ncif;onf *kPfaus;Zl;tm;vkH;wkdU\
pka0;&mNzpfownf;/ (p&d,m yd#u/)
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,kHBunfNcif; t&if;pkduf&efom cufwwfayonf/
“oHom&0¥ 'ku©awm” rygaom arSmfq&m? pdwfynmq&m? qm'l;rsm;? zuD;rsm;yifvQif
þoDv?arwÅmpaom obm0 Oya'oBuD;rsm;ukd rusifUEkdifygbJvsuf pdwfwefckd;? twwfwefckd;?
orm"dpkef;wefckd; wpfrsKd;rsKd;NzifU urÇmed,mrBuD;tcsKdUukd csKd;azmufNyEkdif Buayao;\/
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t&mr&SdawmUNyD[k tav;teuf ,HkBunfBuKd;pm;aeaom a,m*Drsm; wpfaeUwNcm;
rsm;Nym;vmonfrSm þ,aeU y#dywÅdomoem\ xl;Ncm;csufyifwnf;/
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rm&ygo ac: rm&\nTwfukd vGwfatmif&kef;uef&mü oDv[laom taNccHrlv 0denf;Oya'oukd
“rm&ygo
twdtus em,lawmfrlNrJyif/
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naecsrf; vlol&Sif;csdef NzpfoNzifU opfwpfyif&if;ü at;aq;pGm ur®|mef; xkdifaeckduf Nzpfonf/
xkdtcg 'umwpfOD;u q&mawmftm; ,kHBunfavmufatmif wpfpkHwpfck taBumif;Ny avQmufxm;í
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taBumif;rSm q&mawmftm; yckuúLwpfNrKdUe,fvkH;rS olaX;ol<u,frsm; toufwrQ ukd;uG,f
qnf;uyfBu&m Nyefay;qGJvQif a&TaiGvkdoavmuf&rnf [k udef;aowGufí Nyefay;qGJBuNcif;
Nzpfonf/ av;a,mufom; rarmEkdif? ryef;Ekdif/ acR;w'D;'D;usatmif xrf;Bu&\/
wpfem&Dausmfausmf Bumaomtcg rdrdwkdU BuKdwifpDpOfxm;aom vkHNcKHonfUpcef;okdU a&mufNyD[k
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pdwfcsavmufaom taNctae &Sdr&Sd tuJcwf&if; BunfUvkdufBu\/ wpfem&Dausmfausmf
acR;'D;'D;usatmif xrf;cJUaomfvnf; q&mawmf\ awm&ausmif;0if;uav;rS tNyifra&muf/
ausmif;twGif;rSmyif csmcsmvnfaeBuaBumif;ukd owd&BuavawmU\/ xkdtcg vlqkd;rsm;
oufNyif;csí acR;okwf&if; 0efcsuefawmUum xGufaNy;BuavawmUonf/
“{0H tpdEÅd,m Ak'¨g? Ak'¨"r®m tpdEÅd,m” (ty'gef ygVdawmf) a[mawmfrlonfUtwkdif; NrwfpGmbk&m;
xkd;xGif;odNrifawmfrlaom obm0w&m;wkdUonf pdwful;NzifU xdawGUí rrSD/ BuHpnfí
r&paumif;aom oabm&dSukef\/
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Nzpf&yfwkdUonf rdrdwkdU\ rsufpd? em;ponfrS &aom todukdom trSef[k pGJvrf;aeaom
vlomrmefwkdUtwGuf '@m&Drsm; NzpfBu&\/
“tpdEÅda, yoEémeH? 0dygaum a[mwd tpdEÅda,m” /(£wd0kwf? t*¾om'okwf) tpdaEÅ,s t&mü
,kHBunfusifUBuHolwkdU &&SdaomtusKd;Nzpf&yfonfvnf; pdwful;í r&aumif;aom
tpdaEÅ,syifwnf;/
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tcsKdUüyif ta&;BuKHvQif ,kHEkdifcufavmufatmif w&m;awmfum; tpGrf;Nyyg\/ ,kHBunfoavmuf?
usifUBuHEldifoavmuf wkefUNyefNrJ Nzpfonf/
Bum;zl;onfum; txuftnm csyfoif;t&yfwGif “a[wkypöa,m” paom y|mef; 24-ypönf;ukd
tdyf&m0ifwkdif;pnf;csí tdyfavU&Sdolrsm;onf[k qkd\/ (ta&SU t&yfrSpí vuf,m&pf
t&yf&SpfrsufESm &Sd&m wpf&yfvQif 3-ypönf;us &Gwfí pnf;cs&onf/ 3 _ 8 = 24 ) /
wpfaeUaomn tdrfwpftdrfü olckd;0ifí ckd;&m txkyfBuD;i,fxkyfykd;í tdrfrStxGuf xGufayguf&Smí
r&oNzifU NcHtwGif;rSmyif wpfnvkH; csmcsmvnfae\/ rkd;vif;vQif tzrf;cH&owwf/
,if;okdUqkdaomf bk&m;&Sif vufxufawmfu xif;acGorm;om;uav; tumv ntcg NrKdUtwGif;
r0ifEkdifí NrKdUtNyifrSmyif tdyfarmusaeckduf bDvl;u ukdufpm;&ef qGJukdif&m uav;u “earm
Ak'¨ó= bk&m;ukd &Sdckd;yg\/” [k a,mif&rf; EIwfxGufrdumrQNzifU bDvl;xGufaNy;&onf qkdaom
("r®y' 0w¬Kawmfvm) Nzpf&yfonf r,kHBunfEkdif&ef taBumif;&Sdygao;\avm/ w&m;ukd
usifUBuH&mü ,cifESifU ,ckrnfokdUaom uGmNcm;rI &Sdygao;tHYenf;/

qif;&JESifY&if;rS csrf;om&
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tqef;r[kwfawmYacs/ b0[lonf 'ku©tNynfYNzpf\/ tqefvrf;um; tcsKdYolrsm; ykdí 'ku©rsm;
qufwkdufawGUwwfonf/ okdYaomf tpkefvrf;rS 'ku©onf 'ku©ukdom qufvufNzpfyGm;apí
tyg,fwkdifatmif 'ku©tvsOfrqkH;/ tqefvrf;rS 'ku©um; okcukdom qifUyGm;Nzpfay:ap\/
“qif;&JBuD;ukdNrifu qif;&Jav;ukd BudwfrSdwfcH? okcBuD;NrifaerS okcav;awGukd NywfNywfpGefU”/
(ppfukdif; r[m*E¨m&kHq&mawmf/)
temcHrS tompH&\/ 'kku©rS okcokdYaygif;ul;&mü acsmarmaNyNypf&efwHwm;wpfck&SdrS Nzpfonf/
wHwm; um; “rSm;onfNzpfap rSefonfNzpfap? qkd;onfNzpfap aumif;onfNzpfap/ igYxkdufeJYigYuH?
b,folrNyK rdrdrI/ NyKoltopf Nzpfolta[mif;/ usorQ igacgif;xkd;í cHrnf” [laom rdrdwkdU\
“t"d0goecEÅD” yifwnf;/
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[k,lqBu\/ ,aeYwdAufwefckd;&Sif a'gufwm&rfy ac:aom vmrmbkef;BuD;onf tufuyfpwpf
rSwfwrf;ukdBunfYEkdifol (ykaAÁed0go tbdnmOfrsKd;? wwd,rsufvkH;&ol('dAÁpu©KrsLd; )
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xkom;awom;&í aowGif;okdY tBudrfBudrf a&mufcJY&onf/ rD;rsm;rsm;&aom "gwfvkH;?
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Nyif;xefpGm'Pf&m&NyD; arYaNrmoGm;&mrS owd&vmaomtcg wpfpkHwpf&mukd pl;pl;pkdufpkduf
tm&kH,lpOf;pm;vkdufvQif twdwftem*gwfrsm;ukd Nrifae&onf[kqkd\/
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oufqkdif&mypönf;wpfckukd BunfY&kHrQNzifY xkdypönf;&Sif\ oGm;vmvkyfukdifykH twdwf?tem*gwfwkdYukd
twyfa[mEkdif\/ avmuDynm&SifwkdYyifvQif 'ku©\wefbkd;ukd odNrifí txkduftavsmuf
wefckd;NyEkdifayao;\/
“e,d'H odxdvH rm&AÇ/” (ed'ge0*f?e0okwf ygVdawmft&) 'ku©tm;vkH; wkdY\ vGwfaNrmuf&m
xm0Ycsrf;omBuD;ukd avsmYavsmYvsJvsJeJeJyg;yg; BuKd;pm;&kHNzifY &Ekdifonfr[kwfacs/
,ckurÇmESifYcsDí &ifqkdifaeBu&aom pDyGm;ysufuyfBuD;onf wpfckwnf;aom y#dywfvrf;
edAÁmefwHcg;ukd ememBuD;&kdufzGifYykdYay;ae\/
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acsmYarmYacscRwfrnfYolrsm; r&Sdygu udoma*gwrD?y#mpm&mwkdY ZmwfrsKd;uNy&ef avmu"Hu
cyfemem &kdufykdYwwfay\/ taNccHÓPf&SdvQuf pmusufysif;aom ausmif;om;rsm; ausmif;q&m\
t&kdufcH&ouJYokdYwnf;/ ,if;okdY avmu"H\ &kdufNcif; cH&aomf awmfayao;\/ xkdokdY
r[kwfvQifum; rqkH;Ekdifaomb0 'ku©rS 'ku©okdYomvSnfYvnf&ayawmYrnf/
 &kd;&kd;avm qef;qef;avm

xkdYaBumifY a,m*Dpcef;wGif 'ku©wpfxpfawGYu okcwpf&pfwuf&awmYrnf[k rSwf,l&m\/

roifYaomtpmrSef;odí csKyfwD;xm;&oNzifY qmavmifvGef;aom Nzpf&kd;NzpfpOf'ku©? roifYrSef;rodí
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vG,fvG,fulul&í pm;rdNcif;[laom tukokdvfuHa[mif;\ zefwD;rI'ku©?(0g)
taESmifYt,Sufoabmukd vufawGUowdNyKvQif odomaom'ku©? ,if;Oyrmtwkdif;
taESmifYt,Sufoabmukd vufawGUtvkyfuom cGJNcm;odapvdrfYrnf/ rnfonfY'ku©tEÅ&m,f Nzpfap?
tyg,f'ku©avmufrBuD;/ onf;cHNcif;NzifY ausmfvGefEkdifonfom/
rm&fq,fwyfvkH;wGif &kd;&kd;ESifYqef;qef; ESpfrsKd;pD&Sdonf[k qkdoifY\/ Oyrm vmbfvmbESifY
0dobm*(rdef;r) tm&kHukd Nrifí t&kd;cHvkdNcifrIonf terw*¾oHo&mu ygcJUaom owÅ0gwkdY\/
yifukdpdwfyifwnf;/ xkdumrrSvnf; vGefaNrmufatmif BuKd;pm;&onf/ &Hcg xkdtm&kHrsm;
&kd;&kd;pif;pif;r[kwf/ vufrcH? cHcsifvmatmif tqifYqifYtuGufqifí wrifxk;d oGif;aom
Nzpf&yfvnf; &Sdwwfonf/ &Sdonf/ odcJ? a&SmifcJpGmh/ xkdESpfrsKd;vkH;yif rm&f\ yxrqkH;wyf “umr”
yifwnf;/
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qef;qef;avm? cGJNcm;od&Sd&ef vkdtyf\/ odrfarGUpGm? rnfokdYNzpfap ? ausmfvGefatmif
&IyGm;Ekdifonfom y"gewnf;/ okdYaomf todrSef&Sdxm;rSom vG,fvG,fESifY vGefaNrmufEkdifavonf/
q&mawmf OD;Bunfvnf; þokdYaom'ku©rsKd;pkHukd Ak'¨vufxufu om0uBuD;rsm;uJYokdY oE´d|du
awGYBuKHausmfvGefawmf rlEkdifí-
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&kef;uefvkH;axG;ae&mrS vGwfvGwfuRwfuRwfBuD; xGufaNrmufvmaomtcg wpfavmuvkH;ukdyif
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rlcJYavNyD/
vmbfvmbukd atmifEkdifykH

q&mawmf OD;Bunfonf &[EÅm[k ausmfBum;vmonfESifYtrQ vSL'gef;vkdolrsm;

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q&mawmfum; aumuf,lvJvS,fí r0wfEkdifatmif rsm;Nym;vSoNzifY vma&mufzl;aNrmfonfY
&[ef;?omraPrsm;ukdom aumuf,lap&onf/ taqmuftODrsm;ukdvnf; vkdoavmufom
aqmufvSLcGifYNyK\/ tykd vufrcH/
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olawmfaumif; NzpfvmBu&\/
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rSefpDawmifESifY {&m0wD? ta&SYawmifbufü yckuúLNrKdYESifY yk*HanmifOD;? ykyÜm;awmif?
wefYBunfYawmifponfwdkYNzifY BunfEl;zG,f aumif;vSonf/ oJykHapwDawmif0ef;usifum;
yifv,fwdrf? Nrpfwdrfa'oNzpfí aNrwpfaBumvkH; edrfYNrifYrnD? vIdif;xae\/
NrKdYt0if oGm;&mvrf;ü okóefBuD; wpfck&Sd&m q&mawmftwGuf ae&maumif;wpfckyif NzpfcJYonf/
ykxkd;wkdufrSm aepOfuyif ,if;okóefü ntcgvmí aeavY&Sd&m “OD;au0v” ac:
tazmfwpfyg;vnf; vkdufygcJYonf/ “OD;au0v” rSm rkd;rvif;rD xGufaNy;av\/
qGrfcH<uaomtcg avmif;vSLvkdol rsm;Nym;vSoNzifY &yfuGuftvSnfYus cHawmfrl&\/
okdY&mwGifvnf; o,fírEkdif/ awmif;BuD; awmif;i,fNzifY vkdufygBu&onf/ wpfyg;pmcsefí &orQ
vSLypf\/ ypöönf;av;yg;ESifYpyfí twk,lzG,fyif/ vkdtyfonfxuf ykdvQHaeaom
ausmif;?ouFef;?qGrf;?aq; ypönf;av;yg;wkdYonf olawmfaumif;rsm;tm; c&D;zifYaES; av;vHapaom
0efxkyf0efykd;rQomwnf;/ q&mawmf qGrf;cH<uvQif 0rf;tomqkH;olrsm;rSmum; ukd&ifi,fav;rsm;
NzpfBu\/ olwkdYonf q&mawmf rnfonfY &yfuGufü qGrf;cH<urnfukd penf;emaewwfBu\/
q&mawmfukd NrifvQif taNy;vkdufí vmBuonf/ q&mawmf rNrifNrifatmif tenf;i,f
vGefíoGm;NyD;vQif vSnfYBunfY vSnfYBunfY vkyfaewwfBu&m xkdtcg q&mawmfu vuf,yfac:í
[if;okH;av;cGufESifY wpfyg;pm qGrf;tNynfY xnfYvSLwwfonf/ rEkdifrukef avmif;vSLBuaom
qGrf;rsm;ukd wpfNrKdUvkH;&Sd &Sifi,f? &[ef;i,frsm;tm; wpfqifYavmif;vSL&aom 'ku©um;
rao;i,fvSygacs/
tcgwpfyg; qGrf;cH<u&m qGrf;omru zkdY'fum;wpfpD;yg tvSLcH&zl;onf/ taBumif;rSm 0rf;[kduf
tusÐukrÜPDrS w&kwfvlrsKd;wpfOD;onf orD;i,f tNyif;txef rusef;rrm&SdaepOf tdyfrufxJü
bkef;BuD;wpfyg;tm; qGrf;avmif;vSL&í usef;rmvmum pD;yGm;wufaBumif; Nrifrufaom [l\/
eHeufrkd;vif;vQif tdrfa&SYvrf;wGif q&mawmfqGrf;cH&ufusí <uvmonfukd awGY&m tdyfrufxJu
bkef;awmfBuD; Nzpfae\/ 0rf;omtm;& qGrf;avmif;vSLBuonf/ orD;i,fvnf; aeaumif;?
pD;yGm;a&;vnf; wkd;wufvmoNzifY um;[lí ay:OD;pwGifyif zkdY'fac:aom um;wpfpD;ukdyg
vSLavonf/ q&mawmfum; o'¨gukdiJYí tvSLcHxm;&aomfvnf; tokH;rNyK/ (ysHvGefawmfrlrSom
tavmif;wifum;tNzpf tokH;NyKBu&avonf[k qkdonf/)

a&pBuKdq&mawmf av;pm;rI

r[m0dokwm&mr ausmif;wkdufBuD;ukd OD;pGmwnfzefaom a&pBuKdq&mawmfBuD; OD;*E¨om&um;

y&d,wÅdrmef BuD;vS\/ ysHvGefcgeD; em&Dykdif;txd y&d,wÅdpmayukd ykdYcsonf/ a&Tpufawmf
bk&m;zl;<u&müyif avSay:ü pmyavG NzefYcif;í pmykdYcsawmfrl\/ y&dd,wf tmZmenfBuD;wnf;/
yxraomf q&mawmf OD;Bunftm; “awmusD;uef;”[k uG,f&müaNymqkd okH;EIH;avY&Sd\/
txifrBuD;/ aemifaomtcgwGifum; “ukdBunf usKyfwkdYukd ypfrxm;eJYaemf” [kaNymqkdum
w&if;wESD; cspfcif av;Nrwfawmf rlBuonf/ rBumcP w&m;pmay aqG;aEG;avY&SdBu&m
tvGefacgifvSaom {&m0wD taemufwpf&kd;wGif y&d,wf? y#dywfrsKd;apYukd csysKd;awmf rlcJYBuukef\/
q&mawmfum; tNrJyHYokul wdpD0&duf "kwifaqmifí ouFef;oHk;xnfNzifYom aeawmfrl\/
ouFef;wGif oef;rsm;? tdyf&mwGif Burf;ykd;rsm; pGJuyfaeaomfvnf; &Sif;vif;cGifYrNyKay/ pm;rI?aerI?
0wfrIwGif tvGefNcKd;NcHí acgif;yg;pGm usifUBuHawmfrlavY&Sdonf/ tocFwedAÁme"gwfBuD;ESifY
wkduf&kdufqufoG,fEkdifaom t&dyfvu©Pmrsm; ay:vGifvSay\/ vmb? ouúm&? odavmu[laom
vmbf&Ncif;? tylaZmfcH&Ncif;ESifY ausmfaZmowif;*kPfrsm;ukd yuwdNzLpifaom pdwf"gwfNzifYyif
ausmfvGefEkdifonfrSm xif&Sm;vSayonf/ yuwdr[kwfvQif Bum&Snf[efaqmifEkdifaom
t&mr[kwfacs/ trsm;pkum; ouúm&? odavmuukd rqkdxm;bd? vmbf&Ncif;uEÅm&rSyif
rausmfwufEkdif/ xkdüom epfuRHí oGm;BuukefNrJ/

tdE´d, oD[kdVfrS oHa0*

q&mawmf OD;Bunfonf 1255-ckESpfwGif tdE´d,okdY bk&m;zl; <uawmfrlonf/ w&m;OD;a[m&m

rd*'g0kefawmpaom Xmersm;okdY <ua&mufzl;aNrmf\/ 1258-ckESpfwGifvnf; oD[kdVfuRef;okdY
<ua&mufawmfrlí r[mapwDESifY pG,fawmfponfrsm;ukd zl;aNrmfawmfrl\/ tdE´d,rS tNyef
aAm"dyifysKdwpfyifyifYaqmifí yckuúLykxkd;ausmif;wkdufOD;ü pkdufysKd;ylaZmfxm;Buonf/ txl;oNzifY
tdE´d,okdY<uawmfrlaomtcg BuD;pGmaom "r®oHa0* Nzpfawmfrlonf/ aemufyg
bk&m;zl;&[ef;wynfY'umrsm;ukdvnf; “oDvukd BuKd;pm;aqmufwnfBu/ arwÅmykdY trQa0Buyg”
[k rBumcP wkdufwGef;awmfrl\/
tdE´d,Nynf bk&m;yGifYawmfrl&m aAm"dyif a&Tyv’mifXmerSpí Ak'¨bmom t"du& XmeBuD;wkdif;rSmyif
tNrifrawmfaom &kyfwkrsm;? [dE´Lbkef;BuD;rsm;ukdcsnf; awGYNrifae&avonf/ “pmxJrSm pdwful;ESifY
zl;&wmurS aumif;ao;w,f” [kyif vlomrmefwkdY nD;wGm;avmufatmif taNymif;tvJBuD;
aNymif;vJaeaomaBumifY Nzpf\/
Ak'¨bmom pwifay: xGef;vm&m rdcifa'oBuD;ü omoem taiGYtoufrQom awGY&awmYoNzifY
bk&m;zl;rsm; rsm;pGm oHa0* NzpfBu&\/ “rnfonfY bmomu rw&m;0g'NzifY ESdyfpufí?
rnfonfYbmomu "g;0g'NzifYzsufqD;í” [k twdwfukd vSefum oHa0*toGif a'go-a'greó
0ifBu? aNymqkdBu\/
“rnfonfYacwfu rnfolrnf0gwkdYu Ak'¨bmomausmif;rsm;ukd rD;&IdYí &[ef;awmfaygif;rsm;pGmukd
owfNzwfBuaBumif;” bk&m;zl;tzGJY0if wynfYtcsKdYu pdwfrcsrf;aNrYzG,f&m ZmwfaBumif;vSef
aNymqkdaeBuonfukd q&mawmf Bum;awmfrlavvQif-
“tif;........ukokdvf&atmif BuKd;pm;vmcJYBu&wm? tukokdvf ygrvmBuapeJY?
NrwfpGmbk&m;yGifYawmfrlwJY tdE´d,wkdif;NynfBuD;rSm omoemuG,fcJY&wm wpfNcm; bmom
wpfNcm;&efolwkdYaBumifY r[kwfbl;? bk&m;&Sif&JY tarGcH om;awmfawG ukd,fwkdifu ukd,fUoEÅmefrSm
ukd,fykdifomoem tm;enf;BuvkdYyJ? oDv arwÅmacgif;yg;BuvkdYyJ/ olrsm;ukd tNypf&Smwm
rrSefuefbl;/ (oH,k*f ygVdawmf? t*FkwÅ&ygVdawmf ) BuD;awGrSm aemifumv omoemawmf b,fvkd
qkwf,kwfr,fqkdwmukd a[mxm;wm tvGefus,f0ef;w,f/ vkd&if;csKyfvkdufawmY olrsm;aBumifY
r[kwfbl;/ “ b,folrNyK? rdrdrI ” qkdovkd ukd,fw&m;ysufvkdY rm&fewfu tcGifYomwmbJ?
oDvBuKd;pm; aqmufwnfNyD; arwÅmykdY trQa0Bu? ukd,fUomoem rysufBuapeJY” [kqkH;rawmfrl\/
ukd,fawmfwkdifvnf; bk&m;zGm;&m? yGifY&m? w&m;OD;a[m&m paom (t0dZ[du oHa0Zed,) orkdif;0if
Xmewkdif;ü 0dyóem &IyGm;awmfrlonf/
q&mawmf\/ Bo0g'rSm wefbkd;&SdvSay\/ aemufyg bk&m;zl;rsm;vnf; xkdtcgrSpí arwÅm&IyGm;um
csrf;csrf;omom vSnfYvnf zl;aNrmfEkdifBuonf/ tedpövu©Pm wifEkdifBu\/ ukd,fYoDv? orm"d?
ynm rdrd\ ukd,fykdif tZÑwÅdu omoemomvQif y"ge NzpfaBumif; qifNcifEkdifBuavawmY\/
rSefvSay\/
bk&m;Asm'dwf omoemuG,faBumif;rsm;

(1) bk&m;&Sif oufawmfxif&Sm; &SdpOfu t&Sifudrdvu bk&m;&Siftm; tem*gwfomoema&;ukd

arQmfawG;aavQmufzl;\/
“&Sifawmfbk&m;? y&dedAÁmefpHonfYaemufumvü omoem t&Snf rwnfwHYEkdifNcif;onf
tb,ftBumif;rsm;aBumifYygenf;/” xkdtcg bk&m;&Sifu –
“bk&m;-w&m;-oHCmü r&kdao rav;pm;Ncif;? ukd,fusifYw&m;ESifY orx 0dyóemwkdYü r&kdao
rav;pm;Ncif;? wpfOD;ESifYwpfOD; t&kdtao wefNcif;? y#doE¨m& (w&m; ypönf;NzifY tapYtpyf
vkdufavsmnDaxG NyKrlNcif; ) trIü r&kdraoNyKrlNcif;” rsm;aBumifY omoem uG,fEkdifaBumif;
(t*FkwÅ& yOöu? ouú? owÅu udrdvokwfrsm;ü) twdtvif; a[mawmfrlonf/

(2) yOöuedygwf o'¨r®oar®mo okH;okwfwGifvnf; “w&m;awmfukd us,fus,fNyefYNyefY t&kdtao

oifBum; em,laqmifxm;Ncif;r&Sd? pOf;pm; usifYyGm;Ncif; rNyK? rSm;,Gif;pGm oif,lykdYcsNcif;?
EIwfvSHxkd;Ncif;? oHCmuGJNym;Ncif;” rsm;aBumifY omoem arS;rSdef&aBumif;ukd a[mawmfrlonf/

(3) xkd yOöuedygwfüyif “omoemaemifa&; awGYrnfYab;” [kqkdxkdufaom tem*wb,okwf

av;okwf &Sd&m a[mawmfrlvkd&if;um; þokdY Nzpfonf/
“&[ef;wkdYonf acgif;yg;í tEú&m,frsm;vSaom awmxJü raevkdNcif;? w&m;bm0em r&Sdol
tqufqufu &[ef;NyKay;BuNcif;? ukd,fusifYuGmí bm0em a0;Ncif;? ynm oDv ("r®? 0de,)
ESifYpyfaom pum;ukd rodNrifawmYNcif;? vufopf acwfay: w&m;qef;rsm;ukdom em,lvkdNcif;?
a[mBum;vkdNcif;? bkef;BuD;atmifvkyfNcif;? oDvodu©mü avQmYaps;wGufum avsmY&J&JvkyfNcif;?
ypönf;av;yg; taumif;BuKdufí ukd,fwkdif qGrf;cHí pm;Ncif; paom "kwif tusifYaumif;
olNrwfavmif;wkdY\ tavYrsm; uG,fyum umrabm*DwkdYuJYokdYyif 0wf-pm;-aexkdifNcif;? rmwk*gr
ponfwkdYESifY a&ma&maESmaESm aexkdifqufqHNcif;”wkdY Nzpfukef\/
(4) xdkrSwpfyg; ed'ge0*¾oH,kwf ygVdawmfwGif “aemifwpfacwf omoem” taBumif;
txl;yGifYvif;pGm a[mxm;aomAsm'dwfa'oem &Sdayao;onf/ tmPdokwfNzifY “aemifwpfacwf
w&m;awmf” taBumif;azmfNyí uvd*F&okwfNzifY “aemifwpfacwf &[ef;awmfrsm;” taBumif;ukd
nTefNyawmfrlcJY\/
tmPdokwf\ qkdvkd&if;um;-
a&S;tcgu 'om&[ac: rif;nDrif;om;wkdY tmPac: r*FvmpnfBuD;ukd tokH;NyKBu\/
wpfq,fYESpf,lZemuyif Bum;&onf/ umvBumaomtcg xkdpnfBuD; aygufí tBudrfBudrf
zmax;Bu&m aemufqkH;wGif rl&if;pnfom; r&SdawmYbJ tzmtax;csnf;om usef&SdawmYí
wpfq,fY,lZem rqkdxm;bd? Z&yftwGif;rSmyif oJYoJYrQom Bum;&awmYonf/
xkd OyrmuJYokdY aemifwpfacwfwGif tppftrSef bk&m;a[mw&m;awmfrsm; pmay usrf;*efrsm;ukd
em,lrSwfom; oifBum;avYvmvkdpdwf r&SdBu/ om0ursm;? Am[d& ta&;taNymaumif;olrsm;\
ygXfteuf t"dyÜm,f NznfYpGuf Nyifqifí ukd,fvkdcsifovkd qGJa&;aompmrsm;? tqef;wBu,f
a&;om;a[maNymaom okwÅef vufopf? w&m;? tawG;tac: tqef;tNym;wkdYukdom ta&;w,l
em,lrSwfom; zwfBum; avYvmvkdBurnf/ xkdtcg tmPu pnfBuD;uJYokdY w&m;tum
tzmtax; tavS;tzsif;wkdUom NyefYyGm;ukefvwÅHU? w&m;tppftrSef uG,fvwÅHU-
[ka[mawmfrlcJYonf/ (tmPdokwf? ed'ge-457-ESifY wdu edygwf? uuú#Zmwf-308/)

(5) “aemifwpfacwf &[ef;awmfrsm;”ESifY pyfí uvd*F&okwf ü a[mawmfrlonfrSm-

“vdpä0Drif;om;wkdYonf ynmtwwf oif,lrIü rarYravsmY opfom;wkH; acgif;tkH;aeBuoNzifY
tZmwowf BuHír&Ekdif/ umvBumaomf xkdrif;om;wkdY El;nHYaom aNcvuf &Sdukefonf Nzpfí
El;nYHaom tdyf&mü vJrIdYacgif;tkH;ukd tkH;vsuf aexGufatmif tdyfBuvwÅHU/” xkdtcg tZmwowf
tBuHatmif tcGifY&vwÅHU/
“xkdYtwl ,cktcg &[ef;wkdYonf ravQmYaom vkHYv tyÜrm' owdw&m; &SdBuukefí opfom;wkH;
acgif;tkH;aeBuoNzifY rm&fewf tcGifYr&av/ aemufumv &[ef;wkdYonfum; El;nYHaom aNcvuf
&SdBuukefonf Nzpfí El;nYHaom tdyf&mae&mü vJrIdYacgif;tkH;ukd tkH;vsuf aexGufatmif
tdyfukefBuvwÅHU/ xkdtcg rm&fewf yl;0ifcGifYomvwÅHU”[k &[ef;wkdY bm0em owdw&m;ESifY
0d&d,tm;enf;vsuf rm&fq,fwyfukd vuf,yfac:&ma&mufí omoem
uG,faysmufaBumif;Nzpfonf[k a[mawmfrlvkdayonf/

(6) xkded'ge0*¾oH,kwf ygVdawmf(422)üyif w&m;wk w&m;a,mifwkdY\ tEÅ&m,faBumifY

omoemuG,f&ykHukd a[mawmfrlonfrSm ykdí rSwfom;zG,f aumif;\/ okwf\ trnfum;
o'¨r®y#d&lyuokwf[k ac:ayonf/ &Sifr[m uóyu bk&m;&Siftm; avQmufí a[mawmfrlaom
okwfwnf;/ &Sifr[m uóyu-
“NrwfpGmbk&m;? a&S;tcgu 0denf;ynwfawmfrsm; enf;yg;aomfvnf; w&m;xl;&onfY yk*¾Kdvfrsm;
rsm;Nym;Buygonf/ ,cktcg 0denf;ynwfrsm; rsm;Nym; ygvsuf tb,faBumifY w&m;xl;&onfY
yk*¾Kdvfrsm; enf;yg;vm&ygoenf;” [kavQmuf\/ xkdtcg NrwfpGmbk&m;u-
“vlwkdY oufwrf;wkd;í omoem uG,fvkvwfaomf þokdYyif NzpfNrJ? avmuü a&Ttwk
ray:ao;orQ a&TtppfruG,fouJYokdY (aps;rusouJYokdY) w&m;twk ray:ao;orQ w&m;tppfrsm;
ruG,fao;/ pifppf a0[yædKvf NA[®mYbkHwkdifatmif urÇmukd zsufqD;Ekdifaom aNr-a&-av-rD;
tiftm; tBuD;rm;qkH;aom "mwfBuD;av;yg;wkdYyifvQif þomoemawmfukd rzsufqD;
ruG,fyapEkdif/ (0g'wpfyg; bmomNcm;um; qkdzG,fr&Sd/ #Dum/) omoemawmfukd
zsufqD;azsmufuG,frnfY tcsnf;ESD;aom a,musfm;um; (oHukd oHzsuf oHacs;wuf [louJYokdY/
t|uxm/) þomoem abmiftwGif;üyif&Sdae\/ odu©myk'f ynwfcsufwkdYrsm;Nym;aomfvnf;
ukefpnf 0efxkyfrsm;ukd o,faqmif&aom avSonf 0efrsm;í epfûryf&ouJYokdY r[kwfacs/
(odu©myk'frsm;Ncif;ESifY rqkdif/) &wemokH;yg;? odu©m? orm"dw&m;wkdYü av;pm;wkyfysyfrI
r&SdNcif;aBumifYomvQif omoemoufavsm uG,faysmuf&acsonf” [k a[mawmfrl\/
þum; xkdokwf\ tusOf;csKyfwnf;/

t|uxm q&mum; Zif;r,fy@mo ? vvdw0dwÅm&wkdYuJYokdYaom usrf;pmtwkrsm;ukd

y&d,wÅduG,faBumif;[k vnf;aumif;? yDwdyó'¨dpaom 0dyóem npfnl;aBumif; q,fyg;ukd
0dyóemtvkyfcGifwGif r*fzkdvfedAÁmef[k xifrSm;wwfoNzifY y#dywftrSefw&m; uG,faBumif;[k
vnf;aumif; xyfqifY zGifYNycJYavonf/
þum; yd#uokH;ykHrS awGY&SdorQ xkwfEIwfazmfNy&Ncif; Nzpfay\/
“zkzkóax&*gxm ygVdawmf” üvnf; xkdomoemuG,faBumif; w&m;rsm;ukd tcsKyftm;NzifY
zkórax&f a[mawmfrlxm;&m rmefvnfq&mawmfonfyif edó, NrefrmNyefaomtm;NzifY
NrefrmEkdifiH y#dywÅdomoemtm; owday;awmf rlcJYbl;onf/
&wemokH;yg;ü t&kdaowefrIonf BuD;pGmaom omoemuG,faBumif; Nzpfonfukd tBudrfBudrf
a[mawmfrlcJYNyD/ apwD&kyfyGm; bk&m;&ifNyifwkdYüvnf;aumif;? ykHawmfrsm;ukd okH;pGJ&müvnf;aumif;?
w&m;em&m (toHoGif;pufNzifY emNcif;vnf; yg0if\/) w&m;aqG;aEG;&m w&m;pmtkyf
ukdifwG,fBunfY&I xm;okd&mü vnf;aumif;? &[ef;oHCmrsm;ukd qufqHawGYqkH&mü vnf;aumif;?
rnfokdYaexkdifNcif;? aNymqkdNcif;? xm;okdNcif;rsKd;onf r&kdaorav;pm;&m a&mufonfukd
owdûyBu&m\/ ukd;uG,fvsufu zsufqD;&mrusatmif txl; owdûytyf\/ oufawmfxif&Sm;
bk&m;&Sifa&SUrSmaevQif rdrdukd,fukd rnfuJYokdY ae&rnfukd axmuf&Iíom aeBu&m\/ t|uxm
q&mwkdY zGifYqkdBuonfukd rNyawmYNyD/

acwfrD omoemûycsifolrsm; owd

omoemuG,faBumif;rsm;ukd ae&mrsm;pGmü a[mawmfrlonfrsm;ukd tusOf;csKyfvkdufvQif

omoemzsufrnfholonf tNyifavmu tjyifbmom0g'wkdYür&Sdacs/ vufñId;xkd;rvGJoifh/
“tom;xJu avmufxGuf? oHukdoHzsuf oHacs;wuf” [louJhodkh omoemzsufqD;rnfholum;
bk&m;om;awmf Oyoum? OyoumrdrdwkdYomvQif Nzpfonfukd Nrif&m\/ þw&m;rSef aBu;rkHNyif
a&Shü &yfí w&m;cHukd Nrifatmif&I&m\/
rdpäm'd|drsm;aBumifh? avmuDpmoifausmif;rsm;aBumifh? odyÜHynmaBumifh? ponfNzifh acwftqufquf
vufñId;xkd; vGJcJhBuNyD/ xkdokdh taBumif;&SmrSm;&mrS a'greówkdhukdom qufí
xrf;aqmifBu&Nyef\/
,kwfavsmhoGm;aom omoemukd tzwfq,f&ef Nyif;xefaom vkHYvNzifh bmoEÅ&rsm;ukd
oif,lukdifaqmifí taNy;vkdufBuNyef\/ omoemavSBuD; arsmonfukd ukd,fykdifomoemavSNzifh
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rax&fESpfyg;&Sd&m oHCmpifbufokdY vSnfUí vuftkyfcsDum-
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'ku©ay;Buwm terw*¾ygbJ/
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wefckd;Nzifh pnf;&kH;rnfhtBuH

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raeombl;? wefckd;Nym#d[m okH;rsKd;ukd tusKd;tNypfeJYa[mNyawmf rlcJh&ygw,f”
q&mBuD;onf vla,m*Drsm;bufokdY rsufESmrlxm;aomfvnf; a';pGef;yg rax&fBuD;ESpfyg;bufokdY
rBumrBum vSnfhíBunfhonf/
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aus;Zl;&Sif v,fwDq&mawmfBuD;rsm;ay;wJh Bo0g'ukd azmufonfcs&ygonfbk&m;” [k ñSyfíñSyfí
pum;cHum w&m;ukdqufa[monf/ q&mBuD; ,aeY a[mykHrSm xl;Ncm;vGef;í a,m*Da[mif;rsm;
txl;pdwf0ifpm;Bu\/
“Nym#d[m okH;rsKd;uawmh-
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xdckdufvdrfhr,fvkdYqkdvkdygw,f/
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twwfrsKd;awG &Sdaeavawmh omoem*kPfi,fNyD; a&maESmoGm;rSmpkd;vkdY cGifhûyawmfrrlbl;/”
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wefckd;tppftrSefukdom tm;ukd;BuzkdY wkdufwGef;awmfrlygw,f/”
“'DoDv? orm"d? ynmwefckd;omvQif avmuDe,ftwGufvJ vkdcsifwm tukef&NyD; 'ku©e,fu
vGwfzkdY&mvJ trSefNzpfwJhtwGuf taumif;qkH;vkdY qkH;rawmfrlcJhygw,f/”
wefckd;y,fcGm 0dyóemul;

‘vlqkd&if ig;yg;oDv? tmZD0|ru oDv? &[ef;qkd&if pwkyg&dok'¨doDv&Sd&ifyJ

b,ftxdtusKdrsm;NyD; wefckd;BuD;w,fqkdwm oAÁñkwÓPfawmfeJY NrifawmfrlvkdY Nzpfygw,f/
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qifNcif&ygvdrfhr,f/’
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pdwfukdaysmhaysmhxm;&r,f/ ukd,fEIwftrlt,mawG tm;vkH; El;nHhodrfarGYap&ygr,f/”
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aysmufysufoGm;wJh tedpötcsufukd Nrifatmif &IEkdif&if tmemyge[m orxtNzpfu
0dyóemul;awmhwmygyJ/”
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ó
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tmemygeukd orxtNzpf yxrxlaxmifNyD; yxrpsmefuNzpfap? 'kwd,psmefuNzpfap ckefausmfNyD;
'DtmemygeukdbJ 0dyóemtNzpf ul;Ekdifw,fvkdY twdtvif; a&;awmfrlygw,f/”
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rmrIaysmYrI yx0D"mwfBuD;oabm ponfNzifh &kyf"mwfwpfckck rdatmifzrf;&vdrfhr,f/
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tm;xkwfEkdifBuygap/”
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( “uk
ukokdvfokH;Nzm omoemokH;v Dig;rnfy[mef” [laom tykdif;ukd qufygOD;rnf/)

ukokdvfokH;Nzm omoemokH;vDig;rnfy[mef

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vuftkyfcsDvkdufonf/
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ukd,fhwefzkd;ukd ukd,fodBurSm Nzpfygw,f/”
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tm&kHeJYawGU&if y&d,k|me raemuH wGif;BuD;wGifru 0Dwduúr um,uH 0pDuH wGif;BuD;xJyg
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umef;reJY nm;wmukdom Bunfhyg/”
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ykdBuD;vSygw,f/”
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tenf;i,frQNzifh vrf;ckvwfü b0cg;Nywf Mu&&Sm\/ (Mo&rwÅaue 0daoom"d*are tEÅ&m
a0gomeH tmyg'd/ / plV0*f-a'0owf 0w¦K-466/)
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qJGaqmifoGm;Mu\/ odkY&mwGif ½dk;aNzmifhNzLpifí A[kokwtNrif MuD;rm;Muaom xGuf&yfayguf
yk*¾KdvfMuD;awmfawmfrsm;rsm;url-
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MuD;pGmNzifh yGifhyGifhvif;vif;MuD; aNymqdkaeMuonfudk rMumcP Mum;aeMu&onf/
aus;Zl;wifxdkufaypGmY/
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awm½dkif; qif? usm;? aNrGqdk;rsm;

xkdYaemuf q&mawmfonf usKdufxD;½dk;awmifodkY v,fwDy@w? OD;wdavmuwdkYESifh

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wynfhESpfyg;rSm opfyifay kdY wufaNy;Muav\/ q&mawmfum; rwkefrvIyf/ arwåmudkom
yGm;ydkYawmfrlonf/ (OD;wdavmutcef;ü tus,fMunfhygOD;/)
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rusef;rmoNzifh wpfywfrS wpf&ufom qGrf;cHMuGEdkif\/ v,fwDq&mawmfu qGrf;cHauR;&onf/
tvkyfESifh pyfaom Mo0g'w&m;rsm;udkvnf; a[mMum;ay;awmf rl&\/
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xef;ESpf&yf oHk;&yf½Sd tifyif; uRef;yifMuD;rsm;vnf; wpfawmvHk; tkyfqdkif;aeonf/
aMumifyef;yifi,frsm;vnf; csKHykwfuJhodkY axG;½Iyfaeawmh\/
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opfacgif;rsm;wGif vnf;aumif;? &HcgaMumifyef;csKHtwGif;ü vnf;aumif; aeawmfrlMu\/
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0guyfonf/ okH;0gt& v,fwDy@dwuvnf; vkdufygí 0guyf&\/ q&mawmfonf
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aNymifqGrf;? vl;qGrf;rsm;ukdom bkef;ay;&onf/ q&mawmfonfqGrf;cHNyef awmifaNcüyif
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vlNzLvkdufvmw,fESifh wlyg&JY” [krdefYawmfrlonf/
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t"dyÜ,faumufawmfrl\/
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avQmuf\/ aeaumif;onfESifh xkdawmifokdY Nyefí BuGawmfrlonf/

oHa,mZOfBuKd;wpfacsmif; (okdYr[kwf) v,fwDy@dw

1265-ckESpf0gukd rkH&GmûrkdY taemufbuf ov’m0wDNrpfurf;&Sd vufyHawmif;awm&ü 0guyfonf/

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trdefU&Sdzl;aom pum;wpfckudk owd&rdayonf/
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ty'gefygVdawmfvm rax&fMuD;rsm;yif bk&m;&Sifh *kPfudk xkwfazmf csD;usL;avU &SdMuonf/
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qdkaerS b,folY tvdkrS vdkufp&mrvdkbl;}} [kqdkojzifh rHk&Gmom;wdkY t½HI;ay;Mu&av\/ odkYaomf
OD;udwådtm; 0dkif;í qlMuajymMu&m OD;udwådvnf; rdrdEIwfaMumifh rvdrfhwpfywf cHvdkuf&ojzifh
acgif;ykûcH tdyfNyD; pdwfraumif;jzpf&&Sm\/ jyefvQif 'DyJ&if;ausmif;odkU ta&muf rdrdudk,fudk BudK;jzifh
pD&ifí ysHvGef&&Smonf/

tavmif;awmfudk ewfwdkY ylaZmfjcif;

xdkESpf waygif;vjynfhaeYwGif ckESpf&ufwdwd psmyeyJGusif;y\/ t*Fvdyfwdkif; rif;BuD;rsm;?

