Bin son v ging dy : Gio vin Nguyn Minh Tun T Ha Trng THPT Chuyn Hng Vng Ph Th

Phng php hc tt mn ha hc l : Chm ch nghe ging, chm hc l thuyt, chm lm bi tp, chm n bi c


1
PHNG PHP GI I BI TP V CACBOHI RAT

A. Phng php gii bi tp v monosaccarit
Phng php gii
Mt s iu cn lu v tnh cht ca monosaccarit :
+ C glucoz v fructoz b kh bi H
2
to ra sbitol.
CH
2
OH[CHOH]
4
CHO + H
2

,

o
Ni t
CH
2
OH[CHOH]
4
CH
2
OH
CH
2
OH(CHOH)
3
CCH
2
OH + H
2

,
o
Ni t
CH
2
OH[CHOH]
4
CH
2
OH
O
+ C glucoz v fructoz u b oxi ha bi dung dch AgNO
3
/NH
3
(t
o
).
CH
2
OH[CHOH]
4
CHO +2[Ag(NH
3
)
2
]OHCH
2
OH[CHOH]
4
COONH
4
+2Ag + 3NH
3
+ H
2
O
amoni glucoz
i vi fructoz khi thamgia phn ng trng gng th u tin fructoz chuyn ha thnh
glucoz sau glucoz thamgia phn ng trng gng.
+ Glucoz b oxi ha bi nc bromcn fructoz khng c phn ng ny.
CH
2
OH[CHOH]
4
CHO + Br
2
+ H
2
O CH
2
OH[CHOH]
4
COOH + 2HBr
Hoc
CH
2
OH[CHOH]
4
CHO + 2AgNO
3
+3NH
3
+H
2
OCH
2
OH[CHOH]
4
COONH
4
+ 2Ag +2NH
4
NO
3

+ Glucoz c kh nng thamgia phn ng oxi ha khng hon ton vi O
2
(t
o
, xt) to thnh axit
gluconic, fructoz khng c phn ng ny.
2CH
2
OH[CHOH]
4
CHO + O
2

,
o
xt t
2CH
2
OH[CHOH]
4
COOH
+ Glucoz c kh nng thamgia phn ng ln men ru v ln men lactic, fructoz khng c
nhng phn ng ny.
C
6
H
12
O
6

, 30 35
o
men ru C
2C
2
H
5
OH + 2CO
2

C
6
H
12
O
6

, 30 35
o
men lactic C
2CH
3
CH(OH)COOH
Phng php gii bi tp v monosaccarit l da vo gi thit ta vit phng trnh phn ng
hoc lp s chuyn ha gia cc cht, sau tmmi lin quan v s mol hoc khi lng ca
cc cht, t suy ra kt qu m bi yu cu.
Cc v d minh ha
V d 1: Lng glucoz cn dng to ra 1,82 gam sobitol vi hiu sut 80% l :
A. 2,25 gam. B. 1,80 gam. C. 1,82 gam. D. 1,44 gam.
Hng dn gii
Phng trnh phn ng :
CH
2
OH[CHOH]
4
CHO + H
2

o
Ni, t
CH
2
OH[CHOH]
4
CH
2
OH (1)
mol: 0,01 0,01
Theo (1) v gi thit ta c :

[ ] [ ]
2 2 2
4 4
CH OH CHOH CHO CH OH CHOH CH OH
n n 0, 01 mol.
V hiu sut phn ng l 80% nn khi lng glucoz cn dng l :
Bin son v ging dy : Gio vin Nguyn Minh Tun T Ha Trng THPT Chuyn Hng Vng Ph Th

Phng php hc tt mn ha hc l : Chm ch nghe ging, chm hc l thuyt, chm lm bi tp, chm n bi c


2

[ ]
2
4
CH OH CHOH CHO
0, 01
m .180 2, 25 gam.
80%

p n A.
V d 2: un nng 250 gam dung dch glucoz vi dung dch AgNO
3
/NH
3
thu c 15 gam Ag,
nng ca dung dch glucoz l :
A. 5%. B. 10%. C. 15%. D. 30%.
Hng dn gii
Phng trnh phn ng :
CH
2
OH[CHOH]
4
CHO + 2[Ag(NH
3
)
2
]OH CH
2
OH[CHOH]
4
COONH
4
+ 2Ag + 3NH
3
+ H
2
O
Hoc
CH
2
OH[CHOH]
4
CHO + 2AgNO
3
+3NH
3
+H
2
OCH
2
OH[CHOH]
4
COONH
4
+ 2Ag +2NH
4
NO
3

Theo phng trnh phn ng ta thy :

[ ] [ ]
2 2
4 4
Ag CH OH CHOH CHO CH OH CHOH CHO
1 1 15 5 5
n n . mol m .180 12, 5 gam.
2 2 108 72 72

Nng phn trm ca dung dch glucoz l :

12, 5
C% .100% 5%.
250

p n A.
V d 3: Ln men dung dch cha 300 gam glucoz thu c 92 gam ancol etylic. Hiu sut qu
trnh ln men to thnh ancol etylic l :
A. 60%. B. 40%. C. 80%. D. 54%.
Hng dn gii
Phng trnh phn ng :
C
6
H
12
O
6

lenmenru
2C
2
H
5
OH + 2CO
2
(1)

