Gender 1900-Present

Middle East/ N. Africa

Sarabeth Sandweiss Seiji Williams, Tyler Balloun, Mackenzie Ward Alex Kainer, Sandesh Karki Sarah Khan

Social
women endured equal punishment Mullahs aim- women confined to marriage and raising children Afghanistan: Taliban compels educated women to leave jobs and denies medical treatment Iran:-Marriage age raised to 15 for women and 18 for men - segregated women by veiling - high war casualties= unequal gender ratio - President Hashemi Rafsanjani advocated temporary marriage for war widows (Nov. 1990) -Sharia banned polygamy; gave women equal rights to divorce and custody of children. North Africa: - Missionary girls schools = confined to daughters of low-classes

Political
women gain suffrage rights (Turkey-Ataturk, Algeria, Iran) -Iran - new conservative government persecuted women - law forced women out of workforce, especially in skilled jobs -government support for temporary marriages - extreme punishments (stoning) for men and women -N. Africa- Egypt- feminist national leaders fight for womens rights -Greater rights for women with new constitutions

Economic
Iranian law forced women out of workforce, especially in skilled jobs Turkeys elite women held high proportions of professors in engineering, science, and mathematics Increasing oil revenues opened jobs for women ISLAM- tried to force women out of work by early retirement, closing childcare , segregating women and enforcing veiling public places, closing 140 womens universities Womans deputy bill permitted women in civil service to work halftime with the permission of their husbands. War meant women had to replace men in the workforce Upper class Egyptian women founded newpapers

Cultural
-sex-segregated schools, more educational opportunities - increase in literary rates -Turkey-Ataturk-denounces woman's veiling and bans polygamy -60% of women remain literate -Religious leaders distinguish between temporary marriage and prostitution -Afghanistan- Taliban compels women to leave work and wear veils -Iran- Reza Shah bans veil, dealt harshly with veil wearing women, return of veil, veil becomes center of contention - Womens literacy reached 56% in urban areas and 17% in rural areas buy mid 1970s -Secular legal codes- Shara, -Islam enforces veil

Gender Roles: United States

Hannah Lu, Nirmal Patel, Arthur Chen, Akash Shukla, Bianca Bhakta, Sakshi M., & Dorian Fernandez

Cultural
The Feminine Mystique book by Betty Friedman fueled the feminist movement and outlined unhappiness of women. Benefitted greatly from common household appliances. Women spent more time relaxing and spending time with family Popular notion in US that women best served their families and nation by staying at home and rearing patriotic children Not all women aspired to be like June Cleaver in Leave it to Beaver (popular TV show)

Social
Sexual liberation. For the first time, birth control and abortion were discussed. Women have a choice in what happened with their bodies and plan careers without interference. In 1966, created National Organization for Women (NOW) to mobilize voters and demand equal education opportunities for women Education Act 1972 prohibited sex discrimination in education Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibited all discrimination on the bases of race and gender (enforced by Equal Opportunity Employment Commission) The growing divorce rate (over 40% by 1970s) produced an increase of female poverty

Economic
Married women in the U.S actually worked in larger numbers during the cold war than WWII The National Industrial Recover Act was passedgave women in areas of the trade industry wage raises, shortest working hours, and more employment opportunities National Labor Relations Board was founded and gave women the right to deal as a collective for better wages and working conditions Equal Pay Act-same pay for men and women doing same kind of job, no discrimination against women

Political
Women were somewhat active in politics- in US state legislature 1989, number of women was 20% compared to 8% in 1975 By the early 1970s, there were male movement groups as well as female ones. Sparked major gender debate. (are men allowed to cry?)

Gender Roles 1900-Present

South Asia & SE Asia, and USSR (Soviet Union)

By: Shivani raman, Ana Chan, Alex Chan, Wenpei Tang, Kelly Jackson, Natasha

Schepps, and Alexus Altamirano

Social
South Asia & SE Asia: -patriarchy continues to prevail
-severe domestic abuse common (dowry deaths, general mentality centered on the subordination of women) -women continue to be subjected to early marriage and the expectation to produce and sustain large families -women likely to be less well fed, educated, and healthy than men at comparable social levels

USSR/Soviet Union: -women were fully equal to men -> encouraged not to rely on men -women urged to work outside home & liberate themselves sexually - under Stalin -> sexual/familial liberation decrease -divorce & abortion -> easily available -work outside home -> often sacrifice family -> broken families

Political
South Asia & SE Asia:
-Women become highly visible political figures, join organizations, or participate in activities designed to further the cause of womens rights -Womens role played in nationalists struggles and persistent womens activism results in female suffrage and a greater extent of political equality -Many women rise to positions of political powere.g. Indira Gandhi & Benazir Bhuto led India & Pakistan as effective politicians -Womens rise to positions of political power facilitated by family connections / connections to powerful men; otherwise, political life dominated by men USSR/Soviet Union: - Council of Peoples Commissars Decree: -women assured maximum safety during abortion in state hospitals -women can now divorce in a week or two, rather than months or years -women in government/administrative positions increase to 48.8%

Economic
South Asia & SE Asia:
-women remain largely confine to the homedomesticity prevails -percentage of women in workforce declined to 12% -womens economic involvement hindered by early marriage & large families -over time womens activism has resulted in a greater extent of equality in education and occupational opportunities

USSR/Soviet Union: -women overall economic involvement increase to 33.4% -equality in labor difficulty (i.e. hard labor not reserved for men) -could enter all economic spheres - men still monopolize best jobs -equal, but low wages -> both genders must work outside home - women still had expected household tasks during off periods