ta&;ydkifrsm;ESifh te,fe,frS q&mawmfBuD;rsm; pHknDvSonf/
a&pBudKûrdUe,fü awm&aeaom bkef;BuD;OD;Ekvnf; psmyeyJGü&Sdae\/ olum; q&mawmf ppfudkif;ü
w&m;a[monfudkem&í o'¨gojzifh &[ef;ûyNyD; 0wfBuD;0wfi,f ûypkvkyfauR;vQuf ckwifESifhwuG
y#dywf tarGcH om;BuD;jzpf\/ &[EÅm[k ausmfMum;onf/ bJGY OD;ynmoD[? q&mawmf
aeraumif;upyif <uvmNyD; 0wfBuD;0wfi,f ûypkonf/ q&mawmfu qE´&Sdaomfvnf; trsm;u
a&m*gESifh roifh[kxm;aom aq;0g;rsm;udk bkef;BuD;OD;Eku trsm;rodatmif wdkufavh&Sd\/ ar;vQif
]]q&mawmfu cdkif;í}} [k ajzMum;avh&Sdonf/ qGrf;cHpm;\/ trsm;ESihfra&m? ½ku©rlckwifaqmifí
opfyifatmufü aeavh&Sdonf/ emrnfausmf yk*¾dKvfBuD;rsm; todkif;t0dkif;ü t&mroGif;Mu/
xdkpHausmif;twGif;&Sd tkwf*lü vjynfhaeYwGif rD;oN*ØK[f&ef pDpOfum eYHomxif;rsm; pDrHxm;Mu\/
odkY&mwGif tavmif;awmfrSm rykyfrodk; yuwd usdef;pufaeouJYodkY aysmif;td 0g0if;aeí
rD;roN*ØKvf&ufMu/ &[ef;&Sifvl trsm;qE´jzifh rSefpDa&Tcs acgif;oGif;um tkwf*l&Sd yv’ifay:ü
wifxm;NyD;vQif oHwHcg;ESpfxyfudk aomhcwfí *laygufudk t*Fawjzifh taoydwfvdkufMu\/
oHk;&ufcefY MumvQif aumif;uifrS wl&d,moHrsm; Mum;ae&onf/ xdkn ivsifvnf; qufwdkuf
oHk;BudrfvIyf\/ q&mawmfBuD; oHk;q,fausmfvnf; tkwf*lteD;ü npOf q&mawmf\
aus;Zl;pum;rsm; a[majym aqG;aEG;vsuf&SdMuonf/ tkwf*lrS rD;wpfvufvuf jrifae&onf[k
Mum;&ojzifh oGm;MunfhaomtcgivsifvIyfí *layguf ûydusaeonfrSty acgif;ESifh aomhESpfvHk;
yuwd &Sdaeí at;aeMu\/
aemuf rouFmojzifh aomhzGifhMunfh&m tavmif;awmf jymusaeonfudk awGYMu&onf/
tm;vkH;0rf;enf; aMuuJGMu\/ owif;pmü
]]tavmif;awmf tvdktavsmuf awaZm"mwf avmifoGm;aMumif;}} owif;ygvmonf/ ta&;ydkif
e,fydkifwdkY OD;pD;í ykvdyfpHkaxmufrsm; apvTwfum rHk&Gm? ppfudkif;? rEÅav;wdkYü tylwjyif;
w&m;cH&SmMu\/ ysOf;rem;rS rHk&Gmjyefc&D;onf pm&if;udkvnf; blwmü ppfaq;Muonf/ ]rHk&Gmom;wdkY
vufcsuf] [kxifMu\/ w&mcHudkum; rawGYao;/
xdktwGuf rauseyfMuojzifh &if;ESD;aom &[ef;&Sifvlrsm; jyefr<uMu/ oHk;vcefY&Sdaomtcg
tpnf;ta0;ü ta&;ydkifBuD;u ]]'Dudpö vufo,fray:vQif OD;vef;ESifh OD;xGef;vIdifwdk;tm;
tjypfay;&rnf}} [k Budrf;&m bkef;BuD;OD;Eku xí ]]tjypfr&Sdoludk tjypfray;oifhaMumif; ]]
uefYuGufonf/
]]'gjzifh vufo,ftppfudk ajymMuyg? ray:vQif OD;vef;? OD;xGef;vISdifwdkYudk tjypfay;&vdrfhr,f}}
[kqdkí OD;Eku ]]vufo,f[m usKyfyJ}} [kqdkav\/
]]udk,fawmf b,fhES,fhvkyfwmvJ}} [k0dkif;í a'gojzpfaeMuonf/ bkef;BuD;OD;Ekum; &Jwif;pGmyif-
]]ig ysHvGefawmfrlNyD; ckESpf&uf&SdvQif rif;rD;oN*ØKvf&pf? b,folUrS rwdkifyifeJYvdkY q&mawmfBuD;
rSmcJYvdkY vkyfwmyJ? ckESpf&ufjynfhpOfu taMumif;rnDnGwfvdkY ckrSvkyf&wmyJ}} [ky&dowfa&SY &yfí
&Sif;jyonf/
]]tazmf b,folygao;vJ}} [kar;Mu&m-
]]q&mawmf qE´jynfh0ap&ef or®ma'0ewfawGudk tultnD awmif;NyD; vkyfwmyJ}} [kqdkum vkyfyHkudk
&Sif;jyonf/
xdkaeYn wpfem&Du ewfrsm;udk wdkifwnfí tultnDawmif;NyD;vQif *laygufudk wl&Gif;ESifh
wpfcsufxdk;vdkuf&m qufwkduf ivsifoHk;Budrf vIyfNyD; tkwfrsm;tvdkvdk ûyduJGusvmojzifh teD;&Sd
eHUomxif;rsm;jzifh rD;oN*ØKvfaMumif; &Sif;jy&m y&dowftm;vHk; tHhtm;oifhum rnfodkYrQ rajymwwf
&SdMu\/ tjypfay;vdku ay;Mu&ef ? xdkudpö rajym&ao;í wpfjcm; b,frSroGm;bJ aecJYaMumif;
xyfíajym&m ]]tjypfray;vdkyg}} [kqdkí bkef;BuD; OD;Ekvnf; oydwfwpfvHk; oHk;xnfaom
ouFef;jzifh xdktpnf;ta0;rS xGufcGmoGm;avawmh\/ (&[EÅm[k ausmfMum;aom xdkt&Sifvnf;
*syefacwfwGif a&pBudKûrdYü ysHvGefoGm;onf/)
aus;Zlk;&Sif v,fwDq&mawmfbk&m;BuD;\ "r®mbdor,ESifh pyfí ynm&Sd olawmfaumif;BuD;tcsdKUu
]psmeftbdnmOf& tem*grf} [k ,lqvdkMu\/ pmcs? w&m;a[m? pma&;jcif;ü tcsdefESifh
tiftm;rsm;udk oHk;rwfom;cefY roHk;rlí 0dyóem tvkyfüomvQif b0tjynfh ? tcsdeftjynfh?
tiftm;tjynhf (wpfusyfom;vkH;vHk; ) toHk;cscJYaomf &[ef;udpöNyD;av&m\ [kvnf;
a0zefMuonf/
tMum;tjrif&onfqdkaom olwdkYurl ]]q&mawmfonf oHk;q,fhwpfbHk twGif;ü &Sdaeao;\/
xl;jcm;awmufajymifaom udk,fa&mif udk,f0gjzifh ra&rwGufEdkifatmif rsm;jym;aom y&dowfrsm;tm;
w&m;a[mvsufcsnf; awGYjrif&onf}} [kqdkukef\/
v,fwD *EÆ0ifausmfrsm; ordkif;q&murl ]] aus;Zl;&Sif v,fwDq&mawmfbk&m;BuD;onf
,cktcsdefwGif jA[®mjynf a0[y©dKvfbHkü a&mufaeonf[k ajymvQif ,HkMunfEdkifolOD;a&
rsm;rnfr[kwf}} [k rSwfcsufa&;xm;onfudk awGY&\/ wdusvGef;vSonf/ tb,fudkaxmufqí
tb,frS &aom tcsuf[kum; rod&acs/
pifppf xdktqdkûycsuf tm;vHk;onf tvGefeD;pyfaom tqdkrsm;[kyif qdkoihf\/ q&mawmf\
ta&;tom;? tusihf? Oy"d? rdefYqdkcsuf ponfrsm;udk ûcHí MunhfygvQif ] psmeftbdnmOf&aom
tem*grfBuD;} qdkonfrSm tenf;qHk;aom jzpfoifh&myg\/ odkYaomf xdkudpöum; uREfkyfwdkY\
t&mr[kwfygacs/
OD;acgif;ü rD;avmifolonf rD;udk aemufrSNidrf;owfí t&[wåzdkvf ra&mufrcsif; raxmufrauGY
ra&GUr0dkuf ypfvTwfvdkufaom jrm;yrm usifhawmfrlEdkifygvQif jrefrmEdkifiH y#dywåd omoem0ifonf
q&mawmf\ ynm"du t&[wåzkdvftiftm;aMumifh xdkYxuf tqaygif;rsm;pGm
vif;csif;&rnfomwnf;/
(v,fwD r[max½kyÜwdåuxm? v,fwD *EÅ0ifausmfrsm; ordkif;? q&moufBuD; tw¬KyÜwåd?
v,fwD'DyeDrsm;ESifh olawmfaumif;ynm&Sd vlBuD;olrrsm;xHrS Mum;odrSwfem&orQ aphi½Hkom/)

edAÁmefESifh tyg,fav;yg; BudKuf&moGm;

]]edAÁmefcsrf;omBuD;udk jrifaerSawmh csrf;omuav;awG jywfjywfpGefY/

tyg,fav;yg; qif;&JBuD;udk jrifaerSawmh qif;&Juav;awG BudwfrSdwf onf;cH/}}

--ppfudkif; r[m*E¨m½Hk q&mawmf/

avSoif;rif;ausmif; q&mawmf
(1215-1288 )

]]avSoif;rif;ausmif; q&mawmfBuD; ysHawmfrlaom avSoif;rif;ausmif;BuD;a&m? olaezl;wJY

awm&Gmuausmif;a&m wpfûydifeufxJ avmifrD;usoGm;w,f}} [k q&mawmfBuD;\ wynfhjzpfol
oufawmf96-ESpf&Sd aus;Zl;&Sif rpdk;&drfq&mawmf bk&m;BuD;xHrS rSwfom;&zl;í ,if;q&mawmfBuD;\
ax½kyÜwådudk vdkufvH&SmazG&m armif;axmif&Gm aemifawmfBuD; OD;aombdw xHrSyif vG,fvifhwul
&&Sdí ,ckuJYodkY wifjyEdkifygonf/ax½kyÜwåd\ trnfrSm ax&0Hompm&uúry'Dydum} [kac:í
1289-ckESpf uqkefvu yHkESdyfonf/

a&;om;onfh yk*ÁdKvfrSmvnf; rpdk;&drfem,u? aemif ppfudkif; opf0ifacsmifawm& q&mawmf

OD;aomrmbdod&D jzpfonf/
ygVd-o£wwwf/ v,fwDq&mawmf\ qE´t& ygVdtbd"mefBuD;udk OD;pD;&aom yk*ÁdKvfjzpfonf/
i,fpOfrSpí avSoif;rif;ausmif;q&mawmfxH wynfhcHae&oljzpf&m udk,fpm;xm; tm;udk;jcif;
cH&aom wynfhBuD;wpfyg; jzpf\/ þomoem0ifwGif xdkonfh y&d,wf? y#dywf uRrf;usifaom
twGif;ae yk*ÁdKvfrsm;\ a&;om;csufrsdK;udk zwf&onfrS &Sm;yg;vS\/ aus;Zl;rsm;vSyg\/

avSoif; rif;ausmif;[lonf ppfudkif;awmif½dl; 0wfcsuf&Gmajrmuf {&m0wDjrpfurf; ywåjrm;apwD

apmif;wef;tajc&Sd 1236-ckESpf xdk&GmZmwD avSoif;twGif;0efrif; aqmufvªaom AdrmefbHkom
ausmif;wdkufBuD;yifwnf;/ xdkausmif;ü oDwif;oHk; aexdkifí avSoif;rif;ausmif; q&mawmf[k
wGifvwåHYaom oli,fum; ppfudkif;ûrdYajrmuf ompnfbkZifyif&Gmü 1215-ckESpf?
ewfawmfvqef;ESpf&uf? aomMumaeYn oHk;csufwD;ausmf tcsdef tz OD;umvD? trd
a':r,fnSif;wdkYrS zGm;jrifonf/ (rNidrf;atmif? rNidrf;wkwf tpfrESpfOD;&Sd\/) Mueftifvu©Pm
cefYnm;xGm;BudKif;\/ (q&mawmfpD;aom zdeyfrSm wpfayausmf\/) i,frnfrSm armifomqdkif?
&Sifrnf aomr? bkZifyif&Gm abm* awm&ausmif; q&mawmfxH ynmoif\/

xdkawm&ausmif; q&mawmfum; vGifwD;acgifü tNrJaeaom

"kwiftusifhaqmifawmfrlojzifh taAÇmumodo awm&ausmif;? taAÇmumodu q&mawmf[k
wGifonf/ (t&yfac: abm*q&mawmf) &Sifaomronf ÚmPfxufjruf\/ wpfcPtwGif;ü
aywpft*Fg(12&Guf) ESpft*Fgudk tvGwf&atmif usufEdkifonf/ &vG,f\/ &NyD;pm rarYEkdif/
i,fu&aompm ysHvGefcgeD;umvtxd &GwfqdkEdkifonf/ 17-ESpfom; &Sifwpf0gt& crnf;awmfBuD;
uG,fvGefí rdciftdkBuD;tm; vkyfauR;&ef &SifvlxGuf&\/
trsm;ES
trsm;ESifhrwlaom pmoifpmcsenf;

1235-ckESpf yg&rD EdI;aqmfvmojzifh vl0wfaMumifjzifh ae&efraysmf&Tif? rdciftdkBuD;tm;

&[ef;ûycGifhawmif;&m rdcifBuD;\ pum;rS rSwfom;xdkufaypGm/

]]wpfa,mufwnf;aomom;rdkY tar rcJGcsifayr,fh tarhudk vkyfauR;ûypkr,fhtpm; bk&m;&Sifudk

vkyfauR;yg/ tar arG;&usdK;eyfygNyD}} [l\/ &[ef;jzpfvQif abm*awmausmif;q&mawmf\
wynfhyDyD nOfhoHk;,HwGif wpf,Hom tdyfpufí useftcsdef0wfwuf? pmjyefonf/ 'um
'umrrsm;ESifh ra&maem/ &Sif&[ef;rsm;ESifh rajymrjzpfrSajym\/

]]ajymvdkrl tusdK;&Sdaom w&m;pum;udkomajym? rajymvQif aumif;pGm qdwfqdwfae}} [laom

bk&m;&Sif Mo0g'ESifh udkufnDvSayonf/ pmayy&d,wådudk BudK;pm;&mwGifvnf; tcsdeftm;rxm;/
qGrf;cHoGm;&müyif oGm;&if;vm&if; usufrSef&ef xef;zl;&Guftwdkrsm;udk BudKwifa&;rSwfí
xm;avh&Sdonf/ tcgtm;avsmfpGm ckwifrsm;udkvnf; aqmifonf/

&[ef;wpf0gt& rEÅav;odkY pmoif<u\/ a&T&ifhrmq&mawmf? aygif;vJwdkuf( ,ck r[matmifajr)

q&mawmf OD;em*xH ynmoifonf/ ESpf0gt& rdcifBuD;xH wpf0gwGif; jyef<uvmí w&m;jzifh
csD;ajr§muf\/ ]0de,mabm*} usrf;udkvnf; ûyonf/ av;0gig;0gwGif rEÅav; av;jyifav;&yf
emrnfausmf q&mawmfrsm;xH tenf;qHk; ckESpf&ufuspD pmvdkufpmem\/ xdkYaMumifh rdrdudk,fwdkif
pmcsaomtcg ]rnfonfh q&mawmfu rnfodkYpmcsonf} ponfjzifh odkif;odkif;0kdif;0dkif;
pmajymavh&Sdonf/

ig;0grSpí ]]omoemawmf\ toufonf 0denf;jzpfonf/ omoem[lonf 0denf;yifwnf;/

ighwpfukd,fvHk; omoem wnfudef;ap&rnf/}} [koabmusum 0denf;ig;usrf; ygVdawmfudk
tm*HkEIwfwuf aqmifawmfrlí npOf bk&m;ylaZmfavh&Sd\/ wynfhrsm;udk pmcsaomtcgwGifvnf;
,if;ygVdawmfrsm;udk rnfonfhtcgrQ rudkif&awmh/ tvGwfcsydkYEdkifonf/ o£w? aA'ifrsm;udkvnf;
Munfhum rwåjzifh wwfajrmufav\/ r,HkEdkifavmufatmif xufjrufvSonf/
aewådygVdawmfBuD;udkyg qufvufusufaqmifav\/ (aemufaomtcg ]avSoif; rif;ausmif;
aewådaumif;} [kyif O'gef;wGifonf/) ig;0gt& 0denf; ig;usrf;ESifh aewdåygVdawmfudkyg EIwfwuf
tm*Hk&NyD;aemuf jrif;0efwkduf jrif;0efq&mawmfxHü pmcstjzpf cdkvIHonf/

1244-ckESpf avS;oif; twGif;0efrif;u 0wfcsuf&Gm&Sd AdrmefbHkom ausmif;wkdufBuD;udk

jrif;0efq&mawmfBuD;tm; wifvª&m rEÅav;jrif;0efwdkufrS aemufygoHCmwpf&mausmfESifh
<ua&muftvªcHonf/ pmcs bkef;BuD; OD;aomrvnf; jrif;0efq&mawmf\ vuf½Hk;wpfqltjzpf
vdkufyg&onf/ xdkausmif;wdkuftwGif;&Sd avS;oif;Adkvfrif; OD;pHvS aqmufvªaom ausmif;ü
OD;pGmoDwif;oHk;&í ]Adkvfausmif;q&mawmf} [kwGifao;\/ jrif;0ef q&mawmfBuD; ysHvGefawmrlí
1249-ckESpfwGif OD;aomronf rif;ausmif; q&mawmftjzpf t½dkuft&m cH,l&onf/

q&mawmfpmoif,lpOfu trsm;ESifh rwlouJYodkU pmcsyHkrSmvnf; trsm;ESifh rwl/ wpfrlxlk;jcm;vS\/

rnfolrqdk rdrd oif,lvdkaomusrf;udk ae&m? tcsdef owfrSwfí wpfOD;csif; oif,lEdkif\/
ynmyg&rDjznhfaomtm;jzifh tcsdefttm;rxm;acs? taMumif;wpfpHkwpfckaMumifh
pmwufysufuGufvQif xdkOD;yOÆif;&Sd&modkY oGm;í ]]OD;yOÆif;? pmwufMu&atmifav}}[k EId;aqmf\/
xdkolu taMumif;rnDí pmrwufEdkifrSom tjcm;pm0gtydkwufvdkolrsm;tm; oifMum;ay;onf/
&cg pmwwfolrsm; ESpfOD;qdkifaeí olt&if igt&if tjiif;yGm;&m rcsay;awmfrl\/

þrQ ynmyg&rD jznfhawmfrlEdkifonfudk tcGifh,lí oDv&SIf q&mrsm;onf rdrdwdkYacsmifodkY qGrf;uyfí

pmwufMu&m [dkacsmifonfacsmif [dkenf;enf; onfenf;enf; qGrf;pm;í pmcsae&ojzifh rGef;vJGrS
ausmif;odkY a&mufawmh\/ xdktcsdefusrSom &Sif&[ef;rsm; pm0gwwfvSnfh &Muawmhonf/
q&mawmfonf 0denf;ESifh aewådudk OD;pm;ay;ydkYcsavh&Sd\/

wpfcgu ppfudkif;taemufbuf &GmaxmifteD; MumeDuefausmif; bkef;BuD;uav;u 0denf;

oifcsifonfqdkí ppfudkif;awmifBuD;udk jzwfausmfum ajzvsif<uí aeYpOf pmoGm;csay;zl;aMumif;
rpdk;&drfq&mawmf trdefY&Sdzl;\/

pmayMunfh½I usrf;ûyjcif;

q&mawmfonf &Hcg ]] igpmoGm;MunhfOD;r,f}} [kqdkum tjcm; ausmif;wdkufrsm;odkY

ESpf&ufoHk;&ufMum oGm;a&muf Munfhavh&Sd\/ a&0ef; awmifbDvl;ausmif; qifeif;ausmif;
yd#duwdkufrsm;rSm avmuD avmukwå&m pmpHkojzifh t<ursm;\/ ausmif;cH bkef;BuD;rsm;vnf;
taMumif;odaeMuojzifh yd#uwdkuf pmwdkufAD½dkab;wGif ae&mxdkifcif; ay;í q&mawmf aeorQ
qGrf;?uGrf;? a0,sm0pö aqmifMu&onf/ &Hcg wpfq,fhig;&ufcefYyif Mumwwf\/
q&mawmf<uvmvQif avmuD avmukwå&m vQdKU0Sufpmrsm;rStp ar;csifwm ar;í&ojzifh
pm0goemygaom ausmif;cHbkef;BuD;rsm;vnf; 0rf;omMuonf/

q&mawmf\ t&nftaoG;udk odaom awmifbDvl; q&mawmfonf a&S;q&mudk tNyD;rowfaom

]0dok'd¨r*f r[m#Dum} 0dyóemydkif;udk edó,a&;&ef ayxkyfrsm;udkyg ydkYíavQmufxm;onf/
0dok'd¨r*f#Dum aemufydkif;um; 0dyóemydkif; jzpfí pmwwf½HkrQjzifh edó, ra&;Edkif/ yuwd 0g'?
'AÁ? ZD0? 'GdtPku paom twå0g' qdkif&m omoemy a0g[m&rsm; ('&f&Sef;ac: 'óe? tdEd´,
zdavmfqzD) trsm;qHk;yg0if aejyefojzifh tusifhwwf? y&d,wf wwf½HkrQESifhvnf; r&acs/ o£w
bmoEÅ&udkyg wwfuRrf;rSomvQif edó, jrefrmjyefEdkifonf/ q&mawmfonf oufawmf 44-ESpf?
1257-ckESpfwGif 'l;yqpfay:ü ay&Gufwifí unpfjzifh wpfBudrfwnf; tNyD;owf tacsmwif
a&;awmfrl\/ pmt*Fg oHk;q,f&Sdonf/
a&S;u usrf;ûyyHkrSm yxr y&ydkufwGif tMurf;a&;NyD;rS ayü tacsma&;avh&Sd\/ xdkodkYr[kwfrlí
wpfvufpwnf;'l;ay:wifí tNyD;a&;aom edó,udk ]vufyef;edó,}[kvnf; ac:Muonf/
tyifyef;cHonf/ aphpyfonf [lvdk/ (,ck xdkedó,ayrl pHkprf;í r&ao;/)

wpfaeYaomtcg ,if;#Dum edó,ayudk 'l;ay:wifa&;aepOf rEÅav;ûrdYbk&m;BuD;wkdufrS pmoifzuf

wdk;aMumifav;Zmwd q&mawmf OD;&efukef (bJGU-OD;okZmw) ausmif;odkY a&mufvmNyD; ]]bmusrf;awG
ûyaeowkef;}} [k ar;&m-OD;&efukefrSef; ½kwfw&uf rodí ]] b,fausmif;u bkef;BuD;vJ}}
[kjyefar;onfwGif taysmftjyuf ajymwwfaom OD;&efukefu ]]ighausmif;u bkef;BuD;yg}} [kajymum
tmvmy ov’my aqG;aEG;Muonf/

#Dumedó,rSm 'd|d0dok'¨d emr½ly y&d*¾[tcef; a&;aecdkuf jzpfí OD;&efukefu aywpfcsyf ,lMunfh&m

or,EÅ& (bmomjcm; t,l0g') pum;rsm;udk zwf&vQif ]]usKyfwdkY 'Dt"dyÜm,frsdK;
rusufpm;EdkifaygifAsm}} [kqdkum csD;usL;NyD; ayudkcsxm;\/ rEÅav;a&mufí pmcsaomtcg ]]
ppfudkif;bufrSm awmfpGmhavsmfpGm aeMuovm;atmufarh? rif;ausmif;q&mawmf[m
wu,fhyk*¾dKvfa[h}}[k csD;usL;avowwf/ (,cktcg #Dum edó,rlopfwpfapmifudk aus;Zl;&Sif
r[mpnfq&mawmf bk&m;BuD;u tdEd´, a&S;a[mif; t,l0g'rsm;ESifh wdkufqdkif ajz&Sif;um
a&;om;½dlufESdyfxm;NyD;/)

1259-ckESpf? waygif;vwGif rdkif;cdkif;q&mawmf a&mufvmNyD; ]] apwD&ifjyifü zdeyf pD;tyf? rpD;tyf}}

jyóemESifh pyfí tqHk;tjzwf ay;&ef&Sdojzifh avSoif;q&mawmf\ t,ltqudk ESD;aESmMunfh&m
csufcsif;yif-

]]0denf;tvdk wHwdkif;&SdvQif wHwdkif;twGif;? r&SdvQif wHwdkif;ûyoifhaom ae&mtwGif; rpD;oifh/

okwåeftvdk apwDudkjrif&mtxd rpD;tyf? tbd"r®mtvdk bk&m;*kPfawmfrsm;udk tm½Hkûyaomtcg
*g0&pdwfxm;í rpD;xdkuf}} [k avQmufxm;onf/

xdkYjyif atmufjynfatmuf&Gma&mufcdkuf emrnfausmf tkwfzdkq&mawmfBuD;ESifh awGYpOf wpfyg;wnf;

e0ur® trIuav;wpfck udk,fwdkifvkyfaecdkufjzpfí rdrdu OD;rcsyJ aeojzifh q&mawmfBuD;ua&m
teD;&Sd vlrsm;uyg 0dkif;íajymaomfvnf; 0denf; ygVdawmft& &Sdrcdk;yJ jyefcJYzl;aMumif;udkyg
ajymjyavQmufxm;&m rdkif;cdkif;q&mawmfu ]][kwfygay&JY}}[k csD;usL;í jyef<uoGm;onf/

yk*ÁdKvfausmf
usmf usihfxHk; tqHk;trrsm;
q&mawmfonf pmcsaomtcgüom ]]rnfonfh q&mawmfh 0g'u rnfodkY}} [kajymqdk
ydkYcsonfomru taMumif;tm;avsmfpGm qHk;rw&m; a[majymaom tcgwGifvnf; ]rnfonfh
q&mawmfu rnfodkY usifhoHk;í rnfodkU qHk;raMumif; vuFm oHaygufa&;í qHk;ravh&Sdonf/
ukd,fwdkifvnf; ,if;odkY usifhBuHawmfrl\/
1/ &wemoHk;qdkif? iHkMumcdkif? qHkûydif 0E´em/
2/ ESpfqD &o? jrwf"r®? rSwfMu pOftvm/
3/ y&dedAÁe? jrwfAk'¨? rdefYx anmiffapmif;rSm/
4/ edAÁmefvdku? ocFg&? aeY n rarh&m/
5/ ykMwmrnf&Sd? &Sifom&d? tEdÅ rdefYcJY&Sm/
6/ edAÁmef vdkvm;? o'¨gyGm;? rjcm;aeoifh&m/
7/ q&mawmfa&iHk? usifhtxHk? rSmyHk oifhvkyg/
8/ edAÁmef vdku? vdkorQ? usifhMu aumif;&m&m/
9/ 0Homt&d? om;rked? xm;&SdolYtrSm? (t&d,0Hoq&m)
10/ edAÁmef vdku ? udk,f{u? aex oifhavsmf&m/
11/ anmifuefq&mawmf? OD;yk"fac : xkwfazmfrdefYcJY&m/
12/ vlewf jA[®m? uJY&JUrSm? qdwfpm raMumuf&m/
13/ bk&m;uJYodkY? aMumufoluG,fh? a&mufr,fh edAÁKwm/
14/ ig;cHku0d? jrwfaAm"d? a[m&SdonftrSm/
15/ pdwfqdk; pdwfnpf? udk,fhaMumifhjzpf? y,fvSpf olwum/
16/ pdwfnpfy,frsdK;? pdwfrqdk;? a&muf½dl; edAÁLwm/
17/ refusnf;awmac : q&mawmf? xkwfazmfrSwfp&m/
18/ edAÁmefudk&nf? ukwfESifhuD? aMumufonfr&Sd&m/
19/ usifhausmfxG#facgif? EIwfawmfaqmif? odatmifrdefYcJY&m/
20/ edAÁmefvdkvQif;? olYtwif;? ajymjcif;y,fcsdK;yg/
21/ a&T&ifhrm&Sif? q&myif? rSmwGifodp&m/
22/ a[mwdkif; ajymwdkif;? csifhpmEdIif;? a&;wdkif;r,Hk&m/
23/ edAÁmefvdku? 0d&m*? rdefYrS,Hkoifhyg/
24/ jrif;0efq&mawmf? rdefY>rufazmf? jrifajrmfrSwfp&m/
25/ edAÁmefvdkvpf? rkef;tcspf? qHk;ypfy,fcsyg/
26/ 0denf;ausmfvS? Aef;armfu? azmfjyrdefYcJY&m/
27/ edAÁmefudkrif? udk,ftouf? iJYuGufrûy&m/
28/ avSoif;rif;ausmif;? aewådaumif;? odaMumif;tpOfrSm/
29/ edAÁmefvdku? onf;cHMu? wGif;yt&m&m/
30/ oHk;yHkrukd#f? w&m;ûrduf? om;EIdufþenf;om/
31/ tcsKyfpum;? qHk;w&m;? oHk;xm;NrJNrHpGm/
32/ t"dyÜm,feuf? todcuf? xnfhpGuf ÚmPf0dZÆm/
33/ usifhoHk;Adkvfvl? jynfedAÁL? vG,fula&mufrnfom/

xdkrSwyg; q&mawmf rMumcP qHk;rajymqdkavh &Sdaom Mo0g'vufoHk; pum;rsm;rSmvnf;

rSwfom;zG,f aumif;vS\/ xdkpum;rsm;jzifh q&mawmf\ Zmwd½kyfudkvnf; cefYarQmfEdkifonf/

1/ oGm;? &yf? xdkif? avsmif;? £&d,mykwfav;yg;wdkYü tukodkvf rjzpf&/ ukodkvf w&m;om

jzpfatmif ESvHk;oGif;&rnf/
2/ tukodkvfjzpfaom tcsdefumvudk r&Sdap&? ukodkvf"r®jzihfom tcsdefumvudk ukefvGefap&rnf/
3/ aumif; raumif;jzpfaom uHa[mif;udk rarQmfvifh&/ aumif;aom uHopfudkom jzpfyGm;atmif
tm;xkwf&rnf/
4/ tusdK;udk tm;rxkwf&? rusifh&/ taMumif;udkom ajzmifhrSefatmif tm;xkwf usifhBuH&rnf/
5/ tusifh twkta,mifudk rjzpfap&/ tusifh tppftrSefudk usifh&rnf/
6/ ukd,f\tusifhudk wpfyg;ol rodap&? udk,hftusifh rSef rrSefudk udk,fwdkifodatmif qifjcif&rnf/
7/ olwpfyg;udk tm;rudk;&/ rdrdudk,fom tm;udk;í usifh&rnf/
8/ rdrdu rusifhrlí olwpfyg;tm; rqHk;r&? udk,fhudkudk,fom ,Ofaus;atmif qHk;r&rnf/
9/ olwpfyg;\ tjypfudk r½I&? udk,fhtjypfudkom udk,fjrifatmif½Ií tjypfvGwfatmif ûy&rnf/
10/ olYypönf;udk rvdkcsif&? ukd,hfypönf;tppfjzpfaom tusifhw&m;udkom vdkcsifaom or®mqE´udk
jzpfap&rnf/
11/ ypönf;&atmif rusifh&/ w&m;aumif; tppfudk &atmifusifh&rnf/ ("r®'g,m'/)
12/ taygif;tazmfESifh aysmfíolrsm;ESifh oifhatmifrae&? ½kyfemrfw&m;wdkYESifh oHk;oyf arGYavsmf
oifhawmfatmif ae&rnf/
13/ aMumufvefYatmif rae&? aMumufvefYrI r&Sdatmifae&rnf/
14/ pmayusrf;*ef? wwfodjcif;? rrSm;ap&? wwfodjcif; trSefusatmif owdorÜZOf &Sd&rnf/
15/ pmayusrf;*ef wwfod½HkrQESifh a&mifh&Jrae&? w&m;wwfodatmif tm;xkwfusifh BuH&rnf/
16/ oHo&mü touf&Snf?&efrvdktyf/ oHo&moufwdk&efom vdktyfonf/
17/ &Snfvsm;aom wPSmudkjzwfí wkdao;aom yg&rDudk qufay;&rnf/
18/ arYíaevQif tzefwvJvJ ao&vdrfhrnf/ rarhvQifaemufxyfrao&NyD/
19/ toufrjywf &Sifvsuf&Sdaom t0dZÆmwPSmudk aoatmifowf/ tNrJaoíomaeaom
tocFwedAÁmefodkY a&mufatmif
uyf&rnf/
20/ ocFg& tvHk;pHkü pJGvrf;aom Oyg'gefudkjzwf? ocFg&[lorQudk pGefYvTwfEdkifrS tEkyg'daoo
edAÁmefodkY a&mufrnf/

w&m;½IrSwfaeolrsm;onf ½IrSwfyGm;rsm;wdkif;a&SUodkY a&mufonfr[kwf/ wdk;wufonf rqdkom/

oDv? orm"d? ynm? o'¨g? 0D&d,jzpfaMumif; bk&m;paom olawmfaumif;BuD;wdkY\ þodkYaom
Mo0g'rsm;? jzpfpOf jzpf&yf t|KyÜwfrsm;? ESvHk;oGif;yHkrsm;? w&m;aqmifyk'frsm;jzifhvnf; rMumcP
tm;jznfh qifjcifí ay;oifhonf/ ay;&rnf/ wdk;? &yf? qkwf(0daoo? Xdwd? [me-bm*d,)
oHk;rsdK;jzifh csdefxdk;Munfh&m\/

qifwl,dk;rSm; tusif
tusifhrsm;udk jywfjywfrdefYjcif;
q&mawmfonf tvªtwef;rsm;ü w&m;a[m&aomtcg Zmwfedygwf 0w¬Krsm;udk a[mMum;awmfrrl?
qkay;? a&pufcsutp vu©Pma&; oHk;yg;? 0dyóemw&m;udkom a[mawmfrlavh&Sd\/ &if;ESD;aom?
pOf;pm;a0zefwwfaom yk*ÁdKvfrsm;udkrl tusdK;ysufrnfht&mü wif;wif;&if;&if; rsufESmriJYbJ
a[mMum;avh&Sdonf/

1271-ckESpfu rEÅav; rpdk;&drfausmif;wdkufBuD; a&pufcsyJG vkyfaomtcg ausmif;'um

OD;ouf&Snftm; ]]EGm;owfNyD; a&pufcsrS ygPmwdygw tukodkvfuH ajrmufovm;}}
[krdefYawmfrl\/ 0denf;tvdk t*FgpHkvQif uHajrmuf\/ okwåeftvdk 0w¬KtaqmufttHk jynfhpHkvQif
uHajrmuf\/ tbd"r®mtvdk apwem paom w&m;udk,fxif&Sm; jzpfay:vQif uHajrmuf\/ ty,du
a0g[m&rQavmufudk y"merûyoifhaMumif;udkvnf; tus,fa[mjyawmf rlonf/
oufowfvGwf tusifh

wpfcgu oufowfvGwf bkef;ay;aom wynfhOD;tmp& udk,fawmfESifh q&mawmfxH

oufowfvGwfqGrf; vmvªaom 'umwpfOD;tm; tus,fa0zef a[mjyawmfrlzl;\/

]]&aohjzpfvQif &aohvdkusifh? wdw¬djzpfvQif wdw¬dvkdusifh? aZmf*sDjzpfvQif aZmf*sDvdkusifh?

&[ef;vkyfvQif &[ef;vdkusifh? oufowfvGwf pm;jcif;udk tusifhy#dywfBuD;wpfck vkyfírusifhoifh/
tusdK;&Sd½dk;rSefvQif oAÁñkw a&TÚmPfawmfBuD;jzifh odjrif cGifhûyawmfrlcJY&m\/ a'0'wf
awmif;qdkonfyif wm;jrpfcJYNyD/

0denf;awmft& qifom;? a>rom; paom tom;BuD; q,frsdK;ESifh &nfrSef;í owfaom tom;rsdK;

r[kwfvQif tyf\/ pm;aumif;\/ bk&m;cGifhûyNyD; jzpfonf/

okwåeftvdk tpm;taomufESifh pyfaom ckwifoHk;rsdK; cGifhûyxm;\/

tbd"r®mtvdk rnfonfhtpmudk pm;rSa&SmifrS ukodkvf&onf rvm/ a,medaom reodum&

oifhwifhatmif pdwfudk ûyjyifrS ukodkvf&\/ rdpäm? y#dyaEé? twåudvrxmEka,m* vrf;pOfom
jzpfonf/}}

]],kwåd ,kwåmjzihf tusifhaumif;[efaqmifaom tvGefruJGjym;vGef;onfh tusifhwpfckudk

vufcHrdvQif wpfpwpfp vrf;cJGrSef;rod cJGí rZÆdry#dy'grS cRwfvJGwwfonf}}[k a[mMum;awmfrl\/
(tXKyÜwåd rl&if;ü txkl;? jynfhpHkpGm qHk;rxm;onf/)

y#dywfa&;&mü rjrifEdkifaom odrf;oGif;rI? pdwfappm;rI? tm½HkpJGaqmifrI? ukd,fhpdwfESifhudk,f[k

txifa&mufaprIrsm;onf aMumufrufzG,faumif;pGm/ xdkudpöü q&mawmfum;
us,fus,fjyefYjyefYBuD; jrifayvdrhfrnf/
xdkYaMumifh oAÁñkw ÚmPfawmfBuD;udk rausmfvGefoifhouJhodkY tawGYtBuHK todÚmPfBuD;rm;aom
olawmfaumif;ynm&SdBuD;wdkY\ pum;udkvnf; raxrJYjrif rûytyf/ w&m;oabmum; euf½dIif;pGm/
]twuúm0pa&m} BuHpnfpdwful; aumif;½Hkjzifh a0zefzdkY aeaeomom? &dyfpm;rd½HkrQyif csOf;uyfí
&paumif;aom t&mr[kwf/

xif;acG a&cyfaom bkef;awmfBuD;

xl;jcm;onfh olawmfaumif;BuD;rsm;ü edA'¨(tNrJ) aqmifaom p&P tusifh 0wå&m;rsm;&Sd\/ ]]0wåH

ty&dyla&aEÅm oDvH ey&dyl&wd-usifh0wfrjznfh oDvrjynfh}} [lonfhtwdkif; usifh0wfrsm;udkvnf;
usef;rma&;tvdkuf aqmifMuonf/ aeYpOf 0wfxm;í ûyMu\/

rif;ausmif; q&mawmfonf ausmif;0if;BuD; twGif;üomru oHCmrsm;

qGrf;cH<u&mvrf;wpfavQmuf c&D;wpfwdkifcefY&Sd &Gm0ifayguftxd aeYwpfBudrf nwpfBudrf vSnfhvnf
wHjruf vSnf;awmfrl\/ tjcm;olrsm;vSnf;NyD;íjzpfap? tvdkavsmufjzpfap trIdufo½dkuf
&Sif;aeaomfvnf; vSnf;NrJvSnf;awmfrl\/ ]]um,a0,sm0pö? aoemoe0wf ukodkvfaZm jzpfo[JY}}
[kvnf; rdefYawmfrlonf/ aomufa&ukdvnf; {&m0wDjrpfodkY qif;í oHCmrsm; rEdk;rD
avmif;xnfhNyD; jzpf\/ wynfhrsm;u OD;atmifavmif;xnfhxm;vQifvnf; xdka&rsm;udk tdk;vdkuf
bk&m;vªNyD; xyfícyfxnfhawmfrlonf/ uk#D? oHk;a&? aq;a&rsm;vnf; tNrJyif avmif;xnfhonf/
uk#Dü oHCmtrsm;? oHk;NyD;aom uEkwHrsm;udkvnf; udk,fawmfwkdif aq;aMumí
uEkwHukefvQifvnf; ukd,fawmfwdkif; 0g;udkcJGpdwfí oyfawmfrl\/

q&mawmfonf {&m0wDjrpftwGif; a&csdK;qif;wdkif; xif;rsm;udk ukd,fwdkifq,fí urf;em;ü

yHkxm;\/ vdkcsifol,lí useforQ xif;rsm;udk ausmif;ta&muf udk,fwdkifxrf;o,f\/
aqmif;tcgü xdkxif;rsm;idk rD;zdkí bk&m;vªjcif;? oHCmrsm; qGrf;cHvrf;wpfavQmuf rD;zdkjcif;?
acG;rsm; rD;vIH&efyif rD;zdkay;jcif; ûyawmfrl\/

{&m0wDjrpfwGif;rS oJrsm;udkvnf; ukd,fawmfwdkif xrf;í ausmif;0if;tjynhf oJcif;awmfrl&m

vSnf;tpD; wpfaxmifcefY&Sd\/ ausmif;teD;tem;&Sd apwDrsm;wGifvnf; apwd,*FP 0wfrsm;udk
ûyawmfrlonf/ wHjrufvSnf;½Hk? a&vª½HkrQru &moDOwktvdkuf aqmif;tcgwGif xif;rD;zkdí vªjcif;?
aEGtcgwGif ½kyfyGm;awmfa&SYü ,yfavcwfí vªjcif;rsm;vnf; ûyawmfrlonfrSm xl;jcm;vSay\/
tvGefjrifh a0;vHvSaom ywåjrm;apwD awmifay : odkY a&jynhftdk;xrf;vsuf a&vªawmfrl\/
&Snfvsm;vSaom apmif;wef;BuD;üvnf; toGm;tjyef wHjrufvSnf;awmfrl\/
a&mufzl;olrsm;odygvdrfhrnf/ vli,f vl&G,f vfrsm;yifvQif vlcsnf;udk taxmufaxmuf em;í
tarmqdkYatmif wuf&aom awmifjzpfonf/

b0wefzdk;udk tjywfjrifNyD;olwdkYü vªp&m? vkyfp&mawG aygrsm;vSay\/ cufcJonf yifyef;onf

rxif/
&Hcg 'efylwH? uEkwHrsm;udk uka#ausmfatmif udk,fawmfwdkif oyfawmfrl\/ rdrd wdkuftwGufomru
1259-ckESpfu rEÅav;ûrdUay:wGif oHCmtrsm;qHk; (1600)&Sdaom bk&m;BuD;wdkuftwGuf wpfyg;vQif
'efylwpf&mpnf; wpfpnf;uspD vªawmfrlzl;onf/

p&Pac: usifh0wfa0,sm0pörsm;udk þuJYokdU vkyfEdkifrSom 0dZÆmÚmPf(w&m;xl; )&rnf? ]igum;

rvkyfEdkif} [k ,lqí tm;ravQmh&m/ o'¨g"du? 0D&d,m"du? ynm"du ukd,fhqkESifhukd,f
vmMuonfom/ tmemygepaom w&m;tvkyfum; oD;jcm; vkyfae&onfr[kwf/ xdktvkyfrsdK;udk
vkyf&if; vkyfEdkif\/ vkyf&onf/ wpfcsdefwnf; tvkyfESpfck tusdK;ESpfck NyD;pD;\/ vG,fvGef;pGmh/

q&mawmfonf usihf0wfESifh "kwifrSpí y#dywftvkyfudk i,fpOfuyif ûyvkyfcJhaomfvnf; y&d,wf

oif,lydkYcsaomtcg rvpfvyf½Hkom aqmifawmfrl\/ oufawmfig;q,fwGif;odkU a&mufvQifum;
y&d,wfudk wef½Hkom ydkYcsí ckwifESifhwuG0wf? y#dywfudk csí aqmifawmfrlonf/ q&mawmf\
ykaAÁp uwyknwmpufonf abm*q&mawmfuJYodkY oyÜK&doly edó,pufudk qufívnfapojzifh
"kwif 13-yg;udk tvsOf;oifhovdk aqmifawmfrl\/ tNrJwrf;vnf; rdrdtusifhudk
odk0Sufawmfrlonf/ "kwifaqmifaMumif; rodapvdkojzifh "kwifudk zsufíyif tvªcH\/ NyD;rS jyefí
aqmufwnfonf/

aeYtcsdefwGif &GmeD;ausmif;ü txifcHaeaomfvnf; awm& yk*ÁdKvfBuD;jzpfaMumif;

wynfhwdkif;yifrodMu/ noef;acgifausmfvQif wdwfwqdwf ausmif;rS xGufoGm;í okomef?
okdYr[kwf awm&ajrmufatmif a0;uGmaom wpfae&m&mü t½kPfwufNyD;rSom jyef<uvm\/
{umoedwf"kwif (wpfae&mwnf; wpfxyfwnf; bkOf;ay;jcif; )? ywåydkPf"kwif (bwfvydkif-
csdKcsOfiefpyf a&marTí bkOf;ay;jcif; ) rsm;udk aqmufwnf;aomtcg ]]q&mawmfonf bkOf;ay;wm
Munfndkp&mBuD;}} [k ,lqum "kwifysufaMumif; qGrf;uGrf;? o'¨gaumif;olrsm;vnf; renf;cJYacs/
edoZf"kwift& q&mawmf tdyfpufonfudk twGif;ae wynfhBuD;rsm;yif rjrifpzl;/ rodEdkifatmif
vQdKU0Sufawmfrlonf/

acgif;yg;? ½dk;om;jcif;ESifh xl;jcm;csufrsm;

0dok'¨dr*f usrf;MuD;om NrefrmNynfu ay:xGufcJhvQif þodkYaom yk*¾dKvfxl;MuD;rsm; taMumif;udk

0dok'¨dr*fü ae&mray;í r&acs/

q&mawmfonf tvªtwef; tzl;taNrmfvmol rnfonfh 'um 'umr rqdk

£&d,mykwfaNymif;vJNcif; r½dS/ trlt&m aNymif;vJNcif;r½dS zl;awGY&onf/ oD;oefYae&m oD;oefY{nfhcH
a[maNymNcif;r½dS/ wHNrufvSnf;csdef vmvQif wHNrufvSnf;&modkY oGm;í uefawmh&onf/
½Sifr[muóyonf 'um 'umr awGYwdkif; topf (wpdrf;) NzpfaeouJhodkY ausmif;'um
avSoif;rif;udkyifvQif azmfa½G vdkufavsmNcif;r½dS/ wpdrf;w&HqHuJhodkY qufqH\/
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bk&m;MuD;onf oufawmf 61? odu©mawmf 42-0gt& 1281- ckESpf 0gacgifvqkwf &Spf&ufaeY
r[mokcacsmifüyif ysHvGefawmf rlcJUonf/
xdktcg ysHvGefawmfrlaom nrSmyif ppfudkif;wpfawmifvHk; [dkawmifonfawmif ul;oef;aeaom
tvif;a&mifMuD;rsm; w0if;0if; wxdefxdef jrifae&aMumif; awmiftaemufbufü
oDwif;oHk;awmfrlaom ok"r®m*dkPf;csKyf aCmodw0ef q&mawmfu csrf;at; q&mawmftm;
trdefU&SdcJUzl;avonf/

v,fwDq&mawmfESifYaqG;aEG;yHk
aus;Zl;&Sif v,fwDq&mawmfMuD; ppfudkif;awmif&dk;ü oDwif;oHk;cdkuf r[m*E¨m&Hk q&mawmf
<ua&mufí q&mawmfESifU atmufygtwdkif; avQmufxm; aqG;aEG;awmfrlaMumif; oufawmf 70-
ausmf&Sd odrfawmifqnfMuD; q&mawmfa&; ]t&d,m0dZÆmr*¾ tvif;jyusrf;} (1955) pmrsufESm 369-
ü rSwfwrf;wifxm;onfrSm tvGefrSwfom;zG,f aumif;aypGmU/

*E¨m&Hk/ / q&mawmfbk&m;? bk&m;wynfUawmf Ak'¨gEkówd ur®Xmef;ay;&m wynfUa,m*Drsm; 4-5-

7- &ufESifU bk&m;edrdwfudk aumif;pGm &&SdMuygonf? xdkYaemuf emrf&kyftjzpftysufudk
t&Icdkif;aomtcg 0dyóemOmPf 10-yg;udk 7-&uf 8-&uf 9-&ufjzifU xifjrif aygufa&mufaom
a,m*DawG &Sdygonfbk&m;/ 0dok'¨dr*ftvdku vGefpGm cufcJaMumif; jyygonf/ ,ck tm;xkwfaom
yk*¾dKvfrsm;rSm vGefpGmvG,faeygonf bk&m;/

v,fwD/ /q&may;aom Ak'¨gEkówdu b,fvdkay;oenf;/

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v,fwD/ / Ak'¨gEkówd ur®Xmef;onf edrdwfrxifaumif;? yDwdomjzpfaumif;onf[k