2 5 6 12 6 2 5
C H OH C H O C H OH
92 1
n 2 mol n .n 1 mol.
46 2

Hiu sut qu trnh ln men to thnh ancol etylic l : H =
1.180
.100% 60%
300
.
p n A.
V d 4: Ln men hon ton m gam glucoz thnh ancol etylic. Ton b kh CO
2

sinh ra trong qu
trnh ny c hp th ht vo dung dch Ca(OH)
2

d to ra 40 gam kt ta. Nu hiu sut ca qu
trnh ln men l 75% th gi tr ca m l :
A. 60. B. 58. C. 30. D. 48.
Hng dn gii
Phng trnh phn ng :
C
6
H
12
O
6

lenmenru
2C
2
H
5
OH + 2CO
2
(1)
CO
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
CaCO
3
+ H
2
O (2)
Theo (1), (2) v gi thit ta c :

6 12 6 2 3
C H O phanng CO CaCO
1 1 1 40
n n n . 0,2 mol.
2 2 2 100


Bin son v ging dy : Gio vin Nguyn Minh Tun T Ha Trng THPT Chuyn Hng Vng Ph Th

Phng php hc tt mn ha hc l : Chm ch nghe ging, chm hc l thuyt, chm lm bi tp, chm n bi c


3
V hiu sut phn ng ln men l 75% nn lng glucoz cn cho phn ng l :

6 12 6 6 12 6
C H O emphanng C H O emphanng
0,2 4 4
n mol m .180 48gam.
75% 15 15

p n D.
V d 5: Ln men m gam glucoz vi hiu sut 90%, lng kh CO
2
sinh ra hp th ht vo dung
dch nc vi trong, thu c 10 gam kt ta. Khi lng dung dch sau phn ng gim 3,4 gam so
vi khi lng dung dch nc vi trong ban u. Gi tr ca m l :
A. 20,0. B. 30,0. C. 13,5. D. 15,0.
Hng dn gii
Phng trnh phn ng :
C
6
H
12
O
6

lenmenru
2C
2
H
5
OH + 2CO
2
(1)
CO
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
CaCO
3
+ H
2
O (2)
2CO
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
Ca(HCO
3
)
2
(3)
Khi lng dung dch gim = khi lng CaCO
3
kt ta khi lng ca CO
2
. Suy ra :

2 3 2
CO CaCO dungdchgiam CO
m m m 6,6gam n 0,15mol.
Theo (1) ta c :

6 12 6 2
C H O phanng CO
1
n n 0,075mol.
2

V hiu sut phn ng ln men l 90% nn lng glucoz cn cho phn ng l :

6 12 6 6 12 6
C H O emphanng C H O emphanng
0,075 1 1
n mol m .180 15gam.
90% 12 12

p n D.
V d 6: Khi lng glucoz cn dng iu ch 1 lt dung dch ancol (ru) etylic 40
o
(khi
lng ring 0,8 g/ml) vi hiu sut 80% l :
A. 626,09 gam. B. 782,61 gam. C. 305,27 gam. D. 1565,22 gam.
Hng dn gii
Phng trnh phn ng :
C
6
H
12
O
6

lenmenru
2C
2
H
5
OH + 2CO
2
(1)
Theo (1) v gi thit ta c :

6 12 6 2 5
C H O C H OH
1 1 40%.1000.0,8 80
n .n . mol.
2 2 46 23

V hiu sut phn ng l 80% nn khi lng glucoz cn dng l :

6 12 6
C H O
80
m .180 728, 61 gam.
23.80%

p n B.




Bin son v ging dy : Gio vin Nguyn Minh Tun T Ha Trng THPT Chuyn Hng Vng Ph Th

Phng php hc tt mn ha hc l : Chm ch nghe ging, chm hc l thuyt, chm lm bi tp, chm n bi c


4
V d 7: Cho 2,5 kg glucoz cha 20% tp cht ln men thnh ancol etylic. Tnh th tch ancol
etylic 40
o
thu c bit ancol etylic c khi lng ring l 0,8 g/ml v qu trnh ch bin anol etylic
hao ht 10%.
A. 3194,4 ml. B. 27850 ml. C. 2875 ml. D. 23000 ml.
Hng dn gii
Phng trnh phn ng :
C
6
H
12
O
6

lenmenru
2C
2
H
5
OH + 2CO
2
(1)
Theo (1) v gi thit ta c :

2 5 6 12 6
C H OH C H O
2, 5.1000.80%.90%
n 2.n 2. 20 mol.
180

Th tch dung dch C
2
H
5
OH 40
o
thu c l :

o
2 5
C H OH 40
20.46
V 2875 ml.
0, 8.40%

p n B.
V d 8: Cho s chuyn ha sau : Glucoz Ancol etylic But-1,3-ien Cao su Buna
Hiu sut ca ton b qu trnh iu ch l 75%, mun thu c 32,4 kg cao su Buna th khi lng
glucoz cn dng l :
A. 144 kg. B. 108 kg. C. 81 kg D. 96 kg.
Hng dn gii
S phn ng :
C
6
H
12
O
6
2C
2
H
5
OH CH
2
=CHCH =CH
2
(CH
2
CH=CHCH
2
)
n
(1)
gam: 180 54 54
kg: x.75% 32,4 32,4
Theo (1) v gi thit ta thy khi lng glucoz cn dng l :

