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Preface
On
this
sultry August evening
I
amcrammed
into a
seat
in
the
Los
Angeles
Shrine
Theater
along with 3,500
other attendees
to
SIGGRAPH
2001,
thehugecomputer
graphics
trade
show.
We
all paid $40 to
see the
"ElectronicTheater."
an
eveningof computeranimationwherehigh-tech practitioners of
this
digital
artstrut
their
stuff. Over
twenty-five
selections,
none
more
than
afew
minutes
long,
are
on
the
bill, including clips from
studio
films
as
well
asshort
videos from
independents.
When
theentriescome
from films,
they
often
are altered
to give this
insider
audience
a
glimpse
of
how
the
effects
wereachieved.
No
audio-just
visuals
revealing
the
underlyingprograms
that
createdthe
effects.
In
the
Academy Award-winning
animated feature
film,
Shrek,
for
example,as the heroes
flee
thefire-breathing dragon
across
aropebridge
and
the
fire
snakesafter them
,
the
flames
appear
realisticallyfractal in
their
complexity. After
seeing thesceneas
it
appeared
in
the
movie,
we
are
treated
toaglimpse
of
how
the
modeling
was
done.
The
fire
is
replaced
by
wire-framed
spheres
of decreasing
size,which
are
then texture-mappedand
fractalized to yield
the
final effect.
Sometimesthe
clips
contain
insidejokes
and
Witty allusions a
techsavvy audience
would
appreciate. Itwasone of
these
sly
moments
that
caught
myattention andmade me
think
of
this
book. The
scene
in
Shrek
begins when the
Princess
is
being
confronted
byRobin Hood
and
his MerryMen
andshe
leaps
into
the
air
to doa ka
rate
move. In this
altered
clip pre
pared
especially
for
the
SIGGR/\PH
audience,her
figure
is
stopped
in
midair 
androtated
360
degrees,
an
allusion toa similar
moment
in
The
Matrix
when thesame
move
is
done
by Neo,
the
Keanu
Reeves
character.
Unlike Neo, 
however,
the
Princess
is
notthe
film
REPRE~~NT8J1QJi
of
an
actor but
a 
computer-animated
figure with no
counterpart
in
the
real
world. Thisconflationofreal-world
actor
with
computerprogram
is
continued
as
the"camera"
backs
away, revealing
a movie
set
as
it
might have appeared
in
the
shooting
of
The
Matrix,
with
cameras
positioned
around
a
circular stage
so
the
footage
can
bespliced
together
to givea
360-degree
view. The
stage
5
""0
....,
(1)
0;'
n
(1)
se
t reminds us
that
rotating
Neo's
image requires manycameraswhen
shootingfilm,
but can
be
done
effortlessly
witha
computerprogram
sim
ply
by
rotatingtheperspective. Then
theapparently
realistic
camerasare
wire-f
ramed as
if
they
werethree-dimensional objects
within a
computer
SI
MU
L
ATION,
which
indeedtheyare.
In
this
dizzying procession
of
images,
simulation
(the
Princess)
has beenconverted
to a
representation (the
Prince
ssbeing
filmedby
cameras) and
re-converted
back toa simulation
(w
ire-framing
the
cameras)-all
within a
matter of
a few
seconds,
flashing
by
soquickly
the
audiencescarcely has
time to laugh.The
sequence illustrates
that
which Richard Grusin
and Jay
Bolter
ha
vecalled
Rt;.MEQIATIQN,
the
cycling of
different
MEDIA
throughone
a
not
he
r.
These processes are
going
onall
around
us, including
computer
scr
eens
being
arranged
to look like television
screens,
television
screens
withmUltiple
windows
made
to
look like
computer screens, print
booksm
im
icking
computers, computers
being
imaged
to
lo
oklike books. One
term
p
ut
forward
to
describe
these
complex relationships
is
MEDIAL
ECOLOGY.
The
phrasesuggests
that
the
relationships between different mediaare
as
d
iv
erse andcomplex
as those between differentorganisms
coexisting
wit-in
inthe
same
ecotome,
including mimicry,
deception,cooperation,
competi
tion,p
arasitism,
and hyperparasitism.These robust interactionsbetween
media
suggest
a
differenttake
ontherelationship
betweenrepresentationand
simulation
than
that
famouslyproposed by
Jean
Baudrillard
more
than
two
decades
ago.Broadly
speak
In
g,
representationassumes
a
referent
in
the
real world,
however
mediated
;there
is
an
actor
playing
the
role
of
Neo,
although theactorofcourse
is
not
the
same
asthecharacter.
Insimulation,
the referent has
no
counterpart
inthe
real
world;
there
is
no
actor
playing
the
Princess, only
ones and
zerosina
machine.
Baudrillard
writesaboutthe"precess
ion
ofsimulacra"
as
ateleological
progression,
resulting
in
an
inevitable
"implosion" of
the
real
i
nto
the
hyperreal,
a
realm
in
which
therecan
be no distinction
between
reality
and
simulation
becauseeverything
is
already
asimulation.But
the
cycling back
and
forth
between representationand
simulation
in
the
SIG
GRAP
H
Shrek
clip
suggests
that
we
are notso
much
racing
toward
a final
 
implosion
as
participating
in
an
ecology
in
which
one
medium
is
remediated
in
another,
only
to be
remed
iated
in
turn.If simulation
is
becoming increasingly
pervasive and important,
however,
~ATERIAUn
is
as vibrant as
ever,
for
the
computational enginesand
artificial
intelligences
that
produce simulationsrequiresophisticatedbases
in
the
real
world.
Th
e
engineers
whodesign
thesemachines,the
fac
tory workers
who
build
them,
the
softwaredesigners
who
write programs
for
them,and
the
technicians
who install
and maintainthemhave
no illu
sions
that
phYSical
reality
has
faded
away.