0dok'¨dr*fü vm&Sdonf/ Ak'¨gEkówd qdkonfum; bk&m;&Sif\*kPfawmfudk pGJvrf;orItm&HkjyKí
jzpfaom tzefwvJvJ atmufarUjcif; owdudk Ak'¨gEkówd ac:nf/
Ak'¨gEkówd-ur®Xmef; tm;xkwfolwdkUonf Ak'¨gEkówd tm&Hkudkom aumif;pGm pGJvrf; uyfjidaom
pdwf&Sdonfjzpfí jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sif\ *kPfawmfaus;Zl;awmfwdkUudk tzefwvJvJ atmufarUí
yGm;rsm;aom olwdkUtm; xdktcdkuf &m*pdwf? a'gopdwf? arm[pdwfrjzpf/ bk&m;tm&Hküom
ajzmifUrwfwnfMunf\/ ESpfoufjcif; yDwdjzpf\/ jidrf;at;jcif; yó'¨djzpf\/udk,fa&mpdwfyg
csrf;omjcif;okcjzpf\/
okc&Sdoltm; bk&m;*kPfvQif tm&Hk&Sdonfjzpfí pdwfonf wnfMunf\/ þodkU tpOftwdkif;
wpfckaom cPü psmeft*FgwdkUonfjzpfukef\/ *kPfawmfwdkU\ eufeJvSaomaMumifU vnf;aumif;?
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tjzpfaMumifUvnf;aumif; tyÜemodkU ra&mufrlí Oypm&psmefrQomjzpf\/
xdkOypm&psmefonf bk&m;*kPfudk tzefwvJvJ atmufarUonf\ tpGrf;tm;jzifU jzpfaomaMumifU
Ak'¨gEkówd [líomvQifqdk&\/ xdkUaMumifU Ak'¨gEkówdur®Xmef; yDwdom jzpfaumif;í edrdwfrxif
aumif;onfrSm xif&Sm;vSayonf/ okdU&mwGif q&mu y&duHvkyfí ay;aomaMumifU
ay;aomy&duHESifU xifaom edrdwfwnfUayonf/ twkr&Sdaom twd£Xm&Hk bk&m;edrdwf
xifjcif;onf aumif;ayonf/ &aomedrdwfudkzsufí rypfaumif;/ Ak'¨gEkówdvdkUac:vQif
pmESifUrnDnGwf jzpfayvdrfUrnf/ tqif;&Sdaom uodkPf;av;yg;wGif oGif;í Ak'¨uodkPf;vdkU ac:rS
&aom edrdwfESifU wnfUrnf[k v,fwDq&mawmfu trdefU&Sdavonf/ 0dyóemOmPf 10-
yg;ESifUpyfívnf; atmufygtwdkif; qufvuf trdefU&dSonf/

v,fwD/ /q&m OmPf 10-yg; ay;yHkudk avQmufxm;ygOD;/

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xifjrifMuygonf/ xdkUaemuf O',AÁ,OmPf &kyfemrfjzpfysufyHkudk a[majymygonf/ xdkUaemuf
tjzpfudkvTwfí tysufudkom &IMunfU&rnf[k a[majymygonf/ a[majymwdkif;vnf;
xifjrifMuygonf/

v,fwD/ /okwr,OmPf? pdEÅmr,OmPf? bm0emr,OmPf oHk;rsdK;&Sd&mwGif bm0emr,OmPf

obm0"r® t[kwftrSef tppfudk od&efrSm 'ku©tcsufu xdkifíomMunfU&rnf/ 'ku©tcsuf
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rEÅav;jrdKUü &Sdaom jrif;&xm; uaom jrif;rsm;udk tpmauR;aomtcg jrufajcmufudkpOf;í
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jrufjzLawGudkom tjzLtwdkif; jrifvdrfUrnf/
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tjzpftysufudk bmwpfckrQ &SmazG vdkUr&onfUjyif rdrdcEÅmudk,f toGifoP²mefMuD;yif rjrif&atmif
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tewÅ'DyeDwGifvnf; MunfUygav/)
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OmPfMuD;aypGmU/ qnffMuD; q&mawmf rSwfwrf;wifxm;onfrSmvnf; av;eufaom t"dyÜm,fudk
aqmifavonf/
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rSwfwrf;rSwf&m r&Sdjzpfonf/ y&d,wf? y#dywf pG,fpHkwwfajrmufolwdkU rSwfwrf;wifrSomvnf;
,HkMunfxdkuf\/ xl;jcm;onfU yk*¾dKvfMuD;rsm; teD;wGif aexdkifcGifU&aom pG,fpHkynm&Sifrsm;
owdjyK&rnfU tcsufyif jzpfonf/ omoemawmftwGuf rsm;pGm taxmuftulay;Edkifaom
tcGifhaumif;rsm; vufrvGwfapoifhay/)

rSefuefaom tm&Hkerdwf
q&mawmf\ wynfYr oDv&Sifa,m*DMuD; wpfOD;ESif.pyfí rEÅav;jrdK. tbd"r®uxdu q&mMuD;
OD;odef;atmif rSwfwrf;wifxm;onfudk zwf&ojzif. q&mawmftm; Munfndktm;usaom pdwfwuf&
jyefonf/
xdkpOfu [omFwjrdK.rS vma&muf tm;xkwfaom oDDv&Sifq&mMuD; wpfOD;onf r*¾acsmifüaeí
ol\om;&[ef;rSm"l0Hacsmifüaeonf/ wae.oü oDv&Sifq&mMuD;onf
ol\om;&[ef;xHa&mufvmjyD;vQif-
“armifyOöif;? armifyOöif;&J.nD armifbMurf;wpfa,muf reufu
"m;ckwfcH&w,f/nmbufrsuffESma&m? b,fbuf *sdKapmif;ESif.vufjyifrSma&m ‘'Pf&m&vdk.
ck[omFwaq;&Hk wufae&w,f” [k [omFwjrdK.&Sd ol.om;taMumif;avQmufxm;&m-
“'umrMuD; b,folajymowkH;“” [kom;ujyefar;onf/
“ wynfYawmfrudkrnfolrSvmrajymyg? ur®|mef;xdkif&if;pdwf tm&HkrSmawG. &w,f” [k avQmufvQif-
“tm-'umrMuD; pdwfpGJaevdk.tm&Hkay:vmwmjzpfygvdrf.r,f” [kqdkav onf/
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tjywfcGJa0jyD;rSyJ? pGJvrf;zdk.r&Sdygbl;? bMurf;udkvnf;owd& raeygbl;? wynfYawmfr tm&Hk
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q&mMuD;um; ol.todudkaumif;pGm ,HkMunfaMumif; xif&Sm;ayonf/
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r,fawmfMuD;ajymonfESifY wpfxyfwnf; jzpfaeonfudk awGU&av\/ aemifrMumrD armifbMurf;
usef;rmvmí ppfudkif;awmif&dk;odk. 'kv’b &[ef;cH&efa&mufvm&m ausmif;&dS OD;yOöif;rsm;u
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yHkpHwpfckudk xkwfjyjcif;jzpfayonf/

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[laom tcsufyif jzpf\/ xdkoDv&Sif q&mMuD;uJYodkY odjrifolwdkUum; ,cktcg tvGefrsm;aom
ta&twGufü &SdayvdrfUrnf/ odkU&mwGif xdktodrsdK;&dSvQifyif &[EÅm[lí
orkwfwwfMuonfrSmvnf; y#dywÅd omoem0ifü tEÅ&m,fMuD;wpfck jzpfaeayonf/
xdktodrsdK;onf tbdnmOfa&S.ajy; omrefavmuD todrQom jzpfEdkifí &[EÅmrqdkxm;bd?
aomwmyefrQjzpfyif jzpfEdkif&monf r[kwfacs/ t&d,mjzpfwdkif; odcsifrSodí? odwdkif;vnf;
t&d,mjzpffcsifrS jzpf&monf/
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ronf;tyf/ 0denf; odu©mudk &dkaoapmifYodí y&d,wf y#dywf pG,fpHk yk*¾dKvf ausmf
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oabmaygufoifY\/

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qdkMuonf/ rnfodkUqdkap q&mawmfum; ZG?J vHkv MuD;rm;vSay\/ ysHawmfrlcgeD; rrmrusef;&SdpOf
ydkíyif tm;xkwfawmfrl\/ “&[EÅm rjzpforQ þ*lrS rxGufawmUjyD” [kyif wpfqifYwufum
or®yÜ"mef vHkvjzifU t"d|mefawmfrlonf/
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wynfUMuD;rsm;u v,fwDq&mawmftm; taMumif;pHk avQmufxm;í tultnDawmif;Mu&\/
v,fwDq&mawmf udk,fwdkif *lxJodkU<ua&mufí ajym&m-
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vSnfUí-
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v,fwDq&mawmfyJ” [kajymajymqdkqdk ausmif;odkUyifUaqmifapcJU\/ q&mawmf ysHvGefawmfrl
onfUaemuf ae&m&Sif;Muaomtcg tjrJoHk;onfU acgif;tHk;atmufwGif q&mawmfudk,fwdkif
a&;om;cJUonfU “12-ESpfwm tvkyfcGifrSwfwrf;” udk tHYtm;oifYpGm awGUMu&\/ tdyfruf 16-
rsdK;ESifU tm&Hk edrdwfrsm;? tawG;txifrsm; yg0ifavonf/ xl;jcm;onfrSm q&mawmf\
trSmpmüyif-
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rnfonfUpmtkyfwGifrQ þrSwfwrf;udk rawGU&/
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aus;Zl;aMumifY 1332-ckESpf? wydkUwGJv (10?2?71) xkwf "r®AsL[m pmapmif (9-10 ESifU10-5)
wdkUüzwf&I&onf/
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tm&Hkedrdwfrsm; &IyfaxG;ayGvDvSay\/ &[ef;udpö rjyD;ao;bJvsuf jyD;jyD[k txifrSm; tjrifrSm;
jzpf&acsao;\” [k oifcef;pm ,lMu&ayvdrfUrnf/
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tavmif;awmfMuD;rsm;\ tavUtvmESifU uGmcsifwdkif; jcm;uGmrSef;rod? rdrdudk,fudk
rdrdvSnfUpm;&ma&mufaewwfaom ‘qkMuD;yef’ qdkolrsm; ,aeUtjywf pOf;pm;qHk;jzwf&ayvdrfUrnf/
rSwfwrf;wif xm;awmfrlcJYonfudkvnf; aus;Zl;wifxdkufMuaypGmU/
q&mawmf\ rSwfwrf;um; atmufygtwdkif;yif jzpfygonf/
1/ orxur®|mef;udk 1257-ckESpf tm;xkwf&m 59-ckESpfodkYa&mufvQif um,yó'¨d pdwÅyó'¨d
jzpfí wpfvavmufyif udk,fpdwfESpfjzm udavomuif;uGmylyefrI tvGefjidrf;at;í aejcif;?
2/ ¤if;aemuf 61-ckESpfodkU a&mufvQif uqkefvqef; 7- &uf (ESpfqef; 1-&uf) ¤if;aeYupí
aomw'Gg&jzifU o'´g&HkawG tjrJMum;í ae&jcif;?
3/ ¤if;o'´g&Hkudk&jyD;aemuf tvGef eSpfESpfoufouf &ufaygif;rsm;pGm yDwdjzpfí aejcif;/
4/ ¤if;aemuf psmefr*fzdkvfw&m;udk r&ao;aomfvnf; &ouJYodkU &ufaygif;rsm;pGm pdwfxJrSm
xifíaejcif;/
5/ ¤if;aemufedAÁmefrSm jrwfpGmbk&m;ESifUwuG t&Sifom&dykwÅ&m? t&Sifarm*¾v’mef tp&Sdaom
&[EÅmt&SifjrwfwdkUonf cE¨myOöu j'AfaumifMuD;uJUodkU &ufaygif;rsm;pGm pdwfxJrSm xifíaejcif;?
6/ ¤if;aemuf &kyfemrfudk tzefzef qiffjcifjyefonf&Sdaomf 61-ckESpf yxr 0gqdkvqef; 7-&ufaeUn
&kyferfudk qifjcifqJ t0dZÆmrme ynwfuG,fí xderd'¨ O'¨pö ponfuif;vsuf wpfnvHk;
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tvGefxifvmonf/ ¤if;&kyfemrfw&m;wdkUonf tedpö, 'ku©, tewÅ w&m;csnf;om[k
tjrJxifíaeonf/ rD;cdk;awmifcdk; wdrfcdk;wdkUuJodkU rsm;pGmjzpfvsuf ¤if;tcdk;xJuMunfvifaom
ta&mifjzpfí rsufESm&dyfudk xifjrifjcif;?
7/ ¤if;aemuf &kyfemrfw&m;wdkUudk tzefzef qifjcifjyefonf&dSaomf yxr0gqdkvqef; 14-&ufaeUn
wpfnvHk; rdk;vif;onfUwdkifatmif udavom ylyefjcif; jidrf;at;í xderd'¨ O'¨pö ponf uif;vsuf
um,yó'?¨d pdwÅyó'¨ tp&Sdaom w&m;wdkUonf jzpfay:ukefí rD;cdk; awmifcdk; wdrfcdk;wdkUuJodkU
vnf;aumif;? rD;awmufuJUodkU vnf;aumif; rsm;pGmaom ta&mifjzpfí ¤if;ta&mifwdkUonf tedpö,
'ku©, tewÅ oabmcsnf;[k tjrJxifíaejcif;?
8/ ¤if;aemuf 0dyóemOmPf 10-yg;udk tzefzef qifjcifjyefonf&Sdaomf or®oeOmPfrSpí
ocFg&kayu©mOmPfwdkifatmif xifjrifjcif;?
9/ ¤if;aemufUUUUUUUU&Sdaomf or®oeOmPf O',AÁ,OmPfrSm 61-ckESpfupí 62-ckESpf
jymodkvjynfUausmf 6-&uf Ak'¨[l;aeUwdkifatmif tvGefUtvGef xifjrifjcif;?
10/ ¤if;aemufUUUUUUUU&Sdaomf 62-ckESpf ewfawmfvjynfUausmf 8-&uf aeU av;em&Dupí wpfnvHk;
rdk;vif;onfUwdkifatmiff edAÁmefüom tm&HkjyKvsuf r*fav;yg;vHk; &jyD[k xifaejyD;vQif
rdk;vif;aomumvrS r*fav;yg;vHk;r&ao;rSef; odonf/
yt? xt? rt? *t-&t/ (yxr r*¾-&jyD[k qdkvdk\)
11/ ¤if;aemufUUUUUUUU&Sdaomf 62-ckESpf jymodkvjynfUausmf 6-&uf Ak'¨[l;aeUü b*FOmPf&ifUjcif;udk
tvGefU tvGef tjrJxifjrifjcif;?
12/ ¤if;aemufUUUUUUUU&Sdaomf jymodkvjynfUausmf 11-&ufaeUn b, OmPf?
tm'De0 OmPf? edAÁd'g OmPf? rkOdöwkurswm OmPf? y#docFg OmPf? ocFg&kayu©m OmPf wdkU
tvGefxifjrifjcif;?
13/ ¤if;aemufUUUUUUUU&Sdaomf ocFg&kayu©mOmPf\ tqHk;ü a&S;OD;pGm O-tm-edOmPf wdk.udk
'ku©opöm[k xifvmonf/ or®oeOmPfudk ork',opöm [kxifvmonf/
rkOdöwkurswmOmPfudk eda&m"opöm xifvmonf/ y#docFgOmPf? ocFg&kayu©mOmPfwdkUudk
r*¾opöm[kxifvmonf/
14/ ¤if;aemuf 0dyóemOmPf 10-yg;udk tzefzef qifjcifjyefonf&Sdaomf opömav;yg;onf
bm0em\ tpGrf;tm;jzifU tjrJxifjrifjcif;?
15/ ¤if;aemuf y#dpöorkygÜ'? y#dpöorkyÜEéw&m;wdkUudk qifjcifjyefonf&dSaomf
¤if;w&m;wdkUonf &ufaygif;rsm;pGm xifjrifvmukef\/
16/ ¤if;aemuf {uwÅenf;? emewÅenf;? tAsmyg&enf;? {0H"r®wmenf; av;yg;wdkUudk
qifjcifjyefonf &Sdaomf ¤if;enf;av;yg;wdkU &ufaygif;rsm;pGmxifjrifvmukef\/
17/ ¤if;aemuf 0dok'¨d 7-yg;udk qifjcifjyefonf&Sdaomf oDv0dok'¨d rSpí y#dy'gOmP 0dok'¨d
wdkifatmifxifjrifjcif;/
18/ ¤if;aemuf oduRrf;zl;aom rmwk*gr wpfOD;udk ykwD;? em;a!mif;paom t0wfwefqmwdkUjzifU
wefqmqif,ifí pdwfjzifU teD;tem;ü xm;vsuf ¤if;rmwk*gronf t0wfwefqmwdkUaMumifU
tvGefwifUw,f\/ rnfodkUyifwifUw,faomfjim;vnf; tdkjcif;oabmw&m; ruif;acsao;[k
atmufarUqifjcifum rwÅjzifU qHjzL oGm;usdK; yg;&dk; em;&dk; eH&dk; tjydKif;jydKif; usvsuf
pufqkyf&GH&SmzG,f rwifUw,faom toGifjzifU xifjrifjcif;? (em-ao-
ykyfyGrsm;vnf;xdkUrwlxifonf/) t&dk;pk ruif;ao;[k atmufarUum rwÅjzifU t&dk;pk xifjrifjcif;?
¤if;t&dk;pkaumifMuD;onff tedpö, 'ku©, tewÅ oabmw&m;[k xifjrifjcif;?
19/ ntcg rtdyfrD aumif;uifü Mu,ftaygif;udk MunfUí 0dyóemyGm;vQif tdyfaomtcg
raem'Gg&ü Mu,frsm;pGm xifjrifjcif;?
20/ aeUtcg ausmif;trdk;udkMunfUí 0dyóemyGm;vQif ntdyfaomtcg ausmif;trdk;wdk.onf
raem'Gg&ü xifjrifjcif;?
21/ 1263-ckESpf yxr0gqdkvjynfUausmf ig;&ufaeU eHeufu olwpfyg;twGufaMumifU
ESvkH;romr,mjcif;jzpf\/ xdkaeU aeUvnftdyfjyD;vQif tm&HkjyKaeusw&m;udk tm&HkjyKygaomfvnf;
ESvHk;rom,mjcif; "r®tEÅ&m,fMuD; jzpfay:vm\/ jzpfay:vmvQif xdkolrsm;udk&efolxifatmif
‘yd,awm Zm,wdaomaum’ tp&Sdaom *gxmudk tMudrfMudrf tzefzef qifjcifvQif xdkolrSpí
yd,yk*¾dKvf[loa&GU tZÑwÅtwGif;&efol? &efolrsdK;ig;yg;udk A[d'¨tjyif&efol[k tvGefxifvmjcif;?
xdkA[d'¨&efolwdkUaMumifU tZÑwÅü jzpfaom avmuD ukodkvfonf twGif;&efol?
tZÑwÅüjzpfaom tukodkvfonf tjyif&efol[k tvGefxifvmjcif;?
xdkxuf a&S;a&S;aomb0u ukodkvf tukodkvfwdkUonf &efolaumifMuD;awGuJU odkY
0dkif;0ef;vmí tukodkvf &efolawGu tyg,fav;bHk oHo&m aESmiftdrfxJü csrnf[k qdkouJuodkU
tvGef xifvmjcif;? ukodkvf &efolawGuvnf; vlUbHk? ewfbHk? jA[®mUbHk oHo&m aESmiftdrfxJü
csrnf[k qdkouJUodkU tvGefxifvmjcif;?
xdkodkU xifvQif bHkoHk;yg;ü udk;uG,fvJavsmif; ykef;atmif;rSDcdk&m r&Sdí tvGeftrif;
aMumuf&GHUxdwfvefUjcif; jyif;pGmjzpfaomaMumifY odrf;qnf;í r&edkif/ rsuf&nfawGvIdifvsuf ESpfem&D
oHk;em&D twGif; tvGeftrif; aMumufvSí &efoludkvdkufí a&wGufonf&Sdaomf tukodkvf zó
paom oAÁpdwÅom"m&P apwoduf 7-ck? tukodkvf 0dwuf paom yudPf; apwoduf 5-ck?
arm[ paom tukodkvf apwoduf 14-ck? tukodkvfpdwf 12-ck? ¤if; 39-ck wdkUonf tyg,f4-bHk
oHo&m aESmiftdrfxJü vm;aMumif;jzpfaom tukodkvf&efolawG[k tvGeftrif;txl;jrifjcif;?
ukodkvf zó paom oAÁpdwÅom"m&P apwoduf 7-ck? ukodkvf 0dwuf paom yudPf;
apwoduf 6-ck? o'´g paom aombP apwoduf 24-ck?umrukodkvf 8-ck? &lyukodkvf 5-ck?
t&lyukodkvf 4-ck? ¤if; 54-ck wdkUonf oHo&m0#fqif;&Jü usifvnf aMumif;jzpffaom
ukodkvf&efolawG[k tvGeftrif;txl;jrifjcif;?
xdkodkU xifjyD;vQif ynmapwodufudk atmufarYqifjcifonf&Sdaomf ¤if; ynmapwodufonf
oHo&m0#fqif;&JrS xGufajrmufaMumif; udk;uG,fvJavsmif; ykef;atmif;rSDcdk&m taqGcifyGef;aumif;[k
tvGeftusL; xifjrifjcif;?
¤if; ynmapwodufudk taqGcifyGef;aumif;[k tvGeftusL; txl;xifvQif udk,f pdwf ESpfjzm
csrff;ompGm oufom&m &avonf/
22/ 1266-ckESpf? wydkUwGJvqef;&Spf&uf? we*FaEGaeU najcmufem&Dausmfausmf tcsdefwGif
opömav;yg;uudkodonf/ ivsifESpfMudrf vIyf\/
'O? wþ? ,t? rt? *t? &t/ (‘'kwd,r*¾& [k qdkvdkonf/ xdkESpf ou'g*grf jzpf\/ /pma&;ol
rSwfcsuf/)

wpfq,fU ajcmufcsuf tdyfrufqef;rsm;

1/ ajcü jcwufí jcudk eif;rdrnfpdk;aomaMumifU aumif;uifrSaeí jcudkcgypf&onf jrifrufjcif;?

2/ jrpfudk tvsm;vdkufqefaom oabFm pD;&atmif vdkufaomf oabFmudk rSD&HkrQom &Sdí rpD;&[k
jrifrufjcif;?
(¤if;tdyfruft&rSm oli,ftjzpfupí &[ef;ESpfq,fUESpf0g wkdifatmif ‘bk&m;qkyef’ í aeonfudk
1261-ckESpfodkU a&mufaomtcg ¤if;ESpf uqkefvu pí 0gqdkvjynfUwdkifvQif oHo&mab;udk
tvGef aMumufaomaMumifU bk&m;qkudk ryefawmU? xdkbk&m;qkudk ryefEdkifjcif;taMumif;[k
xifonf/)
3/ jrpfvnfodkU a&mufíaepOf jrpfwpfzufodkU vufypful;rnfvdkvdk? azmifzGJUí ul;rnfvdkvdkaeqJ
avSi,fwpfpif;vmí xdkavSi,fESifU pD;vsuf jrpfwpfzufodkU a&mufonf[k jrifrufjcif;?
(¤if; tdyfruft&rSm 'kwd, 0gqdkvjynfUausmfrSom om0uqkudk yefí xdkom0uqkudk
yefqifEdkifjcif; taMumif;[k xifonf/)
4/ bk&m;&Sifudk udk,fwdkifudk,fus zl;awGU&í bk&m;&SifrsufarSmuf edAÁmefa&mufatmif 0dyóemudk
tm;xkwf&onf[k jrifrufjcif;?
5/ rpifpGefYqJ ‘uk#DESifUwuG wpfyg;odkUa&mufí rpif vdrf;uyfavoavm’ [k MunfUvQif ‘rpif
rvdrf;ruyf’ [k jrifrufjcif;?
6/ EGHü ESpfa,mufaomolonf vufwpfzuf wpfcsufudkudkifí EGHxJrSwifonf[k jrifrufjcif;?
7/ ]at;aomtcg ylaom ur®|mef;ausmif;üaeí? ylaom ur®|mef;udk tm;xkwf&rnf/ ylaomtcg
at;aom ur®|mef;ausmif;üaeí at;aom ur®|mef;ukd tm;xkwf&rnf} [k jrifrufjcif;?
8/ ]onfta&mifonf tb,fta&mifenf;} [k ar;vQif ]r[m*E¨m&Hkbkef;MuD;\ oDvta&mif} [k
qdkygonf/ ]tb,fusatmif awmufoenf;} [k ar;vQif tued| jA[®mUjynfwdkifatmif
awmufygonf[kqdkí jrifrufjcif;?
9/ edAÁmefudk wpf0Dxdom vdkawmUonf/ edAÁmefudkodjrifatmif Oayu©m0Dxdcs&rnf jrifrufjcif;?
10/ yl-&kyfemrf? at;- edAÁmef? az-pdaEÅ,s? ar-w&m;? om;-oHCmu at;edAÁmefudk
vsifjrefpGm&atmif &kyfemrf&SdpOf jrwfw&m;udk MudK;pm;í tm;xkwf/ toufZD0def r&Sdonfbk&m;
a[mMum;onfUw&m;/
(1271-ck? awmfovif;vqef; oHk;&uf? t*FgaeU wpfMudrfrufonf/ ¤if;vqef; q,f&uf t*FgaeU
wpfMudrfrufonf/)
11/ ]zvaówH t"d0peH/ {wH=þor®m'd|dç or®mouFyÜ paom r*¾if azmifMuD;onf/
]zvó=tukodkvfwnf;[laom ajrjyift&yf0,f rjiduyfjim; aumif;uifoGm;aom
t&[wÅzdkvf\/ t"d0peH= trnfaywnf;/ }
(¤if;vqkwf udk;&uf? t*FgaeUn? em&Djyef wpfcsufwD;ausmf jrifrufonf/)
12/ ylvScsnfU? avmifvScsnfU? ylvScsnfU? avmifvScsnfU? oHa,mZOfjywfvQif {;\? ?
oHa,mZOfjywfvQif {;\?
(¤if;vqkwf ESpf&uf? t*FgaeU rufonf/)
13/ 1272-ckESpf? 0gacgifvqef; ajcmuf&ufaeU? nESpfcsufwD;ausmfavmuf jrifrufaom tdyfrufrSm
-]awmifMuD;wpfvHk;\ eHab;wGif r[m*E¨m&Hkbkef;MuD; trª;jyKí vrf;azmuf&m aygufaomtcg
¤if;vrf;toGm; awmifeHyg;wGif r[m*E¨m&Hkbkef;MuD;udk ESdyfpufrnfU&efol aemufuvdkufvm&m
rSDaomtcg r[m*E¨m&Hkbkef;MuD;tm; ykwfcwfrnftjyKwGif r[m*E¨m&Hkbkef;MuD;u
wGufícsvdkufojzifUb,ftcgrS rwufEdkifaom acsmufxJodkU usíoGm;onf/ usaomtcg
r[m*E¨m&Hkbkef;MuD;\ wynfUrsm;u ]atmifjyD atmifjyD} [k a<u;aMumfMu\/ ¤if;vrf;tqHk;wGif
a&tvsifawGUí a&csdK;&? aomufoHk;Mu&ukef\/}
14/ ¤if;ckESpf? oDwif;uRwfvuG,faeU? r[m*E¨m&Hkbkef;MuD;onf wpfudk,fvHk;azG;azG;jzLaom
qifjzLpD;vsuf qifjzLay:u bk&m;ay: odkU ta&SUrsufESmuwufvsuf ¤if;bk&m;ay:uaeí
atmufudkMunfUaomtcg a&awGjrif&onf[k jrifrufjcif;/
15/ ¤if;ckESpf? wefaqmifrkef;vqef;wGif a&Tjymom'fMuD;av;aqmif\ tv,fuyv’ifESifUwuG
a&Tjymom'fMuD; av;aqmif&onf[k jrifrufjcif;?
16/ ¤if;vqef;rSm xD;jzLav;pif;&onf[k jrifrufjcif;/
þum; r[m*E¨m&Hk q&mawmfudk,fwdkif a&;rSwfxm;cJUaom tdyfrufESifU t"dyÜm,faumufyHkrsm;
jzpf\/

t&d,mjzpfoGm;aom bk&m;qkyef yk*¾dKvfMuD;

jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sifonf bk&m;rjzpfrDuyif bk&m;jzpfrnfh erdwfMuD;tdyfrufig;yg; jrifrufawmf
rlcJUonfudkvnf; owdjyKoifUukef\ (yOöu t*FkwÅ&? r[mokydeokwf)/
oljrwfvsmwdkUtwGuf ykAÁedrdwf tdyfrufponfwdkUonf MudKwifjzpfpjrJ/ odkU&mwGif wpfck
owdjyK&rnfrSm vSnfUpm;aom tm&Hkedrdwfvdrfrsm;? tdyfrufvdrfrsm;vnf; a&mifawmfjyefESifUa&mí
0ifa&mufvmwwfayonf/
r[m*E¨m&Hk q&mawmfonf jyqdkjyD; tm&HkerdwfESifU tdyfrufMuD; 16-rsdK;udk txll;rSwfom;í
rnfolUudkrQ todray;bJ ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm acgif;tHk;atmufü vQdKU0Sufxm;jcif;? ur®|mef;pmtkyfrsm;ü
xnfUoGif; &dkuf&pf&ef rSmMum;jcif;jyKonfudk axmufqMunfUygvQif ]rSefuefaom
tm&Hkedrdwf?tdyfrufrsm; jzpfonf[k} todtrSwfjyKaMumif;xif&Sm;avonf/
,if;odkUqdkaomf q&mawmfudk,fwdkif rSwfwrf;jyKcJUaom ]yxrr*f&\} (1262)? ]'kwd,r*f&\}
(1269) [k wdkuf&dkufa&;om;csufrsdK; aemufumvwGif rawGU&ojzifU
ou'g*grfrQomjzpfonf[kum; rrSwf,loifUacs/
xdktm&Hkedrdwf tdyfrufrsm;udk azmfjy&mwGif tcsdKUae&mü q&mawmfudk,fwdkif rSwfcsuf
(t"dyÜm,faumuf) pum;rsm; a&;xm;aomfvnf; ] jymom'fav;aqmif? xD;jzLav;pif;&onf}
ponfü rSwfcsufwpfpHkwpf&m ryg&Sdacs/ q&mawmfonf xdkrSwfwrf;rsm; a&;jyD;aemufwGifvnf;
udk;ESpfcefU aexdkif oGm;&onfudk awGU&av&m q&mawmf\ "r®bdor,udk twd tus
rjymqdk0HUomacs/ wk,ltm;usí MudK;pm;Mu&efom &Sday\/
xdkodkUaom tmZmenf t&SifjrwfMuD;wdkUtm;yifvQif &[ef;udpö rjyD;ygao;bJ jyD;pD;oGm;av[ef
tm&Hkvdrfrsm;0ifjcif;ESifU ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm i,fpOfumvrSpí r&dk;om;aom bk&m;qkyef pdwfMuD;ESifY
tzdcH&jcif;rSm q&mawmf b0ESifU &if;íay;cJUaom y"me oifcef;pmMuD;rsm;yifwnf;/

tifMuif;ajrmifESifh edAÁdE´q&mawmf ( 1222-

1222-1278) / (1248-
(1248-1338)

jynfûrdYü ] aw0dZÆ&[EÅm}[kqdkMuaom tifMuif;ajrmif q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;ESifh edAÁdE´ q&mawmf

bk&m;BuD; ESpfyg;taMumif;udk edAdÁE´ q&mawmf a&;om;awmfrlaom ]]odu©moHk;yg;}} ü zwf½I&\/

edAdÁE´ q&mawmfbk&m;BuD; udk,fwdkifa&;om;aom tXKyÜwdåed'gef; jzpfí tvGefcdkifrmNyD;

pdwf0ifpm;zG,f aumif;vSayonf/ xdked'gef;ü v,fwDq&mawmf? aou©sawmif q&mawmf?
ppfudkif;r[m*E¨m½Hk q&mawmfrsm;ESifh oGm;a&mufawGYqHk avQmufxm;yHkrsm;udkyg azmfjyxm;&m
ydkírSwfom;zG,f aumif;vSonf/

xdkrSwfwrf; aumufEkwfcsuf tusOf;rSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfygonf/

rSwfwrf;ûypkaom edAÁdE´ q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;rSm om,m0wDc½dkif rdk;ñdkûrdUe,f {&m0wDjrpfteD;

ajrZmuRef;ac: &GmBuD;ü 1248-ckESpf wefaqmifrkef;vqef; 10-&uf? aomMumaeY eHeuf pufem&D
8-em&DtcsdefwGif zGm;jrifawmfrl\/ crnf;awmf? r,fawmfrsm;rSm OD;Mumñdk a':vHkrwdkYjzpfMuonf/
q&mawmfavmif;vsm 10-ESpfom;wGif 0Jemrsm; pJGuyfí rnfonfhaq;ESifhrQ raysmufEdkif&Sdaomtcg
r,fawmfu tvkyfrsm;onfhMum;u aq;vdrf;cdkif;í r&ojzifh-

]]eifawmh Mum&ifElvdrfhr,f? tJ'DawmhrS eifwpfa,mufxJ &Gmjyif wJESifhae&r,f rSwfxm;}} [k

jrnfwGefajymqdk\/ xdkpum;onf rxl;qef;vSaomfvnf; todÚmPfyg&rD&Sdaom om;twGufum;
BuD;pGm oHa0*jzpfum bkef;BuD;jzpfvdkaom qE´ukd EId;qGay;vdkufouJYodkUY &Sd\/

a&S;ajy;erdwf

ajrZm&Gm bkef;BuD;ausmif;wGif ausmif;om;b0ESifhaeí oN*ØK[fudk BudK;pm;oif,lcdkuf

ntdyfaomtcg ajc&if;í rD;xGef;xm;ouJYodkU 0if;0if;vufvuf jrif&ojzifh rMumcP xíxí
&Smrd\/ &Smwdkif;aysmufoGm;onf/

wpfcguaomf nmbufvufrü <uufEdkYaygufí rdciftm; jy&mElwwfonfqdkí tdrfteD;&Sd

Elaeoludkvnf; jrifawGYe&ojzifh oli,frSm aMumufvefYae\/ ntdyfaomtcg vufrudkqkyfí
tdyf\/ wpfnoü vufraysmufoGm;NyDxifí xidkavojzifh rdcifBuD;u vufr udk udkifí
]]&Sdom;yJom;&JY}} [k ESpfodrfh&onf/ (rnfolrqdk arG;vnfrS aoonfhwkdif
pOf;pm;ajymqdkvkyfudkifaeMuaom tusdK;w&m;rSeforQ taMumif; ypönf;ruif;/,aeYtvkyfonf
raeYutvkyfESifhqufpyf\/ a&SYb0onf ,ckb0ESifh qufpyf\/ ADZuajymaom w&m;oabmrsm;
jzpfonfudk owdûyMu&\/)

oli,f 15-ESpfom;wGif udk&if0wfí y&d,wf pmay oifMum;\/ bJGY &SifoD&d/ &[ef;jzpfcsif

awmxGufcsif pdwfrsm; rMumcPjzpfonf/ odkYESifh &[ef;jzpfí ESpf0gt& yckuúLq&mawmf
OD;*E¨om&? rEÅav; bk&m;BuD;ausmif;wdkuf OD;ÚmPxH <ua&mufpmoifonf/ xdktcg
pmüpdwfoefaeí ADZyg awmxGufcsifpdwf aysmufoGm;jyef\/ av;0gt&wGif ukd,hfudkudk,f
jyefoHk;oyfí awmrxGufEdkifao;apumrl "kwifudk usifhrnf[k qHk;jzwfvdkuf&onf/

ajcmuf0gt& jynfûrdU ykxdk;BuD; q&mawmfxHü y&d,wåd oif,laomtcg awmxGuf&ef

avQmufaomfvnf; r&/ aeYtcg pmcsay;í ntcgrS w&m;xdkif&onf/ tBuHum; ravQmhao;/
pdwful;wGif awmxGufMunfh&m oydwfy&du©&m vG,fp&m tdwfrsm;yif r&Sdao;ojzifh 0denf;awmfESifh
tyftyfpyfpyf &&Sd&ef oydwfwpfck&zdkYyif 0efav;ae\/ pdwfqif;&Jae\/ xdktcg
qGrf;'umOD;omajym aumif;rIaMumifh jynfhpHkoGm;í q&mawmftm; awmif;yef0efcs uefawmhum
aemifawmf pmcsbkef;BuD;tm; tydk pmtkyfpmwrf; ypönf;rsm;vªvdkuf\/ tcsdefum; 1274-ckESpf
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awm& 0ifp tajctae

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wpfoufESifh wpfukd,f rcHpm;zl;aom aMuuGJ0rf;enf;jcif;onf ½kwfw&ufaumuf&ouJYodkY

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oGm;a&mufavQmufxm;&onf/ a&S;uvnf; tifMuif;ajrmif q&mawmf[k Mum;zl;\/
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eD;eD;uyfuyf ae&aomtcgusrS qyfírukefEdkifaom aus;Zl;*kPfrsm;&Sdonfudk awGY&onf/
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xdkq&mawmf\ *kPfxl;ig;ckudk atmufygtwkdif; rSwfom;xm;\/

1/ aumif;uifrS v0ef;udk rdrdae&m ausmif;ay: odkY a&mufatmif wifEdkifjcif;/
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3/ opfyifawmawmifwdkYudk azmufxGif;í jrifEdkifjcif;/
4/ olwpfyg;wdkY pdwftBuHukd odjcif;/
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tifMuif;ajrmifq&mawmfcH enf;cHí av;ESpfrQtMum 1278-ckESpf wefaqmifrkef;vuG,faeYwGif
q&mawmf ysHvGefawmfrl\/ xkdawm&ü 14-ESpf oDwif;oHk;awmfrloGm;onf/ oufwmf 56-ESpf?
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(i,fpOfvufr aysmufí idkcJY&onfrSm ,ckBuHKavNyD/ rdcifBuD;u vufr udk &Smay;ouJYodkY

tifMuif;ajrmif q&mawmfBuD;onf v,fwDq&mawmf jynfodkYa&mufcdkuf wynfhOD;oD&dtm;
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q&m&SmxGufjcif; okdYr[kwf w&m;ppfcHjcif;

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a&Tarmfa"m bk&m;rsm;xl;NyD;vQif oxHkodkY &xm;qufpD;um omoeyaZÆmwduwdkuf
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xdkYaemuf armfvûrdif? usdKufxD;½dk;? usdKufxdk? xdkrS yJcl;odkY jyefvQif wynfhrsm;ESifhcJYum

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v,fwDq&mawmf Mo0g'

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usef;rma&;csdKYwJYaeojzifh jynfedAdÁE´odkU jyefcJYonf/

aMumifyef;awm& q&mawmf ( 1222-

1222-1288)

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armifoHwlwpfa,muf pdwftm;i,fcJY&\/ odkY&mwGif rdrdvufay:ücsnf; ûypk&if;uG,fvGefcJYMu&aom
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xdkoifcef;pmum; Eke,fao;aom armifoHwltwGuf cufxefMurf;MuKwfvGef;pGm b0\ yJGOD;xGuf

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rdcifBuD;tm; awmif,mvkyfí auR;arG;ûypkMuonf/ xdktvkyfMurf;rsm;onf armifoHwltwGuf
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tquftoG,f&Sdonfrod/ rdcifBuD;tm; cGifhawmif;r&í pdwfysufae&mrS wpfaeYwGif OD;ÚmP&Sd&m
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vma&mufaexdkifavh&Sdonf/ OD;ÚmPvnf; armifoHwltm; a&mufpaeYrSmyif
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1242-ckESpfwGif ppfudkif;awmif½dk; anmifyifomacsmifü opfqdrfh q&mawmfBuD;udk OyZösm,fûyí

OD;ÚmP OD;pD;um &Sif£E´tm; &[ef;cHay;\/ (0uf&J&Gmüvnf; wpfBudrf odrfxyfao;onf/)

OD;ÚmP rHk&GmodkY jyefvnf<u&mwGif OD;£E´uonf rEÅav; qD;yef;eD q&mawmfxHü

qufvufpmoif&ef cGifhyefí aecJYonf/ OD;£E´uum; oDaygrif;ygpOf ig;0grQom &Sdao;\/
v,fwDq&mawmfu v,fwDwdkufBuD; wnfNyD;aomtcg OD;£E´utm; jyefac: onf/ rHk&GmodkY
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rdrdvufay:rSmyif uG,fvGefNyD;uxJu aorif;vufuvGwfrnfh w&m;&SmzdkY tNrJpdwful;
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rjrif&aom taESmifht,Sufrsm;tay:ü arwåmoufa&muf ab;&efaysmufonfrSm
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qGrf;cH<uonf/ jywfjywfom;om; êud;pm;awmfrlavonf/
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w&m;um; xifoavmuf raygufEdkif/ xdktcg'umwpfa,muf v,fwDq&mawmfxH avQmufvTmydkY
apvTwfcJY\/
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v,fwDwynfhyDyD) atmufyg uAsmuav;udkyg a&;vdkufonf/

toGifi,fwl? t&ifrl[efrysufygblY? ÚmPf,SOfum orÜZn&,fESifh ? 'óem{uEÅ

'óem{uEÅudk ?jrif&rwHk;/
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pmydkYvmolESifhtwl oydwfvG,fNyD; ajcvsif vdkufyg<uoGm;awmfrl\/uqkefvjzpfí &moDOwku
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aocsmw,f/ r,Hkr&SdeJY/

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t&awmfavpGmh/
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om"kac:awmfrlavonf/

0guRwfvQif q&mwynfh 0uf&JawmBuD;rS xGufcGmí bkwvifûrdUodkY <uvmMuonf/ xdkü

acwåem;aecdkuf q&mawmfu a&mufvmonfh wynfhy&dowfwdkYtm; OD;£E´u odjrifyHkudk
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rHk&GmodkU <uvQif OD;£E´uvnf; xdkawmodkYyif jyef0ifav\/

wHk;emrf wdkifemrf r&Sdbl;? &Sdw,f

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a&GYajymif;oDwif;oHk;jyef\/ 'um 'umrrsm;uvnf; ausmif;ocFrf; aqmufvªMuonf/ wpfpwpfp
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oDwif;oHk;awmfrlonf/ 0dyóemw&m; a[mMum;&if; bkwvifûrdY taemufawmift&yfü
aMumifyef;awm&XmeBuD;wpfck jzpfay:vmawmh\/

aMumifyef;awm&rS xGufcGmvmp tvHkûrdUteD; ,mBuD;ukef;awm&ü aexdkifpOf OD;xGef;OD;? OD;xGef;vS

OD;&efNidrf;paom tbd"r®mq&mrsm;onf aMumifyef;q&mawmf a[maom wHk;emrf wdkifemrfESihf pyfí
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(aMumifyef;q&mawmf\ t,ltq &wem'DyeDü tus,f ½IMuyg&ef/)

&if;ESD;aom 'um'umrrsm;uvnf; aMumifyef;q&mawmftm; avQmufxm;Mujyef&m q&mawmfu-

y@dac: awmifyHeDwdkYu? armifBuHpnf wHk;[m½kyfygvdkY? [kwfrvdkajym/

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rif;wdkUoabm....
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orx 0dyóemtjrifum; &Hcg a&;rjywwf? ajymrjywwfatmifvnf; (0g)

ynwfrwifEdkifatmifvnf; &Sdwwf\/ y&d,wftm;enf;aom a,m*DtcsdKY tvkyfpcef;ESifh pyfí
aqG;aEG; ajymqdkMu&m wpfa,mufESifh wpfa,muf tay;t,lrrQbJ tjiif;yGm;avh&SdwwfonfrSm
xdktm;enf;csufaMumifhyif jzpfonf/

xdkYaMumifh yapöuAk'¨gt&Sifjrwfrsm;? opömav;yg;udkodaomfvnf; w&m;a[mawmfrrlEdkifMu/

ynwfrwifEdkifMuí jzpfonf/ aMumifyef;q&mawmf\ tjrifonf euf½dIif;pGm xdkxGif;
odjrifaomtjrif jzpfrnfudk;um; ,HkrSm;zG,f r&Sdoifh/ q&mawmf\ 0dyóe(6) apmifwJGudk
MunfhvQifvnf; xif&Sm;vSayonf/

q&mawmf\ ta&;tom;rsm;udk Munfhívnf;aumif;? v,fwDq&mawmfuJYodkY yk*¾dKvfBuD;\

vufyGef;wwD; csD;ajr§mufyHkudk axmufívnf;aumif; t&d,m tjzpfvnf; ,HkrSm;zG,f
r&Sdxdkufxifonf/ odkY&mwGif pum;oHk;tEIef; (ynwfwifrl)um; vdkaumif; vdkavrnfvm; rod/
q&mawmf udk,fwdkifuyif þudpöü ]]r&Sdbl; &Sdw,f}} [laom ukvm;pum;rsdK;udk ,kwåd
xdk;awmfrlonf/

v,fwDq&mawmf bk&m;BuD;uvnf; wHk;emrf wdkifemrfrsm; tvIdif;wBuD; *,ufx

tjiif;yGm;aeMupOf aMumifyef;q&mawmftm;-

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wpfaumifhwpfaumif wGefNcdrf; [def;a[mufum cGmayguf apmif;ajrmif;NyD;rS a0SYMuwmuG,fh/
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vifyef;xJ a&xnfhaomuf&ovdk jzpfoGm;jyefa&m}}[k rdefYawmfrlzl;\/

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&Sdaeavonf/ q&mawmf\ w&m;onf Mumvmaomtcg pmrwwfolwkdY yg;pyfodkUa&mufí
bl;&Guf? uefpGef;&Guf csufpm;onfudkyif emrftouf&Sdaeí ygPmwdygwuH xdkuf&awmhrnfuJhodkY
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xdktjrifudk xyfqifh&Sif;vif;vdkvQifvnf; ta[maumif;½Hk? ta&;aumif;½Hk? pmwwf½HkESifhrNyD;/

q&mawmfuJhodkY udk,fESifh&if;í &SmNyD;rSom &Sif;vQif tqufquf 0d0g'uif;ajy&m\/
q&mawmfvnf; rdrdtjrifudk rdrd oabmaygufovdk ½dk;om;pGm wkdwdkwkwfwkwf a[m&mrS
xdkjyóemBuD;u wef;vef;vdkufygaecJh&\/

xdkrSwpfyg; q&mawfr&Sdonfhaemuf Mum;umv aMumifyef;0dyóem*kdPf;ü ]]pmayudk

Munfhíaomfvnf;aumif;? olwpfyg; a[maom w&m;udk Mum;íaomfvnf;aumif; rdrdpdwfü
ûcdufueJ odjrifvQif aomwmyef[kom rSwfyg}}[laom q&mawmf\ pum;aMumifhavmrod/
&[ef;awmfrsm;omru oDv&Sif? vlolawmfrsm;yg wvSnfhpD a[majym em,ljcif;jzifhom 0dyóem
½IMuavonf/

"r®y' paom usrf;*efwdkYüvnf; ]]w&m;tqHk;ü aomwmyef ponf rnfa&GUrnfrQ

jzpfMuavukef\}} [kvm&Sdaom cdyÜgbdn ÚmPfxuf&Sonfh yk*¾dKvfrsdK;udkvnf;
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ao&aomfvnf; r&Pm oEéaZmrusbJ ao½dk;xHk;pH r&SdouJhodkY vsifjrefpGm w&m;xl;
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,cktcg xdkyk*¾KdvfrsdK;vnf; &Sm;ayvdrfhrnf/ aMumifyef; q&mawmfBuD; udk,fwdkifyifvQif

udk,fESifh&if;í wpfq,hfav;ig;ESpf tjyif;txef BudK;pm;awmfrlcJY&\/ þonfvnf; ynm&Sdaom
olawmfaumif;BuD;wdkY\ t&mayum;/

,ck q&mawmf OD;eE´d, vufxufa&mufvmaomtcgwGifum; þodkY r[kwfawmhNyD/

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tydkif;ü tav;ay; nTefjyawmfrlvsuf&SdayNyD/

aus;Zl;&Sif v,fwDq&mBuD; ysHvGefawmfrlaomtcg q&mawmfonf ]]'Dwpfcgjzifh cufcsnfh&JU?