32, 4.180
x 144 kg.
54.75%

p n A.
V d 9: iu ch 45 gam axit lactic t tinh bt v qua con ng ln men lactic, hiu sut thu
phn tinh bt v ln men lactic tng ng l 90% v 80%. Khi lng tinh bt cn dng l :
A. 50 gam. B. 56,25 gam. C. 56 gam. D. 60 gam.
Hng dn gii
S phn ng :
(C
6
H
10
O
5
)
n

90%
nC
6
H
12
O
6
80%

2nCH
3
CH(OH)COOH
Hiu sut ton b qu trnh bng tch hiu sut cc qu trnh ring l : H = 0,9.0,8 = 0,72 (72%).

72%
6 10 5 n 3
(C H O ) 2nCH CH(OH)COOH
gam: 162n 2n.90
45.162
gam: m = = 56, 25 45
2.90.0, 72

p n B.


Bin son v ging dy : Gio vin Nguyn Minh Tun T Ha Trng THPT Chuyn Hng Vng Ph Th

Phng php hc tt mn ha hc l : Chm ch nghe ging, chm hc l thuyt, chm lm bi tp, chm n bi c


5
B. Phng php gii bi tp v isaccarit
Phng php gii
Mt s iu cn lu v tnh cht ca isaccarit :
+ C mantoz v saccaroz u c phn ng thy phn. Do c imcu to nn khi saccaroz
thy phn cho hn hp glucoz v fructoz, cn mantoz cho glucoz.
C
12
H
22
O
11
+ H
2
O
,
+

o
H t
C
6
H
12
O
6
+ C
6
H
12
O
6

saccaroz glucoz fructoz
C
12
H
22
O
11
+ H
2
O
,
o
H t
+
2C
6
H
12
O
6



matoz glucoz
+ Trong phn t matoz c cha nhmCHO nn c tnh kh : C th thamgia phn ng trng
gng, phn ng vi dung dch nc brom, cn saccaroz khng c nhng phn ng ny.
Bi tp v isacacrit thng c dng l : Thy phn mt lng isacacrit (c th hon ton hoc
khng hon ton) sau cho sn phmthu c thamgia phn ng trng gng, phn ng vi
nc brom V vy cn phi nmchc tnh cht ca isacacrit v tnh cht ca cc monosacacrit.
Da vo gi thit ta vit phng trnh phn ng hoc lp s chuyn ha gia cc cht, sau
tmmi lin quan v s mol hoc khi lng ca cc cht, t suy ra kt qu m bi yu cu.
Cc v d minh ha
V d 1: Thy phn hon ton 6,84 gam saccaroz ri chia sn phm thnh 2 phn bng nhau.
Phn1 cho tc dng vi lng d dung dch AgNO
3
/NH
3
th thu c x gam kt ta. Phn 2 cho tc
dng vi dung dch nc brom d, th c y gam brom tham gia phn ng. Gi tr x v y ln lt l :
A. 2,16 v 1,6. B. 2,16 v 3,2. C. 4,32 v 1,6. D. 4,32 v 3,2.
Hng dn gii
Theo gi thit ta c :
saccaroz
6,84
n 0,02 mol.
342

Phng trnh phn ng thy phn :
C
12
H
22
O
11
+ H
2
O
o
H , t
+
C
6
H
12
O
6
+ C
6
H
12
O
6
(1)
saccaroz glucoz fructoz
mol: 0,02 0,02 0,02
Nh vy dung dch thu c sau khi thy phn hon ton 0,02 mol saccaroz c cha 0,02 mol
glucoz v 0,02 mol fructoz. Mt na dung dch ny c cha 0,01 mol glucoz v 0,01 mol
fructoz.
Phn 1 khi thc hin phn ng trng gng th c glucoz v fructoz u tham gia phn ng
nn tng s mol phn ng l 0,02 mol.
C
6
H
12
O
6
o
3 3
AgNO / NH ,t
2Ag (2)
mol: 0,02 0,04
Phn 2 khi phn ng vi dung dch nc brom th ch c glucoz phn ng.
CH
2
OH[CHOH]
4
CHO + Br
2
+ H
2
O CH
2
OH[CHOH]
4
COOH + 2HBr (3)
mol: 0,01 0,01
Vy t (2) v (3) suy ra :

2
Ag Br
x m 0,04.108 4,32gam; y m 0,01.160 1,6gam.
p n C.
Bin son v ging dy : Gio vin Nguyn Minh Tun T Ha Trng THPT Chuyn Hng Vng Ph Th

Phng php hc tt mn ha hc l : Chm ch nghe ging, chm hc l thuyt, chm lm bi tp, chm n bi c