Cultural
South Asia & SE Asia:
-The birth of females in S. Asia burdensome due to the custom of dowries (gifts of money
or goods) to the husband & his family upon marriage -Prevalence of dowry deaths: if the husband & his family perceive the dowry as inadequate, the wife is doused with kerosene and set on fire -Domestic abuse common throughout South Asiamentality of male superiority (patriarchy) allows for mistreatment of women

USSR/Soviet Union: -most education open to men also open to women - (e.g. medicine: 75% doctors = women)
-Soviet totalitarian state mobilized human resource of women vs capitalism exploited women -Bolshevik feminist Alexandra Kollontais Communism & the Family: old habits and customs are dying outwomen mustfind support in the collective and in society, and not from the individual man

GENDER ROLES EUROPE

Anu Narayanan, Paula McCloud, Breden Holliday, Tyra Savorson , Bridgita Bhakta, Allasandra Gest

SOCIAL
In Italy, Womans role to provide valiant Italian soldiers German woman were to bear male children to receive the Honor Cross In Nazi Germany woman relegated primarily to the roles of wife and mother Employers preferred woman workers who were paid 2/3 pr the wages of the men Woman in Britain joined the armed forces After the war woman were expected to return home and assume traditional roles

POLITICAL
women worked in military as nurses, doctors, communication clerks right to vote extended to women in many areas after Great War new communist governments discouraged patriarchy and supported sexual equality surges in feminist protest Italian and German governments (fascist rulers) encouraged role of wife and mother to increase birth rates by passing legislation and offering benefits and rewards for large families

Economic
women had to fill gaps of workforce "men marched off to war and women marched off to work Took male jobs because of patriotism and high wages (bobbed hair) Women even took over businesses and farms became postal workers/police officers -most crucial work was the making of shells (TNT explosives) Had biggest effect on middle/upper class women; working class women not so much women initially performed because required lower wages (unemployment not a factor at first) Government policies started to reduce female employment.(esp. married women) Nazi ideology regelated women with roles as wife and mother -women called to military/nursing services and workers in factory assembly line. (WAVES)

CULTURAL
less focus on children (kids sent to daycare) and more focus on marriage higher divorce rates depression hits men more than women because women are cheaper labor, until governments say women's place is at home marriage, childbearing, and divorce decline while suicide rates rose award for more than five children women=wives and mothers -Campaign to increase births

Gender Roles in East Asia (1900-Present)

Erika Vinette, Nelly Martinez, Aisha Hasan, and Jaime Marshall

Social
Women, under the new code, were supposed to be able to choose their own husbands, apply for divorce, and to inherit property; Adultery was a punishable offense, but for men as well. New factory legislation protected women from work that might be physically harmful but theoretically paved the way for equal pay for equal work Modern marriages were increasingly contracted among the upper and middle classes Women entered the social scene wearing French perfume, permanent waves, high heeled shoes, silk stockings, and even the one-piece bathing suit City Dwellers accepted their loss of choice for children in the national interest more willingly than farm women. One- child policy led to female infanticide

Political
KMTs most significant effort to legislate equality came in the Civil Code, under which women could choose their own husbands and apply for divorce New factory legislation protected women from work that night be physically harmful to them Mao Zedong declared his "commitment to fairness" which vowed to improve women's rights, luring more women into supporting communism

Economic
New factory legislation from the civil code protected women from work that might be physically harmful and theoretically paved the way for equal pay for equal work. The marriage law upheld equal rights for men and women in the area of work, property ownership and inheritance. The Great Leap Forward may have been an economic disaster, but it did help women as labor outside the family was publicly encouraged. However, even as work was redistributed between men and women, gender remained paramount, for tasks were still defined as feminine or masculine.

Cultural
Thousands of Korean women were sent to serve in Japanese military brothels called " comfort houses" Women with bobbed hair were shot for fear of radicalism during the White Terror Coeducation college attained in 1920s Women commonly wore French perfume, perms, heels, silk stockings, and one piece bathing suits Child betrothal abolished Foot binding abolished

Latin America & Cuba

Megan Sutton, Audrey Wang, Janice, Wang, Christopher Olvera, Samantha Maldonado Nocca and Peek

Social
Latin America -Were denied the right to vote anywhere in Latin America until the 1950s, and continued to live under inequalities in the workplace and in politics. Women had salaries below men and were considered unskilled. Cuba: Women's Club: composed of upper and middle class women supported woman suffrage, equal wages, greater access to education, and civil equality. Anti-Batista Movement had women who served as lawyers, interpreters, medical aides, grassroots, organizers, educators, spies, messengers, and armed combatants. Cuban Women's Federation (FMC) provided several social services: national child-care system, literacy crusades, schools for maids and prostitutes, etc. Communism allows women freedom to pursue careers

POLITICAL
Latin America: Women denied from voting at first but slowly gained the right. Argentinian women won the right to vote in 1945. Mainly excluded from politics. Eventually women became 9% of legislators. Cuba: Women lead the Anti-Batista movement when Castro in prison Women participated in the Cuban women's federation Women part of movement to change the government by targeting corrupt professors first During the communist revolution women served as lawyers, interpreters, medical aides, grassroots organizers, educators, spies, messengers, and armed combatants

economic
Latin America Argentina: women made up 80% of the textile and clothing industry workers. - women salaries are below males with the same jobs Peru, Bolivia, and Ecuador: women who worked in the markets controlled much small scale commerce

Cuba Before the revolution, women made up 25% of univeristy students today its over 50% Low rate of unemployment among women Women worked as doctors (50% of Cuban doctors are women), educators,etc..

Cultural
Latin America The traditional association of women with reigion and the Catholic Church in Hispanic life made reformers and revolutionaries fear that women would become a conservative force in nation politics (this led to a continued exclusion od women from political life)

Cuba Communist culture is one of equality Attempt to eliminate prostitution with schools to teach skills to prostitutes Divorce becomes easily obtained Superior diet compared to the rest of Latin America