0dedpdä,r@dKifBuD; ûydvJ&avNyD}} [k rdefYawmfrl\/
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q&mawmf udk,fwdkifvnf;-
1/ 0d0¥ 'DyeD (1268-71)?
2/ 0dyóem 'DyeD (1272)?
3/ obm0 'DyeD (1273)?
4/ oHk;avmu 'DyeD (1278 )?
5/ &wem 'DyeD (1279) ESifh aMumifyef; a[mpOfrsm;? qHk;rpmrsm;udk a&;om;awmfrlcJYonf/

q&mawmfonf 1288-ckESpf jymodkvqef; oHk;&ufaeYwGif ysHvGefawmfrlcJY\/

t½dk;apwDwnfxm;udk;uG,fMuonf/ 'DyeD usrf;rsm;udkvnf; ausmufpma&;xdk; ylaZmfMuukef\/
yef;omq&mawmf? q&mawmf OD;wdPÖ? OD;eE´,wdkYonf rlv aMumifyef;q&mawmf\ tarGudk jzefYa0
omoemûyMuaom usrf;ûy "r®uxdursm; jzpfawmfrlMu\/ xdkwGif ZD;awmq&mawmf OD;eE´d,onf
þpma&;oltm; ausmif;om;i,fb0wGif az;rapmifha&SmifhcJYaom aus;Zl;&Sif q&mwpfyg;yif
jzpfygaMumif;/
anmifvGefUawm& q&mawmf
(1229 - 1295)

OykofaeUjzpfí rdw¬Dvmuef txuf tdkifh&Gmbkef;BuD; OD;auo&ausmif;ü Oykofonfrsm;

pnfum;vSonf/
Oykofonf a':*Hkonf OykofZ&yftwGif; ykwD;pdyf&if; awmifajrmufav;yg; Munfhum MunfhumESifh
pdwf*PmrNidrf jzpfae\/ om;i,fudk&ifudk rawGUjrif&ao;aomaMumifh jzpfonf/ ausmif;om;
udk&ifwdkUonf OykofaeUa&mufwdkif; aumif;aumif; pm;&onfhtjyif pmtHpmusuf vGwfvyfrI&ojzifh
aysmf&TifMuNrJjzpf\/ &Hcg rdrdwdkU r,fawmfrsm;&Sd&m OykofZ&yfodkU vma&muf EIwfqufwwfMuonf/
&Sifar"m0Dwpfyg;url r,fawmftem;odkU a&mufrvmao;ojzifh a':*HkrSm ykwD;pdyfír&Edkifatmif
&Sdaeawmh\/
awmxGufoGm;aom udk&ifav;

]]armifyOÆif;? wynfhawmfrwdkU armif&ifvJ rawGUygvm;}} OykofZ&yfteD;odkU a&mufvmaom

om;tBuD; OD;0dpdwåtm; r,fawmfBuD; a':*Hku ar;jref;Munfh\/
]]olwdkU 'DuaeU pmtH&wmrSwfvdkU? oGm;csif&m oGm;aeMurSmaygh}} [k OD;0dpdwåu tajzay;\/
odkUaomf &Sifar"m0Dum; qGrf;cHjyefcsdefuwnf;u aysmufaeaMumif; pHkprf;od&ojzifh
r,fawmfBuD;twGuf ydkí&ifrat; jzpf&\/ udk&ifh'umBuD; OD;rIwfudkyg wpfausmif;wufqif; &Sm&ef
ylqm&avawmhonf/

rMumrD OD;rIwfvnf; a&;BuD;okwfysmjzifh Z&yfodkU wpfacgufjyefvmum cyfvSrf;vSrf;uyif-

]]a[h....&Sif*Hka&U....&Sif*Hk? nnf;om; armif&ifawmh qGrf;pm;ausmif;udk qGrf;pm;vnf; rwufbl;/
oydwfwpfvHk;eJU awmxGufoGm;av&JUwJh}} [k ajymvdkuf&m a':*Hkcrsm &ifxJwGif 'dwfueJ
jzpfoGm;&Sm\/ a':*Hkonf ae&mrS ysmysmovJxum-
]]udkrIwf? awmf....wu,fajymwmvm;? wuwJawmf....bkef;BuD;eJU armifyOÆif;rsm;uvJ awmrxGufzdkU
rwm;Mubl;wJhvm;}} [k wljzpfol bkef;BuD;OD;auo&ESifh om;BuD;OD;0dpdwåwdkUudkyg tjypfwif
nnf;wGm;vdkuf\/
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0denf;tausmf rdk;eHukef; q&mawmf

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rdzk&m;BuD;u udk;uG,fí aeUpOf yGJawmfqGrf;tkyfESifh ypönf;av;yg; 'umcH,lonf/

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rdk;eHukef;&GmodkU a&GUajymif; oDwif;oHk;vsuf pmoifwdkuf wnfaxmifonf/ (OD;aZmwvnf; 1255-
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oDvudk jrwfEdk;aom q&mwynfh

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csD;usL;avmufatmif av;pm;½dkao\/
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(v#Kudaumyrokwf? yPÖmo/)

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yd#uoif½dk;aMuaom OD;ar"m0D

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rarhawmhacs/
usifh0wfjynfhpHk oDvvHk

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jyefcJh\/

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ESvHk;oGif;jcif;jzifh rdk;vif;aponf/
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wpfaeUwGif q&mawmfonf 0wf½Hkausmif;BuD;ay:ü w&m;½IyGm;awmfrl&m ausmif;zdeyfcRwfü

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w&m;jzifh a&m*gudk umuG,fay;jcif;

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tjynfhpHkqHk;aom tjriftodonf Ak'¨0g'üom &Sdavonf/

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tyÜrma'e orÜma'x
q&mawmfum; ydkí a&m*gqdk;&Gm;vSonf rxif&/ tom;ta&awmf Munfvifvsuf
a[mMum;qHk;rNrJ qHk;rvsufyif &Sdonf/ e,kefvjynfhausmf oHk;&ufaeUwGifum;
ydkítm;enf;vmyHk&\/ a':apmwif aqmufvªaom ausmif;BuD;atmufxyfü oDwif;oHk;ae&mrS
pmcsawmfrl&m ukvm;xdkifay:odkU ajymif;a&GUay;Mu&onf/ wdkufwGif;&Sd oHCmtm;vHk;tm;
yifhac:apí-

]]bkef;BuD;wdkU OD;yOÆif;wdkU? y&d,wf y#dywftvkyfudk rqkwfrepf êud;pm;Muyg/

0denf;odu©myk'fawmfESifh pyfvdkU tao;tzGJuav;utp xdef;odrf;NyD; q&morm;wdkU\ 'd|mEk*wd
&SdMu&rnf/ jrwfpGmbk&m; wm;jrpfwm? vkyfcdkif;wmawG tm;vHk;[m owå0gawG csrf;omzdkUcsnf;yJ?
ocFg& w&m;awG[m bmrS tm;udk;p&m tESpfom& r&Sdbl;}} ponfjzifh qHk;r a[mMum;awmfrlonf/

xdkUaemuf q&mwlwynfhjzpfí rdrdxuf toufodu©m BuD;Muaom v,fa0; OD;tmp&ESifhOD;aZm

(q&mawmfBuD;ESpfyg;) tm; OD;cs uefawmhawmfrl\/ rMumrD n 11-em&Da&mufvQif
ukvm;xdkifay:ü ajccsxdkifawmfrlvsuf ]tEkyg'daoo tocFw} tNidrf;"mwfBuD;odkU tNyD;tjywf
udef;0yfpHum y&dedAÁmefûyawmfrl\/

0gqdkvqef; oHk;&ufaeUwGif y&dowfwpfaomif;ausmf oHCmawmf av;&mcefUwdkU pka0;í

wpfpHkwpfck wdkufwGef;EdI;aqmfjcif; rûy&yJ tppt&m&m vdkavao;r&Sd jynfhpHkpGmjzifh
om"kuD|eobif qif,ifMuonf/ eHUomxif;rsm; (rnfolrQ rûyvkyfbJvsuf) tvdktavsmuf
pkyHkylaZmfMujcif;? rdk;onf;xefpGm &GmoGef;jcif; paom tHhzG,frsm;udkvnf; awGUêuHMu&onf/
t½dk;awmf"mwfudkvnf; ½kyfyGm;wnfí ylaZmfxm;&SdMuonf/

jrefrmEdkifiH y#dywåd omoem0ifü 0denf;t"du pmcspmoifyHkpepfESifh rqkwfrepf ,Hk,HkMunfMunfjzifh

êud;pm;ygvQif bk&m;&Sif omoemawmfonf owå0gwdkU tm;xm;&mBuD; tppfjzpfaMumif;
ñTef;jyawmf rlavNyD/

(1316-ckESpf? wynfha,m*D rax&fBuD;rsm; pkaygif; ûypkí 1327-ckESpfwGif ½dkyfESdyfaom ]ax½kyÜwåd

tusOf;ESifh anmifvGefUawm& w&m;tm;xkwfpOf} usrf;üvnf; tjynfhtpHk Munfh½Iawmf
rlEdkifMuygonf/ q&mawmf\ Oyedó,twdkif; tm;xkwfí NyD;ajrmuf atmifjrifawmf rlMuaom
a&TOa'gif;awmif q&mawmf? ajrmif;jr a0|K0wD q&mawmfrsm; taMumif;udkvnf; a&SUü
Munfñdk&ygvwåHU/)

oxHkaZw0ef q&mawmf
( 1230-
1230- 1316 )

Zmwf? ½kyfao;wdkUü &Snfvsm;aom Zmwfvrf;rsm;udk ujyMu&m yxrwGif at;at;aq;aq;

ujyEdkifMuao;\/ Zmwfaygif;cgeD; vif;tm;BuD;tcsdef a&mufvQifum; tcsdefudkuf jzpfap&ef
cyfokwfokwf ujyMu&onf/ ta&;rBuD;aom taMumif;rsm;udk csHK;oifhvQifcsHK;?
yvSyfwefvQifyvSyfí? odkYwnf;r[kwf jywefoavmuf udkomjy? idka<u;jrnfwrf;
vGrf;aqG;oifhoavmufom vGrf;aqG;í a&;BuD;okwfysm ujyMu&onf/

xdkUaMumifh yGJMunfholwdkUü wpfcef;ESifhwpfcef;onf êudwifí rrSef;q rwGufcsuf Edkifatmif

tquftpyf tqiftjyifuGJum tajymif;tvJ jrefqefwwfí Zmwfvrf;rqHk;rD idk&tHhavm
&,f&tHhavm rod jzpfMu&av\/

ty&my&d, (a&S;uH) Zmwfq&muvnf; a,m*Dtm; &Snfvsm;vSpGmaom oHo&m Zmwfvrf;twGuf

rm&fewfuJhodkUaom vlMurf;rsm;udk oHk;wefoHk;vsuf ujyapcJhNyD/ Zmwfaygif;cgeD; vif;tm;BuD;av
q,fb0 cH&pH&rnfudk wpfb0wnf;ü aygif;wefaygif;? csHKUwefcsHKU? yvSyfwefyvSyfí tcsdefrD
ujy&av jzpfojzifh &ufydkif; vydkif;twGif;üyif a&SUaemufrnD? tquftpyf tjyiftqifuGJum
tajymif;tvJ jrefqefwwf\/

xdkUaMumifh t½kPfusif;í vif;Muufyif wGefaeaomfvnf; awmfawmfESifh Zmwf&nfrvnf/ ck

&aohxGufvdkuf? awmfMum rif;om;xGufvmvdkuf? uwdkufu½dkuf uae&aom ½kyfao;yGJudkMunfhí
]vif;Muufjzifh twefaqmfNyD? b,fZmwfawmfavrSef; rod? tcef;cef; tzHkzHk? rsm;EdkifrQukef} [laom
OD;yknpmuJhodkU Zmwfvrf;rqHk;rD Za0Z0g jzpfMu&&Smav\/

bk&m;&Sif vufxufawmfu em*ormVrax&f onf xdkodkUaom oabmudk qifjcifrdíavmrod?

yGJMunfh&if; &[EÅmjzpfawmfrlcJhonf/ xdkUaMumifhvnf; rsufpdatmufüyif a&SUaemufrnD[k
xifMu&aom wrÁ'gXdu olowform;BuD; w&m;xl;&oGm;NyD? oEÅwdtrwf t½l;trl;BuD; &[EÅm
jzpfoGm;NyD qdkonfudk r,HkMunfEdkifatmif &SdcJhMuav\/

b0oHo&mü uHMur®mwdkUonf qef;Mu,fpGmhwum;/

vljyefawmfynm&Sd OD;omaAsm

ppfudkif;ûrdUajrmufbuf q,frdkiftuGm uefBuD;ukef;&GmteD; ausmufyeH&Gmü pnfoHaAsmoH

wvGifvGifjzifh &Sifûyr*FvmtvªyGJ usif;yaeí &GmeD;csKyfpyfrS tvªyGJvmolrsm;jzifh pnfum;vsuf&Sd\/
ausmufyeH &Gmol&Gmom;wdkUvnf; tm;&0rf;om tvªr@yfü 0dkif;ulí ukodkvf,laeMu\/
r@yft0ifESifh oHCmpifa&SUü oJjzLcif;? &mZrwfum? iSufaysmyifrsm; pdkufí r@yftrdk;ü
iSufaysmrsm; tcdkifvdkuf qGJxm;Muonf/ vªzG,fypönf;rsm;udkvnf; cif;usif;xm;\/

{nfhonfrsm; pm;aomuf&ef vufzufyGJrsm;? êudufovdk udk,fwdkifvdyfí aomuf&efaq;? aq;½dk;ESifh

zufrsm;xnfhxm;aom aq;vdyfAef;rsm;udk vHkri,frsm;u vdkufvH csay;Mu\/ tcsdKU
oufBuD;&G,ftdk a,musfm;BuD;rsm;rSm ykqdk;cg;yHkcsí tusÐrygyJ 0dkif;zGJU ajymqdkaeMuonf/ (wdkufyHk
tusÐudkcRwfí ycHk;wifvmum tvª&Gm 0ifcgeD;rS 0wfcJhMuí r@yfa&mufvQif tusÐcsdwfqGJ&ef
toifhvkyfxm;aom r@yfwdkifü cRwfNyD; csdwfqGJxm;avh &SdMuonf/)

xdkodkUaom awmolawmifom;rsm; Mum;wGif udkomaAsm\ 0wfyHk? pm;yHk? aeyHk? xdkifyHkrSm vlESpf&m

oHk;&mxJwGif tay:vGifqHk;jzpf\/ wm0efusaom tvkyfuvnf; pmyGJudk a&SUcsí [efESifhyefESifh
tvªaiGvufcH rSwfom;&aom pma&;tvkyfjzpfonf/ tvªodkU vmolwdkif; olUudkyif tvsif
awGUMu&\/ NyD;rS oabmwl&mwl&m pm;aomuf&if; 0dkif;zGJU ajymqdkMuonf/ xdkUaMumifh
udkomaAsm\ tvkyfonf ta&;tygqHk; jzpf\/ bkef;BuD;b0u vlxGufvmonfrSm
rMumvSao;ojzifh £a`E´vnf; aumif;vSonf/ usD;uef;wdkUtMum; [oFmem;ouJhodkU
awmolawmifom;wdkU tv,fü udkomaAsmOy"drSm x,f0g oyf&yfvSay\/

vljyefawmfynm&Sd udkomaAsm\tr rxGef;ZHu tdrftapmifh usefcJhí ESr r0efESifh rrBuD;wdkUum;

r@yfü {nfhcHwm0ef usaeMu\/ {nfhonfrsm; wpfokwfNyD;wpfokwf 0ifvmMuonf/ udkomaAsmxH
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EIwfusdK;NyD; ajymMuaomtcg udkomaAsmrSm y&dowf tpHk0ifcJhí tawGUtBuHKrsm;apumrl
&Suftrf;trf; jzpfoGm;\/

udkomaAsmonf cyfi,fi,fuyif eef;awmfwGif;ü bk&ifh pma&;awmfBuD;vkyf&ef &nf&G,fí

owfyHkowfñTef;? vufa&;vufom;rStp eef;oHk;awmf0if jzpfatmif ]ay} ta&;tom;udkyif usdwfí
avhusufxm;zl;onf/ bk&ifha&SUawmfü rSwfwrf;a&;aomtcg iHkUícpm;&mrS armfzl;cGifh r&bJ
'l;wkyfysyf0yfvsufu b,fvufjzifh ay&Gufudk udkifum acgif;ay:üwifí nmvufjzifh
unpfudkudkifum acgif;az:íyifrMunfhyJ iHkUí a&;om;&onf qdk\/ xdktwdkif;yif
avhusifhcJhzl;owwf/

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tvmpJoGm;ojzifh udkomaAsmonf aiGrsm;udk tvªU&SifvufodkU tyf&ef pm&if;ESifhaiG udkufrudkuf
jyefí pdppfae\/ pnfaAsmrsm;udk ESJBuD;atmfoHESifhtwl wpfcsDwpfavm wD;rIwfMujyefonf/
bkef;awmfBuD;rsm; <uvmNyDjzpfaMumif; aAsmoHjzifh y&dowfrsm; odaeMuí r@yft0ifbufodkU
y&dowftm;vHk; vSnfharQmf MunfhaeMu\/

bkef;awmfBuD;rsm; ,yfudkxrf;í ax&fpOf0gvdkuf r@yftwGif;odkU <u0ifvmMu&m y&dowftm;vHk;

OD;csaeMuonf/ udkomaAsmum; pm&if;ukyfwkef;/ bkef;awmfBuD; tm;vHk;u udkomaAsmtaMumif;udk
odaeMuNyD; jzpfonf/ <u0ifvmaom bkef;awmfBuD;wdkif; vdkvdkyif tvGefxif&Sm;vSaom
udkomaAsmudk Munfhí NyHK;pdpd jzpfoGm;Muonf/ acgif;aygif;u eDwm&J? ydk;om;vHkcsnfu eDwm&J?
pmyGJwpfvHk;ü ukef;í pm&if;ukyfaeaom udkomaAsm\ 0wfyHkpm;yHk tcsdK;rusonfudk jrifí
NyHK;awmfrlMujcif; jzpf\/

tif;0acwfu &rnf;oif;pm; ]oDv0trwfBuD;} onf wpfoufwiG f oHk;BudrfrQom &,fzl;onf

qdk\/ wpfBudrfrSm bkef;BuD;vlxGufwpfa,muf {&m0wD jrpftwGif;ü acgif;aygif;rcRwfbJ a&csdK;
a&ikyfaeonfudk jrif&í &,fjcif;wpfyg;[k qdk&m bkef;BuD;vlxGufwdkUonf &mZ0ifESifh vmMuolrsm;
jzpfMu\/ tcsdK;rusaom udpörSeforQ emrnfiSm;yif vdkufaeMu&onf/

udkomaAsm\ i,fq&m apmfuJausmif; bkef;awmfBuD;vnf; tvªyGJokdY<u&m udkomaAsmudk

jrifoGm;aomtcg rsm;pGm pdwfraumif; jzpf&Sm\/ pmoifbuf bkef;BuD;rsm;uvnf; ,yfudkuG,fí
wpfyg;ESifhwpfyg; udkomaAsm awmfyHkudk csD;usL;um pdwfraumif; jzpfae&SmMu\/ udkomaAsm\
t&nftcsif;ESifh b0uHMur®mudk odxm;olwdkif; pdwfraumif; jzpfMurnfrSm rvGJay/

udkomaAsmonf ]y#dywåd omoem0if} wGif aevyrm xif&Sm;vmrnfh ]oxHkaZw0ef

q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;} \ avmif;vsm EkpOfumv wpfjzpfvJb0 a&mufae&olyifwnf;/ rnfodkYrQ
vl0wfaMumifb0ESifh rwefaom udkomaAsm/

tcsdefwdkwdkESifh ZmwfpHkuç&&Smjcif;

udkomaAsmonf trd uefBuD;ukef;&Gmol a':ydkif? tz ausmufyeH&Gmom; OD;ñdkwdkUrS 1230-jynfhESpf

wydkUwGJ vqef; ig;&uf? paeaeU ae0ify[dk&f av;csufwD; tcsdefü zGm;jrifcJhonf/

&SpfESpfom; t&G,fwGif ausmufyeH? uefBuD;ukef; ESpf&GmMum; apmfuJbkef;BuD;ausmif;ü

ynmoif&onf/ ,Ofaus;zG,f&m t&m&m tvdkufodjcif; txl;ojzifh ÓPfxufjrufí vHkYv0D&d,
&Sdjcif;aMumifh apmfuJbkef;BuD;\ ta&;ay;cH&ol jzpf\/ rMumrDyif ausmif;om;wdkU wwftyfaom
oif½dk;ukefí wpfq,fhESpfESpfom; t&G,fwGif o'´g&SpfapmifESifh ed,Hrsm; yk'fppfusrf;rsm;udkyg
EIwfiHk&NyD; jzpfonf/ ÓPfxufvGef;vSoljzpfí q&mbkef;BuD;u oN*ØK[f oifray;rDuyif tbd"r®m
n0grsm;udk prf;í oifjyay;&m rBuHKpzl; tHhMo,l&onf/

wpfq,fhav;ESpfom;t&G,f a&mufaomf &Sifem&'trnfjzifh &Sifjzpfí omraPusifh0wf

oif½dk;ukefNyD;aemuf &[ef;awmfrsm; oif,l&aom a'Grmwdumudkyif tm*Hk&ae\/ odkYESifh q&mu
pmoifom; &[ef;BuD;rsm;om oif,lEdkifaom 0denf;yd#u ygVdawmfBuD; ig;usrf;udk oifjyay;&m
oHk;av;ESpftwGif; 0denf;ig;usrf; aygufajrmufoGm;onf/

&Sifem&' udk&ifb0wGifyif omoemyEéufoJ csay;vdkufjcif; jzpf\/ apmfuJbkef;BuD;um;

csD;usL;*kPf,lí rNyD;Edkif &Sdawmhonf/
 &SifvlxGuf olykefuav;

udk&ifem&'onf t&G,fESifh rvdkufatmifyif pmawmfoljzpf\/ ]]bkef;BuD; jzpfvJjzpf? rjzpfvJ

eef;awmfrSm pmayynmjzifh trIxrf;r,f}} [k tm;cJxm;onf/ tBuHtÓPfvnf; BuD;í
ZGJowådvnf;&Sd\/ odkYaomf rarQmfvifhEdkifaom uHtaMumif;w&m;wdkUu aoG;tm;opfp &Sifem&'\
b0ü pDrHudef; csxm;orQ vGJacsmfoGm;apcJhonf/ ½kwfw&uf zcifBuD; uG,fvGef\/ ckepfvtMum
rdcifBuD;yg uG,fvGefjyef\/ trçrxGef;ZHESifh ESrçr0ef? rrBuD;wdkUum; rsufpdoli,f vlrr,frQom
&Sdao;í rSDwG,f&mr&Sd twd'ku¨ a&mufMu&onf/

&Sifem&' vlxGuf&avNyD/
&SifvlxGuf armifomaAsmonf uHpDrHonfhtwdkif; armifESrav;OD;om; ausmufcJukef;ü EGm;ESifh
twl½kef;um 0rf;ausmif;ae&&Sm\/
]]vljzpfvmrSawmh wpfaeU rif;rIxrf; jzpf&rnf}} [laom tBuHu 0ifvsuf&Sdjyef\/
odkUaomf acwftcgu xdktBuHudk tjrpfûywf csdK;zsuf ypfvdkufonf/ 1247-ckESpf? armifomaAsm
wpfq,fh ckepfESpfom; t&G,fwGif rdpäm'd|d ukvm;jzLrsm;u jrefrmEdkifiHudk uRefûyvmMuukef\/
te,fe,fü ykefuef x<uMuonf/ pdwfvdkufrmefyg vkyfwwfaom ADZ? wuf<uaomt&G,f?
BuHorQ rSef;csufrudkuf taMumif;rsm; wdkufqdkif qHkpnf;vmojzifh armifomaAsmwpfa,muf
ausmufyeH&GmrS udk,fa&mif azsmufoGm; avawmhonf/

t*Fvdyfrsm; tkyfpdk;í olykefoluefrsm; at;aq;oGm;cgrS armifomaAsm [Hom0wDc½dkif uGrf;NcHukef;

ûrdUe,f&Sd aumhrª;&Gm OD;&D;awmftdrfü a&mufaeaMumif; Mum;od&\/ xdktdrfüaepOf wpfaeUoü
pdwftqifrajyí pum;rajymbJ tdyf,mxJü ESpf&ufvHk;vHk; rpm;raomufae\/

ta':vkyfolu ]]wuwJawmf rpm;raomufwm &Sdygapawmh? r,dkraygufbJ aeEdkifwmrsm; tHhyg&JU}}

[k ol\ OD;&D;awmftm; ajymMum;aom[l\/
pifppf armifomaAsmum; avmu"H rkefwdkif;rsm;Mum;rS a&SUoGm;&rnfh tpDtpOftwGuf trESifh
ESrrsm;u wpfzuf? t½dk;pGJ tom;pGJatmif yEéuf½dkufjcif; cHcJh&aom omoempdwfu wpfzuf?
tBudrfBudrf csdefpuf Munfhaejcif; jzpfonf/ odkYESifh wpfpHkwpfck qHk;jzwfum Zmwd tnmajrodkU
jyefcJh\/

pdwfap&m vdkufygcJh&aom OD;em&'

1249-ckESpf tnmodkUa&mufvQif tpfr? ESrrsm;ESifhtwl awmif,mvkyfudkif&if; tpfrESrrsm;tm;

wjznf;jznf; em;oGif;um yOÆif;wuf&ef cGifhawmif;\/ tm;vHk;u oabmwl cGifhûyMuonf/
toufvnf; 20-wGif;odkUyif a&mufvm\/ odkUESifh uefBuD;ukef;&Gm\ ta&SUawmif refusnf;pk
awm&ausmif; bkef;BuD;OD;vu¨P (0rf;uGJtudk) xHü &[ef;ûy\/ a':ydkif\ nDr0rf;uGJawmfol
a':tHpm+OD;ay:p wdkUu 'g,um cHMuonf/
ausmif;ae ausmif;tdyf ausmif;&dyfESifh ausmif;pdwfu twdwfudk arhaysmufapum
avhvmoif,lzl;aom yd#upmrsm;u OD;em&'tm; acR;odyfem;aeap\/
ygVdyd#ursm; qufvuf oifMum;NyD;aemuf tm;r&ao;ojzifh rif;uGef;awmif½dk;
OD;yknBuD;awmifac: awmifay:BuD; ausmif;wdkuf oHk;*dkPf;csKyfq&mawmf OD;&mZdE´xHodkU ajymif;a&GU
oif,lonf/ oHk;*dkPf;csKyfq&mawmfu yd#u oGm;enf; vmenf;udk vufqkyfvufudkif
txl;oifjyay;&m vydkif;ESpfydkif;twGif; rsm;pGm wdk;wufoGm;\/ taetxdkifESifh pdwf"mwfudkvnf;
tm;&um OD;em&'tm; pmcsq&m tjzpfrS wpfqifh ausmif;wdkufudkyg vTJtyfav\/

odkUaomf OD;em&'um; xdkwm0efudk Mum&SnfvufrcHbJ rEÅav;ûrdUodkUwufí tbd"r®mtausmf

rdk;aumif;wdkufodkU pmoif<ucJhMuonf/ xdkrSwpfqifh 'u¨dP0efwdkuf? xdkurS jrawmifwdkuf? xdkurS
pHausmif;wdkufBuD;rsm;odkU wpfwdkufNyD; wpfwdkuf? wpfq&mNyD; wpfq&m enf;rsdK;pHkatmif
pmvdkufjcif;? &Sifi,f yOÆif;i,frsm;tm; wpfqifh pmcsay;jcif;jzifh aexdkifcJh\/

xdkUaemuf taMumif;tm;avsmfpGm jynfc½dkif a&TawmifûrdU emrnfausmf a0VK0efq&mawmfxH

a&GUajymif; oDwif;oHk;&m yd#ut&mü xufjruf pl;&S? 0D&d,vnf; aumif;? taetxdkifvnf;
tm;&ojzifh q&mawmfBuD;u a0VK0ef ausmif;wdkufBuD;udkyif OD;pD;tkyfcsKyf&ef vTJtyfjcif;
cH&jyefonf/ odkU&mwGif OD;em&'onf atmufûrdU atmuf&Gmü raysmfydkufojzifh rif;uGef;odkU
jyef<uvmcJh\/ rif;uGef; awmifay:BuD;ausmif;odkU jyef<uvmaomtcg q&mh0wf? oHC0wfrsm;
vkyf&if;? pmydkUcs&if; ygVd? t|uxm? #Dum rsm;udk arTaESmufMunfh½Ium tcsdefudk ukefvGefapcJhonf/

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vufyHwef;ûrdUü wpf0grQom aeNyD;aemuf rif;uGef;odkU jyefvnf <uvmcJhonf/
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0dkif;í zdxm;jcif;yifwnf;/)

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b0vrf;aMumif;ajymif;&ef EdI;aqmfaeawmhonf/
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tajz&Smí pdwfajyvufaysmuf pmMunfhaecJhonf/

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tv,fawm& q&mawmfrSmrl y#dywådü ydkítm;oefaom q&mawmfjzpfonf/

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jyaeavawmhonf/

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cH,l&jyef\/ xdkwm0efBuD;udk ,cifu tBudrfBudrfxrf;cJh&pOf yxr wGif om,mrdouJhodkY
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xrf;aqmifae&jyefonf/ w&m;avQmuf&ef tBuHvnf; ikyfí ikyfí oGm;jyef\/

wpfaeYaomtcg pmMunhftNyD; &NyD;pmrsm;udk pdwfygvufyg &GwftHaecdkuf &kwfw&kwf q&mawmfBuD;

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ikyfaeaom tBuHu &kwfw&uf ay:vmum...
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tjyefjyef tvSefvSefMunhf&I oHk;oyf&awmhonf/
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p@0ZDÆrax&fBuD;wdkY uJhodkY jzpfawmhonf/
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ydkYvTwf\/ omaraPb0jzihf wdyd#u"&jzpfcJhonf/ (yg&mZdu u@tzGihf 30-31/)
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ud&d,m (&kyf) jzpf&yHk acgif;jyLí jyLívmaom pdwfOD;uav;rsm;udkyg rSwfodum wpf&ufxuf
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xdktcg ]]wifhw,f csrf;om jrJaom ig}} txifonf tjrifESihfajymif;jyef jzpfoGm;wmh\/
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blwH blwawm 0ówd= t&Sdukd t&Sdtwdkif; jrifawmfrlNyD/
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xkwfazmf&mü xdkpdwfxm; xdkvHkYvrsdK;jzifhom wl;azmf ,lEdkifayonf/

a,mufrçu ay;aom opömav;yg;

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csuf&aom w&m;jzpf\/ q&mawmfonf a,m*D\ trlt&mudk Munfhí w&m;½IuGuf tm½Hkudkvnf;
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ponfjzifh oHo,0ifum avQmufxm; ar;jref;ol? uyfzJhwdkufolwdkUvnf; rsm;vSukef\/

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oem;p&maumif;aomig

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tHhtm;oifhoGm;onf/

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oabmayguf vG,fap&ef avmuDynm&yfESifh EdIif;,SOfjy&ojzifh *kPfi,faponf[k
ratmufarhygukefvifh/

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jzmíxGufvmaom tusdK;w&m;rsm;csnf; jzpfMuonf/ odvQif w&m;awmfonf tm;us
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OD;pH'Gef;ESifhtwl &xm;jzifh <uawmfrl\/ 1275-ckESpf jzpfonf/ oxHkûrdU arC0efatmufausmif;
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6/ edAÁefvrf;ñTef a'oem?
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16/ y#dnmw u&P 0dedpä,?
17/ odrfcef;?
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19/ tEko, qdkif&m?
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tm;&awmfrl[ef r&Sd/ &Hcg oif;ydkifudkyif vdyfívdyfí rçwif&m 'l;acgif;awmf txufodkUyif
a&mufaeonf/ qD;rsm;vnf;vGefaeojzifh vrf;avQmuf&if;yif ygrSef; rodawmhacs/
wynfhwpfyg;u Murf;jyifü vdkufí okwfay;ae&\/ (awmifil OD;0dvmoESifh awmifwGif;
OD;wdu©mpm&wdkU ESpfyg;u tptqHk; ûypkMu&onf/) ½IrSwfrIrSm ydkí ZGJcwf tm;wif;ae&[ef &Sday\/
'd|"r® okc0d[m& twGufom ½IrSwf&jcif; [kwf[ef rwlacs/

q&mawmfonf oufawmf40-uyif avmukwå&me,fodkU pwif 0ifa&mufEdkifcJh\/ EkysdKtm;oef

ÓPfvnf;xufwkef; wpf&Sdefwnf; wpfoefwnf; BuHK;í BudK;pm;cJhygaomf ydkí csrf;om
vG,fulay&m\/ omoemûy&müvnf; tocFw tiftm; tjynfh &SdawmfrlNyD jzpfí ydkíc&D;aygufum
tESmifht,Sufrsm;vnf; enf;yg;cJh&m\/ y&d,wfESifh vHkUv0D&d,udkyg rsm;pGm rSDcdk tm;xm;í
omoemûy ae&jcif;xuf "r®"mwkac: tocFwtiftm;om tjynfhtpHk xlaxmif &&SdcJhygvQif
oufvnf; oufom c&D;vnf; wGifay&m\/

w&m;csrf;omudk pwifawGUonfESifh wpfûydifeuf owå0grsm;tm; acscRwf&ef pdwfapmvGef;ojzifh

a[m& a&;&aom tcsdefrsm;u EkysdKtm;oef ÓPfxufaom t&G,fawmfudk 0g;rsdKcJhavNyD/

wpfaxmufem;av arm&av

&SiftmeE´monf aomwmyefb0jzifh umvtwefMum aeawmfrlcJh&onf/ a&SUodkUtm;oGef rBudK;pm;yJ

w&m;a[mum a[mumESifhvnf; tcsdefawG ukefcJh&\/ o*Fg,em udpöeD;í olrygvQifvnf;
rNyD;&um; rax&fBuD;rsm;yif olUtwGuf tajymtqdkcH&? wm0ef ydkwufcJh&\/ olurl
a[míaumif;wkef;/ o*Fg,em ta&;BuD;í rax&fBuD;rsm; tvkyfrsm; aeMupOf &SiftmeE´mum;
vly&dowfrsm;pGm w&m;a[mMum; aeojzifh tbdnmOf& 0ZÆDykwårax&fBuD;u-

]]a*gwrEG,f0if igh&Sif tmeE´m? edAÁme"mwfudk oif\ ESvHk;om;ü xnfhoGif;í opfwpfyif&if;odkU

csOf;uyfum 0dyóem ½IyGm;ygacs/ arhavsmhraevifh/ (uð aw AdVdAdVdum u&dówd)= AvpfAvpf
avQmufa[maeí oifhrSm tb,ftusdK; NyD;awmhtHhenf;}} [k owday; qHk;rvdkuf&m rMumrD
w&m;a[maumif;BuD; t&SiftmeE´m &[EÅm jzpfawmfrlav\/ (0ZÆDykawå&*gxm? |/)

jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sif\ yGifhvif;aom qE´awmfrSmvnf; ypfvTwfaom jrm;yrm wpf&Sdefwnf;?

wpfoefwnf;? wpfxdkifwnf; r&yfrem;yJ t&[wåzdkvfaygufatmif usifhBuHapawmfrlvdk\/
(r[ma*god*Fokwf/) rnfonfh taMumif;aMumifhrQ em;ae &yfwefUjcif;udk vdkvm;awmf rrlygacs/
(rlv yPÖmo-r[moma&myrokwfü) vmbfvmb (tcuft&Guf)? oDv (tayG;)? orm"d (tcGH)?
tbdnmOf (tum)? avmukwå&mw&m; (tESpf) [k &Sd&m jrwfpGmbk&m; tqHk;tr w&m;awmfonf
cuf&Guf? tayG;? tcGH? tum &½HkrQjzifh auseyfraebJ (tumESifh uyfaeaom tESpfudk &½HkrQjzifhvnf;
auseyfraebJ) t&[wåzdkvf tESpftom;txd wpfb0wnf;jzifh tjywf &,lEdkifatmif
êud;pm;Mu&ef qHk;rawmf rlcJh\/ odkUrSvnf; omoemûy&mü ydkí wGifus,fonfudk jrifawmfrlí
jzpfonf/

aomwyef? ou'g*grfb0jzifh wpfXmevGefaomf vlUjynf ewfjynfü taxmufaxmuf em;&OD;rnfh

'ku©? tem*grfb0jzifh vGef&apumrl touf&SnfvSaom jA[®mhjynfrSm cE¨m0efudk o,fydk;ae&rnfh
'ku©rsm;uvnf; ysif;rkef; NiD;aiGUzG,f&m jzpfonfudk jrifawmfrlí wdkufwGef;jcif; ppfppf jzpfay\/
31-bHküum; wpfaxmufem;av arm&av/

a>rESifhusD;rsm; tylaZmfcHí

q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;onf oufawmf 86-ESpft&? 1316-ckESpf waygif;vqef;rS pí q,f&ufcefU

tdyf,mü vJavsmif;um rajymif;rxEdkif &Sd&awmhonf/ tzsm;'D*&Dvnf; 100-102-atmuf
rusawmhyJ q,f&uf aomMumaeUrGef;wnfhcsdefü cRJqdkY armusyfum pkwdur®Z½kyf
csKyfNidrf;awmfrl&\/

'um 'umrrsm;vnf; 0dkif;tHk idka<u;Muukef\/ w&m;ay;rnfh t&Sifr&SdNyD/ ywf0ef; usif&Sd

usD;uef;rsm;vnf; jrifraumif;atmif pkaygif;idka<u;um tavmif;awmf xm;&m ausmif;txufü
tkyfvdkuftkyfvdkuf csDí jrnfatmf ylaZmfMuukef\/ tpm;a<u;rnfh ocifr&SdNyD/

wefcl;vqef; 13-&ufaeU 1-em&D 25 rdepfwGif vltrsm; zl;ajrmfpka0; aeonfhMum;rS ig;aycefY

&Snfvsm;aom a>rBuD;wpfaumifvnf; wdk;a0SY 0ifvmum ajcawmf&if;ü acgif;wndwfndwf vkyfum
t½dktao ûyvm\/ tm;vHk; tHhtm;oifhcJhMu&onf/ ESpfem&D rdepfig;q,frQ Mum\/ (xdkpOfu
owif;pmrsm;ü "mwfyHkyg azmfjyMuonf/)

xdktcg vlwdkU trsdK;rsdK;tzHkzHk ajymqdkaeMupOf oDv&Sif q&mBuD;wpfOD;u ]]½dk;½dk;a>r r[kwfygvQif

odom xif&Sm;atmif jyyg}} [k pdwfxJu usdwfí t"d|mef&if; tavmif;awmf ajc&if;ü xdkifae\/
t"d|mefNyD;vQif MumuvyftxufodkU a&mufae&mrS qif;vmum xdkoDv&Sif q&mBuD;tm;
wpfywfywfí &Sdcdk;jy\/ tem;&Sd oDv&Sifrsm; tyg;ESpfq,fcefU xajy;Mu&av\/

xdkxuf pdwf0ifpm;cJh&aom jzpf&yfwpfckvnf; &Sdygao;\/

oxHkûrdUwGif;rS tcsdKUq&mawmfBuD;rsm; n vlol&Sif;csdefü wdwfwqdwf vma&muf
uefawmhMujcif;yifwnf;/ wpfcsdefu rnfodkU EIwfusL;EIwfvGef ajymqdk cJhMuonfrod/ rnfodkU&Sdap?
xdkodkU uefawmhí ukpm;jcif;um; olawmfaumif;wdkU vdkvm;aom bk&m;om;awmfwdkU "avhygyif/
½ku©pdk;BuD;tajym

tavmif;awmfrSm 21-&ufrQ rodk;rykyf? tom;ta& rmausm0if;0gí ae\/ rD;roN*ØK[f&ufMu/

olykef&efvnf; r&Sif;ao;onfhtjyif tjiif;vnf; yGm;Muojzifh 1317-ck? uqkefvqef;
&Spf&ufaeUwGifrS rD;oN*ØK[f Mu&\/ psmyeyGJ&uftwGif; tpdk;& t&m&Sdydkif;rS t0iftxGufvnf;
&Sdaeojzifh olykefaMumifh wpfpHkwpfck jzpfyGm;&ef tajctae &Sdaomfvnf; q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;
bkef;uHaMumifh aESmifh,Sufrnfhol rsm;vnf; trsm;enf;wl t&yf0wf t&yfpm;jzifh 0ifa&muf vkyfudkif
ylaZmf&olrsm; jzpfoGm;cJhMu&onf/ t½dk;"mwfudk ausmif;wdkuf twGif;üyif apwDwnfxm;
udk;uG,fMu\/

q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;ESifh pyfvsOf;í oxHkü ausmfMum;ump owif;wpfck xGufvm\/

usdKufaumf odrfqdyfbufrS avmuDt&mü uRrf;usif odjrifaom bkef;BuD;wpfyg;u rZÑdra'o&Sd
jrwfpGmbk&m; oDwif;oHk;&m aZw0efausmif;awmfü tapmifhjzpfaeaom aomwmyef
½ku©pdk;BuD;wpfOD;tm; q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;\ w&m;xl;tqifhudk odvdkojzifh ac:,l ar;jref;&m
½ku©pdk;BuD;u.....
]]wynfhawmfxuf omw,fvdkUawmh odygw,f? b,favmufomw,f qdkwmawmh ravQmufwwfyg?
'gayr,fh &[EÅmawmh r[kwfao;yg? ol\Adrmefudk ,ck wkodwmrSm awGUae&ygw,fbk&m;}} [k
ajymMum;owwf/

xdkpum;vnf; ysHvGefawmf rrlrD ESpfaygif; oHk;av;q,fu jzpfí wpfxpfcs rrSwf,l&m/

bHkAdrmefrsm; BudKwif aygufaeESifh wwfaMumif;? ajymif;vnf; ajymif;wwfaMumif; A[kokwtjzpf
jyqdkjcif;rQom/ q&mawmfum; ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm ½IyGm; tm;xkwfawmfrlaom tmZmenfBuD; jzpfí
&[ef;udpövnf; NyD;aomf NyD;Edkifavmufaom tcsdeftcGifh &awmfrl\/

pyf&m jynfwGif;jynfy &[ef;&Sifvltrsm;wdkUum; ]&[EÅmt&SifjrwfBuD;} [k wpfxpfcs

ESvHk;ydkufMuav\/ ,cktcg oufqdkif&m wynfhBuD;rsm;xHü q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;\
"mwfawmfrsm;udk zl;awGUMu&onf/

q&mawmf awm&Sif;cJhaom owdy|mef omoemudk tif;pdef&efukefü q&mawmf OD;0dok'¨ (1266-

1320)u pwif OD;aqmif jzefYcsdawmfrlcJh\/ ]rif;uGef;&dyfom} [k ac:onf/ ,cktcgwGifrl
aus;Zl;&Sif r[mpnf q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;u jynfwGif;jynfy ESpfXmevHk; a0ae,s tiftm;rsm;pGmjzifh
tcdkiftrm &yfwnfí owdy|mef w&m;pnfudk vnfapawmfrlvsuf &Sd\/

(tydkryg zwf½I Mum;emzl;ygorQ pkaygif; a&;rSwfí wwfpGrf;orQ ylaZmf&ygonfudk avsmf&m

rSwfom;í rSef-rSm; EdIif;csifhum usifhBuHawmf rlEdkifMuygap cvdk/ tus,fvdkrl awmifwGif;
OD;wdu©mpm&t&Sifjrwf a&;om;aom tw¬KyÜwådü ½IMuygukef/)
&[EÅm [kwf-r[kwf odvdkvQif

1/ twlwuG aejcif;jzifh oDvudkod&\/

(oH0gaoe oDvH a0'dwAÁH/)

2/ ajymqdkjcif;jzifh pifMu,frIudk od&\/

(oHa0g[ma&e aomap,sH a0'dwAÁH/)

3/ ab;&ef BuHKaomfrSom ÓPfpGrf;tm;udk od&\/

(tmy'gok xmarm a0'dwaAÁm/)

4/ aqG;aEG;Munfhjcif;jzifh ynmudk od&\/

(omupäm, ynm a0'dwAÁm/)

,if;wdkUudkvnf; tcsdefMumrS? ESvHk;oGif;rS? ynm&SdrSom od&\/ tcsdefwdkvQif? ESvHk;roGif;vQif?

ynmr&SdvQifum; rodEdkif/ (wdw¬dwdkUudk &[EÅm[k ajymrdaom aumovrif;BuD;tm;
a[mawmfrlonf/ o*gxm0*¾-owåZ#dvokwf/)

(&[EÅm [kwf-r[kwf pdppfpHkprf;enf; tus,fudk Oy&dyPÖmo-qAÁdaom"eokwf ygVd? t|uxmESifh

0d-|? 2? 11 pwkw¬yg&mZdu/ tbd-|-2? 470/ 0dok'¨d-|? 2? 270/ om&w¬#Dum=2? 282-
ponfwdkUü Munfh½IMuygukef/ olrsm; [kwf-r[kwfxuf rdrd [kwf-r[kwfonf omí
ta&;BuD;vSyg\/)
 a&Tawmifq&mawmf OD;wdud©`Ed´,
( 1232 - 1303 )

a&TawmifûrdY tr®&mrausmif;wdkuf OD;wdud©`Ed´, q&mawmfonfvnf; jrefrmEdkifiH y#dywåd

omoem0ifü armfuGef;wif rSwfom;&rnfh q&mawmfwpfyg; jzpfonf/

usrf;pmtrsKd;rsKd; ûypkum 0dyóem ur®Vmef;oHudk wpfEdkifiHvHk; jyefUatmif EdI;vSefYvIYHaqmf&mwGif

þt&SifjrwfBuD;\ toHrSm ,ckwdkif jrnfnHvsuf&Sdygacs\/ ]t&SifOD;wdud©`Ed´, 0dyóemtzGJU}
[kyif wnfaxmifum q&mawmf\ y#dywf tarGqufcHomoemûyMuayonf/

xdkrQ xif&Sm;ausmfMum;vSygaomfvnf; twGif;usus avhvm pHkprf;jcif; rûyEdkifao;ygí

(yg0ifwefvsuf <uif;usef&pfrnf pdk;&ygojzifh) q&mawmf ûypkaom ]orkyÜg' eda&m"*usrf;}
yxrwGJ ed'gef;yg tw¬KyÜwåd pmwrf;tusOf;rQudkom rl&if;twdkif; ul;,lazmfjy
Munfñdkap&ygonfudk cGifhvTwfum auseyfESifhMuygukef/

«aumZmouú&mZf 1232-ck? Owk*dr®EÅ 0gqdkvqef;yu© 12-&uf paeaeY eHeuf av;em&Dausmf

tcsdefü ppfawGûrdY abmufoD;pk&yf pma&;BuD; OD;&Jabmf\ ZeD;jzpfaom pma&;BuD;uawmf
a':jryef;OD;rS jrwfpGmbk&m;\ omoemawmfjrwfBuD;udk txl;tm;jzifh t"dynm 0dyóem
omoemawmfjrwfudk pnfyifjyefYyGm; xGef;um;atmif aqmif&GufEdkifrnfh om;&wemudk
zGm;jrifawmfrlonf/ i,frnfrSm ]armifomrmOD;} jzpfonf/

q&mawmf OD;wdud©`Ed´, tavmif;tvsm armifomrmOD;rSm nDtpfudkt&if; ESpfa,muf&Sdonf/

armifomrmOD;u tpfudkBuD;jzpfí nDi,frSm armifay:xGef; (aemiftcg jrefrmEdkifiH jynfxJa&;0efBuD;
jzpfvmonfh qmay:xGef;) jzpfonf/ tjcm; armifomrmOD;\ 0rf;uGJrsm;rSm-