6
V d 2: Thy phn hon ton 3,42 gam hn hp X gm saccaroz v mantoz thu c hn hp
Y. Bit rng hn hp Y phn ng va 0,015 mol Br
2
. Nu em dung dch cha 3,42 gam hn
hp X cho phn ng lng d AgNO
3
/NH
3
th khi lng Ag to thnh l :
A. 2,16 gam. B. 3,24 gam. C. 1,08 gam. D. 0,54 gam.
Hng dn gii
t s mol ca saccaroz v matoz trong hn hp X l x v y.
Phng trnh phn ng :
C
12
H
22
O
11
+ H
2
O
o
H , t
+
C
6
H
12
O
6
+ C
6
H
12
O
6
(1)
saccaroz glucoz fructoz
mol: x x x
C
12
H
22
O
11
+ H
2
O
o
H , t
+
2C
6
H
12
O
6


(2)
matoz glucoz
mol: y 2y
CH
2
OH[CHOH]
4
CHO + Br
2
+ H
2
O CH
2
OH[CHOH]
4
COOH + 2HBr (3)
mol: x+2y x+2y
C
12
H
22
O
11
o
3 3
AgNO / NH , t
2Ag (4)
matoz
mol: y 2y
Theo (1), (2), (3) v gi thit ta c :

3,42
x 0,005 x y 0,01
342
y 0,005
x 2y 0,015

' '

Khi cho hn hp X tham gia phn ng trng gng th ch c matoz phn ng nn theo (4) ta
c m
Ag
= 0,005.2.108 = 1,08 gam.
p n C.
V d 3: Thy phn hn hp gm 0,02 mol saccaroz v 0,01 mol mantoz mt thi gian thu c
dung dch X (hiu sut phn ng thy phn mi cht u l 75%). Khi cho ton b X tc dng vi
mt lng d dung dch AgNO
3
trong NH
3
th lng Ag thu c l :
A.0,090 mol. B. 0,095 mol. C. 0,12 mol. D. 0,06 mol.
Hng dn gii
V hiu sut phn ng thy phn l 75% nn tng s mol mantoz v saccaroz tham gia phn
ng thy phn l (0,02 + 0,01).75% = 0,0225 mol.
S mol ca mantoz d sau phn ng thy phn l 0,01.25% = 0,0025 mol.
S phn ng :
C
12
H
22
O
11
(gm mantoz v saccaroz phn ng)

2C
6
H
12
O
6
4Ag (1)
mol: 0,0225 0,045 0,09
C
12
H
22
O
11
(mantoz d)

2Ag (2)
mol: 0,0025 0,005
Saccaroz d khng tham gia phn ng trng gng.

Theo s (1) v (2) suy ra tng s mol Ag to ra l 0,095 mol.
p n B.
Bin son v ging dy : Gio vin Nguyn Minh Tun T Ha Trng THPT Chuyn Hng Vng Ph Th

Phng php hc tt mn ha hc l : Chm ch nghe ging, chm hc l thuyt, chm lm bi tp, chm n bi c


7
V d 4: t chy hon ton 0,0855 gam mt cacbohirat X. Sn phm c dn vo nc vi
trong thu c 0,1 gam kt ta v dung dch A, ng thi khi lng dung dch tng 0,0815 gam.
un nng dung dch A li c 0,1 gam kt ta na. Bit khi lm bay hi 0,4104 gam X thu c
th tch kh ng bng th tch 0,0552 gam hn hp hi ancol etylic v axit fomic o trong cng
iu kin. Cng thc phn t ca X l :
A. C
12
H
22
O
11
. B. C
6
H
12
O
6.
C. (C
6
H
10
O
5
)
n
. D. C
18
H
36
O
18
.

Hng dn gii
t CTTQ ca X: C
n
(H
2
O)
m
.

o
t
n 2 m 2 2 2
C (H O) nO nCO mH O + + (1)
CO
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
CaCO
3
+ H
2
O (2)
2CO
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
Ca(HCO
3
)
2
(3)
Ca(HCO
3
)
2
CaCO
3
+ CO
2
+ H
2
O (4)
Theo (2) :
2 3
CO (p) CaCO
n n 0,001mol
Theo (3), (4):
2 3 2 3
CO (p) Ca(HCO ) CaCO
n 2.n 2.n 0,002mol
Tng s mol CO
2
sinh ra t phn ng t chy hp cht hu c l 0,003 mol.
V khi lng dung dch A tng so vi khi lng dung dch Ca(OH)
2
ban u l 0,0815 gam
nn ta c :
2 2 3 2 2
CO H O CaCO CO H O
m m m 0,1815 m m 0,1 0, 0815. + + +
2 2 2
H O CO H O
m 0,1815 m 0,1815 0, 003.44 0, 0495 gam n 0, 00275 mol.
2 5 2 5
3
hh
C H OH HCOOH X (HCOOH,C H OH)
X 3
0, 0552
M M 46 M 46 n n 1, 2.10 mol
46
0, 4104
M 342 gam/ mol.
1, 2.10

Mt khc X c cng thc l C
n
(H
2
O)
m
nn suy ra :
12n + 18m = 342 n = 12; m = 11.
Vy, cng thc phn t ca X l C
12
(H
2
O)
11
hay C
12
H
22
O
11
.
Lu : C th tm t l n
C
: n
H
: n
O
cng thc phn t ca X.
p n A.












Bin son v ging dy : Gio vin Nguyn Minh Tun T Ha Trng THPT Chuyn Hng Vng Ph Th

Phng php hc tt mn ha hc l : Chm ch nghe ging, chm hc l thuyt, chm lm bi tp, chm n bi c


8
C. Phng php gii bi tp v polisaccarit
Phng php gii
Mt s iu cn lu v tnh cht ca polisaccarit :
+ C tinh bt v xenluloz u c phn ng thy phn, sn phmcui cng l ng glucoz.
(C
6
H
10
O
5
)
n
+ nH
2
O nC
6
H
12
O
6
(Tinh bt hoc xenluloz)
+ Xenluloz c phn ng vi HNO
3
(H
2
SO
4
c, t
o
) v vi (CH
3
CO)
2
O.
[C
6
H
7
O
2
(OH)
3
]
n
+ 2nHONO
2
2 4
,

o
H SO a c t
[C
6
H
7
O
2
(ONO
2
)
2
(OH)]
n
+ 2nH
2
O
(HNO
3
) xenluloz initrat
[C
6
H
7
O
2
(OH)
3
]
n
+ 3nHONO
2
2 4
,
o
H SO a c t
[C
6
H
7
O
2
(ONO
2
)
3
]
n
+ 3nH
2
O
(HNO
3
) xenluloz trinitrat
[C
6
H
7
O
2
(OH)
3
]
n
+ 2n(CH
3
CO)
2
O
o
t
[C
6
H
7
O
2
(OOCCH
3
)
2
(OH)]
n
+ 2nCH
3
COOH
xenluloz iaxetat
[C
6
H
7
O
2
(OH)
3
]
n
+ 3n(CH
3
CO)
2
O
o
t
[C
6
H
7
O
2
(OOCCH
3
)
3
]
n
+ 3nCH
3
COOH
xenluloz triaxetat
Phng php gii bi tp v polisaccarit l da vo gi thit ta vit phng trnh phn ng hoc
lp s chuyn ha gia cc cht, sau tmmi lin quan v s mol hoc khi lng ca cc
cht, t suy ra kt qu m bi yu cu.
Cc v d minh ha
1. Phn ng iu ch glucoz v ancol etylic t tinh bt hoc xenluloz
V d 1: Khi thu phn 1 kg bt go c 80% tinh bt, th khi lng glucoz thu c l bao nhiu?
Gi thit rng phn ng xy ra hon ton.
A. 0,80 kg. B. 0,90 kg. C. 0,99 kg. D. 0,89 kg.
Hng dn gii
Phng trnh phn ng :
(C
6
H
10
O
5
)
n
+ nH
2
O nC
6
H
12
O
6
(1)
gam: 162n 180n
kg: 1.80%
1.80%.180n
0, 89
162n

p n D.
V d 2: Cho m gam tinh bt ln men thnh C
2
H
5
OH vi hiu sut 81%, hp th ht lng CO
2
sinh
ra vo dung dch Ca(OH)
2
c 55 gam kt ta v dung dch X. un nng dung dch X li c 10
gam kt ta na. Gi tr m l :
A. 75 gam. B. 125 gam. C. 150 gam. D. 225 gam.
Hng dn gii
Phng trnh phn ng :
(C
6
H
10
O
5
)
n
+ nH
2
O
lenmenru
nC
6
H
12
O
6
(1)
mol:
0,375
n
0,375

Bin son v ging dy : Gio vin Nguyn Minh Tun T Ha Trng THPT Chuyn Hng Vng Ph Th

Phng php hc tt mn ha hc l : Chm ch nghe ging, chm hc l thuyt, chm lm bi tp, chm n bi c


9
C
6
H
12
O
6

lenmenru
2C
2
H
5
OH + 2CO
2
(2)
mol: 0,375 0,75
CO
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
CaCO
3
+ H
2
O (3)
mol: 0,55 0,55
2CO
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
Ca(HCO
3
)
2
(4)
mol: 0,2 0,1
Ca(HCO
3
)
2

o
t
CaCO
3
+ CO
2
+ H
2
O (5)
mol: 0,1 0,1
Theo gi thit ta thy khi CO
2
phn ng vi dung dch Ca(OH)
2
th to ra c hai loi mui l
CaCO
3
v Ca(HCO
3
)
2
. T cc phn ng (1), (2), (3), (4), (5) suy ra :

6 10 5 n 6 12 6 2
(C H O ) C H O CO
1 1 1 0,375
n .n n .0,75 mol.
n 2n 2n n

Vy khi lng tinh bt tham gia phn ng vi hiu sut 81% l :

6 10 5 n
(C H O )
162n.0,375
m 75gam.
81%.n

p n A.
V d 3: i t 150 gam tinh bt s iu ch c bao nhiu ml ancol etylic 46
o
bng phng php
ln men ancol? Cho bit hiu sut phn ng t 81% v d = 0,8 g/ml.
A. 46,875 ml. B. 93,75 ml. C. 21,5625 ml. D. 187,5 ml.
Hng dn gii
Phng trnh phn ng :
(C
6
H
10
O
5
)
n
+ nH
2
O
lenmenru
nC
6
H
12
O
6
(1)
C
6
H
12
O
6

lenmenru
2C
2
H
5
OH + 2CO
2
(2)
Khi lng tinh bt tham gia phn ng l : 150.81%=121,5 gam.