1/ OD;ZHomOD;? a½TpvG,f& puf&Sifrif;BuD;? zsmyHkûrdY/

2/ OD;apmjzL? 'dpBwdwf ta&;ydkifrif;? awmifilûrdY/
3/ OD;armifxGef;atmif? txl;&mbuf w&m;olBuD;? ykodrfûrdY/
4/ OD;a½Tom? ykvdyftifpyufawmf? zsmyHkûrdY wdkUjzpfonf/

armifomrmOD;udk t½G,fodkUa&mufaomtcg rdbrsm;onf acwfynm twef;ausmif;ü xm;&m

ckepfwef;udk jrefrmwpfjynfvHk;ü yxr&cJhonf/

armifomrmOD;udk rdbrsm;u omoemawmf\ tarGudk cH,lEdkif&ef Ak'¨bmomrsm;\

xHk;wrf;pOfvmt& ppfawGûrdY taemuf aygufawmacsmif awm& (,ck bk&m;av;qlausmif;)
emZDq&mawmf\ txHawmfü &SifomraP ûyonf/ udk&ifomrmOD;udk ]udk&ifwdó} [k OyZösm,f
emZDq&mawmfbk&m;u bGJUoem;awmfrlonf/ udk&ifwdóonf omoemawmfü arGUavsmfojzifh
aysmfydkufaevmcJh&m touf 20-aphaomtcg OyZösm,f emZD q&mawmfbk&m;u &[ef;ûyí
ay;awmfrlonf/

&[ef;awmf OD;wdóonf &efukefûrdYodkY <uvmí ausmif;awmf&m a½Tusifq&mawmfbk&m;BuD;\

txHawmfü yd#uusrf;*ef ynmt00wdkYudk oifMum;em,lvsuf ausmif;awmf&m a½Tusifwdkufü
oDwif;oHk;awmfrlonf/ wpfzef tdEd´,odkY <ua&mufvsuf tdEd´,ü oHk;ESpf oDwif;oHk;awmfrlonf/

tdEd´,rS wpfzef oD[dkVfodkU<ua&mufvsuf oD[dkVfü ig;ESpf oDwif;oHk;awmfrlonf/ oD[dkVfü

oDwif;oHk;awmfrlpOf oD[dkVf 'ud©Pomcg aAm"dyifü bk&m;*kPfawmfudk tm½Hkûyvsuf
vGefpGmMunfñdkvmojzifh vuf0Jbuf vufñdI;udkjzwfvsuf qDqGwfaom t0wfjzifh &pfywfí
'ud©Pomcg aAm"dyiftm; qDrD; ylaZmfawmfrlonf/

oD[dkVfrS jyef<uvmNyD;aemuf ppfawGc½dkif awmausmif; wpfausmif;wGif oDwif;oHk;awmfrl&m

BuD;us,fpGm rusef;rrm jzpfawmfrlojzifh vlxGuf (y&Dok'¨ûy) awmfrlonf/ aemufrMumrDyif
oHa0*&vsuf &aohûyvkyfí r[mûrdif awm&ü oDwif;oHk;awmfrlonf/

xdkûrdYrS BuHcif;ûrdY uefuav;awm&odkY <ua&mufNyD;aepOf ausmif;trBuD; a':azmh\

avQmufxm;csufjzifh anmifwkef;ûrdY a½T[oFmawm&odkY <ua&mufNyD; ausmif;awmf&m a½Tusif
q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;udk OyZÑ,fûyí (xdktcgü &efukefûrdY ausmif;awmf&m a½Tusif
q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;onf anmifwkef;ûrdY a½T[oFmawm&ü oDwif;oHk;awmfrlonf/)
q&mawmfbk&m;u ]OD;wdud©`Ed´,} [laom bGJUjzifh &[ef;ûyay;awmfrlonf/

OD;wdud©`Ed´, t&Sifjrwfonf Budrfacsmif;üvnf;aumif;? av;rsufESmü vnf;aumif;

oDwif;oHk;awmfrlzl;onf/ jrif;NcHü oDwif;oHk;awmfrlpOf xl;qef;vSpGmaom tdyfrufudk
jrifrufNyD;aemuf þ0dyóemvrf;pOfudk xdk;xGif;odjrifawmfrlNyD;vQif usifhBuHBudK;ukwf
tm;xkwfawmfrl&m wynfh'g,um &Sifvltm;vHk;uyif ]t&d,m olawmfpif rax&fjrwf} [lí
,HkMunfo'¨hg ½Tifvef;pGmjzifh qnf;uyf udk;uG,fMuavonf/

xdkOD;wdud©`Ed´, t&Sifjrwfonf xdkxdkûrdY½GmodkY vSnfhvnfvsuf w&m;"r®wdkUudk a[mMum;jyo

qHk;rawmfrlpOf BuHcif;ûrdY uefuav; awm&ü oDwif;oHk;awmfrlcdkuf ol&Jwef;olBuD; OD;okc\
yifhavQmufcsufjzifh ol&Jwef; yef;awmif;ûrdYwdkYodkU<ua&muf w&m;a[mawmfrl&m yef;awmif;ûrdY
'g,um 'g,dumrrsm;\ yifhavQmufcsufjzifh yef;awmif; aMu;bk&m;BuD;teD; ausmif;ü
oDwif;oHk;awmfrlonf/

xdkaemuf ausmif;'g,umBuD; OD;a½Txdkuf\ yifhavQmufcsufjzifh a½TawmifûrdY

a½Tajymifajymifbk&m;twGif;odkY <ua&muf w&m;a[mMum;awmfrlygonf/ xdktcg OD;bdk;qdkif?
OD;pHñGefY? OD;opf? OD;a½Txdkuf? OD;atmifausmf wdkYonf ,ck tr®&mr wdkufwnf&m o&ufNcHO,mOfudk
0,f,lMuNyD;vQif 1282-ckESpf tr®&mrausmif;wdkufudk wnfaxmifvsuf OD;wdud©`Ed´, t&Sifjrwfudk
udk;uG,fMuavonf/
OD;wdud©`Ed´, t&Sifjrwfonf a½TawmifûrdY tr®&mr ausmif;wdkufü rdrdvnf; tm;xkwf?
olwpfyg;wdkUtm;vnf; a[mMum;jyovsuf oDwif;oHk;awmfrlpOf ausmif;'umBuD; OD;pHñGefY
uG,fvGefNyD; wpfaeYaomtcgü pBuøausmif;BuD;ay: ckwiftxufü w&m;tm;xkwfawmfrl&m
a&S;a&S;tm;xkwfpOftcgrsm;uxuf w&m;tjrifaygufawmfrlonf/

xdkaemuf ppfawGûrdY tmuRwfawmfukef; q&mawmf OD;em&'tm; rdrdw&m;tjrifaygufyHkwdkUudk

rdefYMum;awmfrlonf/ xdktcgrSpí wynfh&Sifvl tm;vHk;uyif tvGef&ifhoefonfh
]tm&d,molawmfpif} [k ESvHk;ydkuf ,HkMunfum qxufxrf;ydk; wdk;í ylaZmfMuonf/

þodkY ur®Vmef; bm0em w&m;t&mü pmawGU udk,fawGU ESifh jynfhpHkawmfrlaom OD;wdud©`Ed´,

t&Sifjrwfonf-
1/ orkyÜg' eda&m"*usrf;?
2/ "r®pMum tar;tajzusrf;?
3/ y&rw¬m'de,'óeusrf;?
4/ a0oemEkyóemusrf;?
5/ eDa&mr 0dedpä,usrf;?
6/ Ak'¨gEkówdusrf;?
7/ yOmAsmu&Pusrf;?
8/ 0dnmPmEkyóemusrf;?
9/ edAÁmew¬0dedpä,usrf;?
10/ oN*ØK[fedosusrf;?
11/ pwkopömEkyóeDusrf;?
12/ wda[wku 0dedpä,usrf;?
13/ £osm'dyumoeDusrf;?
14/ r[mowdy|meokwf edó, ESifh tajzusrf;-
tp&Sdaom usrf;aygif;rsm;pGmwdkYudk ûypkawmfrlonf/

,if;odkY usrf;aygif;rsm;pGmudk ûypkawmfrlum rdrdodjrifxm;onfh w&m;oabmwdkYudk azmfjyí

omoemûyjcif;jzifh tm;&wif;wdrfjcif; &Sdawmfrrlaom q&mawmf OD;wdud©`Ed´, onf
w&m;;odjrifvdkol taygif;wdkYtm; udk,fwdkif awGYqHka[majymvdkaomaMumifh . . . .

]]rnfonfhûrdYurqdk w&m;"r®udk odvdk? emcHrSwfom; avhusufvdkí yifhac:vQif taMumif;

nDnGwfygu cGifhay;ygaMumif;? jrwfpGmbk&m; omoemawmf yGifhvif;zdkY&m tusKd;aqmifvsuf
tpOf&SdygaMumif;? trx 0dyóem w&m;tvkyfudk usepGm vkyfvdkol taygif;wdkYonf a½TawmifûrdY
&Srf;wef;xdyf? tr®m&mrwdkufodkY vma&mufí w&m;tvkyf BudK;pm;Mu&ef wdkufwGef;
EdI;aqmfvdkufygonf}}-
[laom (t&Sifjrwf\ usrf;tcsdKUü) zdwfac:pm xnfhoGif;xm;ayonf/ þodkYvQif avmutusKd;?
omoemtusdK;? rdrd\tusKd;? olwpfyg;wdkY\tusKd; wdkYudko,fydk;awmfrlvsuf 1303-ck?
0gqdkvjynfhausmf 11-&uf aomMumaeY nOfh&Spfem&Dtcsdefü b0ewfxH ysHvGefawmfrlonf
jzpfygaMumif;/»

q&mawmfonf EkpOfb0 Mum;umvwGif tdrf&maxmifí orD; ESpfa,mufyif &&SdcJhbl;&m ZeD;ESifh

orD; ESpfa,mufvHk; ppfudkif; r*¾ifacsmif? rdk;ukwfZ&yfü (orD;BuD;rSm 0wfaMumifESifh) oDv&Sif0wfjzifh
{umoedufç ywåydkPf"kwif tNrJaqmifí w&m;bm0emESifh aeMuaMumif;? ]aomwmyefom;trd}
[líyif ajymqdkMuí 1308-ck? 99-ESpfwGif rdk;ukwfolZeD;a[mif; a':ynm uG,fvGefaMumif;?
tbd"Z a½T[oFmq&mawmf bk&m;BuD; ausmif;om;b0u q&mawmfxH pmwuf&í
awm&aqmufwnf&mwGif 0wfBuD;0wfi,f ûy&zl;aMumif; ]a½T[oFmq&mawmfb0ESifh
pmaytaxGaxG} 39? 137-ü zwf½I&&m ]{uawmf 0ded0wå,Hk=wpfpkwa0;MuD; EdAÁefcdkvIHMuNyD} [kom
atmufarh&ef &Sdygawmhonf/

aou©ßawmif q&mawmf OD;wdavmu

( 1233 -1299 )

]]armifwdavmu vkyfvkdufrSNzifh ZGwfw&GwfcsnfhyJ i,fi,f&G,f&G,fESifh uef;aeygOD;r,f/}}

v,fwDq&mawmfu OD;wdavmutaBumif; Bum;í NrnfwGefawmufwD;aeNcif; Nzpf\/ csufcsif;yif

OD;yOÆif;ESpfyg;ukd ac:í......
]]uJ......armifyOÆif;ESpfyg;? armifwdavmu ausmif;ukdoGm;acsBu/ olYtem;rSm&SdwJh aypm?
urÜavGpmtkyfrsm;? cJwH pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm; &SdorQ tukefodrf;,lcJhNyD; ighausmif;ay:rSmxm;}} [k
vTwfvkdufonf/

OD;yOÆif;ESpfyg;vnf; OD;wdavmutm; q&mawmfBuD; trdefU&Sdonfukd avQmufxm;í

pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm; tm;vkH; o,f,loGm;Buonf/

OD;wdavmuoonf vGefpGm ZGJvkHYvBuD;ol Nzpfonf/ rkH&GmûrdU v,fwDwkduftwGif; 0g;rkd;0g;um

ausmif;uav;ü aeí pmcs? pmBunfh? pma&;Ncif;ü 0d&d,Nyif;xefvS\/ ntcg
ykPÖm;rD;tdrfav;Nzifh pmBunfh&onfukd tm;r&Eldifí av;axmifhoHNzLykH;BuD;ukdyif rD;pmwyf?
rD;cGufvkyfí pmBunfhavonf/

xkdacwfum; aypmukd trsm;qkH; trSDo[J ûyíae&ao;aomacwf Nzpf\/ ay&Gufay:&Sd pmvkH;rsm;rSm

tvGefrIefvSonf/ eEGif; a&eHacs;wkdUNzifh ay&Gufay:ukd okwfíokwfí Bunfh&\/ aypmrS
a&eHtckd;taiGUrsm;? a&eHqDrD;cGufBuD;rS rD;tyl&SdefESifh tckd;tanSmfrsm;aBumifh aeYpOf&ufquf
rkd;tvif;Bunfhavh&Sdaom OD;wdavmuü rsufpda&m*g pGJuyfvm\/ rsufvkH;ESpfzufvkH;
usD;tmoD;rSnfhuJhokdU eD&Jí&TJvmawmhonf/ vufoD;qkyfcefY a&miftrf;ívnf;ae\/
rsufvkH;ESpfzufESifh ESmacgif;ESpfzufrS aoG;rsm; tqufrNywf ,kdpD;usvmukef\/

xkdtaBumif;ukd bkef;BuD;wpfyg;u avQmufíodawmfrloNzifh q&mawmfBuD;u pmtkyfpmwef;rsm;ukd

todrf;ckdif;vkdufNcif; Nzpfonf/ OD;wdavmuum; ukd,fwkdifrBunfhEkdifaomtcg OD;yOÆif;i,frsm;ukd
tzwfckdif;NyD; em;axmifaeNyef\/

q&mu wdyd#u"&? rdbu olaX;rsLd;rif;EG,f

OD;wdavmuum; rkH&GmûrdYtaemuf AefUusDwkdufe,f acgoEÅD&Gmü 1233-ckESpfwefaqmifrkef;vqef; 9-

&uf paeaeUn okH;csufwD; tcsdef OD;wufûzd; ? a': oDwkdUrS zGm;Nrif\/ tz olaX;rsKd;? trd
rif;aqGpkd;rsKd;[k qkdonf/

i,fpOfumv acgoEÅD&Gm awmift&yf&Sd iSufaysmawm&Gm pmawmfNyefOD;Z0exHü ynmoifBum;onf/

q&mawmf OD;Z0eum; bkd;awmfvufxuf armif;axmifomoemykdif\ wynfh wdyd#u"&
yk*¾Kdvfxl;Nzpfonf/ &[ef;Nzpfonftxd iSufaysmawm &Gmü ynmoifí &[ef;NzpfNyD; rBumrD
v,fwDq&mawmfbk&m;BuD;xH vma&mufynmoif,lonf/

&lyod'¨do'´gusrf;rS píoif,l&m ygVdtXuxm #Dumukd ig;0g? aNcmuf0grQNzifh olrwlatmif

wwfaNrmufcJhol Nzpfonf/ v,fwDy@dwonf OD;wdavmuxHüvnf; ynmoif,lcJh&\/
OD;wdavmuum; ÚmPfxufoavmuf ZGJvkHUv 0d&d, BuD;rm;olwnf;/ yk*Hacwf\ þrSm bufwGif
xkdq&mwynfhuJhokdU yd#uukd Ekdifeif;ol &Sm;yg;vSonf[kyif t&Siftm'dpö0Ho csD;usL;bl;\/
OD;wdavmuonf xkdtcsdefü &nf&G,fcsufwpfck&Sdí usrf;wpfusrf;ukd rtdyfrae ûypkaeaom
tcsdefvnf;Nzpfonf/ xkdusrf;um; ur®|mef;tpDt&ifNzpfaom ]aeu©
aeu©r®0d"me 'DyeD} wnf;/

OD;wdavmuonf rsufpda&m*gNzpfí pmrBunfh&? pmrem& apumrkl a&mufvmolrsm;tm;

xír&atmif w&m;zdí a[maNymaeNyefowwf/ pifppf xkdtcsdefum; pmayy&d,wÅdukd
vkdavao;r&SdavhvmNyD;vQif awmxGuf&ef t&Sdef,laeckduf Nzpf&m aeu©r®ZÑmo,
(awmxGufvkdaom qE´rsm; ) wuf<uaecsdef Nzpfonf/

y&d,wÅdrS y#dywÅdokdU aNymif;rnfhqJqJNzpfonf/ rsufpda&m*gvnf; rBumrD vkH;0aysmufuif;oGm;\/

a&Tyifem;a&TusD; [louJhokdU v,fwDq&mawmfBuD;ESifh vufyGef;wwD;ae&ol Nzpfí q&mawmf\

"gwfrsm;vnf; ul;pufaeykH &\/ av;axmifh oHNzLykH; rD;cGufBuD;ESifh pmBunfh pma&;onfrSm
q&mawmfvnf; xkdUtwlNzpfonf/ tm*tmZmenfBuD;rsm; Nzpfygukef\/

v,fwDq&mawmfBuD;um; aemufumvwGif rD;ukdyif rxGef;nSd&awmhbJ rsufvkH;tpkHawmfrS

xGufay:vmonfh tvif;a&mifNzifhyif ntcg pma&;aBumif;ukd (rEÅav;ûrdU? yvkdif;&yf? pufq&m
OD;bxGef;qkdol q&mawmfxHü omraPb0Nzifh ae&pOf NrifawGYcJh&onf[k) q&mp`E´uwqifh
aNymNybl;\/ t&Sif 'AÁrax&f vufnSKd;tvif;Nzifh tarSmiftwGif;oGm;ouJhokdU &Sd\/
rnfokdYyifNzpfap OD;wdavmuonf q&mawmf\ y&d,wf t&nftcsif;rsm;ukdomru y#dywf
t&nftcsif;rsm;ukdyg twGif;usus &dyfpm;od&SdaeNyD[k ,lq&\/ rsufpda&m*g NzpfNcif;ESifh
pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm; todrf;tqnf; cH&Ncif;Nzifh ]]y#dywf ur®|mef;tvkyfukdom tm;xkwfawmh}} [k
owday;vkdufouJhokdU &Sdawmhonf/

xkdtcsdefrSpí ur®|mef;w&m;&IyGm;ae\/ oufawmfum; 25-ESpfrQom &Sdayao;onf/

OD;wdavmuum; wpfzufu pmcs&if; &[ef;w&m;ukd ntcsdefü twlBuKd;pm;awmfrl\/
xkdacwfv,fwDawm&um; taNcmuftvSefUrsm;vSonf/ ol&JrBuD;wpfaumif ausmif;avSum;ü
rBumcP vma&muftdyfaeonfqkd\/

rkd;arSmifusaom nwpfnNzpf\/
wpfwkdufvkH; tdyfarmusaeBuNyD/ q&mawmfBuD;um; tawmif 60-&SdpBuøausmif;ü
vrf;avQmufawmfrlae\/ OD;wdavmu aeaom xaemif;yif teD;&Sduyfausmif;av;qDokdU
vSrf;íBunfhawmfrl&m pBuøaNcvSrf;rsm;yif &yfwefUoGm;\/ taBumif;rSm OD;wdavmu aeaom
ausmif;uav; wpfaqmifvkH; atmufvif;"mwfrD; xGef;xm;ouJhokdU vif;xdefaeonfukd
awGUNrif&aomaBumifh Nzpfonf/

okH;av;&uf&Sdaomtcg q&mawmfonf OD;wdavmutm; vlol&Sif;ckduf ac:íw&m;a[mawmfrl&m -

]]armifwdavmu? rif;vJ pmoifpmcseJU y&d,wfbufuawmh NynfhpkHoGm;NyD? ckcsdefu pNyD;
rif;ighausmif;rSm aevkdU roifhawmhblk;? oGm;vkd&m oGm;Ekdifw,f}} [k rdefUawmfrl\/
OD;wdavmuuvnf; --
]]rSefyghbk&m;}} [kom avQmufí OD;csNyD; rdrdausmif;uav;okdU NyefvmcJhonf/

aemufwpf&uf oydwfwpfvkH;? okH;xnfaom ouFef;ESifh rdrda&;xm;aom ‘aeu©r®0d"me 'DyeD}

pmrlukd ,lí v,fwDwkdufrS xGufcGm&ef ausmif;uav;rS qif;vmcJh\/ q&mawmftm; aemufqkH;
0ifa&mufuefawmhvsuf—
]]wynfhawmf þv,fwDwkduf q&mawmfbk&m;xH aumif;uifu vmEkdifrS a&mufygawmhrnf bk&m;]]
[k avQmufí xGufcGmcJhonf/

(OD;wdavmuonf w&m;orm"drsm; tvGefaumif;aeNyD Nzpfí v,fwDwkdufwGif y&dowfrsm;

tBum;rSmaevQif ,kwfavsmhoGm;rnfukd pkd;&drfí q&mawmfu trdefU&Sdonfukd raeapcsifí
ESifoavm[k pdwfckoGm;aBumif; wpfaeUwGif q&mawmfBuD;u aysmfbG,fq&moufBuD;tm;
aNymNyzl;\/)
w&m;rmefudk w&m;jzifh qHk;rjcif;

yxrqHk; csif;wGif;jrpfnmodkU ûrdU&Gmawmawmif tqifhqifh jzwfausmfí {upm w&m;tm;xkwf&ef

xGufcGmoGm;awmhonf/ oufawmf 26-ESpft& 1259-ckESpf jzpf\/

csif;wGif;jrpfnm &moDOwkESifh oyÜg,rrQí csif;wGif;rS oxHkûrdUe,f usdKufxdkteD;&Sd

awmifwpfawmifodkU ajymif;a&TU oDwif;oHk;onf/ ur®|mef;w&m; ½IyGm;ol (aou©yk*¾dKvf) wdkU
ae&mjzpfí ]aou©ßawmif} [k orkwfxm;\/ &[ef;w&m;udk rem;rae êud;pm;av\/ w&m;enf;cH
wynfhrsm;vnf; taqmufttHkrsm; ESifhtwl aeUcsif;ncsif; wdk;yGm;vmonf/ tvGef acgifvSaom
a'oü ûrdU&GmwrQ pnfum;oGm;onf[k qdkMuonf/ jA[®pm½ly'´0 (tusifhab;&ef) BuD;yifwnf;/
pseftbdnmOf &&ef txl; pdwfoefawmfrl[ef &Sd\/

v,fwDq&mawmfum; ZGwfw&Gwf vkyfwwfaom wynfhtwGuf pdwfrcsEdkifatmif oHa,mZOf

BuD;awmfrl\/ ajc&m eif;Edkifonfh wynfhjzpfívnf; tm;udk;awmf rlonf/ taMumif;tm;avsmfpGm
1260-jynfhESpf wefaqmifrkef;vwGif OD;wdavmuxHrS pmwpfapmif a&mufvm\/

]]wynfhonf q&morm; trSD&ygvQif aeUn &[ef;udpöNyD;&ef &Sdygonf}} [k a&;vdkufaom [l\/

pmudkBunfhí ûyH;awmfrlonf/ odkU&mwGif oHa,mZOfvnf;&Sd? usdKufxdka'o awmawmifrsm;udkvnf;
oabmusaeí xdkESpf xdkvjynfhausmf 9-&ufaeU ta&muf v,fwDy@dwudk aemufygac:í
<uawmfrlonf/

v,fwDq&mawmfbk&m;BuD; <ua&muf csD;jr§ifhojzifh OD;wdavmuESifh wynfhrsm;tm;vHk;

0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om 0wfûyMu&\/ wpfaeUwGif q&mawmfbk&m;BuD; wpfyg;wnf; udef;atmif;&m
opfcufwJodkU uyÜd,armifprHk ajympum;t& wdwfwqdwf oGm;a&muf zl;Mu&m q&mawmfBuD;
rsufvTmcs wifysOfacGvsuf ESpfawmifcefUtjrifhü wnfNidrfpGm wuf<uaeonfudk zl;awGUMu&onf/
pmrmef w&m;rmef BuD;vSaom OD;wdavmutm; tvkyfjzifh qHk;rawmf rlavoavm[k ,lq&ay\/

usdKufxdküyifaecdkuf wpfaeUwGif OD;wdavmu? v,fwDy@dwwdkUudk aemufygac:í oydwfudk,fpD

vG,fum awmifa0S; wpfacsmif;pD udkifvsuf usdKufxD;½dk;odkU bk&m;zl; xGufawmfrl\/ awmeufí
eufí vmaomtcg awmqif½dkif;BuD; wpfaumifonf q&mawmfhqDodkU a&S;½I&ifqdkif ajy;vmav\/
aemufrS vdkufygvmMuaom Od;wdavmuESifh OD;y@dwwdkU ESpfyg;rSm eD;&m opfyifay:odkU wufí
ajy;Muowwf/ q&mawmfurl rwkefrvIyf a&SUrSBuHhBuHh &yfawmfrlvsuf ajy;vmaeaom qifBuD;tm;
emVm*D&dcRwfcef;yrm arwåmyGm;ydkYí aeawmfrl\/ rMumrD qifBuD;rSm OD;ñGwf t½dktaoay;vsuf
vrf;z,f xGufajy;oGm;av\/ qifBuD; rjrif&aom tcgusrS wynfhESpfyg; acR;oD;acR;ayguf
BuD;i,fjzifh opfyifay:rS qif;vmMuowwf/
xdktcg q&mawmfu ûyH;&Tifaom rsufESm? MunfomvGifat;aom &,foGrf;aoG;oHjzifh
]]armifwdavmu wdkUxH pma&;vdkufawmh wpfrsdK;ygvm;uG,fh}} [k rdefUawmfrlav\/ xdktcgrS
OD;wdavmuvnf; rdrdudk,fudk tem*grf t"drme (txifa&mufjcif;) [k oabmus
oGm;avowwf/

oD[dkVfacwfwGif avmuD tbdnmOfrQom &í rdrdudk,fudk &[EÅm[k txifa&muf aeaom

wdyd#u"& r[mem* rax&fBuD;tm; tbdnmOf&? &[EÅmjzpfol wynfhwpfyg;u q&mxHvmí
qifBuD;wpfaumif zefqif;cdkif;um? wzef xdkqifuyif rdrdtm; xdk;owfrnfh[ef
zefqif;cdkif;aomtcg qifxdk;cH&rnf &SdpOf rax&fBuD; aMumufvefUoGm;aMumif; (0dok'¨dr*f
t|uxmü) vm&Sd\/

xdkuJhodkUyif ]],ckqifonfvnf; awmqif½dkif; [kwfaumif;rS [kwfrnf? v,fwDq&mawmfhqifrsm;

jzpfaervm; rodbl;}} [k wpfcsdefu rdwfaqGrsm;tm; ajymjyzl;&m tm;vHk;uyif uefUuGufcJhMu\/
xdkUaMumifh þü xdkpum;udk xyfíajym&ef EIwf&GHU aeygonf/ qif½dkif;ESifh awGUonfrSmawmh
trSefyif/

rnfodkUqdkap? jzpf&yf tajctaersm;udk axmufqygvQif ]]w&m;rmefudk w&m;jzifh qHk;rjcif;}} [kyif

oabmouf0ifp&m &Sdygonf/

ur®|mef;todjzifh usrf;ñSdjcif;

q&mawmf OD;wdavmuonf rdrdudk,fwdkifvnf; &Gy&f GyfcRHcRHBuD; tm;xkwf\/ a,m*D

wynfhrsm;udkvnf; vufcHí w&m;jyay;\/ te,fe,fodkU <ua&mufívnf; w&m;a[m\/
usrf;rsm;pGmudkvnf; ûyawmfrlcJhonf/ jrefrmEdkifiH y#dywåd w&m;pnfBuD;udk q&m\ ajc&mvdkufí
wD;cwfEdkifool jzpfygayonf/

q&mawmf ûypkaom usrf;rSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpf\/

1/ aeu©r®"me'DyeD (1258)?
2/ t&d,r*¾'DyeD (1262)? (v,fwDq&mawmf\ 0dZÆmr*¾'DyeDudk twGif;ü Xmyemxm;onf/)
3/ y@dw a0'eD, 'DyeD (1267)?
4/ wdkif;BuD;aomVo 'DyeDESifh ,if; tñTef;usrf;i,f (1280)?
5/ ed½kwåd y'AsOÆeD?
6/ 0dedpä, yumoeD?
7/ pwkAÁd" Asmu&P?
8/ tbd"r®wå o½ly'DyeD (1273)?
9/ r*Fvm tqHk;tjzwf? 0dedpä, trsdK;rsdK;ESifh &wkuAsmrsm;?
10/ "r®&moDusrf;/ (q&mawmf r&Sdonfhaemuf 1296-ckESpf wynfhrsm;u ½dkufxm;onf/)
xdkwGif ur®|mef; tvkyfESifhpyfí ]y@dwa0'eD,usrf;} BuD;onf txif&Sm;qHk; jzpf\/ uodkPf;
½IyGm;enf;rsm;twGuf xdkrQavmuf jynfhpHkaomusrf; r&Sdao;acs/ tbdnmOfvrf;
vdkufvdkolwdkUtwGuf pdwf0ifpm;zG,f txl;aumif;vS\/ ouf&SdoufrJh avmu"mwf wpfckvHk; ûcHí
"mwfajcmufyg; ½IyGm;yHkrSmvnf; v,fwDq&mawmf pmrsm; xufyif jynfhpHkvSay\/

xdkusrf;udk a&;&mü bk&m;&Sifu wynfhrsm;udk a[mouJhodkU ol\ wynfhrsm;tm; a[myHka[menf;

a&;xm;\/ aou©sbmodwokwf *gxmrsm;vnf; yg0if&m em;wGif tqef; jzpfMu&\/ ]wynfhwdkU?
wynfhwdkU} [k acgif;wyfac:iif a&;oGm;ojzifh bkef;BuD;wpfyg;u v,fwDq&mawmftm;-
]]olUpmzwf&wm aumif;awmh odyfaumif;ygoz&m;? 'gayr,fh ]wynfh} ac:wmu cufaew,f}} [k
avQmuf&m....
]]wynfh tac:rcHcsif&if olUpm rzwfESifhayghuG,f}} [k rdefUowwf/

udk,fawGUw&m; tawGUtBuHKrsm;ESifh pyfívnf; tvGef rSwfom;zG,frsm; yg0ifukef\/ 0dyóem

tEÅ&m,fq,fyg;ESifh pyfí a&;xm;onfrSmvnf; pdwf0ifpm;zG,f aumif;vSonf/

ta&miftvif;ESifh 0dyóem vrf;cGJrsm;

q&mawmfonf 0dyóem npfñl;aMumif; q,frsdK;udk y@dwa0'eD,usrf;aemufrS a&;om;aom

]]tbd"r®wåo½ly'DyeD}} usrf;ü ydkí jynfhpHkpGm azmfjyxm;onf/

1/ Mobmo = ta&miftvif;?
2/ yDwd = tvGefyDwdjzpfjcif;?
3/ yó'¨d = udk,fpdwfESpfyg; tvGefat;Nidrf;aejcif;?
4/ t"darmu© = tvGefMunfvifí o'¨gjzpfjcif;?
5/ y*¾[ = tvGef0D&d, rQwjcif;?
6/ okc = tvGef&Tifvef; csrf;omjcif;?
7/ ÓP = tvGeftodÓPf xufjrufjcif;?
8/ Oy|me = tvGef owdxifjcif;?
9/ Oayu©m = Oayu©m tm;aumif;jcif;? ([efcsufnDjcif;)
10/ eduEÅd = (,if;odkU jzpf&onfrsm;udk) ESpfoufom,mjcif;/

q&mawmfonf txufygq,frsdK;wGif ]ta&miftvif;} ESifh pyfí þodkU rSwfcsuf ay;awmfrl\/

« ]]ta&mifMobmoum; yk*¾dKvfwdkif;rSm rjzpf/ psmevmbD orm"d BuD;xGm;aom yk*¾dkvfwdkYrSm
jzpfwwf\/ olwpfyg; rjrif&bJ rdrdom jzif&aom pdwfMunf pdwfvif;? ÓPfMunf ÓPfvif;
ta&mifvnf; jzpfay:vmwwf\/ olwpfyg;wdkUyg jrifaumif; avmufatmif udk,fa&mifvnf;
xGufwwf\/}} »
xdkq,frsdK;wGif ]eduEÅd} wpfckomvQif tukodkvfjzpf\/ y"mejzpf\/ usefudk;rsdK;um; aAm"dÓPf
&ifhoefaMumif; (aAm"Dyu©d,) w&m;aumif;rsm;om jzpfukef\/ w&m; wdk;wufvmonfh
trSwftom;rsm;wnf;/ odkU&mwGif xdkodkU wdk;wufvmonfudk ESpfouf wG,fwmaewwfojzifh
]0dyóeyuúdavo- 0dyóem npfñl;aMumif;w&m; q,fyg;? 0dyóem acs;añSmf q,frsdK;} [k
qdk&onf/

,if;q,frsdK;ESifh pyfí q&mawmf rSwfcsufay;onfrSm rSwfom;zG,f aumif;vS\/

y@dwa0'eD,usrf; (1267) wGifum; MobmoESifh pyfí atmufygtwdkif; rSwfcsuf
ay;awmfrlcJhonf/

« ]]jzpfrIysufrI O',AÁ, oabmudk aumif;pGm xifjrifEdkifaom tedpö0dZÆmÓPf jzpfay:í

vmcgeD;aomtcg ÓP\ a&SUoGm; ÓPfa&mif pdwfa&mif ta&miftvif; tmavmuvnf;
jzpfay:wwfonf/ þtvif; tmavmuudk ]Mobmo} [k ac:onf/ 0if;0if;ajymifajymif
udk,frSxGufwJh udk,fa&mifjcnfrsdK; r[kwfbl; wynfhwdkU/ udavom yg;ojzifh pdwfÓPf
Munfjcif;aMumifh pdwfÓPfvif;wJh tvif; tmavmuwnf;/

]]xdktcg xdka,m*Dyk*¾dKvfonf 'dAÁpu©Krm yk*¾dKvfuJhodkU ta0;ü? uG,f&mü? nOfhtcgü aomfvnf;

½lyg½HkwdkUudk raem'Gg&jzifh xif&onf wynfhwdkU/ xdktcg xdka,m*D yk*¾dkvftm; orxt&mü
y#dbm*odkU a&mufcgeD;tcg psmeft*FgawG ay:bdouJhodkU r*¾ifw&m;awG? aAmZÑifw&m;awG?
aAm"dyu©d, w&m;awGvnf; tm;aumif;í xif&Sm; ay:ívmMuonf/

]]þodkU rdrdoEÅmefü a&S;u rawGUpzl; rjrifpzl; tenf;i,f txl;taxGudk awGUjrif& aomtcg

]þw&m;pk[m r*fzdkvfw&m;yJxif&JU? igr*fzdkvfudk &awmhwmyJ xif&JU} vdkUvJ rSwfxifjcif;
jzpfwwfonf/ rrSwfrxif&bl; wynfhwdkU/ r*fzdkvf r[kwfao;bl;}} »

tbd"r®wåo½ly 'DyeDusrf; (1273) a&;aomtcg 0dyóem txifrSm; tjrifrSm; todrSm;rsm;udk ydkí

yGifhvif;pGm atmufygtwdkif; xkwfazmf owday;awmfrlcJh\/

udk,fwdkif xdawGUaom yk*¾dKvfxl;BuD;rsm;\ trdefUtrSmrsm;udk av;pm;pGm owdrltyf?

vdkufemtyfay\/

ur®|mef;½l;? orm"darSmf

« ]]w&m;vrf;pOfü rvdrfrmaom yk*¾dKvfwdkUrSm þae&modkU usvQif (O',AÁ,ÓPf? r*¾gr*¾ÓP

'óe0dok'¨d[k qdkvdkonf/) ]]þyDwd? yó'¨dpaom w&m;wdkU onfyifvQif r*fyJ? zdkvfyJ?
r*fzdkvfudk&íom ta&mif (Mobmo) wdkUonf xGufukef\/ igonf r*fzdkvf w&m;xl;udk&NyD?
udpöNyD;NyD}} [k rSwfxifí vrf;rwfwwfwGif wefY&yfvsuf qkwf,kwf ysufpD;í oGm;wwf\/
]]þuJhodkU r*fzdkvf[k rxifrSwfaomfvnf; þMobmo yDwdponfwdkUudk tm;&ESpfouf om,maom
wPSmeduEÅd tm;BuD;pGm jzpfay:vmí pdwfnpfEGrf;ojzifh xdkaAm"dyu©d, w&m;wdkUwGif ikyfvsuf
qkwf,kwf ysufpD;í oGm;wwf\/ xdk txl; jzpfay:vmaom Mobmo yDwd ponfwdkUudk vdkufí
vdkufí tm½Hkûyaeojzifh pdwfwkefvIyf ysHUvGifhjcif; ("r®K'¨pö) jzpfívnf; qkwf,kwf
ysufpD;oGm;wwfonf/

]]xdkrSwpfyg;vnf; þuJhodkU 0dyóemudk tm;xkwf&mwGif w&m;t&mü rvdrfrmaom Munfñdkaom

ewfwdkUonf ulyHhí tm½Hkudk xifjrifatmif jywwf\/ tedpöxifatmif ysuf½kyfawG zefqif;í
jywwf\/ 'ku©xifatmif olem½kyf? tao½kyf? t½dk;pkawG zefqif;í jywwf\/ orxudk
tm;xkwf&mrSmvnf; orx tm½Hkedrdwfudk zefqif;í jywwf\/ rdrdjrifvdk&m trsdK;rsdK;aom
tm½HkwdkUudkvnf; jywwf\/

]]xdkodkUjyí xifjrif&aomtcg rdrdpdwfÓPf &ifhoefí xifjrifjcif; r[kwf/ pdwfÓPf r&ifhoef

rMunfvifbJ olwpfyg; ya,m*aMumifh xifjrif&jcif; jzpfí aMumuf&GHU xdwfvefUvsuf
ESvHk;aoG;ysufí oGm;wwfonf/ pdwfÓPf &ifhoefí tcsdefusí xifjrifrI r[kwfjcif;aMumifh
rsufvSnfhonf zefqif;íjyaom &T? aiG? xrif;? a&wdkUuJhodkU xdkewfjyaom tm½HkwdkUonf &SnfjrifhpGm
&í wnfí raeukef/ rsufvSnfh xrif; a&udk pm;aomuf&aomoltm; 0jcif;? qmavmifuif;jcif;
rjzpfbdouJhodkU xdkewfjyaom tm½HkedrdwfwdkUudk jrifíxifí aejim;aomfvnf; eD0&Puif;jcif;?
psmef? r*f w&m;xl;&jcif; rjzpfukef/ udpörNyD;ukef/

]]xdk ewfjyaom tm½Hkudk rpGefYy,f? tm;&0rf;om ESpfoufvsuf Munfh½IíaevQif xdkewfwdkUuvnf;

]igwdkUtm½Hkudk ESpfoufonf} [k Munfñdkcspfcifí tm½Hkudk wdk;í wdk;í xifjrifatmif jy\/ rdrdwdkU
wwfpGrf;EdkiforQ wefcdk;udkvnf; ewftmEkabmfjzifh ay;\/ xnfh\/ ewfwdkU wefcdk;ay;zef?
xnfhzefrsm;vQif xdkyk*¾dKvfonf ]rsufpdjrif? em;Mum;} arSmfaygufí oGm;wwf\/ psmefvrf;?
r*fvrf;odkU ra&mufNyD/ eD0&P udavomwdkU ruif;uGmNyD? þuJhodkU aygufaom arSmfudk
]orm"darSmf} [lí ac:\/}}

]]þum;-psmefvrf;? r*fvrf;wdkUü zDvmuefUvefU awGU&aom acsmufurf;yg; vrf;rSm;wdkUwnf;/

þuJhodkU ]þum; psmefvrf;? r*fvrf;r[kwf? vrf;auGUvrf;rSm; acsmufurf;yg;wdkUwnf;? þum;
t&d,mwdkU oGm;&m psmefvrf;? r*fvrf; vrf;ajzmifh vrf;rSefwnf;} [k qHk;jzwfí xdkvrf; rwfwwfü
awGUaom txl;taxG taESmifh t,SufwdkUudk ÓPfynmjzifh vTrf;rdk; y,fazsmufí? 0dyóemwifí
vrf;rSefudk odEdkif-vdkufEdkifaom ÓPfudk ]r*¾gr*¾ÓP 'óe 0dok'¨} ac:ygonf/}} (r*¾= vrf;rSef?
tr*¾= vrf;rSm;udk? ÓP'óe= odjrifaom ÓPf\? 0dok'¨= pifMu,fjcif;/)}} »

þae&mü q&mawmf\ tawGUtBuHKrSm &Sif;vif; jywfom;ay\/ ewfwdkY jyaom tm½HkESifh tedpö?

'ku© xifjrifrIonf rsufvSnfhxrif; pm;&ouJhodkU wu,fr0yHk? xdktm½Hkudk vufcHrdvQif qufí
tMum;tjrif wefcdk;rsm; ay;wwfyHk? ]w&m;aygufNyD} [k xif&aomfvnf; udavom
ravsmhonfhtjyif taESmifht,Sufyif jzpfyHkwdkUrSm vGefpGm av;eufvSukef\/
odkU&mwGif xdktm½Hkrsm;udk zefwD;olESifh pyfí ]w&m;rodbJ tMunfñdkvGefaomewf} [k
,lqonfrSmum; pOf;pm;p&m jzpf\/ (a'0wm oH,kwfpaom usrf;*efwdkUüvnf;) ewfwdkUonf
rdrdwdkU pGrf;EdkifonfhbufrS trSefwu,f apmifha&Smuf ulnDonfudkom awGU&\/ rSm;aeaomfom
trSefa&mufatmif ulnDonfudk awGU&\/

psmef r*fzdkvft&m bm0empcef;ü vrf;acsmf vrf;rSm;í acsmufurf;yg;usatmif ulnDolum;

omoemawmftm; o'¨gMunfñdkaom ewfrsm; tvsOf; r[kwfygukef/ ewfrdpäm wefcdk;&Sif wdkUom
jzpfonfudk t<uif;rJh ,HkMunftyfukef\/ zdkxdk;&müyif "mwfvHk;cdk;ol wefcdk;&Sifrsm; &SdwwfMu&m
cdk;,l zsufqD;olonf rdwfaqGr[kwf? &efolomvQif jzpfacsonf/

*latmif;zdkxdk;? rsdK;aphESifh ywf0ef;usif

q&mawmf OD;wdavmuum; oufawmf i,fi,f&G,f&G,fESifh y#duausí y#dywfwGifvnf; tvGef

rSef;ajc&Sdaom yk*¾dKvfxl; jzpfayonf/odkU&mwGif y&d,wåd pmayrmef? t&G,frmefwdkUaMumifh y#dywf
tvkyfESifh pyfí v,fwDq&mawmf uJhodkUaom yk*¾dKvfBuD; xHüyif enf;cHrd[ef rwlacs/ EIwfvGef
EIwfusL;&Sdí q&mawmfuyif vdkufí csD;ajr§muf&[ef &Sd\/ ]aumif;uifysHvdkpdwf} uvnf;
jyif;jy[ef &Sdonf/

i,fi,f&G,f&G,f ÓPfvnf; xufxuf? 0D&d,vnf; xufxufjzifh oufpGefUBudK;yrf;&m

vrf;acsmfrIu rsm;ae[ef wlayonf/ ta&;aumif; ta[maumif;í y&dowfuvnf;
0dkif;tHkvmMu&m vlolrsm;ESifh jzwfEdkiforQ jzwfum ydkí tjywftowf vkyfawmfrl&[ef &Sdonf/
(vkyf&yfrrSefvQif 0D&d, jyif;xefoavmuf 'ku©a&mufwwfaMumif; a&SUü jycJhNyD/)

&Hcg q&mawmfonf tpmrpm;bJ usifh\/ &Hcg aou©sawmif&Sd *ludkyif ydwfí (*latmif;í)

usifhonf[k qdkonf/ ]rZÑdry#dy'g} rusaom vkyfenf;vkyf[efrsm; vkyfrd&ufom; jzpf&onf/

wdbufvmrm r[m,e bkef;BuD;rsm;? tdE´d, qm'l;zuD; bkef;BuD;rsm; *latmif;? ajratmif;tusifh

usifhavh&SdMuonf/ 1837-ckESpf tdE´d,v[dkûrdUü [m&D'wfpfac: zuD; bkef;BuD;wpfyg; ajrü t&uf
40-atmif;jycJhzl;\/

jrefrmEdkifiHüvnf; vGefcJhaom tESpf 20-cefUu OD;rmC ac:aom bkef;BuD;wpfyg; *ltvHkydwfí

usifh&m ysHvGef&zl;NyD/ ]xdkodkUusifhrS w&m;xl;&rnf} [laom tm½Hkvdrfrsm; 0ifa&muf aESmifh,Sufjcif;
cH&[ef wlayonf/ aumif;uifü a&'D,dk toHvdIif;rsm; a&m,SufaeouJhodkU orm"dpcef;wGif
avmuD tcdkuftwefUydkif;ü vdIif;rsm; ½IyfaxG;vSaypGmh/ cGJjcm;,liif&ef cufcJvSaypGmh/
]o&ufrsdK;aph wrmrsdK;aph rsm;onf þajrüpdkufí? þa&udkaomufí? þavudkyif ½ª½dIufí?
þtvif;a&mifudkyif cH,lí &Sifoef BuD;yGm;cJhMu&aomfvnf; toD; oD;aomtcg o&ufrsdK;aphu
tcsdKomoD;í wrmrsdK;aphonf tcg;oD;\/ rlvtcH tpGJt,l ('d|dADZ) u jcm;em;oGm;ap\/
(þoabmudk {u*Fkwå&? {u"r®ygVd? 'kwd,0*fü a[mawmfrl\/)

rsdK;aphyif rSefaomfvnf; ]]cg;awmufjrpf,Suf? pdkufa&mzufu? o&ufyifrif;? oD;csdKuif;odkU}} [laom

'"d0g[eZmwfvm o&ufyifonf ywf0ef;usif raumif;í tcg;oD; oD;&jyefavonf/ rdrdoEÅmefü
&Sdaom wPSmrme 'd|dtpGJESifh raumif;aom rdwfaqGrsm;onf (þtvkyfudkyif vkyfaeapumrl)
tcsdKudk cg;apEdkifMuukef\/

a&S;,cif tpçrxifaom umvrSpí þ,aeUusatmif tmemyge paom pdwftvkyfrsm;

a'otESHU? vlrsdK;tESHU? bmom0g'tESHU qifwl,dk;rSm; &SdaeMuonfyif/

þtmemygeudkyif xyfwlxyfrQ vkyfonf qdkapOD;? ]ed|} [laom yef;wdkif &nfrSef;csuf rwlMuí

taMumif;w&m; wlapumrl tusdK;&&SdyHk rwlnDEdkifMuay/

]]jAm[®PwdkU\ yef;wdkifum; jA[®mhjynf? &aohwdkU\ yef;wdkifum; tmbó&m? y&dAdkZfwdkU\

yef;wdkifum; okbudPSm? tmZD0uwdkU\ yef;wdkifum; tonDb0? þomoem0ifwdkU\
yef;wdkifum; t&[wåzdkvf}} jzpfaMumif; (rlvyPÖmo? plVoD[em'okwf tzGifhü) vdkif;cGJí
jyxm;onf/

avmuDydkif;ü twefi,f wlnDMuonfudk Munfhí todÓPf rawGa0Mu&m/ todÓPf awGa0apí

tcsdKudkyiftcg; oD;apEdkifaom (a&'D,dkvdIif;uJhodkU rjrif&onfh) q&morm; rdwfaqGrsm;vnf;
rsm;ukef\/

q&mawmf OD;wdavmuonf 1276-ckESpfwpfcdkü oJoJrJrJ zdkxdk;um od'¨dvrf;udkyif acsmfí

eif;aejyefavonf/ jrefrmEdkifiH bkef;awmfBuD;rsm;twGif;ü r[m,e od'¨dajrmuf q&mBuD;wdkU\
tm½Hkvdkif;cGJ zdkqGJaom tavhBuD;um; jA[®p&d,ü ta&;rBuD;vSouJhodkU em;a,mif a&myg
aeMujyefonf/ bk&m;&Sifudk tm;emp&m aumif;vSyg\/
vufñdI;jzifh EdkYwdkufaom &aohBuD;

q&mawmfonf taMumif; wpfpHkwpfckaMumifh &[ef;tjzpfrS &aohy&AdkZf tjzpfodkU ul;ajymif;awmf

rljyef\/ xdktaMumif;udkvnf; 0dobm* (rdef;r) aMumifh ajymif;vJ&jcif; r[kwfrlí teD;uyf
aezl;aom aysmfbG,f q&moufBuD;u ajymqdkcJhzl;\/

xdkpOf rm&\ y&d,m,f uHw&m;wdkU\ qef;Mu,frIudk rodjrifEdkifolrsm;u ½Iwfcs cJhMuonf/

uJh&JUzG,fum; xdkrQomr[kwfao;/ q&mawmfü uav;i,f (rdef;uav;)
&aoh0wfjcif;? uav;&Sdjcif;? 'umru yl;yl;uyfuyf txifa&mufatmif qufqHjcif; oHk;rsdK;udk
aygif;í t"dyÜm,fwpfrsdK; ajymqdkolwdkUvnf; &SdcJhMu\/

wdw wpfa,mufudkvnf; ausmif;ayguf0rS aumuf,l &&Sdjyefonf/ wpfcgu &nfrGef vSyaom

trsdK;orD; wpfOD;onfvnf; q&mawmf w&m;a[m<u&m ûrdU&Gmwdkif;odkU vdkufygí olUvufolUajc
a0,sm0pö ûyonf[k qdkjyef\/ wdw¬dwdkU tuGufqifí pdOörme bk&m;ausmif;awmf
0ifxGufjcif;rsdK;om jzpfay&m\/ rm&fewfonf orD;udk xdk;ay;í r,lyJaeoltm; tenf;qHk;
,kefxifaMumifxif jzpfatmif xdkodkUyif vkyfwwfonf/

ausmif;ayguf0rS aumuf,l&&Sdaom uav;ESifhpyfí q&moufBuD;u-

]]t&Sifbk&m;? 'Duav;udk b,fvdkauR;arG; apmifha&SmufygovJbk&m;}} [k ar;&m-
]]q&mouf? bkef;BuD;rSm vufñdI;yJ &Sdwmaygh? 'geJU 'Dt&G,f a&mufvmcJhwmyJ}} [lí
trdefU&Sdowwf/

(xrif;udk 0g;NyD;vQif vufñdI;ü vdrf;okwfí uav;tm; pdkUaponf [kvnf; qdkMuonf/)

aemuf xdkuav;ronf q&mawmftm; aus;Zl;&Sifjzpfum oGm;&m vdkuf&[ef wl\/

ûrdUtkyfwpfOD;ESifh tdrfaxmifusoGm;onf[k qdkMuonf/ rm&\ y&D,m,fonf ]]r[kwfygbl;}}
ajymaomfvnf; ]]tjrifom;}} [k qdk&avmufatmif tuGufqifwwfayonf/

rnfodkUjzpfap? OD;wdavmu\ aemufydkif;b0 tjctaeonf tarT"mwfwdkU arTcsifwdkif;

tarTcHae&&Smay\/ &[ef;b0rS &aohûy&onfrSmvnf; rmwk*graMumifh jzpf[efr&Sd/

&Hcg a,m*Donf taMumif; wpfpHkwpf&m rcdkifvHkyJvsuf ukuúKpörm&fwyfBuD; zdpD;um udk,fh[mudk,f

tmywfjzifh pGyfpGJvsuf avQmufvJcsuf trsdK;rKsdK;jzifh xdk;csaewwfonf/ &[ef; a,m*DwdkU
owdûyzG,fyif/
vurÇmoGm;olESifh edAÁmefoGm;ol

þae&mü vurÇmoGm;ol tmumo ol&Jaumif;wdkUtaMumif;udk tenf;i,f azmfjyyg&ap/

vurÇmonf vlUjynfESifh tvGefjcm;em;\/ oGm;&m c&D;wpfavQmufvnf; taESmifht,Suf

rsm;vSonf/ urÇmajrrS tay:odkU wufoGm;Mu&aomtcg &moDOwk paom tajctaeonf
urÇmajrü awGU&onfESifh ajymif;jyef jzpfae\/ txuf ckepfrdkif txdom urÇmajrESifh
tyltat;EIef; wpforwfwnf; &Sdí rdkif 50- txufwGif zm&if[dkuf 117-'D*&Dxd &SdoGm;\/
jrifhav ylavjzpfonf/ rdkif 250-cefUwGif 418-'D*&Dxd ylEdkif\/ 12-rdkifu vGefvQif
aumif;uifjyifvnf; wjznf;jznf; arSmiftwdusoGm;\/ jymvJhaomta&mif r&SdawmhNyD/
avxk\zdtm;onf urÇmajrESifha0;av avsmhenf;avjzpfum udk,fwGif;&Sd zdtm;ESifh jyifyavxk
zdtm;wdkU rrQwaomaMumifh aoG;aMumavaMumrsm; jywfxGuf oGm;Edkif\/ jrifhav avtm;enf;av
jzpfí ½ª&efav (atmufpD*sif) udk ,laqmif oGm;Mu&\/ ,if;odkU ½ª&efavom ygroGm;cJhvQif
ayav;aomif; tjrifhü vlonf av;rdepfom touf&SifEdkif\/

tmumowGif (toHudk o,faqmif&ef Mum;cHypönf; r&Sdí) toH[lí r&Sd/ ajymír&/ rMum;&/

rdk;wdrf &moDOwkESifh aeY-n umv[lívnf; r&Sd/ urÇmajr\ qGJiiftm; rrDawmhojzifh tav;csdef
[lívnf; r&Sd/ urÇmajrü wpfaygifav;aom ypönf;onf rdkif&Spfaxmif tjrifhü wpf udk;ydkif;
ckepfydkif;atmifprQom av;awmhonf/

xdkUaMumifh tmumoü vrf;avQmuf&mwGif ajcvSrf;rrSef? anmif;nmrIr&Sd? aZmufxdk;rdk;arQmf

jzpfaeaomfvnf; taercuf/ tm;vHk;udk ûcHíqdk&aomf urÇmajrü aeaom vlwdkU\ tjriftodrsm;
tm;vHk; tmumoü ajymif;jyef jzpfukef\/

þodkU tyltat;? tav;taygh? tjriftMum;rsm; tm;vHk; uGmjcm;aeojzifh tmumo

oGm;rnfholrsm;onf ajrjyifü tat;cef;? tylcef;BuD;rsm; twGif; &ufaygif;rsm;pGm 0ifatmif;í
'PfcHEdkif&nf&Sdatmif avhusifh&jcif;? tpm;tpmudkvnf; ZGef;? yef;uefjzifh pm;ír&?
oGm;wdkufaq;bl;uJhodkU ñSpfí tpmudk avhusifhNyD; vaygif;rsm;pGm pm;ae&jcif;? aoG;aMum
jywfrwwf jyif;xefvIyfcgaom 'kef;ysH'Pfudk cHEdkif&nf&Sd&ef oHurÇmvHk; twGif;odkU 0ifí
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a&mufoGm;aomtcg jrif&onfh ywf0ef;usifrSm tvdkvdkNiD;aiGU pdwfysuf p&mBuD; jzpfaeawmhonf/
rdrdudk,fudk ,HkMunf udk;pm;pdwfvnf; avsmhoGm;\/ trSm; wpfckck vkyfrdaomfvnf; jyif&ef
owdr&/ awGa0í? idkifí aewwfonf/ tjrifhay wpfaomif;ig;axmif?
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txifBuD;pdwfrsm; tvdkvdk 0ifvmjyef\/ trSm;rsm;udk vkyfrdaomfvnf; udk,fvkyforQ trSefcsnf;
xifaewwfonf/ pdwfawG *a,mifacsmufcsm; jzpfoGm;wwfonf/ xdktaMumif;udk BudKwif
od&Sdxm;Mu&onf/

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tmumool&Jrsm; urÇmajrqGJtm;rS ½kef;uef xGufcGm&ouJhodkU &Sdayawmhonf/
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aMumufp&mBuD;yifwnf;/
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txifBuD;Ncif;ESifh ukd,fvkyforQ trSefcsnf;bJ xifNcif;? vkyfrSm;onfukdyif Nyif&efowdrxm;EkdifNcif;
ponfNzifh pdwfrsm;*a,mifacsmufNcm; url;&ª;xkd; Nzpfvmwwfavonf/

1. rsufpdrsm;u xl;Ncm;aom thHzG,fo@efrsm;ukd Nrifa,mifí aBumufNcif;? 0rf;omNcif;?

wpfpkHwpfOD; ûyrlaeonfukd Bunfh&Ií aBumif;usKd; uGif;qufrsm;ukd Nrifa,mifaeNcif;?
rdrdtvkd&Sdaom ypönf;? vl? ,kwfpGmh tqkH; taBumif;t&mpmay t"dyÜm,frsm;ukd ewfrsm;vmí
Nyvmay;vSmonf[k xif&avmufatmif tHhBopGm awGUNrif&Ncif;? txl;rBuKd;pm;&bJ
tvG,fwul rsufpdatmuf a&mufvm&Ncif;? Bunfhp&mpmawG tvG,fwul&í
tvkyfysufatmif BunfhrqkH;Ncif;? rsufpdrsm; rl;a0um csmcsmvnfNcif;? xkHxkdif;tkHUrIdif;aeNcif;?
umr tm&kHrsm;ESifhNcnf; awGUBuKHae&Ncif;? Nrif&orQ tay: pdwfwkdpdwfysufaeNcif;/
 2. em;uxl
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t"dyÜg,fNzifh wpfenf;enf;Nzifh Bum;vm&Ncif;? tusKd;vkdvm;í aNymonfukdyif r,kHBunfNcif;?
em;cg;Ncif;/
3. ESmacgif;u teUHxl;rsm;arT;Ncif;? eHNcif;/
4. vQmrS
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a&m*ga&mufvG,f&Ncif;? awmifaNymrnf[k BuHxm;vQuf aNrmufukd aNymrdNcif;? twkduftcH
aNymvkdNcif;? w&m;pum;a[maNymvkdvSNcif;? vkH;0raNymbJvJ aevkdNcif;? EIwfydwfusifhvkdNcif;?
tmap;cwfxm;ouJhokdU vkH;0aNymr&atmif t-aeNcif;?
5. ukd,füa&m*gESifhywfoufí aBumifhBuNcif;? aeUcsif;ncsif; aoavmufatmif
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'Pf&mrsm; &vG,fNcif;? acgif;rl;í rxlvkdNcif;? ESvkH;om; (&if0) usOf;usyf ylavmifwwfNcif;?
ESvkH;om;ukd qkyfukdifcH&ouJhokdU&SdNcif;? xkdokdU NzpfNyD;vQif a'gotm&kHukd awGU&Ncif;?
awGUNyD;vQif xkdtvkH;usoGm;Ncif;? (rD;,yfonf aoG;EkouJhokdU aoG;EkNcif;?
taBumufvGefNcif;/ )
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qkwf,kwfaeaomfvnf; wkd;wufaeonf[k xifNcif;? teD;uyf a&mufvmol\
aumif;qkd;pdwftBuHrsm; rdrdü ta&mif[yfí xyfwlcHpm;&Ncif;? w&m;xl;&vkdpdwf
apmvQifum; b0ifukd rdaeNyD; {u*¾wmusaeonf? edAÁmefukd cHpm;aeonf[k
txifa&mufNcif;? xkdü om,mvQuf 0yfNyD;cH&um rwkd;wufbJaeNcif;? pdwfqkd;vG,fNcif;?
rmeBuD;Ncif;? ae&onfrSm t&omr&Sd ][m} aeNcif;? touf&Sd&kHNzpfaeNcif;? w&m;t&omr&Sd?
aygh[m[mNzpfaeNcif;? pD;yGm;tmPmwefckd; ponf NrLqG,fonfhaemufokdU vkdufygvG,fNcif;?
Nr§LqG,frIuvnf; rsm;Ncif;? t"dyÜm,fr&Sd pEkd;paemifh pvkHpckNzpfNcif;? aemifwNzpfNcif;
(aq;rdouJhokdU) awGa0aeNcif;? rIdif;rdaeNcif;? owdarhNcif;/
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trsKd;rsKd;wkduf0ifvmBu&m a,m*Donf ]tb,ft&monf taumif;? tb,ft&monftqkd;}
[kcGJNcm;odNrifwwf&ef? odNrifaomtcg ûyNyifaNymif;vJ oGm;wwf&ef cJ,Of;aewwfBu\/

rBuKduftm&kHukd wpfenf;enf;NzifhcGmí&apumrl BuKduftm&kHNzpfcJhaomf wkd;wufonf[kyifxifum

xkdtm&kHukdyif usK;Hí vkyfauR;ae&wwf\/ auseyfaewwf\/ Nrif;pD;vQuf txD;rSef;trrSef;
rodonfrSm tqkd;qkH;Nzpfonf/
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0dyv’mo ruif;aom ykxkZOfwdkUtwGuf vdkif;cGJ,l&ef cufvSygayonf/

avmuü xHkaq;? arhaq;? wdkUaq;? cwfaq;? yD,aq;? pdwfñdIU? tdyfarGUcs? tmap;cwf paom
twwfynmrsm; &SdouJhodkU rm&fewfwGifvnf; wynfhrsdK;pHk? twwfrsdK;pHk &Sday\/

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axmif;axmif;aMurGatmif ½dkufykwfjcif; cHae&\/

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tvGefodcuf odrfarGUpGm tol&mewfBuD; udk,fhpdwfESifhudk,f tcsKyfcHae&onfxuf odcuf
odrfarGUvS\[k (oVm,we- ,0uvmyd okwfü) a[mawmfrlonf/

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ae&mñTefNyay;avonf/

v,fwDq&mawmfh Mo0g'

xdkUaemuf q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;u atmufygtwdkif; Mo0g' ay;awmfrlonf/

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qwfqGrf;? vl;qGrf;rsm;udkom &ojzifh ]toufraovQif awmfNyD} [k ESvHk;ydkufí w&m;udkom
zdítm;xkwf\/ rMumrD qwfqGrf;ESifh csOfaygif [if;wdkUaMumifh 0rf;ysufvmojzifh qGrf;cHvnf;
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10 ESpf t"d|mef (ra[mrajym)

xdktcg v,fwDq&mawmfbk&m;BuD;u-
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1/ 'um 'umrwdkU yifhqGrf;udk vdkufrpm;&?

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4/ pum;rajym? w&m;ra[myJ q,fESpf tm;xkwf&rnf?
5/ q,fESpfjynfhrS rdrdXmeüom w&m;a[m&rnf/
6/ touf 60-jynfhrSom e,fvSnfhNyD; w&m;a[m&rnf/

v,fwDq&mawmfonf OD;ÓaPmbmo (aemif 'kwd,v,fwDq&mawmf) tm; tazmf tjzpfxnfhí

ajreJawm&odkU ydkYvdkuf\/ rHk&GmûrdUrS 6-rdkiftuGm atmifom&GmESifh ajreJ&Gm Mum;&Sd ausmif;a[mif;BuD;
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ajcmufonfqdkum aeYtcgyif r0if0HhMu/ ausmif;xdkifvmaom bkef;BuD;rsm; xGufajy;&\/
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v,fwDq&mawmf apvTwfaom bkef;BuD;wpfyg;&í ywf0ef;usif &Gmom;wdkU 0rf;omMu\/

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[k yHkESdyfNyD; &SdavNyD/

10-ESpfumvtwGif; &yfa0; &yfeD;rS &[ef;&Sifvlrsm;u enf;cH w&m;usifhvdkaMumif;

uyÜd,rSwpfqifh pmjzifh avQmufxm;Mu&m ]t"d|mef rjynfhao;í cGifhrûyEdkif} [k pmjzifh
ajzMum;awmfrlonf/ t"d|mefjzifh rnfrQyif ydwfxm;aomfvnf; t"d|mef jynfhcgeD;wGif zdk;0ef;awmif?
vufyawmif;awmif? ausmufumawmif? aMu;rHk a&Tjrifwifawmif paom ae&mrsm;ESifh rHk&Gm
v,fwDq&mawmfbk&m; xHwdkUü ra&S;raESmif; wpfûydifwnf; ESpfae&m oHk;ae&m awGUae&onf
[laom owif;rsm;u rMumcP xGufay:vm\/ uyÜd,rsm;rSmvnf; rMumcP
bkef;BuD;aysmufaeMuonf/ &Hcg wpfausmif;vHk; vif;aeonfudk vnf;aumif;? ewfjA[®mrsm;
bDvl;rsm;udkyif w&m;a[maeonfudk vnf;aumif; awGUMu&avonf/ uyÜd,rsm;rSm
tvGef0rf;ajrmuf Muum owif;rsm;vnf; wpfaeYwjcm; ausmfMum;vmayonf/

1283-ck? 0gqdkvwGif 10-ESpf t"d|mef ur®|mef;vnf; jynfh? vdktyfaom w&m;xl;vnf;

aygufa&mufNyD jzpfojzifh xdkESpf oDwif;uRwfwGif aus;Zl;&Sif v,fwDq&mawmftm; uefawmhum
awGUjrifaom w&m;rsm;udk avQmufonf/ v,fwD q&mawmfu om"koHk;Budrf ac:awmfrl\/
v,fwD'DyeDusrf;rsm; vªí w&m;a[mcGifh ûyvdkufonf/

uyÜd,rsm;ESifhwuG y&dowf av;ig;q,f &Sdvm&m opfyifatmufwGif xef;&Gufrdk; r@yfü aeYpOf

w&m;ay;awmfrl\/ wpfpwpfpjzifh Z&yfwefaqmif;rsm; ay:aygufí vmawmhonf/ xdktcsdefwGif
]0dyóemyDwd tpm;pm; usifhpOfw&m;BuD;} ]y#dpöorkyÜg'f usifhpOfBuD;} ]edó, rkpöuusifhpOfusrf;}
rsm; a&;om; yHkESdyfavonf/ 1285-rS 1291-ckESpftwGif; bk&m;a[mif; udk;qludkvnf;
edpöA'fwpfqkyfqefjzifh xyfrHwnfxm; cJhavonf/

1285-ckESpfwGif wynfha,m*Drsm; rsm;jym;vmojzifh wdkuftkyf OD;okr*Fv? wdkufMuyf OD;tmob?

trsdK;orD;BuD;rª; a':pE´mBuD;wdkUudk cefYtyfí ]0dok'¨d usifhpOfusrf;BuD;} udkvnf; ½dkufESdyfum
aeUa&mnyg tvkyfw&m;rsm; jyoonf/ t&m&mwGif 0denf;awmf ESifhtnD qHk;rav\/ npOf
0wfwufum pwk&m&u© ur®|mef;udk yGm;Mu&onf/ xdkYaemuf ½kyftedpöudk pBuøESifhwGJí <uvQif
aemufu vdkufMu&onf/ emrftedpö (0dnmP "mwfajcmufyg;) ajcmuf&ufjyonf/ (pma&;ol 8-
ESpfom; t&G,fu q&mawmfBuD; pBuø<u&if; w&m;jyonfudk zl;awGU&zl;\/)

v,fwDq&mawmf ysHvGefawmfrlí

xdkESpf0gqdkvqef; &Spf&ufaeUwGif aus;Zl;&Sif v,fwdq&mawmfbk&m;BuD; rrmrusef; &Sdawmfrlí

rdk;ñSif;q&mawmf <uvm&ef aMu;eef;pm &ojzifh ysOf;rem;olaX; OD;vef;wdkuf (v,fwDpHausmif;)
odkU <u&onf/ aus;Zl;&SifBuD;\ ajcawmftpHkudk OD;acgif;jzifh yGwfwdkufum 0wfûypOf..

]]tif;.. rdk;ñSif;udk,fawmfvm;? at;uG,fh-0dyóem omoemBuD; BudK;pm;ûyuG,fh? igr&Sdayr,fh

ighpmawG &Sdaew,f? ighudk,fpm; tm;xm;&pf}} [k rdefYrSmawmfrlonf/ wynfhrsm;u y|mef;usrf;udk
q&mawmftm; &Gwfay;Mu\/ rdk;ñSif;q&mawmfurl tewå 'DyeDudk &Gwfzwfí emaponf?
aus;Zl;qyfavonf/

v,fwDq&mawmfbk&m;BuD;u.....
]]at;-aumif;vdkufwmuG,f? tewåa'oem em&awmh tbbk&m; tewåvu©Pokwf a[myHkudk
jrifNyD; Munfñdkvdkufwm/ bk&m;<uvmovdkyJuG,fh? cspfom; vlYjynfrSm tbd"r®mw&m; a[mNyD;NyD/
ewfjynfrSm wpfvSnfh a[mcsdefusNyDvdkU ighem;xJrSm bk&m;&Sif acgif;&if;u <uNyD; rdefYawmfrloHvdk
Mum;ae&w,f}} [k trdefY&Sdavonf/ xdkESpf 0gqdkvjynfhaeY ESpfem&D rdepf 30-wGif
v,fwDq&mawmfbk&m;BuD; pkwd ur®Z½kyf csKyfawmfrlí wynfhBuD;rsm;tm; cGifhyefNyD; rdk;ñSif;wdkufodkU
jyefcJhonf/

v,fwDq&mawmfbk&m;BuD; ysHvGefawmfrlonfhaemuf "r®oHa0* jzpfawmfrlojzifh 0dyóemw&m;udk

txl;BudK;pm; a[majym&ef qHk;jzwfawmfrl\/ touf-60 rjynfhrD rdk;ñSif;awm& twGif;rSmyif
w&m;yGJrsm; ûyvkyf&\/ rMumrD tvsm;-150 teH 62-ay&Sd ]y|mef; t"dywd} "r®m½HkBuD;udk 1301-
ckESpfwGif armfvûrdifuRef;ûrdU OD;rQif-a':pdef? av;rsufESmûrdU OD;ppfMuLwdkUu aqmufvªMu\?
toDwdom0uESifh udk;wdkif;udk;Xme omoemûy½kyfvHk; ponfwdkUjzifh tqef;wMu,f ½IzG,f aumif;vS
onf/

txl;ojzifh "r®m½HkBuD; trdk;rsufESmMuufwGif vif;EdkYom; 500-wdkU tbd"r®mw&m; emaeMuyHkudk

xkvkyfxm;onf/ xkvkyfpOf rdk;ñSif;q&mawmfBuD;u yef;csDq&mtm;-

]]vif;EdkYyHk wlatmif a&;wwf&JUvm;uG,fh? ra&;wwf&if pm&GufeJU cJwH,lcJh? igwdkU a&;jyr,f}} [k

trdefY&SdaepOf vif;EdkYwpfaumifonf ½kwfw&uf q&mawmfESifh yef;csDq&ma&SUwGif usvm\/
]]at;uG,fh? vif;EdkUtay: pm&GufeJU tkyfNyD; cJwHeJUjcpfxm;uG,fh}} [k rdefUawmfrl\/ NyD;vQif
vif;EdkUvnf; OD;oHk;BudrfñGwfí ysHwufoGm;avonf/

w&m;a[mxGufjyD
1294-ckESpfwGif touf 60-jynfUjyD jzpfí xdkESpf wefcl;vwGif yxrqHk; arjrdKUodkU ig;&ufMum
w&m;a[mMuGonf/ 1295-ckESpfaygif;vqkwf 14-&ufaeUwGif rD;&xm;wGJjzLMuD;jzifU armfvjrdKifodkU
w&m;a[m<uonf/ w&m;a[m<urnf&SdpOf &xm;wufcgeD; v,fwDausmif;wdkufMuD;qDodkU
OD;csuefawmUjyD;rS wufawmfrlonf/

xdkw&m;yGJMuD;rsm;twGuf udpöt00 pDpOfolrSm ae&if; OD;aum0d' q&mawmfuav;yifjzpfonf/

armfvjrdKifü 18-&ufMumí rdkif'guGif;wGifa[m&m y&dwfowfESpfaomif; ausmfavonf/ þrQ
y&dwfowf rsm;onfrSm a&S;u r&Sdpzl;ay/ jrefrmjynfwGif toHcsJUpufudk yxrqHk;
toHk;jyKawmfrl&avonf/ oDv? bm0emrsm;udk MudK;pm;vdkufemusifUoHk;&ef vufrSwfxdk;0efcHol
(*wd0dok'¨d toif;0if) 5000? &aoUr 500-wdkUomoemjyKpm&if; a&;oGif;Mu\/ <uav&mwGif
ysm;yef;cwfrQ tHhrcef; MudKqdkylaZmfMuavonf/ (aemiftcg) ykvdyfrif;MuD;u vSLaom
wpfcgazmufvQif tcsufwpf&mxGuf tajrmufMuD;udk ypfazmufMudKqdkMu&onf/

1296-ckESpf uqkefvjynfUausmf ESpf&ufaeUrSpí &efukefjrdKU jrdKUrausmif;0if;wGif toHcsJUpufjzifU

a[m&m y&dwfowfrsm; 0uf0ufuGJ pnfum;\/ jrefrmjynfwGif þpuf wpfvHk;om &Sdao;onf/
q&mawmfonf “Mum;Mu&Jhvm; [&dkU&JU” [k ar;umar;um y&rwf w&m;rsm;udk a[mawmfrl\/
15-&uf 0dyóem tvkyfay;w&m;rsm;jzpf\/ ol&d,ESifU jrefrmUtvif; owif;pmMuD;rsm;uvnf;
w&m;ESifU owif;"gwfyHkrsm;yg azmfjytm;ay;MuojzifU wpfEdkifiHvHk; odrfUodrfUwkefum
owif;pmrsm;vnf; apmifa&ig;axmifausmfpD wdk;í xkwfMu&aom[l\/ xl;qef;onfrSm
w&m;yGJ&uf tcsdefrsm;ü rdk;wGif;jzpfvsuf rdk;r&GmcJUacs/

rdk;nSif;q&mawmf &efukefa&mufcdkuf 37-ESpf uGJuGmaeaom i,fq&m(oHk;cG? at;&Gm q&mawmf

OD;tmp&)xH vSL&ef ypönf;rsm;ESifU oGm;a&mufuefawmU&m q&mawmfMuD;rSm uefawmUcef;
qkay;udkyif jyD;atmif ray;EkdifbJ 0rf;enf;0rf;om idka<u;&Smavonf/ rdk;nSif;q&mawmfavsmif;vsm
uRJausmif;om;b0 uRJcwfí uRJcsdKESifU vHkcsnfjidjyD;aepOf OD;tmp& jrifí u,fwifcJU&\/ aemuf
ausmifom;b0 yk*Hawmif&Gm qGrf;pm;oGm;&mrStjyef acsmif;ul;&if; a&epfaornftjyK wpfMudrf
u,frcJU\/ aoab;rS ESpfMudrf u,frcJUaom aus;Zl;&Sifjzpfonf/

y&dwfowfrsm;vnf; idka<u;Mu\ ? twif;tMuyf w&m;a[m&rnfqdkí &efukef tpDtpOfzsufum

oHk;&uf/ (1297? wefaqmifrkef;vqef; 13-14-15-oHk;&uf) a[m&ao;onf/ w&m;yGJwGif
vnf;aumif;? jyef<uaomtcgwGif vnf;aumif;? 0dkif;tHk idka<u;Mujyefonf/ q&mawmfrSm
ocFg&w&m;wdkU\ vSnfUpm;rIudk oHa0*,lawmfrlonf- “aMomf. . . .'ku©. . . 'ku©?
ynm&Sdolawmfaumif;rsm; avmuMuD;udk 'gaMumifU &GHrkef;MuwmyJ” /

xdktcgrSpí &efukefjrdKUodkU ESpfpOf<uawmfrl\/ w&m;yGJwdkif; MuufoD;xavmufatmif y&dowfrsm;

rsm;jym;\/ w&m;tm;xkwf&ef 0efcHí 0dok'¨dtoif;0ifol wpfaomif;rS ig;aomif;txd ay:
xGufvmavonf/ þodkUyif tjrdKUjrdKUwdkif; tvsOf;oifYovdk w&m;yGJrsm; csD;jrSifYawmfrlavonf/
r*Fvm*wd0dok'¨d toif;rsm;udkvnf; zGJUpnf;ay;awmfrlcJU\/

rm&fewf\ udk,fpm;vS,frsm;

txl;ojzifh &efukefwGif 0w¦K? r*¾Zif;rsm;udk wPSm&m* tm;ay;ojzifh rzwfMu&ef a[majymí

rD;&dIUcdkif;rdojzifU pma&;q&mwdkUavmuwGif tMuD;tus,f *,uf&dkufcwfum uavmifjzifU
wkefUjyefqefUusifMu\/ 0w¦Krsm;wGif a,m*d&aoUrrsm;udk rzG,fr&m ZmwfaqmifxnfUoGif;
a&;om;vmMuonf/ armfvjrdKifwGif oMuFefwGif; w&m;yGJrsm;ü a&ryuf&ef arwÅm&yfcHí
owif;pmu umwGef;jzifh “a&yufw&m; ra[mygeJY” [k oa&mf&m. . .

“at; ... ..wdkUu olwdkUrMudKufwm ajymrdwmudk;uG,fU? cH&rSmaygU/ avmu"Hqdkwm 'DvdkyJ” [k

rdefUawmfrlonf/

rdk;nSif; q&mawmf emrnfMuD;vmonfESifUtrQ tjrdKUjrdKU te,fe,fwGif "r®mbdor,

w&m;xl;&olrsm; &SdouJUodkU i&JMuD; olrsm;vnf; renf;vSacs/ txl;ojzifU &aoU0wfay;rIudk
&r,f&Smí tjypfqdkMuonf/ OD;ynm0Ho q&mawmfu “omoewHcGef” “omoerv0daom"eD”
usrf;rsm;jzifU EdSyfESdyfzJYzJU a&;om;&Iwfcsonf/ “rodem;rvnfolrsm;udk aoG;aqmifí i&Jac: onf/
omoem twka,mifawG ajrjrdKvdrfUrnf” ponfwdkUjzpf\/ a&;OD;0gqdk q&mawmfuvnf;
“£ody[m,u0dedpä,” (2-tkyf) a&;íuefUuGufonf/ rdk;nSif;q&mawmftm; 0denf;uHjyKí
xkwfy,f&ef vIHUaqmfvmMuonf/ wpfEdkifiHvHk;&Sd q&mawmfrsm;xH vIHUaqmfpmrsm; a0jzefUMu\?
rdk;nSif;q&mawmfu oHCmrsm;tm; vSLonfudkyif rpm;oHk;vdkMuawmUay/
1298-ckESpf 0gqdkvwGif &aoU0wfjyoemudk yckuúLjrdKU pmwwftausmf q&mawmf OD;ycef;ESifU
awGUqHk avQmufxm;aqG;aEG;í ajz&Sif;vdkuf&m rdk;nSif;q&mawmf\ trSefw&m;udk
owif;pmMuD;rsm;u tjynfUtpHk a&;om;xkwfazmfMu\/ “a&pMudK&Sif;wrf;” pmtkyf
&Spfaomif;udkvnf; xkwfa0vkdufonf/ xdktcgrS rD;udk a&ESifUyufouJUodkU
jidrf;oGm;MuavawmUonf/

rm&fewfonf w&m;&Sif olawmfaumif;wdkUtm; todOmPfr&SdolwdkUü yl;0ifí 'ku©ay;ap\/ aovQif

xdkolwdkUi&Jusukef\/ ,if;odkU zsufqD;ír&vQif tvSLtwef; bkef; vmbfoyfyum rsm;jym;atmif
yl;0ifapcdkif;\/ xdkolwdkU aovQif ewf&Gmvm;ukef\/ rm&fewfonf rodrvdrfrmolwdkUudk
ckwHk;vkyfí aESmifU,SufonfrSm “rlvyPÖmo? rm&wZÆed,okwf” jzifU xif&Sm;avonf/

“vmbfvmb bkef;ESifYypfonfudk? vmbfwdkufonfudk tedpöw&m;jzifU ckcH&rnf/ trsdK;rsdK;aom

zsm;emiwfrGwf ab; 'ku©ay;onfudk? uyfwdkufonfudk arwÅmjzifU umuG,f&rnf” [k
Ak'¨\wynfUwdkU od&SdjyD;jzpf\/

1296-ckESpf? yJcl;jrdKU w&m;yGJ usif;ypOfu jyóemwpfck MuHK&jyef\/ jyóemum;

w&m;a[mrnfUnwGif tjcm;q&mawmfMuD;wpfyg;ESifU w&m;yGJ&ufwkdufaejcif;yif jzpfonf/
rdk;nSif;Oya'wGif “wpfjrKdUxJ w&m;ESpfyGJqHkí ra[m&? a[mvQif 'Pfxrf;&rnf” [laom
Oya'wpfck&Sd\/ xdk Oya'udk axmufjyum q&mawmf bk&m;MuD;u w&m;ra[m[k trdefU&dS&m
OD;pdef0if;paom a&Tarmfa"ma*gyuvlMuD;rsm; pDpOfjyD; jzpfí tcuftcJawGUukefMuonf/ jrdKUay:&Sd
q&mawmfrsm;udkyg yifUí awmif;yefMuonf/ xdktcg jydKysufaeaom a&Tarmfa"mapwDudk
jyKjyifMu&efuwdcHapí þodkU tusdK;wpfck&SdvQifyif q&mawmf 'Pfxrf;í a[mrnf[k
rdefUawmfrlum a& 'Pfxrf;í w&m;a[mawmfrlonf/ olawmfaumif;wdkUrnfonf uwdwnfí
tusdK;&SdrnfUudpöudk aqmif&GufMujrJaywum;/
pufwdkif wufjcif;
q&mawmfonf yg&rD&ifholwdkYtwGuf 0dyóemw&m;udkom a[monfr[kwf? wpfwdkif;jynfvHk;
jidrf;csrf;om,map&ef vlUtajccH r*Fvmw&m;awmfrsm;udkvnf; a[mMum;awmfrlcJU\/ axmifom;
700-1000 &Sdaom tjrdKUjrdKUaxmifrsm;wGifvnf; tcGifU,lí axmifom;rsm;tm;
w&m;a[mavU&Sdonf/ tif;pdefaxmifwGif pufwdkifae&modkU<uí –

“at;-rif;wdkUpufwdkifu wdkUudk rudkifygvm;uG,fU/ at;-wu,faMumufp&mu pufwdkifr[kwfbl;?

pufwdkifa&mufapwwfwJU tukodkvfuG,fU” tp&SdojzifU rdefUawmfrl\/ axmifom;rsm;tm;
ig;yg;oDv tusdK;typfrsm;udk xif&Sm;atmif a[majymí ig;yg;oDvuwdudk cH,laponf/
Ak'¨gEkówdESifU arwÅmyGm;rsm;enf;udkvnf;a[mawmfrlum ykwD;wpfukH;pD pGefUawmfrl\/
vlwdkUum; pMumrif;arQmfaecdkuf jzpfí owif;pmrsm;uvnf; rdk;nSif;q&mawmf c&D;pOfowif;rsm;udk
rdk;nSif;pMum[k wifpm; a&;om;vsufvnf; &SdojzifU “t*Fvdyf tpdk;&u pMumrif;ray:atmif
rdk;nSif;q&mawmfudk axmifxJyifUí ,Mwmacscdkif;w,f” ponfjzifU a0zefMuukefao;\/

arwÅmaygufa&muf &efppfaysmuf

rdk;nSif;q&mawmfbk&m;MuD;\ txl;jcm;qHk;rSm arwÅm0g'yif jzpfonf/ q&mawmfonf &efukefjrdKU

&yfuGufrsm;odkU qGrf;cH<uawmfrlavU&dSonf/ taMumif;rSmum; rsufjrif 'dX arwÅmyGm;vdkaom
aMumifU jzpfayonf/ wpfurÇmvHk;&Sd owÅ0grsm;tm; OmPfuGef&ufjzifU vTrf;jcHKí t[kwfwu,f
csrf;omapvdkaompdwfxm;jzifU “usef;rmMuygap? csrf;omMuygap” [k aeYpOf arwÅmyGm;&ef
qHk;rawmfrlavU&Sd\/

1301-ckESpf ewfawmfvqef;oHk;&ufaeYwGif yDuif;jrdKUrS “w&kwfjynfvHk;qdkif&m

Ak'¨bmomOuú|jzpfol q&mawmOD;xdkifql;” u vufaqmifyPÖmrsm;jzifU pma&;avQmufxm;onf/
omoemjyK&mü tppatmifjrif&efESifY w&kwfjynfü usa&mufaom ab; 'ku©rsm;uif;a0;í
csrf;omMuap&ef w&m;aumif;rsm;csD;jrSifUzdkU avQmufxm;vmonf/

“rdrdoGm;vdkaom|me? jyKvdkaomudpörsm;udk roGm;vm? rjyKvkyfrDu arwÅmyGm;&rnf” [k

pmjyefawmfrlonf/ arwÅm"gwf tjynfUt0ay;zdkU vdktyfvQif udk,fvHk;ay:"gwfyHk ydkUvdkuf&efvnf;
rSmMum;\/ (trdGKifausmif; q&mawmfOD;xdkifql;onf 1928-ckESpfu t*Fvef?jyifopfwdkUü
omoemjyKaMumif; arC0wD OD;em&'\ Ak'¨ordkif;wGif yg&Sd\/)

xdkESpf wefaqmifrkef;v 15-&ufaeUwGifvnf; &efukefjrdKU [dE´L “*&ufwded'dqbm” twGif;a&;rSl;

y&rmeE´-u (Ak'¨0g'ESifU [dE´L0g' wloa,mifa,mif aemufaMumif;vSef &mZ0ifjyí)
[dE´Lbmom0if Ak'¨bmom0if wdkU pnf;vHk;nDnGwf &ef Mo0g'w&m;awmif;cHaom tcgwGifvnf;
udk,fa&m EIwfa&m pdwfyg tpD;tyGm;vdkvm;vsuf wpfaeU 10-Mudrf? 15-Mudrf arwÅmyGm;&ef pmjzifU
jyefMum;onf/ “a&;&dk;a&;pOf a&;onf” [k xifaumif;xifp&m jzpf\? þodkU r[kwfacs/
tusdK;tmedoifudk wu,fjrifaomaMumifU jzpf\/ (y&rmeE´\ avQmufxm;csuf
rdk;nSif;ax&my'gefü tjynfUtpHkyg\/)
ydkí xif&Sm;onfrSm wpfcsdefu tDwvDESifU tAufqD;eD;,m; (,ck tDoD,dkyD;,m; ) ESpfjynfaxmif
ppfjzpfae\/ wpfckaomnOD;,mrfwGif ajryHkMuD; wpfcsyfudk a&SYrSm jzefUcif;í ae&if; OD;aum0d'tm;-

“a[m'DrSm MunfUprf; zdk;aum&? tDwvDeJU tAufqD;eD;,m; ppfjzpfaeMuvdkU owÅ0gawG

aoaMuysufpD;vdkufMuwm oem;p&myJ/ tJ'Dab;uvGwfatmif arwÅmydkU&r,fuG,fU? xdkppfab;MuD;
wpfenf;enf;eJU at;w,fqdk&ifyJ udk,fU&JY arwÅm atmifjyDvdkU rSwf&r,f” [k trdefU&Sdum
aeUa&mnyg arwÅmyGm;awmfrl\/ ig;&uft&wGif ppfajyjidrf;aMumif; aMu;eef;owif;ygavonf/

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todOmPf o'¨gw&m;omvdk&if; jzpf\/ bk&m;&Sif\ emVm*D&d qifMurf;MuD;udk arwÅmydkUyHk?
acwfynmwwf rdpäm'd|d a&mZrv’ rif;om;tm; arwÅm jzifU nIdUyHkESifU t*FkwÅ& arwÅmedoHookwf?
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cufxefMurf;MuKwfaom ppfyGJMuD;rsm;rqdk ,Hk,HkMunfMunf vdkvdkvm;vm; pl;pl;pdkufpdkuf yGm;vQif
rdrdtpGrf;udkyif r,HkMunfEdkifavmufatmif tmedoif xufjruf vSonfudk oE´d|du
awGU&ayvdrfUrnf/ MudK;pm;Muygav olawmfaumif;awGwdkU/

rdk;nSif;q&mawmfonf þodkUaom arwÅmESifU ppfrSefaomw&m;*kPfwdkUaMumifU jrefrmjynft&yf&yf

w&m;yGJMuD;rsm; jcdrfUjcdrfUoJ usif;yEdkifcJY\/ a&mufav&m jrdKUwdkif; wefcdk;MuD;bk&m;rsm;?
oHCmawmfMuD;rsm;tm; zl;ajrSmfjcif;? &[ef; oHCmwdkUtm; ouFef; ponf vSL'gef;jcif;
jyKawmfrlavU&Sd\/ 37 {u&Sd rdk;nSif;awm&ü wHwdkif;rD;wm;ESifY wuG orÁKa'¨apwD paom
ausmif;uefbk&m;rsm; jynfUnyfvsuf A[d'¨&kyf0w¦K omomemvnf; pnfyifapcJYonf/

urÇmppfBuD;twGif; AHk;rSefjcif;

1302-ck (1941-Zefe0g&D) ESpfwGif t*¾r[my@dw bGJUwHqdyfawmf tvSLcH&onf/ xdkESpf 'DZifbm

23-&uf (1303-ck jymodkvqef; ckepf&uf t*FgaeY) 'kwd, urÇmppfBuD; 'Pfudk yxrqHk; cH&onf/
rdk;ñSif;awm&wGif ppfcdka,m*Drsm; ESpfaxmifcefY &Sd&m-

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arwåmESifh *syefppfzuf t&m&SdBuD; wpfOD;taMumif; arwåm0g' pmtkyfwGif MunfhygOD;/)
1307-ck? 0gacgifvqkwf 10-&uf? we*FaEGaeY (2-9-45) wGif 'kwd, urÇmppfBuD; NyD;Nidrf;onf/
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t*Fvdyfppfwyfrsm; jyef0ifvmcsdef ppfwyfu rHk&GmûrdUtm; ta0;rSaeí tajrmuf ypfazguf&m

q&mawmfBuD; pBuøavQmufaecdkuf wpf[kefwdk; pGyfírSef\/ rwfwwfu xdkifvsufom;
yHkusoGm;ond/ teD;tem;&Sd t&m0w¬Krsm;tm;vHk; pdpdnufnuf aMurG ukef\/ ]]q&mawmfawmh
ysHawmfrlygNyD}} [laom aomujzifh 0dkif;tkefvmMu&m q&mawmfrSm rnfodkYrQ rjzpfacs/ ]q&mawmf
AHk;NyD;onf} [k ajymqdk 0rf;ajrmuf cJhMu&\/ w&m;onf w&m;apmifholudk apmifhNrJaywum;/
Z&mAsm'd

1309-ckESpf jymodkv (19-12-47) wGif rsufpda&m*gudk aq;½HkBuD;ü a'gufwm csefwdwfESifh

ukocHawmfrl\/ tm;i,faeaom wynfhrsm;udkvnf; ]ûyvQif topf? jzpfvQif ta[mif;} [laom
vufoHk; pum;jzifh ESpfodrfhawmf rlavonf/

aq;½Hkwufcdkuf vGwfvyfa&; aMunmaom aeYxl;BuD; (4-1-1948) ESifh wdkufqdkifojzifh

pmyGJwpfckwGif ½kyfyGm;awmf wpfql yifhaqmifapí eHeuf oHk;em&DrS xum yef;a&csrf; qDrD;rsm;
uyfvSLonf/ Z,r*Fvm *gxmrsm;udk &Gwfzwfí ewfrsm;udk wdkifwnfum ]vGwfvyfa&;BuD;
ESpfaygif; axmifaomif;ru wnfNrJygap} [k EIwfrS&Gwfum qkrGefarwåm yw¬em usL;awmf
rlavonf/ rsufpdwpfzuf aumif;pGm tvif;&awmfrl&m w&m;yGJrsm; ,cifuuJhodkY a[majym
csD;jr§ifhawmfrl\/

1310-ckESpf (17-12-48) wGif tqkwfa&m*gjzpfí aq;½HkwGif ig;vMum tuko cH&jyefonf/

wpfzef 1315-ckESpf (3-6-53) wGifvnf; wpfBudrf tqkwfa&m*g twGuf aq;½Hkwuf&\/
oufawmf 81-ESpf &SdavNyD/ vHkYv 0D&d,um; avQmhawmf rrlao;/