6 10 5 n 6 12 6 2 5 2 5 6 10 5 n
(C H O ) C H O C H OH C H OH (C H O )
1 1 121,5
n .n n n 2n.n 2n. 1,5mol.
n 2n 162n

Th tch ancol nguyn cht l :
o
2 5
2 5
C H OH nguyencha t
C H OH 46
1,5.46 86,25
V 86,25ml V 187,5ml.
0,8 0,46

p n D.
V d 4: Khi lng ca tinh bt cn dng trong qu trnh ln men to thnh 5 lt ru (ancol)
etylic 46 l (bit hiu sut ca c qu trnh l 72% v khi lng ring ca ru etylic nguyn cht
l 0,8 g/ml).
A. 5,4 kg. B. 5,0 kg. C. 6,0 kg. D. 4,5 kg.
Hng dn gii

2 5 2 5
C H OH nguyencha t C H OH
V 5.1000.0,46 2300ml m 0,8.2300 1840gam.

2 5 6 10 5 n
C H OH (C H O )
1840 1 20
n 40mol n .40 mol.
46 2n n

Khi lng ca tinh bt tham gia phn ng iu ch ancol vi hiu sut 72% l :
Bin son v ging dy : Gio vin Nguyn Minh Tun T Ha Trng THPT Chuyn Hng Vng Ph Th

Phng php hc tt mn ha hc l : Chm ch nghe ging, chm hc l thuyt, chm lm bi tp, chm n bi c


10

6 10 5 n
(C H O )
162n.20
m 4500gam 4,5kg.
72%.n

p n D.
V d 5: Ngi ta iu ch C
2
H
5
OH t xenluloz vi hiu sut chung ca c qu trnh l 60% th
khi lng C
2
H
5
OH thu c t 32,4 gam xeluluz l :
A. 11,04 gam. B. 30,67 gam. C. 12,04 gam. D. 18,4 gam.
Hng dn gii
S phn ng :
(C
6
H
10
O
5
)
n
nC
6
H
12
O
6
2nC
2
H
5
OH (1)
gam: 162n 2n.46
gam: 32,4.60% x
S gam xenluloz tham gia phn ng l 32,4.60%. Gi x l s gam ancol etylic c to
thnh.
Theo (1) v gi thit ta c :

2.46.32,4.60%
x 11,04gam.
162

p n A.
V d 6: sn xut ancol etylic, ngi ta dng nguyn liu l mn ca v v bo t g cha 50%
xenluloz. Nu mun iu ch 1 tn ancol etylic, hiu sut qu trnh l 70% th khi lng nguyn
liu cn dng l :
A. 5031 kg. B. 5000 kg. C. 5100 kg. D. 6200 kg.
Hng dn gii
S phn ng :
(C
6
H
10
O
5
)
n
nC
6
H
12
O
6
2nC
2
H
5
OH (1)
gam: 162n 2n.46
tn: x.50%.70% 1
Gi khi lng nguyn liu mn ca v v bo cn dng l x tn. V trong v bo v mn ca
ch cha 50% xenluloz v hiu sut phn ng l 70% nn lng xenluloz tham gia phn ng l
x.50%.70%.
Theo (1) v gi thit ta c :

162
x 5,031tan 5031kg.
46.2.50%.70%

p n A.
2. Phn ng tng hp ng glucoz v tinh bt cy xanh
V d 7: Bit CO
2
chim 0,03% th tch khng kh, th tch khng kh (ktc) cn cung cp cho cy
xanh quang hp to 162 gam tinh bt l :
A. 112.10
3
lt. B. 448.10
3
lt. C. 336.10
3
lt. D. 224.10
3
lt.
Hng dn gii
Phng trnh phn ng :
6nCO
2
+ 5nH
2
O
as
clorophin
(C
6
H
10
O
5
)
n
+ 6nO
2
(1)
gam: 6n.44 162n
gam: m 162
Bin son v ging dy : Gio vin Nguyn Minh Tun T Ha Trng THPT Chuyn Hng Vng Ph Th

Phng php hc tt mn ha hc l : Chm ch nghe ging, chm hc l thuyt, chm lm bi tp, chm n bi c