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rD;ES,farGUaom} cE¨udk,fBuD;ü wpfaeUxuf wpfaeY Z&mzdpD; Asm"drD;cç avawmhonf/
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xm;ouG,fh}} [k rdefYawmfrlí a0'emudk ½Iawmfrlonf/

ysHvGefawmfrl&m tHhzG,frsm;

awmfovif;vqkwf &Spf&ufaeY wGifum; wynfhBuD;rsm;ESifh q&m0efBuD;rsm;rSm tem;ü

apmifhMunfh&if; y|mef;a'oemudkom &Gwfzwfay; aeMu&awmhonf/ ]]cE¨m0efBuD; av;vSNyD/
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xl;jcm;vGef;onfrSm aumif;uifxufrS c½koif;? aMu;pnfoHrsm;? a&uif;wD;oHrsm; qlnHaejcif;yif
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rSwfom;& zl;avonf/)

q&mawmf\ ½kyfuvyfudk awmfovif; vjynfhausmf 12-&ufaeY nae 4-em&DwGif r[maAm"d

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&SdNyDjzpfaom aAm"dyifBuD;rSmrl q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;ESifh zGm;zufozG,f aeYcsif;yif t&Gufrsm; a<uusí
ajcmufaoGUoGm; onfudk tm;vHk;yif wtHhwMo awGUjrif Mu&avonf/

rdk;ñSif; q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;onf usrf;BuD; usrf;i,f 36-usrf; tarGxm;awmf rlcJhí owå0gwdkY\

tusdK;udk aqmifawmfrlcJh\/ y#dywftvkyfonf wpfudk,faumif; r[kwf½Hkomru owå0gtrsm;udk
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jyawmfrlcJh avNyDwum;/
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rdk;ñSif;q&mawmf bk&m;BuD;um; olYacwfwGif ûydifzufr&Sd atmifjrif\/ ausmfMum;\/ xdkodkYaom

yk*¾dKvfBuD;rsm;ü atmifjrif ausmfMum;rIESifh twl twdkufcHç taESmifh t,Sufrsm;vnf; wGJí ygvmNrJ
jzpfonf/ uHenf;olwdkY i&JBuD;Muavukef\/

q&mawmf bk&m;BuD;\ wynfhBuD;rsm; pm&if;udk r[maAm"d t½dk;"mwf apwDü pm&if;

a&;xdk;xm;onf/ t*¾r[my@dw q&mawmf OD;£NE´d,onf &efukef rdk;ñSif;wdkufü
q&mawmfbk&m;BuD; udk,fawmfpm; oufawmf 90-ausmftxd y#dywåd omoemûyawmf rloGm;\/

armfvNrdKifNrdKU0 owdyXmef q&mawmf

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1311- ckESpfwGif owdyXmef omoemjyK&ef r[mpnfq&mawmfESifhtwl &efukefBuGvm\/ rMumrD
&efukefüyif a&Trif;0Homoemh&dyfomtrnfjzifh oD;jcm;wnfaxmif omoemjyKonf/

wynfhBuD;rsm;pm&if;wGif ]xdefuefbkef;awmfBuD; OD;y@0] [kvnf; yg&Sd&m xdkyk*¾dKvfum; y#dywdå

omoemordkif;wGif xl;jcm;rSwfom;avmufayonf/ OD;y@0avmif;vsmum; jrif;rlNrdKUajrmufbuf
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omoemjyKoGm;aom q&mawmfjzpf\/

q&mawmfonf i,fpOfu xdefuef&Gm ? rEÅav; r[m0dok'¨g½Hk a&TusifwdkufwkdYü

ynmoifMum;NyD;aemuf rdk;ñSif;q&mawmfBuD;xH wESpfcefY enf;cHtm;xkwfcJhonf/ xdkYaemuf
armfvNrdKifawmif0dkif;BuD; a&Tusifwdkufü oDwif;oHk;um vl0wfaMumif ur®Xmef;q&mxHü
wynfh'um? 'umrrsm;ESifhtwl owdyXmefw&m;udk enf;cHtm;xkwf\/ ur®Xmef;q&mum;
oxHkaZw0efq&mawmfBuD;\ wynfh rJaqmufq&m OD;rif;'if jzpfonf/

pmwwfaywwf ausmif;xdkifq&mawmfBuD;wyg;u rdrdq&menf;ESifhrwlaom *dkPf;wyg;u

w&m;enf;ukd vl0wfaMumifxHü enf;cHtm;xkwfEdkifonfrSm omrn pGefYpm;jcif; ? omrn
o'¨gw&m; r[kwfygacs/ trdefUpmcGsefawmfudk pnfaqmfarmif;cwfum rif;ca,mufsm;u
zwfaomfvnf; xdktrdefYawmfonf bk&ifhtrdefUawmfyifjzpfonf[k cH,lawmfrlavonf/
olawmfaumif;w&m; ? odkYr[kwf olawmfaumif;yk*¾dKvfwdkYü taoG;ta&mifr&Sdacs/ odkYaomf
olawmfaumif;w&m;? olawmfaumif;b0udk abmifcwfum tjrifusOf;ajrmif;aom *Pwl?
b0wltcsdKUu xdktjyKtrludk rESpfNrdKUEdkifMuacs/

odkY&mwGif q&mawmfOD;y@0um; vlq&mxHü usepGm enf;,ltm;xkwfNyD; w&m;XmezGifhum

oludk,fwkdifyif w&m;jyawmfrl\/ aemuf aZw0efq&mawmfBuD;xHüvnf; xyfrH
tm;xkwfawmfrl\/ xdktcsdefu r[mpnfq&mawmf wGifvwåHUaom OD;aombevnf;
aZw0efq&mawmfBuD;xH w&m;tm;xkwfNyD; awmif0dkif;uav;ü pmcsae\/ q&mawmfESpfyg;
rMumcP awGUqHkESD;aESmum ok"r®m ? a&Tusif [k *dkPf;*Ptjrif &SdawmfrrlMu /
__________________
raumif;rIa&Smif ? aumif;rIaqmif ? jzLatmifpdwfudkxm; /
q&mawmfOD;y@0um; armfvNrdKifNrdKUe,fvHk;qdkif&m *dkPf;0denf; pmjyefyGJrsm;rStp vdkavao;r&Sd ?
tbufbufu tm;ay;cJh\/ tvSLtwef;vnf; vGefpGm&ufa&monf/ 0denf;pmjyefyGJwGif
owdyXmef ygVdawmfBuD;teufyg jyefqdk&ef tqdkjyK ? axmufyHh tm;ay;awmfrlcJhaom
q&mawmfjzpf\/

tcgwyg; rdk;ñSif;q&mawmfbk&m;BuD; armfvNrdKifodkY w&m;a[mMuG&mwGif OD;y@0

oGm;a&mufuefawmh&m oxHkaZw0ef q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;xH wynfhcHí owdyXmef enf;twdkif;
usifhBuHyGm;rsm; ? w&m;ay;aeonfudkvnf; BudKwifodawmfrlojzifh -

]] at; . . . olwdkYvnf; od-odayhg/ wdkYvnf; ysuf . . . ysufaygh ? [kwfbl;vm; ]] [k

wjcm;wynfhrsm;bufodkY vSnfhírdefYawmfrl\/ tjypfrajymonfhtjyif tcsdef&wdkif; awmif0dkif;BuD;
ausmif;wdkufodkYyif MuGa&muf csD;ajrSmufawmfrl\/
wBudrfurl rdk;ñSif;q&mawmfBuD; wynfhrsm;ESifhtwl awmif0dkif;BuD;odkY BuGawmfrl&m
OykofjyK&rnfhaeU BuHKaeojzifh OD;y@0BuD;rSL;aom wdkufwGif;oHCmrsm;ESifhtwl OykofjyKawmfrl\/
rMumrD OD;y@0 jyóem wufavawmhonf/ *dkPf;Oya'u *dkPf;wyg; oHCmrsm;ESifhtwl
uHBuD;uHi,f rqufoG,f rjyKvkyf&/ 'Pfxrf;&onf/

OD;y@0uvnf; *dkPf;oHCmrsm; pkHnD&m 0denf;pmjyefyGJü a&'Pfxrf;&\/ xrf;NyD;vQifvnf;

tb,ftjypfaMumifh 'Pfxrf;&aMumif; oHCmrsm;a&SUü zGifh[avQmufxm;&ao;onf/
OD;y@0uvnf; 'Pfxrf;NyD; oHCmtm; avQmufxm;&av&m oHCmrsm;twGif; rauseyfoHrsm;
xGufvm\/ odkYaomf rnfolrQ apm'u rwufEdkifMu / OD;y@0 avQmufyHku -

]] wynfhawmf *dkPf;oHCmuay;aom a&'Pfudk xrf;NyD;ygNyD / wynfhawmf[m olawmfaumif;ESifh

aygif;rdvkdY ,ckvdk 'Pfxrf;&wm jzpfygw,f ]] [l\/

q&mawmfOD;y@0 awmif0dkif;BuD;ü owdyXmef w&m;jyaomtcg oD[dkVf (oD&dvuFm)

0ZD&m&mr*dkPf;rS OD;aomrESihf OD;acrdE´wdkY ESpfyg; q&mawmhfxH ESpfvcefUvma&muf
tm;xkwfoGm;Muzl;onf/ *skmrefbkef;awmfBuD; t&SifOmPykPdÖuvnf; oHCm,emwifpOfu
vma&mufuefawmhum enf;cHzl;\/ q&mawmf oD[dkVfMuGaomtcg tm;vHk;u
BudKqdk0wfjyKMuonf/

vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;aemuf armfvNrdKifü y&d,wådrsm; xGef;um;vmaomfvnf; y#dywådbufü OD;aqmif

tm;ay;rnfholrsm; ray:aygufojzifh q&mawmfonf armfvNrdKifNrdKU ayguf0odkY a&TUajymif;um
1311-ckESpf 0gqdkvqef; 8-&uf (&efukefr[mpnf&dyfomum; ewfawmfv) wGif
owdyXmefw&m;udk txl;wGifus,fpGm jyoawmfrlavonf/

]] owdyXmefq&mawmf[m tNrJtrSwfowd &SdaewmyJ ]] [k r[mpnfq&mawmfuyif

csD;usL;av;pm;í r[mpnfq&mawmfvGefawmfrlvQif &efukefr[mpnf&dyfom\ Mo0g'gp&d,tzGJU0if
q&mawmftjzpf aqmif&Gufí y#dywådomoem jyKawmfrlavonf/

r[my&dedAÁmeokwf t|uxmü t&d,m olawmfaumif; tqufquf jyefUyGm;xGef;um;yHkudk ]eV0eH ?

o&0eH - usLawm? jrm;awm] uJhokdY [k zGifhjyonf/ usLyif ? arsmufjrm;yif wyif
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olawmfaumif;wyg; ay:xGef;vmygvQifvnf; xdkYtwlyifjzpf\/

rdk;ñSif;q&mawmf? aZw0efq&mawmfrsm;udk taMumif;jyKí wynfhpOfquf xGef;um;yHkudk

vnf;aumif; ? olawmfaumif; w&m;tvkyfwGif bmr[kwfonfh tpGJtvef;rsm;rS
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azmfjyvdkufygonf/ (tjynfhtpHkukd t&Sifyndó& ]vSawG] \ armfvNrdKifNrdKU0
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wpfb0ESifh wpfoHo&m

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b0rsm;pGm csrf;om&rnfrSefvQif wpfv? wpfESpf ? wpfb0üjzpfaom qif;&Judk raMumufomNyD /
wpfaeY? wpfv? wpfb0üjzpfaom wPSmavmb &m*tvdkudk rvkdufoifh /

t&SnfukdarQmfí olawmfaumif;w&m;ü ESpfESpfNcdKufNcdKuf ukd,fhtoufudk pGefYpm;í

aysmfydkufoifhvSonf/ ]]
-pwk*D&d awmifav;vHk; q&mawm

odrfawmif tif;rBuD;awm&
awm& q&mawmf
( 1237 - 1283 )

odrfawmifawm& tif;rBuD; OD;aZmwdurSmvnf; v,fwDq&mawmfESifh ra&S;raESmif; i,fi,f

&G,f&G,fESifh ausmfMum;vmaom q&mawmfwpfyg; jzpfonf/

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bufpHk omoemûy XmeBuD;tjzpf awGUjrifEdkifayonf/ y&d,wf y#dywf pG,fpHk wwfajrmuf
jynfh0awmfrlaom tif;rBuD; q&mawmfESifh ('kwd,) qnfBuD; q&mawmfbk&m; ESpfyg;\ omoemh
tarGrsm;yif jzpf&m awmifBuD; uavm paom ûrdUrsm;wGifvnf; odrfawmif *dkPf;0if ausmif;cGJrsm;
pnfum;vsuf &Sdayonf/

bufpHk odrfawmif*dkPf;udk pwif wnfaxmifawmf rlcJhaom q&mawmf OD;aZmwdu t&Sifjrwfum;

anmif&rf;ûrdU teD; aps;&GmBuD;ü 1237-ckESpf wefcl;vjynfh t*FgaeYwGif zGm;jrifawmf rlonf/ 1257-
ckESpf &[ef;ûyNyD; rEÅav;ûrdU rdk;wm;wdkuf? aiGa&;aqmif wdkufwdkYü y&d,wåd oif,lcJhonf/ &[ef;
ajcmuf0gavmufrS pí yxr ppfudkif;awmif? aemuf oJawmûrdU ta&SUbuf&Sd jyu©a&Gawmifü
awmxGufawmf rlcJh\/

q&mawmfonf jyu©a&GawmifrS qif;í bk&m;pk udk;&GmodkY qGrf;cH<uavh &Sdonf/ bk&m;pk udk;&GmrSm

,ck odrfawmifwdkuf\ajrmuf av;rdkifcefY &Sdí pkpkaygif; tdrfajc wpfaxmifcefY &Sdonfqdk\/
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wpfzufudk ukoay;&onf/

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oDwif; oHk;&\/ OD;&Sdefonf rsufpdukí aysmufaomfvnf; jyu©a&G awmifodkY jyefvnf t<urcHyJ
teD;tyg;&Sd awm&avmufaom wpfae&m&mü oDwif; oHk;&ef yifhavQmufojzifh bk&m;pkudk;&Gm\
taemufajrmuf awmBuD;xJodkY <ua&muf ae&mMunfh\/

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tawmifajcmufq,f&Sd *lESifhwGJí pBuøausmif;BuD; wpfaqmif aqmufvªonf/ tif;rBuD; awm&um;
awmifoHk;vHk; um&Hí tif;tdkif xlxyfojzifh orx0dyóem tvkyfESifh [yfí aeawmhonf/

q&mawmfonf xdkü oDwif;oHk;cdkuf 1270-jynfhESpfwGif OD;qufuav;ESifh oJawmûrdU *lBuD;

'g,um OD;olawmfwdkYu awmif;yefí ]oHa0* ur®|mef;usrf;} udk ûypkawmf rlcJhonf/ 1274-ckESpf
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Ak'¨gEkówd arwåm paom pwk&m&u© ur®|mef;wdkYudk tm;ay; wdkufwGef;pum;rsm;jzifh
a&;om;awmfrl&m pmrsufESm 188-&Sdavonf/

odrfawmif*dkPf;\ ordkif;tp

tif;rBuD; q&mawmf\ wynfhBuD;jzpfí 'kwd, odrfawmifq&mawmfac: qnfBuD;awm& q&mawmf

bk&m;BuD; (OD;Z0e) \ wdkwdkxGmxGm vufa&;rSwfpkrS ]wynfhrsm; qHk;r&efpm} [k acgif;pOf
wyfxm;aom cJvufa&;rsm;udk zwf½I&&m odrfawmif*dkPf;\ ordkif;tpudk odjrif MunfñdkcGifh &í
0rf;ajrmuf&ayonf/ xdwfvefY tHhMozG,f rsm;udkvnf; awGY&\/

(q&mawmf bk&m;BuD;\ vufa&;rludk q&mawmfBuD;\ wlr oDv&Sif q&mBuD;xHrS &&Sdygonf/

tzGm;av;[k ac:Muaom q&mBuD;rSm ,ck rEÅav;awmifjyif xD;vif;wdkuf? rdk;ukwf ausmif;Z&yfrSm
aeygonf/)
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taemufbufu pBuøuav;wGif OD;auo&u udk&if0wfESifh q&mwynfh toufpGefY vkyfMuonf/
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acgif;ausmif;ESifh aeí udavomudk wdkufMu&onf/

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0guRwfvQif oxHkodkY <uí awmif0dkif;BuD; awm&ü aepOf q&mawmfu ]wefaqmifrkef; vjynfhaeYu
odrfawmif ae&modkY a&mufvmNyD jzpfí jyefcJh&ef} rSmojzifh jyefvm&\/ arwåmvkyfenf;udk txl;
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taMumif;rsm; udkom rSwfpkü zwf&onf/

ta&;tajymtiftm; tuJjzwfenf;

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pdefa&mif awmufonf} [k wpfabmifudef; pum; qdkMuonf/

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zrf;yHkum; xGufaomtcg tysufwpfcsuf? 0ifaomtcg tysufwpfcsuf xifatmif ½I&rnf/ þum;
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tm;rxkwfaom olwdkYrSm rvG,fEdkifav/ xdkYaMumifh-

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tm;rxkwfcJhu vlomref? &Sifomref? &[ef;omrefxJodkY usí aevdrfhrnf/ tvGef
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a[majymrIESifh tjcm;tiftm;

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<upOfu tjzpfqef;rsm;udk ]q&moufBuD;} pmtkyfü zwf½Iyg&ef/)

pGef;vGef;q&mawmf OD;u0d
( 1239 - 1314 )

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zcifESifhtwl ta&;ydkif½Hk;wGif ,yf avBudK; qGJ&aom rif;aptvkyf/

touf 30 wGif tvkyfrS xGufí awmif,m vkyfudkifpm;...

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OD;ausmf'ifonf w&m;orm; tbd"r®morm;rsm; tm;&yg;& aqG;aEG;aeMuonfudk tem;rS xdkifíf
oufjyif;csum rvIyfr&Suf awGawGMuD; em;pdkufae\/ olwdkUajymaom pum;rsm;wGif em;r
vnfonfu rsm;onf/ odkUaomf ]tmemyge} [laom pum;udk xyfcsnfUwvJvJ ajymqdkaeMu&m
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tmemygeES
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rsufpdpHkrSdwfjyD; &ª&Iduf rSwf&I aeavawmU\/

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tdrfodkUa&mufvmum . . .

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oGm;onfudk yDwd jzpfae\/ arm&rSef;yif rodacs/

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ausmf'ifwa,muf ½l;aeNyDwJh

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rnfolrqdk wu,fvkyfvQif t[kwfjzpfonfh oabmudk nTefjyaeawmh\/

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&Sdawmhonf/

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OD;ausmf'if\ pum;rsm;onf BuD;us,fvm\/ wdkwdkESifhvdk&if; obm0ususukd ajymonf/ &GmxJrS
vlrsm;ESifh avay;rajzmifh / pum;ajymrwnfh /

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qdkvmMuonf/

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&Sdawmhojzifh OD;ausmf'ifonf a&iHkíom aeavawmh\/ t½l;[kqdkum pum;ajymzufvnf;
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&[ef;awmfrsm; rajym&/ &m*? a'go? arm[ enf;aMumif; w&m;ESifhpyfaom
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vGwfatmifajymzdkY cJ,Of;vS\/ xdkYaMumifh bk&m;&Sifu ] ajymvQif w&m;ESifhpyfaom pum;ukdomajym
? aumif;aom qdwfqdwfaejcif;jzifh aomfvnf;ae } [k twdkcsKyf qHk;rawmfrlayonf/

pum;ajymjcif;onf tvGeftjypfBuD;av;vS\/ a,m*DtwGuf w&m;pum;yifonf taESmifht,Suf

jzpfEkdifayonf/ xkdYaMumifh pum;rajymjcif;onf oDvtiftm; tjynfht0 wkd;wufvmí
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aejyefojzifh £NE´d,oH0&oDvvnf; tvdkvkd0ifvmum orm"dukd wdk;jrSifhay;vkdufjyefavonf/

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w&m;oabmrqdkufojzifh rdrdukd,füuyif pum;rajymcsifí rajymcsif;onf 0pD'kp½dkufav;yg;
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ur®Xmef;aA'if qifaoESifh usD;rdkuf

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aeY&SdorQ yg;pyfrSm i&JrD;avmifaewmyJ} [k oabmusoGm;onf/ &GmxJrS vlawGajymorQudk
aMumufívm\/ vkyforQudk xdwfvefYvm\/

w&m;rod&Smaom vlwdkY BuHorQ? ajymorQ? vkyforQonf ]] oA¨rÜd tmwådwH = tukefvHk;

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ouf0ifwkd;yGm;vmawmh\/ ½kyfemrf jzpfysufjrifp O',AÁ,OmPfumvwGif
todOmPfupm;wwfonfhtwdkif; OD;ausmf'ifonf todxl; tjrifxl;rsm; 0ifvmavawmh\/
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aemufa,mifcH vdkufaejyefyguvnf; 0dyóemtiftm;rsm; usqif;oGm;wwfjyefavonf/

þae&mum; ]r*¾gr*¾ OmP'óe 0dok'¨d} Xme jzpfonfhtwdkif; vrf;rSefvrf;rSm; vrf;cGJrsm;aom

tydkif;jzpfí rlvw&m;owdukdom pGJpGJNrJNrJ qkyfukdifxm;&onf/ tm½Hkaemuf rvkduf&/
OD;ausmf'ifonf &Hcgoem;vSojzifh &GmxJrS vltcsdKUtm; ]] rif;&wemoHk;yg; zufuG?
rif;aoawmhr,f }} ponfjzifh aeYpGJ? &ufpGJjzifh owday;ajymMum;\/ owday;cH&olrsm;
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tqkwf tonf;ESvHk;rStp tao;pdwfjrifae\/ atmufudk MunfhjyefygvQifvnf;
acG;aoaumifykyfwGif usaeaom avmufaumifrsm;yrm vk,ufwdk;a0SUaeMuaom i&Jom;rsm;ukd
jrif&jyef\/ xdktaMumif; rajymbJvnf; raeEdkifí ajymrd&m vltrsm;ydkí tHhMoMu&av\/
]] t½l; t½l;eJY OD;ausmf'ifw&m;u t[kwfom;yguvm; }} [k tm½HkpdkufvmMuavonf /

OD;ausmf'ifajymorQvnf; rSefírSefí aeojzifh uGsJaysmuf? EGm;aysmufrStp vmíar;olrsm;

ar;Mu\/ acgif;cJ0rf;emrStp aq;0g;"mwfpm ar;olrsm; ar;vmMuukef\/ þae&mü rdk;&GmvQif
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rdrdpum;onf rdrdtm;jyefí owfwwfavonf/

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odkY&mwGif qifi,fonf MumpG,faZmaMumifh &THUjyifEGHawmüyif uGsHepfum jyefvrf;r&SdcJh&Smay/
usD;rdkufowå0gonfvnf; tmomiufiuf rcGJ&ufí wrufvsvs qifaoaMumifhyif aocJh&NyD /

,cktcg vlomref? &[ef;omrefwdkYvnf; xdkokdYaom todtjrifxl;rIavmufukdom {&mr

yef;wdkifBuD;tjzpf xm;í BudK;pm;aeMujyef&m MumpG,fESihf qifaoukdom rMunfhrlí
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MumpG,fqifaovnf; rsm;ukef\/ MuyfMuyfowdjyKMuygav? olawmfaumif; awGwdkY /

ykaAÁed0goESifh pyfí omoemhvrff;pOf r[kwfolwdkYonf b0av;q,favmuf udkomvQif

tuef;c&D;oGm; ouJhokdY tMurf;pm;rQom jrifonf/ (0d? |? 1? 130) ydk;pkef;usl; vif;oavmufom
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wdkifuJhokdY cdkifrmonfr[kwf? ('D? |? 1? 98) / (y#dorÇd'gr*f tXuxmvnf;Munfh ) / xkdYaMumifh
uHtusKd;ay;ESifh pyforQ ewfrsufpd&olu ajymaomfvnf; r,Hkpm;&acs/ (r[mur®0db*Fokwf)
a&S;u '@wdkif;jynfü &Sifbk&ifrStp udo0pä&aohtm; jypfrSm;í &mxl;wufonf/
wdkif;jynfat;csrf;onf/ &wemrdk;&Gmonf[k uHw&m;udk ypfy,fum usifhoHk;cJhMuojzifh
wjynfaxmifvHk; aoaMuysufpD;cJhMu&zl;avonf/ (pwåmvDo edygwf? o&b*FZmwf)

xd-od owd vG,fvGef;\

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csrf;omae\/ vlomrmefwdkU udk,fcsif;pmí r&EdkifjyD/
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rSwfjcif;? ,if;odkUrSwfaeonfudk odjrifaejcif; (owd?ynm) xdkifvQif wifyg;ESifU Murf;jyif
xdaeonfudk rSwfodjcif; ponfjzifU ]]xd+od+owd}} [kyif owdy|mef wpfckvHk;udk jcHKrdatmif
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q&mawmfbk&m;um; 0ga,m"mwfudk y"merlonf/)

xdkUaemuf cE¨mudk,fü emusifudkufcJrI ylrI at;rI paom a0'emrsm;udkyg pl;pdkufí rSwfodjcif;rsm;yif

wdk;í vm\/ ] a0'emvkduf} onf[k ajymprSwf jyKukef\/ a0'em Ekyóemac: onf/
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oufom&m &avawmU\/
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ynmowdESifU bkef;&SdolwdkUtwGuf tmemyge

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bk&m;&Sif vufxufawmfu tmemyge &IyGm;&mü udk,fa&mpdwfyg ,drf;,dkif wkefvIyfjcif; r&dSç yuwd

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rdef;rMurf; vkyf&&Smaom a':a&T&nf

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rMumrD a':a&T&nf tdrfxJodkU0ifvmum-

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rsm;pGm&Sdukef\/ ao;ao;i,fi,f ES,fES,f&& r[kwfygacs/

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q&mawmf OD;u0dtm; ar;jref;ajymqdk pdppfyHkudk tusOf;csKyftm;jzifh atmufygtwdkif; rSwfwrf;wif
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ar;/...../ pu©KeJY ½lyg½Hk NydKifaomtcg pu©Ku ½lyg½HkxH oGm;ovm;? ½lyg½Hku pu©KxH vmavovm;/
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ar;/...../ 'gjzifh ½lyg½Hku vmwmayghAsm;/
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rsufpdusdef;jcif;om &Sdyg\ bk&m;/ ae0ef;BuD;u rsufpdxJ 0ifvmonf r[kwfyg/ rsufpduvnf;
ae0ef;xJ 0ifoGm;onf r[kwfyg bk&m;/

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bk&m;/

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OD;u0d oabmaygufaom 0dok'¨d 7 yg;

j*Kyfyifq&mawmfu OD;u0dtm;-

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tm;xkwf? orm"d&vmawmh cE¨mudk,fay:rSm ylrI? at;rI paom a0'em ay:vm vdrfhr,f/ tJ'D
ay:vmwJh a0'emudk ½IqJtcgü rsufpduvnf; awmifMunfh ajrmufMunfh rMunfhbl;/
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tJ'g ]oDv0dok'¨d} vdkY ac:w,f/

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tJonfawmh tjrif pifMu,fw,f/ tJ'gudk ]'d|d0dok'¨d} vdkY ac:w,f/

4/ tJonfvdk jrif&awmh ][kwfygayw,f? rSefygayw,f} [k bk&m;udk ,HkMunfjcif; jzpfvmw,f/

tJonfawmh ,HkrSm; uif;oGm;w,f? ]ucFg0dw&P 0dok'¨d} vdkY ac:w,f/

5/ tJonfvdk jrif& awGY&awmh 0rf;omwmaygh/ 0rf;omawmh tvif;"mwf[m rdrda&SUrSm

ay:vmw,f/ 4if; tvif;"mwfBuD;xJrSm oGm;NyD; wG,faew,f? tJonfvdk tvif; "mwfBuD;xJrSm
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]r*¾gr*¾ ÓP'óe 0dok'¨d} vdkY ac:w,f/

6/ tJonfvdk cE¨mudk,fay: tm½Hka&mufvmawmh a0'emawG jyefNyD; ay:vmw,f/ tJonfawmh

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tJonfawmh aZmudkwifNyD; wjznf;jznf; csvmawmh rZÑdry#dy'g usoGm;a&m? tJ'g ]y#dy'g
ÓP'óe 0dok'¨d} vdkY ac:w,f/

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j*Kyfyifq&mawmfu ]]t&Sifbk&m; 0dok'¨du omíyif aumif;ao;onf}} [k ajymav\/

pmawGUESifUvufawGU ndSEdIif;ppfaq;MuyHk
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ygMu\/

'g,umrsm; qnf;uyfaeMupOf zufyiftdkif q&mawmf bk&m;MuD;u jrif;jcHq&m awmf OD;u0dtm;

atmufygtwdkif; arjref;pdppfavonf/

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jyD;pD;Muatmifom tm&HkjyKae&yg\bk&m;/

ar;/ / 'gjzifUvQif arwÅmaygU bk&m;/

ajz/ /rSefvSygbk&m;/

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pdwfawGodkU a&mufae&ao;ovJ/
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,ck ajymaewmu wpfckpD ajymae&vdkU Mumaewmygbk&m;/ [dkrSmawmU bmrS rMumygbk&m;/
qif;&Judk odwmeJU wjydKifeufxJ jzpfoGm;wmyg/
(uJ-ajymom ajymygbk&m; )

tJ'Dvdk vkyfay;wJUoludk jrifawmU EdkifwJUolu jAKef;ceJ jyKvkyfay;wJUoludk owfvkduf yga&m?

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,xmyd rlav tEky'´a0 'aV?

qdaEéyd? &kau©m ykea&0 &l[wd/
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('aV-ü [xdk; ryg/ owdjyK/ reom 'aVe-ponf ¤if;/)

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edAÁwÅaw? jzpf&OD;rnfum; rkcsrvGJwnf;/

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wdkif;wyg;u &efolppfonfudk wkdufcdkufowfjzwf&ef xGufoGm;aom ppfolMuD;onf
rdrdwpfa,mufwnf; roGm;bJ aemufvdkuf aemufyg ppfonf Adkvfyg rsm;pGmwdkUESifU xGufí
&efolppfonfudk wdkufcdkuf owfjzwfovdk ,ck avmukwÅ&mr*f[mvJ avmbudk owf&ef
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ajz/ /tazmf&Sdygao;&JU bk&m;/

ar;/ /tazmfu b,folwHk;? xnfUay;prf;yg/

ajz/ /Oyrm-a,m*Dyk*¾dKvf wpfa,mufonf 0dyóem w&m;tm;xkwfí txG#f txdyfa&mufcgeD;
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wynfUawmf rsm;uawmU pmawGU ajym&wm? 'geJU r*faemufzdkvf aZmtkyfvdkufw,f qdkwm pdwfxJrSm
b,fUES,faeowHk; bk&m;/
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pdwfuvJ tvGefvsifjrefojzifU aumif;rGefpGm odEdkifrSm r[kwfbl;? 'gxuf r*fudk qifjcifwJUtcg
od&SdyHkrsm; b,fvdk aeowHk;bk&m;/
ajz/ /Oyrm-a,m*Dyk*d¾Kvf wpfa,muf[m aomwmywdÅr*fudk &w,fqdkygawmU? ¤if; yk*d¾Kvf[m
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b,fvdkrsm;aeowHk;bk&m;/
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bk&m;? tJ'DawmU ]pdwfcsrf;omjyD; rSdef;ae}yga&m bk&m;/

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q&mawmfMuD; ausmif;ay: odkU<uoGm;awmfrl av\/

jrif;jcHq&mawmfu ]r*f\ tazmfonf edAÁmefyifwnf;} [k ajzqdkonfudk OD;"r®duonf oabmrus

rauseyfvSí zufyiftdkif q&mawmfMuD;aemufodkU vdkufjyD; ausmif;ay: odkU wuf oGm;av\/

q&mawmf OD;ykn? OD;Zm*&paom &[ef;oHCmawmfrsm;EsifUwuG 'g,umrsm;rSm zuffyiftdkif

q&mawmfu jrif;jcHq&mawmftm; ar;jref; ajymqdkyHkudk Mum;&ojzifU tvGef ESpfouf ,HkMunfbG,f
aumif;aMumif;ESifU pyfvsOf;í wwGwfwGwf ajymqdkum ae&pfMuav\/
 OD;"r®du zufyiftdkif q&mawmftm; avQmufxm;jcif;

ar;/ /q&mawmfbk&m;? jrif;jcH q&mawmfbk&m;u avmbwnf;[laom ork', opömudk r*fu

y,faomtcg r*f\ tazmf edAÁmefyifwnf;[k ajzqdkjcif;udk wynfUawmf oabmr usyg?
tb,fUaMumifUqdkaomf r*¾0Dxdü opömav;yg;onf y'Dyenf;tm;jzifU wjydKifeuf jzpfjcif;aMumifU
edAÁmefom r*f\ tazmfr[kwf? 'ku©opöm? ork', opömvnf; r*f\ tazmfjzpfao;\ [k
ESvHk;oGif;rdygonf bk&m;/
ajz/ / r[kwfbl; OD;"r®du&JU/ ]] ra*¾g'ku©opöH yZmemwd}} qdkwJUtwdkif; r*fonf 'ku©opömudk
ydkif;jcm;í odjcif;? ork', opömudk y,fjcif;? r*¾opömudk yGm;rsm;jcif;? eda&m"opömudk
rsufarSmufjyKjcif; qdkwm r*fudpö? r*f\ pGrf;Edkifaom owÅdawG? tazmfr[kwfao;bl;/

ar;/ /'gjzifUvQif bk&m;? ,rdkufy&dnm0g&twdkif; Omwy&dnm? wD&Py&dnm?y[mey&dnmqdk wJU

y&dnmoHk;yg;onf r*fcPü wjydKifeuf &aomaMumifU ¤if; y&dnm oHk;yg;udk r*f\
tazmf[lí rqdkoifUaybl;vm; bk&m;/
ajz/ /wjydKifeuf jzpf&HkrQjzifU r*f\ tazmf[k rqdkoifUbl; OD;"r®du&JU? tazmfqdkwm wpfyg;udk
wpfyg; rSD&wmudk qdkwmyg/

ar;/ / wpfyg;udk wpfyg; rSD&wmudk tazmfqdkvQif ]]pdawÅe ed,kwÅH apwoduH}} qdkovdk r*fESifUtwll
,SOfazmf,SOfzuf jzpfwJU apwoduf 36-yg;udk r*f\
tazmfvdkU rac: xdkufaybl;vm; bk&m;/
ajz/ /tJ'D 36-yg;aom apwodufvJ r*f\ tazmfr[kwfao;bl;? r*fESifU ]o[um&D um&P} om
jzpfao;w,f? ]ork', opömudk y,f&mü r*ftm;&Sdatmif tm;udk;tm;xm; rSDcdkp&m r[kwf} aom
aMumifU tazmfr[kwfao;bl;/

ar;/ /'gjzifU r*f\ tazmfudk wynfUawmfwdkU oabmusatmif trdefU&SdygOD; bk&m;/

ajz/ /a[m- r*¾0DxdrSm raem'Gm&m0ZÆef; jzpfjyD;aemuf ocFg&kayu©m OmPfqdkwJU y&duH? Oypm?
tEkvHkaZmrsm;u udavom w&m; uif;pifoGm;atmif jyKay;vdkU a*gMwblu edAÁmefudk jrif&a&m?
'DawmU a*gMwblu ]'DrSm edAÁmef} vdkU onmay;vdkufwmESifU a*gMwbl\ onmodkU vdkufí
¤if;a*gMwblonmay;aom edAÁmefudk trSDwHuJ o[JjyKjyD; r*fu tEko,udk y,fwm OD;"r®du&JU?
OD;u0dajymwm [kwfvdkufwmAsm? tvGefodrfarGUwJU
ae&mawGAs/

(0g*Grf;? rSefbDvl;?ae Oyrmt& tocFw"mwf tultnDudk&í r*fu udavom udk

avmifuRrf;apEdkifonf[k qdkoifU\/ xdkUaMumifU ]"r®"mwk} t& t|uxmü OmPfudk,lonfrSm
OypmjzpfaMumif; jycJUjyD/)
 wpfMudrfxyfí ar;ppfMujyefjcif;
1/ ijrMuD; bkef;MuD; OD;em&'/
2/ ijrMuD; bkef;MuD; OD;omoe/
3/ qDrD;cHk bkef;MuD; OD;em&'/
4/ jrifombkef;MuD; OD;e&dE´/

¤if;bkef;MuD;av;yg; tnDtnm wdkifyifvmMujyD;vQif y&dwfowf tv,fwGif jrif;jcHq&mawmf

tm; atmufygtwdkif; ar;jref; pdppfMujyefavonf/

OD;omoe/ /udk,fawmf pmoifzl;&JUvm;/

jrif;jcHq&mawmf/ /roifzl;ygbk&m;/
om/ /'gjzifU 0dyóem b,ftm;xkwfwwfrwHk;/ oDv0dok'¨d pdwÅ0dok'd¨rS rodbJESifU/
jcH/ /wynfUawmfu q&morm;rsm;u 'grtyfbl;qdkvQif vufESifUawmif rxdygbk&m;/

1-em/ /]]tm0gaomp......£'d¨ wd aw 'o}}vdkUygVdawmfvm wJU twdkif; udk,fawmf yvdaAm" 10

yg;udk y,f&JUvm;/
jcH/ /wynfUawmfvl0wfESifUtm;xkwfjyD;awmU omraPjzpfjyD; rMumrD a&v,fq&mawmf?
anmifvGefUq&mawmfrsm;xH a&mufjyD;aemuf tvkyfrvkyfbJ olwdkU qHk;rwJUtwdkif; aexdkifjyD;vQif
&[ef;tjzpfodkU a&muf&ygw,fbk&m;/

om/ /'gjzifU udk,fawmf pmvJrwwfbJeJU bJUES,f 0dyóemudk rSefuefatmif vkyfwwfrSmvJ/

jcH/ /q&morm;rsm; ajymwJUtwdkif; vkyf&wmygbJ/
1-em/ /tdk-bk&m;vufxufu uRwfoGm;olawG[m pmwwfwJU vlcsnfUbJvm;? vrf;rSefwm[m
y"me/

3-em/ /udk,fawmfU owif; Mum;&wmawmUjzifU tvGefbJ? &[EåmtjzpfodkU a&mufaewmbJ?

odkUaomf pmrwwfbl; qdkojzifU tcsdKU'g,umrsm;? &[ef;rsm;u pmroifvJ r*fzdkvf&EdkifwmbJ?
pmoifwm tydkyg qdkMuí b,folrS roifMum;MuvQif y&d,wÅd omoemawmfMuD; rysufpD;bl;vm;?
y&d,wÅd ysufpD;rSjzifU y#dywdÅ-y#da0" ysufpD;ukefa&maygU? tu,fí wynfUawmfwdkU Mum;wJU
twdkif; &[Eåmjzpf&dk; rSefygrl ]pmrwwf} [laom pum;udk rqdkoifU? y&d,m,f wpfrsdK;ESifUom
qdkoifU\/ omoemawmfMuD; ysufpD;uvnf; ykxkZOfxuf t&d,m yk*¾dKvfu omí emoifUonf
r[kwfygavm/
jcH/ /wynfUawmf rwwfvdkU rwwfbl;ajymwmyg bk&m;/ y&d,wÅd oifMum;aom yk*d¾Kvfrsm;udk
wynfUawmfu ouFef;ponf vª'gef;jyD; wdkufwGef;yg&JU/

1-em/ /tdk......udk,fawmfu pmwwfuJUvm;vkdU ar;jyD;awmU pmrwwfbJESifU udk,fawmfwdkUudk

wwfw,fvdkU vdrfajym&tHk;rSmvm;/
3-em/ /udk,fawmf em;axmifaeprf;ygtHk;? ajymygap/

1-em/ /tdk......pmrwwfbl;vdkU rdrdudk,fudk rdrd [kwfrSef&m ajymwmeJUbJ omoem oHk;-&yf

ysuf&awmUrSmvm;/
3-em/ /aeprf;ygtHk; OD;em&'&,f? 'Dpum;udk aemufrS ajymyg? jrif;jcHbkef;MuD; ar;yg&aptHk;/

1-em/ /tdk......udk,fawmfwdkU[m [kwfrSr[kwfbJ? [dk bk&m;vufxufu oli,fcsif; &[ef; 2-yg;

&dSw,f r[kwfvm;/ wpfyg;u &[Eåm? wpfyg;u yd#uwf oHk;yHkaqmif? 'geJU yd#uwf oHk;yHkaqmif
&[ef;u oli,fcsif;[m pmroif ayroifESifU xif&maew,fvdkU &[Eåmudk pGyfpGJjyD; jyóem
ar;rnftMuHwGif &[Eåmudk jypfrSm;rSmpdk;vdkU bk&m;u ar;cGef;xkwfí ar;&wmudk MunfUyg?
vrf;rSefvdkU ae&musoGm;&if 0dyóem vrf;pOfudk olwdkUavmuf b,folrS rodEdkifbl;As/

3-em/ /aeprf;ygtHk; OD;em&'&,f? jrif;jcH bkef;MuD;udkom ar;yg&apOD; tJ-þuJUodkU omoemoHk;&yf

t&SnfcdkifcHatmif pmrwwfqdkaom pum;udk y&d,m,f wpfrsdK;ESifUom ajymbdkU aumif;ygw,f/
jcH/ /wynfUawmfuvJ rSefwJUtwdkif; ajymwmygbk&m;/

3-em/ /udk,fawmfpmoifygtHk;vm;? pmoifjyD;rS ajyma[m&vQif omoem omvdkU rMuD;yGm;bl;vm;/

jcH/ /wynfUawmf 0dygufaMumifU pmrwwfwm[k ,HkMunfjyD; oifcsifwJUpdwfr&SdawmUygbk&m;?
wwfvJwwfrnf rxifygbk&m;/

3-em/ /0dygufaMumifU qdkwmvJ[kwfyg&JU/ odkUaomf plVyefwdkUrsm; ykxkZOfwkef;uom

0dygufwm;wm? &[EåmjzpfawmU rwm;bl;? ckvJ Mum;wJUtwdkif; &[Eåmjzpfu pmwwf&rSmaygU/
1-em/ /[if;-[if;? plVyefu y#dordÇ'gywÅ? tck bmqdkwm udk,fawmf od&JUvm;/
t&d,mcsif;awmif atmufyk*¾dKvfu txufyk*d¾Kvfudk rodEdkifbl;? &[EåmjzpfvQif 0dyguf
rvdkufbl;wJUvm;/
3-em/ /[kwfyg&JU? odkUaomfvJ pmoifMunfUygOD;[k xyfjyefí þuJUodkU ajymaeMupOf rdk;&GmojzifU
ausmif;ay: odkUwufa&mufMu&jyef\/

ausmif;ay:ü qufí ajymqdkMuyHk

om/ /udk,fawmf tbdnmOf&atmif vkyfjyD;rS a[mygvm;/
jcH/ /&rnf rxifygbk&m;/

3-em/ /avmuDESifU avmukwÅ&m b,fu cufovJ/

jcH/ /avmuDu cufygw,fbk&m;/

om/ /avmukwÅ&m &jyD;wJUaemuf omrvG,fbl;vm;/

jcH/ /tm;xkwfcsifwJU pdwfvJr&dSygbk&m;/

3-em/ /udk,fawmf? ,ck oHCm b,fESpfyg; &SdovJ/

jcH/ /15-yg; &Sdygw,fbk&m;/

3-em/ /wynfUawmfrsm;Mum;wJUtwdkif; &[Eåm jzpfygrl wynfUoHa,mZOf &Sdao;ovm;/

jcH/ /wynfUawmfuvdkufwG,faeonf r[kwfyg? olwdkU aecsifí vmaewmudk wynfUawmfu
rae&bl;[k rqdkEdkifyg/

1-em/ /[if;-[if;?bk&m;aemuf wynfUaxmif udk;&m&Sdaewm/ bk&m;u oHa,mZOf

wG,faevdkUvm;/
3-em/ /OD;em&'uvJ w,f&Iyfoudk;/

1-em/ /&Iyfwmr[kwfbl;? udk,fawmfwdkU[m r[kwfvdkU/

aeUqG
aeUqGrf;pm;tjyD; qufaqG;aEG;
3-em/ /bkef;MuD;tm;xkwfyHktpOf ajymprf;yg/
jcH/ /(vl0wfupí r*fwdkifatmif ajymav\)

3-em/ /r*fjyD;awmU ypöa0u©Pm rqifcifbl;vm;/

jcH/ /qifjcifyg&JU bk&m;/

3-em/ /r*fçzdkvfçedAÁmef qifjcifyHk tmum& ajymjyyg/

jcH/ /qifjcifjyD; tvGef0rf;ajrmufyg\ bk&m;/

3-em/ /ajymprf;yg/
jcH/ /ajymjyD;ygjyD bk&m;/

3-em/ / ajymprf;yg/
jcH/ /q&mawmfrsm;udk avQmufjyD;om;yg bk&m;/

3-em/ /wynfUawmfu qifawGUjyD; ajc&m rcHcsifbl;/

jcH/ /qifjcifjyD; 0rf;ajrmufwmaygU? a,m*Dyk*d¾KvfrSefu rdrdwdkU y,fjyD;aom w&m;udk
odrf;qnf;MuwmbJ/

3-em/ /wynfUawmfwdkU bk&m;avmif;&aoU[m ykxkZOfbJ? a'gow&m; tvGefodrf;qnf;ygw,f?

odrf;qnf;&HkrQESifU r,HkMunfEdkifbl;/
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3-em/ /rif;u bm0ifajymovJ/

1-em/ /bkef;MuD;u bmvJ/
3-em/ /wdkUawmU rodygbl;Asm/

zufyiftdkif/ /&efawmUrjzpfMuESifU/ qifjcifawmU tmum&ESifU ajymp&mr&Sdbl;? r*f&yHkodwmygbJ/

uEéDa&Todrfawmf awm&q&mawmf
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igUom; b,frSm pmwwfawmUrwHk;}}

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udk;&ufESifU tm*Hk&\/ ]xdkrQavmuf OmPfxdkif;&rnfvm;} [k r,fawmf a':aumif;u
nnf;wGm;jcif;jzpfonf/ r,fawmfMuD;um; pmudka&SUuu &GwfjyoGm;vQif Mum;&HkrQjzifU
aemufuvdkufí tvGwfjyefajymjyEdkif\/
urÇmausmfxdkufaom pmawmfjcif;
uEéDq&mawmfum; y#dywfwGif emrnfMuD;ovdk y&d,wfwGif ydkí xl;cRefaeonfudk awGU&\/
&[ef;av;ogavmufrSpíoif½dk;yd#urQru edum,fig;&yfudkyif tm*HkaqmifEdkifaom tmZmenf
a,mufsm;jzpf\/ ]Obawm0dbif;} aqmifaomacwf? ]wdyd#u"&} a&G;cs,faomacwfESifU
rwdkufqdkif&íom q&mawmf\ y&d,wfpGrf;&nfrsm; wdkif;jynfu MunfndkcGifU r&bJ &Sd&av\/

oufawmf 60-ausmfí rsufpdESpfuGif; tvif;r&apumrl pmt"dyÜm,frsm;udk a[majym&mü

tcef;u@ (tcsdKU pmtkyfrl pmrsufESm) ESifUwuG &Sif;vif;ajymjyavU &Sdonf/ pmwwfq&mawmf
wdkif;u csD;usL; tHUMocJUMu&\/ pmrMunfUEdkifawmUaomtcg pmawmfzwfwpfyg; tjrJxm;í
aeUpOfeHeuf ckepfem&D udk;em&Dxd yd#uoHk;yHkudk vSnfUízwfavQmuf&\/ oufawmf 44-ESpfu
a&;om;cJUaom]a,m*Dyg&*l} usrf;udkMunfUvQifvnf; q&mawmf\ y&d,wådudk ynm&SdwdkU
odEdkifayonf/