11
m = 6.44 gam hay 6 mol
th tch khng kh cn l
6.22, 4
.100
0, 03
= 448.10
3
lt.
p n B.
V d 8: Phn ng tng hp glucoz trong cy xanh cn c cung cp nng lng t nh sng mt
tri :
6CO
2
+ 6H
2
O + 673 kcal
anhsang
clorophin
C
6
H
12
O
6
+ 6O
2
C trong mt pht, mi cm
2
l xanh nhn c 0,5 cal nng lng mt tri, nhng ch c 10% c
s dng vo phn ng tng hp glucoz. Thi gian mt cy c 1000 l xanh (din tch mi l 10
cm
2
) sn sinh c 18 gam glucoz l :
A. 2 gi 14 pht 36 giy. B. 4 gi 29 pht 12 giy.
C. 2 gi 30 pht 15 giy. D. 5 gi 00 pht 00 giy.
Hng dn gii
Phn ng tng hp glucoz trong cy xanh cn c cung cp nng lng t nh sng mt tri :
6CO
2
+ 6H
2
O + 673 kcal
anhsang
clorophin
C
6
H
12
O
6
+ 6O
2
(1)
Theo phng trnh (1) ta thy tng hp c 180 gam glucoz th nng lng cn dng l
673 kcal. Vy tng hp c 18 gam glucoz th nng lng cn dng l 67,3 kcal hay 67300
cal.
Gi t (pht) l thi gian cn dng 1000 chic l xanh (din tch mi l 10 cm
2
) tng hp c
18 gam glucoz ta c :
0,5.10%.1000.10.t = 67300 t = 134,6 pht = 2 gi 14 pht 36 giy.
p n A.
V d 9: Phn ng tng hp glucoz trong cy xanh cn c cung cp nng lng l 2813 kJ cho
mi mol glucoz to thnh.
6CO
2
+ 6H
2
O
as
clorophin
C
6
H
12
O
6
+ 6O
2

Nu trong mt pht, mi cm
2
l xanh nhn c khong 2,09 J nng lng mt tri, nhng ch 10%
c s dng vo phn ng tng hp glucoz. Vi mt ngy nng (t 6h00 17h00) din tch l
xanh l 1 m
2
, lng glucoz tng hp c bao nhiu?
A. 88,26 gam. B. 88,32 gam. C. 90,26 gam. D. 90,32 gam.
Hng dn gii
Phn ng tng hp glucoz trong cy xanh cn c cung cp nng lng l 2813 kJ cho mi
mol glucoz to thnh.
6CO
2
+ 6H
2
O + 2813 kJ
as
clorophin
C
6
H
12
O
6
+ 6O
2
(1)
Nng lng m 1 m
2
(1 m
2
= 100
2
cm
2
) l xanh nhn c trong thi gian 11 gi (11 gi =
11.60 pht) dng vo vic tng hp glucoz l :
1.(100)
2
.2,09.10%.11.60 = 1379400 J =1379,4 kJ.
Theo phng trnh (1) ta thy tng hp c 180 gam glucoz th cn mt nng lng l
2813 kJ. Vy nu c cung cp 1379,4 kJ nng lng th cy xanh s tng hp c lng
glucoz l
1379,4.180
88,26gam.
2813

p n A.

Bin son v ging dy : Gio vin Nguyn Minh Tun T Ha Trng THPT Chuyn Hng Vng Ph Th

Phng php hc tt mn ha hc l : Chm ch nghe ging, chm hc l thuyt, chm lm bi tp, chm n bi c


12
3. Phn ng ca xenluloz vi HNO
3
(H
2
SO
4
c, t
o
) v vi (CH
3
CO)
2
O.
V d 10: Xenluloz trinitrat c iu ch t phn ng gia axit nictric vi xenluloz (hiu sut
phn ng 60% tnh theo xenluloz). Nu dng 2 tn xenluloz th khi lng xenluloz trinitrat
iu ch c l :
A. 2,97 tn. B. 3,67 tn. C. 2,20 tn. D. 1,10 tn.
Hng dn gii
Phng trnh phn ng :
C
6
H
7
O
2
(OH)
3
+ 3HNO
3
C
6
H
7
O
2
(ONO
2
)
3
+ 3H
2
O
gam: 162 297
tn : 2.0,6
2.0,6.297
162
= 2,2
p n C.
V d 11: Th tch dung dch HNO
3
67,5% (khi lng ring l 1,5 gam/ml) cn dng tc dng
vi xenluloz to thnh 89,1 kg xenluloz trinitrat l (bit lng HNO
3
b hao ht l 20%) :
A. 55 lt. B. 81 lt. C. 49 lt. D. 70 lt.
Hng dn gii
V lng HNO
3
hao ht 20% nn hiu sut phn ng ch t 80%. Gi x l s kg HNO
3
em
phn ng th lng HNO
3
phn ng l x.80% kg.
Phng trnh phn ng :
C
6
H
7
O
2
(OH)
3
+ 3HNO
3
C
6
H
7
O
2
(ONO
2
)
3
+ 3H
2
O (1)
gam: 63.3 297
kg: x.80% 89,1
Theo (1) v gi thit ta thy khi lng HNO
3
nguyn cht tham gia phn ng l :

3
ddHNO 67,5%
63.3.89,1 70,875
x 70,875kg m 105kg.
297.80% 67,5%

Th tch dung dch HNO
3
nguyn cht cn dng l :