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y#doaE¨yg OmPfMuD;ol jzpfaMumif; odEdkifayonf/ vGefcJUaom tESpfav;q,fausmfu yd#u
armifxGef;MudKifuJUodkU t&G,fESifUrvdkufatmif awmfoljzpfonf/
,if;odkU r,HkMunfEdkifavmufatmify#doaE¨yg OmPfaumif;olrsm; twdkif;wdkif; tjynfjynfü
&SdaeMuonfyif/
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wpfacgufzwf&HkrQjzifU tvGwf&aeí ]aeUtcg pmMunfUwdkufxJ ae&ouJUodkUvnf;aumif;? ntcg
pmtkyfrsm;udk acgif;xJ xnfUxm;&ouJUodkUvnf;aumif; arUazsmufr&í pdwfnpfae&onf} [k
qdk\/

ocsFmt&mwGif acwfrD tDvufxa&mepf ocsFmpufxuf ESpfqjrefatmif wGufEdkifaom ]rmwifa'Upf}

ponfjzifU rsm;pGm&Sdonf/ ( wrif *kPfjyKa&;om;onf xiftHUpdk;í jyvkduf&yg\/)

wdAufjynfom; oQDvwdó q&mawmfenf;

uEéDq&mawmf[k ac:aom uEéDûrdU a½Todrfawmf awm& q&mawmfbk&m;MuD;\ avmif;vsm onf
uEéDéûrdU taemufawmif urf;jzL½Gmü tz ausmif;wumMuD;OD;omEk? trd ausmif;trMuD;
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wdkU\ ajymjycsuf/)
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xdka,m*Dr\ tpftru w&m;ESD;aESm&ef ac:vmí awGY&ayonf/

udk,f½HkrSm oDv½Sifrsm; udk,f½HkxuftaoG;&ifhonf/ q&mawmfESifh tawmifig;q,favmuf

uGmaomt&yfrS vmaeonfrSm em&D0ufavmuf Mumvdrfhrnf[k xif&ayonf/
owdyXmeftcsdK;usus pdwÅKyÜg'f tpOftwdkif; rSwfí vmaeonf/ xdka,m*Dr\ trlt&m
jrif&onfrSm vGefpGmMunfñdkzG,f jzpfayonf/ q&mawmfha½SU a&mufaomtcg 0wfcsaeonfrSm
rjyD;Edkifatmifjzpfayonf/ xdka,m*D Oygodumrav;udk q&mawmfu-

]] a,m*D Oygodumruav;/ rdrdtm;xkwfaeaom w&m;rsm;udk Munfñdkvdkí avQmufapvdk onf}}

[k trdefU½Sd&m tp-tv,f-tqHk; oHk;yg;vHk; ajyjypf odrfarGY eufeJpGm avQmufxm;aeonfrSm
ESpfem&Dxufrenf; Mumvdrfhrnf [k xifrdayonf/ a*gMwblaZm? r*faZm? zdkvfaZm jzpfay:yHkESifhwuG
r*fav;qifh zdkvfav;qifh jzpfay:yHkrsm;yg avQmufxm;avonf/ (q&mawmf txl; Munfñdkí
om"k- om"k- om"k oHk;Mudrf ac:rdavawmhonf/)

avQmufxm;oavmuf r[kwfao;aomfvnf; ykxkZOf tEG,f jywfavmufjyD[k ,HkMunfay onf/

tb,fhaMumifhqdkaomf 0dyóemt&mrSm xdkrQavmuf odrfarGU eufeJaom t&mXmersm;udk acsmarmpGm
obm0"r®usatmif tpçtv,fçtqHk; tppfcHEdkifaom yk*¾dKvf rawGUzl;oavmuf jzpfayonf/
odkUtwGuf q&mawmfu om"k ac:rdayonf/ wu,f tppfcHonfhtwdkif; &[Eåmrç jzpfcJhvQif
,ckavmuf &ufv-Mumatmif raeEdkif[k pmESifhwdkufMunfhayonf/

xdkUaemuf q&mawmfu tEko, ckESpfyg;onf 31-bHkü cE¨mig;yg;udk jzpfapwwfaom rsdK;aph

tppftrSef jzpfaMumif;ESifhwuG tEko,rsm;\ obm0 "r®ikyfudef;yHk jzpfay:yHkrsm;udk aocsmusepGm
a[mjyay;onf/ tEko,\obm0 "r®rsm;udk tvsifu remzl;ao;aomaMumifh txl;ojzifh
oabmusoGm;ayonf/

xdka,m*D Oygodumrav;onf w&m;a[mjyD;aemuf ESpfESpfavmuf ½Sdaomtcg vlwdkU\ trlt&m

ykwD; vufaumuf paom tqifwefqmrsm; tjynfhtpHk 0wfqifí tvªwpfckrSm oHCm
awmfrsm;tm; vª'gef;aeonfudk q&mawmfudk,fwdkif awGUjrif&&m q&mawmfrSm rsm;pGm oHa0*jzpfrd
ayonf/ aemufrS pOf;pm;í ]bk&m; vufxufawmfu aomwmyef ausmif;trMuD; ]0domcg} uJhodkY
jzpfaervm; rod&} [k pdwfudkajz&ayonf/ xdkaemuf tdrfaxmifûyíom;orD;awGESifh jzpfaMumif;udk
ol\rdwfaqG 0efaxmufuawmfMuD;uajymí od&jyefonf/

]r*fzdkvfav;qifh&jyD} [k q&muqHk;jzwfxm;aom &aohruav;vnf; xdka,m*Druav; ESifh wlpGm

tdrfaxmifjyKoGm;onfudk ol\tpfr&if;u q&mawmfudk avQmufxm;íod&ayonf/ qHk;jzwf
aomyk*¾dKvfonf w&m;tm;xkwfaeaom q&maumif;wynfh pmwwfyk*¾dKvfjzpfí q&mwynfh ]r*f
av;qifh&jyD} [k oabmwl qHk;jzwfxm;aom yk*¾dKvfMuD;yif jzpfonf/

odkUtwGuf ,cktcg w&m;tm;xkwfMuaom a,m*D yk*¾dKvftaygif; olawmfaumif;wdkUonf

,cka&;om;az:jycJhaom tcsufMuD;rsm;udk owdw&m;MuD;pGmxm;í pOf;pm;Muapvdkonf/
qdkcJhjyD;aom t&mrsdK;ü q&ma&m wynfhyg obm0"r®udk ydkifydkifEdkifEdkif odzdkU&ef vGefpGm
cJ,Of;vSayonf/

xdkUaMumifh ]Oy&dyPÖmo ygVdawmf? rZÑdryPÖmo ygVdawmf} MuD;rsm;ü a[mMum; qHk;rawmfrlaom

t&d,mjzpfjcif; t*Fgrsm;udk aphaphpyfpyf Munfh½IrSwfom;jyD;rS rdrdoEÅmefü y,fjyD;aom w&m;rsm;wGif
] b,fw&m; rsm;udk t<uif;tusefr½Sd y,ftyfjyD;avjyD/ b,fw&m;rsm;um; 0dyóem
&ifhoefaeqJjzpfí w'*F tm;jzifh uG,fikyfaeMuonf} [k tjrifrSef&atmif ÓPfjzifh tzefzef
oHk;oyfqifjciftyfvSayonf/

xdkodkU oHk;oyfqifjcifrI r½Sdojzifh 0dyóem ÓPftjrif tm;enf;í A[d'¨üvGefpGm cspfcif

ESpfoufzG,f½Sdaom tm½Hkig;yg;wdkUESifh awGUjrifxdcdkuf vHk;axG;rdMuaom tcg wpfzefjyefí pdrf;½Sif
jcif;iSmrjzpfEdkif? taoMuD;yJ[k rSwfxifavmufatmif wpfaEGvHk; ajcmufaeaom opfyifMuD;onf
rdk;½Gmí a&aomufjrpfudk a&El;El;eyfeyf pdkvmaomtcga&aomufjrpfrS wpfzefjyefí "mwfqDMoZm
wufjyD;vQif tnGefY? t½Guf? tcuf? tvuf? tyGifh? toD;awG yifvHk;uRwf a0qmatmif xGufjyD;
pdrf;½Sifjcif; tjzpfodkU wpfzef a&mufí vmjyefouJhodkY xdkopfyifESifhrjcm; a,m*Dyk*¾dKvfwdkY pdwfrSm
w'*Ftm;jzifh uG,fikyfaeaom tEko,rsm;udk q&mwynfhjzpfolwdkY pdwfrSm wu,fyif tjrpfjywf
avjyD[k xifrSwfí oabmwlqHk;jzwfxm;Muonfudk q&mawmfudk,fwdkif awGYzl;ojzifh xif½Sm;pGm
a&;om;jycJhavjyD/

(¤if; om"u 0w¦K tXKywÅdrsm;udk awGUcJhonfrSm 35-ESpfrQ½SdjyD)

tcsdKUrSm q&muqHk;jzwfxm;wwfonf/ tcsdKUaom a,m*Dyk*¾dKvf wdkYrSm udk,f[mudk,f txifrSm;í

qHk;jzwfxm;wwfonf/ xdkt&mü obm0"r®udk ususee ydkifydkifEdkifEdkif odMu&efrSm
tvGefodrfarGUaom t&mXmejzpfí o'¨gw&m;udk a½SUoGm;rjyKbJ ynmw&m;udkom a½SSUoGm;jyKí
tqHk;tjzwf ta&;tMuD;bJ aumif;rGef ajzmifhrSefpGm od½SdMu&ef ]Oy&dyPÖmo ygVdawmf} MuD;ü
a[mawmfrlaom ]qquúokwf? A[k"mwkuokwf} awmfjrwfMuD;rsm;udk MunfY½IrSwfom;jyD; t<uif;
tusefr½Sd y,fjyD;aom w&m;? ikyfvQdK;aeaomw&m;? vHk;vHk; <uif;usefaeaom w&m;rsm;udk
aocsmpGm wdkufqdkif ppfaq;MunfYjyD; [kwfwdkif;rSefpGm od½SdrS q&mwynfh ESpfOD;vHk; pdwfcsvufcs
qHk;jzwf&ef oifhonf[k xifrSwfayonf/

xdkuJhodkU rSefuefaomtwdkif; odjyD;aomaemufüyif tppt&m&m tuJcwfí wpfESpf? ESpfESpf? oHk;ESpf?

av;ig;ajcmufESpf? ckepfESpfavmuf usatmif uHoHk;yg; trlt&m[lorQudk Munfh½Iqifjcif
ae&OD;rnf/ xdkuJhodkU qifjcifMunfh½Ií wpfpHkwpf&mrQ roifhrwifhaom trlt&mrsm; ray:aygufrS
pdwfcs&rnf? xdkrQavmuf odrfarGY eufeJcufcJaom t&mXmejzpfaomaMumifh omrefjzpfaom t&mwdkU
onf rqHk;jzwftyf rqHk;jzwfxdkufay/ MuyfMuyfowd½SdMuyg a,m*D
yk*¾dKvftaygif;olawmfaumif;wdkU/

opfyiftajcmufMuD;u jyefí twuf? tcuf? tyGifh? toD;awG a0qmatmif ay:ayguf vmouJhodkU

a,m*D yk*¾dKvf\ oEÅmefü vGefpGm ESpfoufavmufatmif tm½Hkig;yg;wdkUESifh awGUxd
vHk;axG;rdaomtcg tEko, "mwfikyfawG a0qmatmif xGufay:vmwwfonfudk rsm;rsm;MuD;
owd½SdMuygukef/

(þum; 0dyóem t&mü ta&;MuD;qHk; vdk&if;y"me tcsufMuD; jzpfí arwÅmw&m; a&SUxm;um

xif&Sm;pGm a&;om;az:jyjcif;jzpfaywnf;/)

oydwftdkif awm&q&mawmf OD;udwåd

(1255-
(1255-1331)

q&mawmfonf 1288-ckESpfrSpí 1331-ckESpf ysHvGefawmfrlonftxd ESpfaygif; av; q,fausmf

oydwftdkif awm&üom wpfyg;wnf; oDwif;oHk;awmffrl\/ oydwftdkif awm& um; oxHkc&dkif
(oxHkrS 28-rdkif? rkwår ra&mufrD 10-rdkiftvdk) aygifjrdKUe,f usHKu&Gmudk a*g p&*grfjyKonf/
&[EÅm jzpfwm ewfawG odovm;
1316- ckESpf uqkefvuG,faeUu jzpf\/ uwGefu OD;xGef;MudKif? OD;bdk;ausmUESifU usHKu&Gm
ausmif;q&m OD;*smat; (q&mawmfUxH uydÜ,vkyfí aemifwGif &[ef;jyKol)wdkU q&mawmfxH
tzl;tajrmf a&mufvmMucdkuf-

]]q&mawmfbk&m;? wynfUawmfrsm; jyD;cJUwJU oMuFefwGif;u a';y&drf; o&ufawm&Gm

awm&ausmif;udk OykofapmifUoGm;Muygw,f bk&m;/ o&ufawm bkef;MuD;u ]oydwftdkif
q&mawmf[m &[EÅm jzpfaejyDvdkU ewfMuD;rsm;u igUudk vmavQmufMuw,f} vdkU
trdefU&Sdvdkufygw,fbk&m;/
]]o&ufawm bkef;awmfMuD;u oydwftdkifudk vmcsifw,fvdkUvJ trdefU&Sdvdkufygw,f bk&m;}} [k
avQmufxm; Muonf/ q&mawmfrnfodkU trdefU&Sdavrnfudkvnf; arQmfvifU em;pGifU aeMu\/
q&mawmfu twefMum pOf;pm;jyD;aemuf-

]]'umMuD;wdkU jyefoGm;wJUtcg avQmufvdkufMu? ta&;wMuD; rvmygapeJUOD;? aemufawmUvJ

awGUMu&rSmaygU? 'Dvdkom avQmufxm;vdkuf}} [kom rdefUawmfrl\/

xdktwdkif;yif avQmufxm;Mu&m oHk;&ufcefUMumvQif o&ufawmbkef;MuD;xHrS 'umMuD;rsm;xH

owif;ydkUvdkuf\/

]]bkef;MuD;ausmif;xJrSmyJ oydwftdkif q&mawmfudk zl;awGU&jyD;ygjyD}} [l\/

1318-ckESpf uqkefvqef; 9-&ufaeUwGif o&ufawmbkef;MuD;onf oydwftdkif awm&ausmif;odkU

a&mufvm\/ xdktcg oydwftdkifq&mawmfu {nfUcHEIwfqufajyma[m vsufu-

]]o&ufawmbkef;MuD;? wynfUawmfudk zl;awGU&jyD;ygjyDvdkU owif;jyefydkUvdkufw,f qdkwmawmU

[kwfygjyD/ t&Sifbk&m; zl;awGU&w,fqdkwJU bkef;MuD;[m wynfUawmfaum [kwfyg&JUvm;}} [k
q&mawmfu jyHK;&TifpGmjzifU ar;awmfrl&m-

]][kwfvdkuforS q&mawmfbk&m;? onftwdkif;ygyJ? enf;enf;av;rS rvGJygbl;}} [k

jyefavQmufvdkufonf/ q&mawmfum; xdktaMumif;udk rnfodkUrQ trdefUr&SdbJ-

]]aeprf;ygOD;? t&Sifbk&m;udk ewfMuD;awGu ajymw,fqdkwm b,fwkef;uvJ? t&Sif bk&m; &ufeJU

rSwfrdao;ovm;? aemufjyD; olwdkUvmavQmufwJU tcsdefrSm t&Sifbk&m; aum bmvkyfaeowkef;}} [k
pum;vSD;vTJum qufí ar;awmfrljyefonf/ xdktcg o&ufawm bkef;MuD;u-

]]rSwfrdygjyDvm; q&mawmfbk&m;/ 1315-ckESpf oDwif;uRwfvqef; 6-&ufaeU n 7-

em&Davmufuyg/ tJ'DtcsdefrSm wynfUawmfvJ w&m;tm;xkwfaecdkuf jzpfygw,f/}}

oydwftdkif q&mawmfonf o&ufawm bkef;MuD; 0rf;omtm;& avQmufaeonfudk wnfjidrf

at;aq;pGm em;axmifawmfrlae\/ o&ufawmbkef;MuD;u qufí avQmufjyef onf/

]]vma&mufwJU ewfawG[m atmufewfuav;rsm;awmif r[kwfygbk&m;? ewfrif;MuD; rsm;

jzpfygw,f/ olwdkU[maumif;uifuvmjyD; ]MudK;pm;jyD;om tm;xkwfyg/ pdwfravQmUvdkuf ygeJU/
oydwftdkifq&mawmfjzifU &[EåmjzpfawmfrloGm;jyD t&Sifbk&m;} vdkUawmif tm;ay;oGm; ygao;w,f}}
[k avQmufavonf/ þae&mü a,m*DwdkU owdjyK&rnfrSm ewf[kajymwdkif; vnf;
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o&ufawmbkef;MuD;vnf; qHk;rpum;rsm; rSwfom; em,ljyD;aemuf rdrdausmif;odkU jyef<uoGm;av\/

1317-ckESpf oDwif;uRwfvQif usHKu&Gm ywf0ef;usif&Sd awmawmifwdkUü toD;oD; rdrdwdkUESifU

oifUjrwfavsmufywf&m oDwif;oHk;í awm& aqmufwnfaeMuaom ur®|mef; a,m*D bkef;MuD;
ckESpfyg;wdkU oydwftdkif awm&odkU qHkpnf; <ua&mufvmMuonf/ 0guRwf umvjzpfí
uefawmUMu&efjzpf\/ tqHk;tr em,lMu&efvnf; jzpf\/

xdktcg q&mawmfu tm*EÅKu bkef;MuD;rsm;tm; w&m;pum; a[mMum;qHk;ronf/ owåwdkUoEåmefü

wpfoHo&mvHk;u ikyfuG,fudef;0yfaeaom udavomq,fyg; tEko,"mwf rsm;ESifU pyfí
trdefU&Sd&mwGif q&mawmfu-

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odEdkifovm;? rodEdkifbl;vm;? b,fvdk,lqMuovJ}} [k ar;awmfrl&m-

]]odEdkifrSmygyJbk&m;}} [k avQmufMu\/

]]'gjzifU a,m*DrSm udavompdwf jzpfay:aew,fyJqdkygawmU/ tJovdk udavompdwf jzpfay:vmwJU

tcgrSmaum ewfrsm;[m odEdkifovm;? rodEdkifbl;vm;}}

]'gvJ odEdkifrSmygyJ bk&m;}}

q&mawmonf twefi,f pOf;pm;ae\/ tm*EÅKu a,m*D bkef;MuD;rsm;rsufESmudk vnf; rodrom

wpfcsuf vSrf;MunfUjyD;aemuf-

]]at; 'gaMumifUyJvm; rqdkEdkifbl;/ wynfUawmfrSm 1312- ckESpfupjyD; 1321-ckESpftxd udavom

x<uvmw,f&,fvdkU wpfcgrQ rjzpfzlbl;/ udavompdwf jzpfay:vm w,f&,fvdkUvJ wpfcgrQ
r&Sdzl;bl;/ [k trdefU&Sdawmfrl\/

q&mawmfonf pum;udk twefMum &yfqdkif;jyD;aemuf qufí-

]]'DtaMumif;udkvJ ewfMuD;rsm;u od&SdvdkU a';y&drf; o&ufawmu awm&bkef;MuD; OD;okE´&udk
oGm;jyD; ajymMuw,f xifyg&JU}} [k r,kwfrvGef qkwfom wufom trdefU&dSawmf rl\/

tb,fodkUaom &nf&G,fcsufESifU tusdK;oufa&mufrI rnfodkU &dSonfudk jrifawmfrlí

rdefUqdkaMumif;um; twyfrqdkomacs/ ] wpfcsufckwf ESpfcsufjywf tusdK;aus;Zl;&Sdíom
rdefUawmfrlonf[k ,lq&ayawmUonf/
 avmuDtbdnmOf &oavm
ewfwdkUajymMum;onfU pum;udkom q&mawmfonf tcdkiftrm ,lq[ef r&Sd ewfwdkU
ajymonfrSmvnf; ajymayvdrfUrnf/ udk,fydkif todjzifUyif &[ef;udpöjyD;aMumif; ,lqawmfrl yHk&\/
vma&muf uefawmUMuaom a,m*D bkef;MuD;rsm;udkvnf; tm;usapawmfrlvdk[ef&Sdonf/

q&mawmfonf y&d,wfvnf; txl;wwfuRrf;\/ y#dywfvnf; ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm {upm

usifUoHk;awmfrlonfjzpfí qdkzG,fr&Sd/

q&mawmfonf plVaomwmyef jzpfcef; "mwfur®|mef;110 rsufESm&Sd) ('Drdkif;qdkuf

ur®|mef; usrf;wpfusrf;udkvnf; jyKpkawmfrlcJU\/ tjcm;usrf;rsm;vnf; &dSao;onf[k Mum;
odd&onf/ ,if;Murf;yHkESdyfonfrSm 13-Mudrfyif &SdavjyD/ a&;om;yHkvnf; jywfom;\/ oabm
obm0w¬vnf; qdkufvSayonf/

(t|KyÜwdå tusOf;csKyfvnf; tcsdKUtMudrf &dkufü yl;wGJyg&Sd\/ xdkt|KyÜwdåum; pifppf q&mawmf\

aeUpOfrSwfwrf; ]'dkif,m&D} jzpfrnf[k ,lq&\/ xdkrSwfwrf;ESifU "r® rdwfaqG rsm;xHrS Mum;od&orQ
tydktvdkr&Sd a&SUaemuf pDpOfa&;om;xm;ygonf/)

odkU&mwGif xdkusrf;ed*Hk;ü q&mawmfonf ]] ,ckb0rS aovQif tbd"r® w&m;a[m&m wm0wðom

ewfjynfü ewfom;jzpfí opömav;yg;udk od&ygvdk\ [lí ed*Hk;qkawmif;udk a&;om;cJUonf/
,if;odkU ewfom;qkudk awmif;zl;ojzifU ,ck b0ü t&d,m rjzpfEdkif [kum; r,lqMu&m/

a,m*DwdkUonf wpfcsdefESifUwpfcsdef todOmPf vHkv 0D&d,rsm; wpforwfwnf; &Sdae onfr[kwf/

tjrJwdk;wufíom aeawmUonf/ ]qkawmif;jcif;xuf tvkyfomvQif y"me} jzpfí 0dyóem
tvkyfudk rqkwfrepf MudK;pm;aeygvQif ola|;jzpfvdkrI? w&m;a[mvdkrI? omoem jyKvdkrI?
bk&m;jzpfvdkrI paom rlvu awmifUw arQmfac:csufrsm;onf wpfcsdefESifU wpfcsdefrwl? wjznf;jznf;
arS;rSdefuGm&SJí oGm;wwfMujrJyif jzpfonf/ ppfudkif;r[m*E¨m&Hk q&mawmfonf bk&m;qkyefMuD;yif
jzpf\/ odkUaomf þ,ckb0üyif ]tem*grfMuD;} [k ausmfMum;um om0u aAm"dqkMuD;udk
t&,loGm;awmf rlcJUavjyD/ xdkUaMumifU ] wpfcsdefu ewfom;qk awmif;cJUí t&d,m rjzpfjyD} [kum;
wpfxpfcs r,lqoifUay/

]b0usefao;í jzpfjcif;jzpf&vQif} [kom qdkvdkay\/

rnfodkUqdkap q&mawmfonf avmuD tbdnmOfvnf; &awmfrl[ef &dSayonf/ o&ufawm
bkef;MuD;tm; rSmMum;aom pum;ESifU o&ufawm bkef;MuD;xH <ua&mufonfU oabmrSm
xif&Sm;aeayonf/ ,if;odkU udk,fxif&Sm; <u&mjy&müvnf; zkóa'0rax&ftm; rm&fewfu
bk&m;[ef zefqif;í jyouJUodkU ewfrsm; yHkwlaqmifjcif; [kwf[efr&Sday/ (a&SUüvnf;
xif&Sm;ygvwåH/)
 awmxGuf&ef ivsifEdI;aqmf
q&mawmfonf 1255-ckESpf uqkefvqef;oHk;&uf wevFmzGm;jrifawmfrlcJUonf/ crnf;awmf rSm
anmifav;yifjrdKU zdk;wkwfyHk tv,f&GmZmwd OD;vHk;wHk;? r,fawmfrSm ( awmifil c&dkif) a&TusifjrdKU
taemuf&GmZmwd a':a&TEk jzpf\/ om;orD;ckepfa,mufwGif 'kwd, om; &wem? i,frnf
armifzdk;aomif/

1278-ckESpf waygif;vjynfUausmf av;&uf eHeuf &Spfem&DcGJ tcsdefü Mumtif;&Gm? oajyyifawm&

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================================================== =======
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================================================== ===========
o'´gvGefí xGufajy;&

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----
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-----------------------------------------------------------------------

odaomolonfom odonf

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--------------------------------------------------------------
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q&mawmfum; tajymta[m oefol? pGrf;oljzpfawmfrlí rlvur®|mef;ESifU a&SUajy; ur®|mef;rsm;

ray;rD ta[mtajymESifUyif a,m*DwdkU\ avmb? a'go? arm[? rmefrme wdkUudk w'*Ftm;jzifU
cGmcsay;pGrf;awmfrlEdkifygay\/ ta[mtajymü jidoGm; onfESifU wpfjydKif euf ur®|mef;
tvkyfcGifodkU qGJoGif;vdkuf&m a,m*Drsm; vGefpGmc&D;aygufajrmuf EdkifMu ayonf/

]tus,fa0zef ajymjyrS w&m;&rnfU yk*d¾KvfrsdK;} [lonfrSm þoabmyifwnf;/ aemuf vlwdkUvnf;

q&mawmf\ w&m;pmtkyfrsm;udk zwf&IMuygvQif rsm;pGm tusdK;jzpfxGef;Edkif ay\/
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AdrÁdom&rif;xHrS tmemyge owif;pum; yg;vdkufaom pmawGUrQjzifU prf;í &IrSwf&m
rdzk&m;awGMum;rSmyif pwkw¬psmef&í aemufqHk; tem*grf jzpfcJUavonf/

þçþpmrsdK;udk zwf&Ivdkjcif;uyif rdrdrSm yg&rD&SdoljzpfaMumif;udk ,HkMunfonf/

twdwfedrdwfESifUvmaom tmZmenf

rdk;ukwfq&mawmonf a[majymrIü xl;jcm;aom yg&rD&Sifjzpf\/ i,f&G,fpOfu yif

t&G,fESifUrvdkufatmif a[mwwf ajymwwf\/ Oykofonfrsm;tm; q&mbkef;MuD; udk,fpm;
oDvay;? a&pufcs? w&m;a[m vkyfcJU&onf/

q&mawmfavmif;vsmonf rEÅav;c&dkif?jrpfi,fjrdKUe,f 'k|0wDjrpf wpfzufurf;&Sd O,smOfawmf&Gmü

arG;zGm;cJU\/ xdk&Gmum; bdk;awmfvufxufu oDD;yifrsdK;pHk pdkufysdK;aom O,smOf awmf jzpf\/
]r[moD&deE´m0ef} ac:\/

tz OD;atmifxGef;? trd a':a&TtdwfwdkUrS 1261-ckESpf? ewfawmfvjynfUausmf 11-&uf? Akk'¨[l;aeU

pufem&D ESpfem&DESifU rdepf 30-tcsdef zGm;jrifonf/ i,frnf ]armifvSabmf} / om;orD; &SpfOD;wGif
yOörajrmuf om;&wem jzpf\/

yk*¾dKvfxl;wdkUü xl;jcm;aom tjzpftysufrsm; &Sdwwfukef\/

owdkUom; udk,f0ef&SdpOf r,fawmfü ]0wfjzLpifMu,fESifU yk*¾dKvfwpfOD; udk,f0efoaE¨
wnfaevmonf} [k tdyfruf jrifruf\/ owdkUom; udk,f0ef\ t&Sdeft0gaMumifU xl;xl;jcm;jcm;
csifjcif;jzpfvmonf/ oDvapmifUvdk\/ pmayusrf;*ef zwf&IemMum;vdk\/ w&m;emvdk a[mvdk\/
xdkUaMumifU rdcifonf arG;zGm;onftxd udk;yg;oDv apmifUxdef;um w&m;pmayjzifUom
tcsdefukefvGefap\/

q&mawmf avsmif;vsmonf uav;i,f b0uyif taetxdkif yd&dao0yf\/ cdkuf&ef a'gorjzpf/

av;ESpfom;t&G,fwGif O,smOfawmf&Gm rlvwef;ausmif; ausmif;tkyf OD;pH&xHwGiftyfESHí
av;wef;atmifjyD;aemuf toufudk;ESpf&G,fwGif a*G;yifawm&ausmif; q&mawmfxH &SifomraP
jyKonf/ bGJU ]&Sif0drv}/ o'´g? oj*FK[fpaom tajccHpmrsm;udk MuDK;pm;oif,líq&mU0wf
wynfU0wfrsm;udkvnf; ausyGefvS\/ ta[mtajymvnf; aumif;\/ bkef;MuD;í ]udk&if oD0vd}
[kyif ac:Muonf/ Oy"d&kyfESifUwuG tppt&m&m jynfUpHkoljzpfí q&mawmf \csD;ajrSmufjcif;udk
txl;&&Sdonf/
wpfaeUwGif &Sif0drvonf ouFef;wef;ay:ü ouFef;udk acgufí wifxm;&m rMumrD ysm;aumifrsm;
ysHoef;pktHkum ouFef;ay:ü todkufttHk vkyfMuonf/ ]tvGefxl;jcm; ausmfMum;rnfU udk&if} [k
edrdwfzwfMuav\/

touf 14-ESpf t&G,fwGif nD0rf;uGJawmfol udk&ifpE´ (,ck OD;b&if)u ylqmí jrpfurf;wpfzuf&Sd

ajymif;cif;rS ajymif;zl;cl;&ef &SifpE´udk avSay:wifí &Sif0drvudk,fwdkif avSmfcwful;&m
aMumufrufzG,f 0J*,ufMuD;xJodkU arsmygoGm;\/ rnfonfU avSMuD; avSi,frQ
jzwfoef;roGm;&Jaom 0J*,uf jzpfonf/ udk&ifrsm;rod&SmMu/

xdktjzpfudk jrifaeMuaom 0J,mjrpfurf;rS vltrsm;rSm udk&ifESpfyg;ESifU avSi,f csmvnfvSnfUí

jrKyfawmUrnf[k xifum avSrsm; tjyif;avSmfcwfí u,fq,f vmMuonf/ aMumufvefUwMum;
atmf[pfí ajymqdkoHrsm;udkyif udk&ifESpfyg;rSm tHhMo aeMu\/ ]]usKyfwdkUavS bmrSrjzpfygbl;/
jidrfaewmyJ}} [kyif u,fq,fvmolrsm;tm; wtHhwMo jyefajzaeMuonf/

oHo&m 0J*&ufudkyif vG,fvG,fululjzifU ul;ajrmuf avSmfcwfydkUEdkifrnfUol jzpfí 'k|0wD

0J*&ufonf vIdif;MuD;avSatmuf jzpfcJU&avoavm/ &Sif0drvum; £a`E´&& tomyif avSmfcwfí
wpfzufurf;odkU wufoGm;avawmU\/

aoavmufaom ab;MuD;rsm;ESifUawGUMuHK&aomfvnf; þb0ü w&m;xl; &rnfUoljzpfu ao&&dk;

xHk;pHr&Sd/ ]OmP0dyæm&£'¨d} jzpfaMumif; uREfkyfwdkU txyfxyfqdkcJUjyD/ avmukwå&m
traw"mwf(trw"mwf-edAÁme"mwf) ygcJUonfU yk*d¾Kvf[kwfEdkif r[kwfEdkif xdkodkUaom
ab;&efrsm;uvnf; om"ujyKwwfay\/

tdk-a,m*D? oifum; tb,fab;&efaMumifUrQ aovdkU&rnfUol [kwf[efr&Sd/ toufudkpGefUí

MudK;pm;ygav/ oifu toufudk rpGefUvdkaomfvnf; wpfaeU toufu oifUudk pGefU vdrfUrnf/

tcsdKwGif ]ysm;oum}? w&m;wGif ]tbd"r®m}

&Sif0drvonf q&mbkef;MuD;vnf; tdkrif;rpGrf;&SdvmonfESifU pm0grsm; rSefrSefwufcGifU r&/

]onftwdkif; aeoGm;&if pmwwf&awmUrSm r[kwf} [k ylyefae\/

tpfrt&if;jzpfol rokpm&Dvnf; tr&yl&jrdKU r*Fvmausmif;wdkufü tbd"r®m t&mwGif

vGefpGmxif&Sm;aom yxrausmf q&mtkef;xHü ynmoifvsuf&Sd&m tpfrjzpfol\ ajympum; t&
&Sif0drvvnf; jrdKUwufí tbd"r®m oifvdkpdwfrsm; jyif;jyvsuf&Sdonf/
( a': okpm&Dum; ,cktcg yJcl;jrdKU vdyfjymuefausmif;tkyf pmcs q&mMuD;jzpfonf/)
&Sif0drvonf rdbq&morm;rsm;xH cGifUyef avQmufxm;&m rdbrsm;u ESpfMudrf oHk;Mudrfwdkif
cGifUrjyKMuojzifU tr&yl&odkU wdwfwqdwf xGufcGmvmcJUonf? rdbrsm; vdkufí ac:aomfvnf;
w&m;a[mí jyefvTwfvdkuf\/ tpfr oDv&Sifq&mESifU a':ykn? a':0dpm&DwdkU u r*Fvmwdkuf
q&mawmfMuD; OD;okZmwxH oGm;a&muftyfESHMu\/ ruk#ausmif;ü ae& onf/ r*Fvmwdkufum;
omrnXmer[kwfacs? blrdeufoef rSefaom ae&m jzpfay\/

tr&yl& eef;wnfrnf&Sdaomtcg OD;ay:OD;ESifUwuG rif;MuD;av;yg; jrif;onfawmf ESifU Adokum

wpf&mausmfwdkU pcef;cswnf;cdkí r*Fvmtcsdefudk apmifUqdkif;aecJUMuaom ae&m jzpf\/
MuufoGefcif; awm& ausmif;wdkuf Xmevnf; jzpfonf/ ]oDv0daom"eD usrf;ü} MuufoGefcif;
q&mawmfonf y#dywf t&mü xif&Sm;aom q&mawmfwpfyg; jzpfaMumif; a&;xm;onfudk
awGU&\/ &Sif0drvum; rdrdae&ma[mif;odkUyif jyefvnf a&mufvmjcif; avm rqdkEdkifacs/

&Sif0drvonf r*Fvmwdkuf q&mawmfESifU rif;wkef;? oDayg? t*Fvdyfacwf oHk;acwf

wGiftbd"r®memrnfausmf yxrausmf q&mMuD;OD;tkef; (1208-1287)xHü MudK;pm;í ynm
oif,l\/&Sif0drvonf xl;jcm;xufjrufaom Oy"dESifU OmPf&nfwdkUaMumifU txl;wvnf
ta&;ay;cH& \/ odkU&mwGif &Sif0drvum; OykofZ&yfrsm;wGif ]]w&m;a[m aumif;onf}} [k
wpfpwpfp ausmf Mum;vmojzifU ynma&; aESmifUaES;rnfpdk;aom aMumifU w&m;ra[m&ef wm;jrpf
acsmUarmUxm; Mu&avonf/ udk&ifb0jzifUyif q&mMuD;OD;tkef;\ tbd"r®mtarGudk twGif;usus
&&Sdav awmU\/

&Sif0drv touf 20-&Sdaomtcg OD;0if; a':apmwdkUu 'umcHí &[ef;abmifwuf onf/ 1281-

ckESpf? 0gqdkvqef;&Spf&uf/ &[ef;opf OD;0drvonf odrfrStxGuf ouFef;acR; pdkaeojzifU
ruka#ausmif; (,ck pMuøausmif; ajrmufbuf bHkausmif;ae&m)ü cPwpfjzKwf teD;ü
ouFef;vSef;xm;&m rdepfydkif;twGif; ysm;rsm; pktHkysHoef;vmum todkufttHkvkyfMu\/'kwd,rÜd
ouFef;ysm;pGJjcif; jzpfonf/ vlwdkUtwGuf taumif;qHk; tcsdKjrdefqHk;aom aq;tm[m&
ukday;EkdifolrSm ysm;owå0gwdkUyifwnf;/ 1283-ckESpfwGif tpfr a': okpm&DESifU pmoifbuf
rdk;ukwfol a':0dpm&Du odrfxyfr*FvmjyKjyefonf/

xdktcg q&mMuD; OD;tkef;u OD;0drvtm; udk,fpm; tbd"r®mn0grsm;udk prf;oyfydkUcs cdkif;onf/

aeUtcg &xm;jzifU rEÅav;odkUoGm;í pmvdkufjyefonf/ pmvdkufcJUaom q&mawmf rsm;rSm acrmoD0H
q&mawmf? bk&m;MuD;wdkuf OD;cEÅDESifU q&mawmfOD;MunfwdkU jzpfMuonf/

1286-ckESpfwGif r*FvmwdkuftwGif; tv,fyd#uwdkuf ausmif;MuD;ü ausmif;xdkifpmcs jzpfum

tESpfoHk;q,fausmf txl;ojzifU tbd"r®mn0grsm;udk csydkUawmfrl\/ rmwdum-"mwku xm?
,rdkuf? y|mef; oHk;rsdK;udk wpfESpf oHk;MudrfpD csydkUawmfrl&m pmvdkufoHCmrsm;rSm oHk;av;&m &SdojzifU
ausmif;rvHkavmufí r,fZ,fyif&dyfcdkum pmtHpmusufMu&\/
q&mawmf OD;0drvESifU tbd"r®m n0gowif; wpfEdkifiHvHk;ü rodolr&Sd jzpfoGm;\/ ]]awmifjrdKU
raezl;vQif tbd"r®m rwwf}} [kyif owfrSwfMuavonf/ q&mMuD;OD;tkef; vufpç rowfcJUaom
emrnfausmf ] tbd"r®mwHcGef} usrf;MuD;udkvnf; vufpowf a&;awmf rl\/ ],ru rOö&D} usrf;ESifU
]ykxkZÆe tvif;jy} usrf;rsm;udkvnf; jyKpkawmfrlonf/ q&mawmf\ tbd"r®m ysm;vbdkUonf
,ckwdkif aomufpdkU rukefygacs/

v,fwD udk,fpm; w&m;pifjrifU wuf&jyD

q&mawmfuav; OD;0drvonf pmoifom;rsm;tm; pmcs&if; wpfzufu vlrsm;tm; w&m;a[m\/
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Z&yfMuD;rsm;ü tvSnfUus aeUpOf a[mawmfrl\/ tcsdKU'umrsm; u w&m;em&HkrQ tm;r&bJ
&[ef;awmfrsm;tm; csydkUaom n0grsm;udkyif vmí em,lMuonf/

]]OD;yOöif; pmcswm ukodkvf&&HkyJ&Sdw,f? w&m;a[mwmvJ ukodkvf&&HkyJ? rdrdudk,fwdkif

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qHk;rpum; ajymMum;onfudk rarQmfvifUbJMum;&&m q&mawmf\ pdwfxJü eifUueJjzpfum oHa0*
0ifvm\/ xdktcgrS pwifum ntcg tcsdefxm;í w&m;&IrSwf awmfrlawmUonf/ [efusrnfUoludk
owday;&onfrSm vG,fulvSay\/

]atmifjcif;&Spfyg; q&mawmf} [lonf tr&yl&jrdKU awmiforeftif; taemufzufurf; &Sd

atmifjcif;&Spfyg; ausmif;wdkuf q&mawmf OD;em*0Ho (1248-1332) jzpf\/ rdk;ukwf q&mawmf ESifU
q&mwl wynfUjzpfonf/ tbd"r®m n0grsm; oif,ljyD;aemuf &moufyef {upm aeawmf rl\/
acgif;acgif;yg;yg;aeonf/ nOfUoHk;,HwGif wpf,HrQom avsmif;\/ 12-em&DcGJ avmufwGif
rsufESmopfonf/ r[m*E¨m&Hk? r*Fvm? wl;armif;q&mawmfrsm;yif rMumcP qnf; uyfMu\/
tmemygeESifU uodkPf;rsm; Edkifeif;awmfrlyHk&onf/ &Hcgausmif;0if; wpf0if;vHk;
vif;xdefae\/psmefysHonf? &[EÅmjzpfonf[k ausmfMum;í 'um 'umrrsm; pnfum;vmaom tcg
&[EÅm r[kwfaMumif; yGifUyGifUvif;vif;MuD; rdefUqdk ESifxkwfonf/ wHwm;OD;jrdKUe,f
azmif;um;av;&Gm anmifukef;MuD;&yf? OD;pdk; a':at;rwdkUrS bGm;jrifawmfrl aom yk*¾dKvfjrwf
yk*¾dKvfxl; MuD;yifwnf;/

OD;0drvvnf; ]ta[maumif;?pmcsaumif;} [laom ,m,D taumif;rsm;udk ra&SmifvTJ om

ao;ojzifU tdyfcsdefrSyifzJUí taumif;qHk; y"metvkyfudk vkyfrdatmif vkyf,lae&\/ rHk&Gm-
rEÅav;jrdKUrsm;odkUvnf; oGm;a&muftm;xkwfawmfrlonf/ eHeufESifU naeydkif;wdkUü
tjrJvrf;avQmufavU&Sd\/

q&mawmfonf 1286-ckESpfrSpí trMuD; a': okpm&DESifU pmoifzuf a':0dvmoD\

yifUavQmufcsuft& aqmif;av;vwGGif rif;uGef; rdk;ukwfacsmifü pm0gcsydkUawmfrlavU
&Sdonf/xdkacsmifüvnf; q&mawmfudk taMumif;jyKí Z&yfausmif;uefrsm; wpfaeUwpfjcm; pnfum;
vm\/

xddktcsdefu atmufjynfatmuf&Gmü tbd"r®m w&m;yGJrsm;vnf; tvGefacwfpm;vsuf &Sd\/

v,fwDq&mawmfESifU wynfUMuD;rsm;jzpfMuaom v,fwD OD;y'kr? aouß©awmif OD;wdavmu paom
EdkifiHausmf "r®uxduMuD;rsm; wpfyg;qif;wpfyg;wuf a[mMum;awmfrlavU &SdMuonf/

1291-ckESpfwGif anmifav;yifjrdKU jynfvHk;csrf;ombk&m;ü ESpfpOf usif;yjrJ tbd"r®mw&m; yGJ

twGuf ppfudkif;awmif&dk; ZrÁKywdacsmif OD;y'kr q&mawmftm; vma&muf yifUMu&m-

]]igUrSm oGuß©yg' jzpfaejyD? 'gayr,fU rif;wdkU tbd"r®m w&m;yGJESifU oifUawmfr,fU

udk,fawmfuav;wpfyg;awmU awGUxm;jyD/ q,f0gyJ&Sdao;w,f/}} [k qdkum q&mawmftm;
nTefMum;ojzifU 1292-ckESpfrSpí ESpfpOf waygif;vqef; &Spf&uf aeUwdkif; <ua&muf a[m ajym&\/

]]bkef;MuD;u pmayudkom csydkUaewm/ ,ckvdk r@yfMuD;xdk;jyD;vJ ra[mzl;ao;ygbl;}}

[k cyf&dkU&dkUjzifU pwif yGJxGufcJU&aomfvnf; q&mawmf\ tbd"r®m yef;0wf&nfudk pGJruf
íomaeMuavawmU\/
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(rlv yPÖmo-r[ma*god*Fokwfü) ]]tbd"r®mudk aqG;aEG;a[mMum;Edkifaom &[ef;om vQif
tifMuif;awmyrm omoemawmftm;wifUw,fapEdkifoljzpfonf}}[kvnf; t&Sifarm*¾vmefu
ol\xifjrifcsufudk a[mjyawmfrlzl;\/ t|uxmq&muvnf; tbd"r®mobm0udk a[mjyEdkifaom
"r®muxduomvQif ]omoemU usufoa&aqmif "r®muxdutppf} jzpfaMumif; zGifUqdkonf/
(t|omvdeD-30/ þü tbd"r®m[lonf ESvHk;om;u odjrifaom tbd"r®m jzpf\/ pdwf-
wpfck,kwf 90? apwoduf 52? &kyf 28- [laom onmod tbd"r®mr[kwf/)

,cktcg oDcsif;qdkaom bkef;MuD;rsm;uyif r*fOmPf zdkvfOmPfESifU OmPfpOfrsm;udk a[maeMuavjyD/

wpfcgu aus;Zl;&Sif r[mpnf q&mawmfbk&m;MuD; ,if; anmifav;yifjrdKU üyif

w&m;a[mawmfrl&m w&m;Z&yfESifU txl;ojzifU w&m;a[myv’ifMuD;rSm zdwfzdwf awmuf aumif;rGef
vSonfudkMunfUí w&m;a[m&if; owday;Mo0g' pum;wpfcGef; rdefUrSmonfudk
wpfqifUpum;Mum;em&onfrSm rSwfavmufay\/

]]tif;...'umMuD;wdkUjrdKUu omoemjyKolawmfaumif;MuD;awG xGufay: oDwif;oHk; Mu wJUjrdKU 'um

'umrawGuvJ omoema&; tm;ay; pdwf0ifpm;wJUjrdKUjzpfvdkY w&m;a[m yv’ifMuD;rsm;vJ
crf;em;aumif;rGefvSayw,f/ bkef;MuD; owday;csifwmuawmU 'Dvdk w&m;a[myv’ifrsdK;ay:rSm
oDcsif;qdkwJU udk,fawmfawG rwufMuygapeJU}} [líjzpfygonf/ 'umrsm;bufuvnf; rsufpd em;
MuD;zdkU vdkvSonf/

a&S;tcgu txufyg anmifav;yifjrdKU jynfvHk;csrf;om bk&m;yGJum; ESpfpOf Zmwf &kyfao;rsm;jzifU

usif;yMu&m 1281-ckESpfrSpí v,fwD q&mawmfMuD;u-

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wpfESpf wpfcg? i&J&Sm? vlU&Gmbk&m;yGJ- rvkyfMuygeJUuGm/ ZmwfyGJawG igUvª Muyg}}[k
rdefUawmfrl&mrS jzpfay:vmaom tbd"r®mw&m;yGJMuD; jzpfonf/ pifppf xdkyv’if
um;v,fwDq&mawmf\ w&m;yv’ifjzpf\/

,if;odkU &mZ0ifESifUvmaom anmifav;yifa'oü aus;Zl;&Sif r[mpnfq&mawmfbk&m; MuD;\

trSwfrxif Mo0g'awmfum; ]a&Tzvm; tem;uGyf} ouJUodkU &Sdav\/

q&mawmfonf v,fwDq&mawmf\ tbd"r®mtarGESifU y#dywådtarGudk qufvufcH,l vdkuf&um

EdkifiHausmf "r®uxdu tjzpfodkU a&mufrSef;rod a&mufvmcJUayonf/ xdktcsdefrSpí ]0eyÜ*karÁ}
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yef;0wf&nfwdkUudk udk,fawmfwdkif 0tDatmif aomufpdkUjyD; umrS a0ae,srsm; pGmtwGuf
tbd"r®mysm;vbdkUudk aomufpdkUrukefatmif wnfcif;auR; awmfrlcJU\/

rdk;ukwfq&mawmfESifU OmPftjrif
1294-ckESpfrSpí q&mawmfonf rdk;ukwfjrdKUrSausmif;'umMuD; OD;v,f a': odkif;jcHKwdkU\
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( Creator of PDF file)
atmifoD[efOD; (09/01/2009)