3
ddHNO 67,5%
105
V 70lt.
1,5

p n D.
V d 12: Cho xenluloz phn ng vi anhiric axetic (c H
2
SO
4
lm xc tc) thu c 11,1 gam
hn hp X gm xenluloz triaxetat, xenluloz iaxetat v 6,6 gam axit axetic. Thnh phn phn
trm theo khi lng ca xenluloz triaxetat v xenluloz iaxetat trong X ln lt l :
A. 77% v 23%. B. 77,84% v 22,16%.
C. 76,84% v 23,16%. D. 70% v 30%.
Hng dn gii
Phng trnh phn ng :
[C
6
H
7
O
2
(OH)
3
]
n
+ 2n(CH
3
CO)
2
O
o
t
[C
6
H
7
O
2
(OOCCH
3
)
2
(OH)]
n
+ 2nCH
3
COOH (1)
mol: x 2nx
[C
6
H
7
O
2
(OH)
3
]
n
+ 3n(CH
3
CO)
2
O
o
t
[C
6
H
7
O
2
(OOCCH
3
)
3
]
n
+ 3nCH
3
COOH (2)
mol: y 3ny

Bin son v ging dy : Gio vin Nguyn Minh Tun T Ha Trng THPT Chuyn Hng Vng Ph Th

Phng php hc tt mn ha hc l : Chm ch nghe ging, chm hc l thuyt, chm lm bi tp, chm n bi c


13
Theo (1), (2) v gi thit ta c h phng trnh :

244nx 288ny 11,1 246x 288y 11,1
x 0,01
6,6 6,6
y 0,03 2nx 3ny 0,11 2x 3y 0,11
60 60
+ +



' ' '
+ +



Thnh phn phn trm theo khi lng ca xenluloz triaxetat v xenluloz iaxetat trong X ln
lt l :

( ) ( )
( )
6 7 2 3
2
n
6 7 2 3
3
n
001.246
% C H O OOCCH OH .100 22,16%;
11,1
% C H O OOCCH (100 22,16)% 77,84%.
1

]
1

]

p n B.
V d 13: Xenluloz tc dng vi anhirit axetic (c H
2
SO
4
lm xc tc) to ra 9,84 gam este axetat
v 4,8 gam CH
3
COOH, cng thc ca este axetat c dng l :
A. [C
6
H
7
O
2
(OOCCH
3
)
3
]
n
.

B. [C
6
H
7
O
2
(OOCCH
3
)
3
]
n
v [C
6
H
7
O
2
(OOCCH
3
)
2
OH]
n
.
C. [C
6
H
7
O
2
(OOCCH
3
)
2
OH]
n
.
D. [C
6
H
7
O
2
(OOCCH
3
)(OH)
2
]
n
.
Hng dn gii
Cc phng trnh phn ng c th xy ra :
[C
6
H
7
O
2
(OH)
3
]
n
+ 2n(CH
3
CO)
2
O
o
t
[C
6
H
7
O
2
(OOCCH
3
)
2
(OH)]
n
+ 2nCH
3
COOH (1)
[C
6
H
7
O
2
(OH)
3
]
n
+ 3n(CH
3
CO)
2
O
o
t
[C
6
H
7
O
2
(OOCCH
3
)
3
]
n
+ 3nCH
3
COOH (2)
Cc phng trnh (1), (2) c th vit dng nh sau :
C
6
H
7
O
2
(OH)
3
+ 2(CH
3
CO)
2
O
o
t
C
6
H
7
O
2
(OOCCH
3
)
2
(OH) + 2CH
3
COOH (1)
C
6
H
7
O
2
(OH)
3
+ 3(CH
3
CO)
2
O
o
t
C
6
H
7
O
2
(OOCCH
3
)
3
+ 3CH
3
COOH (2)
( gin c h s n)
Nhn xt : Trong phn ng ca xenluloz tc dng vi anhirit axetic (c H
2
SO
4
lm xc tc) ta
thy s mol anhirit axetic phn ng lun bng s mol axit axetic to thnh.
T suy ra :
( ) 3 3
2
CH COOH CH CO O
4,8
n n 0,08mol.
60

p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng ta c :

( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
3 3
6 7 2 2
3
n
6 7 2
3
n
6 7 2
3
n
3
2
6 7 2
3
n
esteaxetat CH COOH CH CO O
C H O OH
C H O OH
C H O OH
CH CO O
C H O OH
m m m m
m 0,08.60 9,84 0,08.102 6,48gam
6,48
m 0,04 mol
162
n
0,08
2
n 0,04
1
]
1
]
1
]
1
]
+ +
+



Vy sn phm este axetat to thnh l [C
6
H
7
O
2
(OOCCH
3
)
2
OH]
n
.
p n C.

Bin son v ging dy : Gio vin Nguyn Minh Tun T Ha Trng THPT Chuyn Hng Vng Ph Th

Phng php hc tt mn ha hc l : Chm ch nghe ging, chm hc l thuyt, chm lm bi tp, chm n bi c


14
Lu :
+ Nu t l
( )
( )
3
2
6 7 2
3
n
CH CO O
C H O OH
n
n
1
]
3 th sn phm to ra l [C
6
H
7
O
2
(OOCCH
3
)
3
]
n
.
+ Nu t l
( )
( )
3
2
6 7 2
3
n
CH CO O
C H O OH
n
2 3
n
1
]
< < th sn phm to ra l hn hp gm :
[C
6
H
7
O
2
(OOCCH
3
)
3
]
n
v [C
6
H
7
O
2
(OOCCH
3
)
2
OH]
n
.