If
representation
is
an increas
ingly
problematicconcept,materiality
offersa
robustconceptualframe
work
in
which
to
talk
about
both
representationand
sim
ulatio
n
as
well
as
the
constraintsandenablings
they
entail.
This bookis
anexperiment
inforging a
vocabulary and
set
of critical
practicesresponsive
to
the
full
spectrum
ofsignifying
components
in
print
and
electronic
texts
by
groundingthem
in
the
materiality
of
the
literaryartifact.
While
commenting
upona
variety
of
cultural phenomena.
it
offers
extensive
engagement
with
three
different
kinds of
literatur
e:
an
electronicwork
byTal
anMemmott entitled
Lexia
to
Perplexia;
an artist's
book
by
TomPhillips called
A
Humumenr;
and
Mark Oanielewski's
print
novel
House
of
Leaves.
These textsrange
from
coterie
literature
with
Lexia
to
Perplexia,
to a
morewidelyread
but
still
specialized
book
in
A
Humument
,
toa
best-sellingnovel
li
ke
Hou
se
of
Leaves.
Together
they
demonstrate
that
materialiststrate
gies
are important across the
board,
from
works aimed
at
esoteric reader
ships
to
those engaging massaudiences.
The
different
media
in
which
these
works
areinstantiated
provide
the
occasionforMedia-Specific
Analysis,
a
mode
ofcriti
cal
interrogation alert
to
the
ways
in
which
the
med
ium
con
structs
the
work
and the
work
con
structsthe
medium.
As
part
of
the
Mediaworkseries,
this
book
attempts
to
practice
what
it
preaches
by
being
attentive
toits
own
material properties.
As
theautho
r
of
the
verbaltext,
I
speakthe
words,
but the
se
are
only
part
of
the
message;
my
collab
orator
Anne
Bu
rdick
speaks
ina
nother
mode
through
her
design.The
the
oretical
framework
is mine,
but
my
collaboration with Anne
hasdeeply
affected how
I
th
ink
about
the i
nter
act
ionof
verbal
and
visualcomponents
7
-0
...,
(l)
.....,
>ll
n
(l)
ln
dso
has
influenced
the
verbaltext as
well.
The
bo
ok
is
also
an encodedrecordof a decade-long journe':ll
ha\J\!
mad
e
as
I
mov
ed
from an orientation based
in
traditiona\
lite
ra
ry
cri
ticismto one
that
took
seriousl':j
ml'
ton
g-standing interests
in
techno
logy
from
Q
liter
a
ry
point
oj"
vi
e
w.
It
haslong been clear
to
me
t)at
materia
lity
enteredimportantlyinto the
theoretica
l
\\!i>bat
es and technical practices of
CYBERNETIC
S,
as I
arg
ued
in
Ha
Ul
We
Bec
ame
Posthuman:
Virtual
Bodies
in
Cybernetics, Literature
and
Informatics.
How
ma
te
ri
ality affected
literaturewassomething
I
was
l
earni
ng
as
IfollowedttJet
heoretical
debates
surrounding
ELECTRONIDl..1]:RATURE
and
its
de
ve
lop
ment
from
fIRST
-GENERATION
HYPERTEHT
S
into
fully
multimedia
w
or
ks.I
saw
in
electronicliterature
the
opportunity
to
think
more
ri
gor
ous
ly
a
boutinteractions between
content
and
digital
environments;
I
alsobe
lieved
thes
e
insights
could
be reflected ba
ck
onto
print
to
see
it
more
clearly
as
well.This
book
is
frankly
experimental
both
inits
formatandde
as.In
the
zesty,
contentious,
and
rapidly
transforming
medial ecology
o
fth
e
new
millennium,
it
would
be
hubrisfor
anyone
to
believe
she
had
the
de
finite
take
on
anything.
If Anne
and
I
open
a
path or
two
that
othersmay
find pro
fitable
to
pursue,we
will in
our
ow
n
terms have succeeded.
As
is
soo
fte
n
the case
with
!:!YPERTEfU,
the
rest
is
up
to
you.
 
 
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9
s:
CD
0-
OlOl
::l
0-
s:
worked
in
academia
a
decade
before I realized that
the
bureaucratic, medieval,
and
wonderful institutions calleduniversities
have
two
ways
of operating.
One
is
dictated
by
administrative structures
and
codified rules.
The
other
way,
penetrating
the
first at
every
point,
runs
throughnetworks of
people
andis
determined
by
the
folks
who
are
hiring
and
firing, interpreting policies
and
setting them, approving curricula
cha
ng
es
or not.
If
you really want to understandwhya department gave Profes
so
rX tenure
and
kicked out Professor
Y,
you
will
not find the
answer-or
rather,
the
complete
answer-in
the handbook specifying tenure criteria.
Only
when youknowthe people
in
the department will you begin to
see
the
fuller
picture.
Thesam
eholds true for the creative works, theories,
and
practices
that
constitute
the
world
of
literary studies.
On
the one hand
is
theskein
of
words, images, and
art
ifacts
that
operate according to a complex dynamic
of
tradition
and
innovation,competition,
and
cooperation.
On
the otherarethe writers, critics,
and
the
orists who produce the artifacts. While
no
one person working alone
can
swingthat small universe one way
or
another, individuals matter
in
determining its
tr
ajectory,
and
networks
of
people matter
even
more.
In
this experiment called
Writing
Machines,
exploring what the print book
ca
n
be
in
the digital age,onlypart
of
the story lies
in
the theories, concepts
and
examplesarticulated here. Another part, obvious from the moment
you
lay eyesonthe book, inheres
in
its visual design. Still another
is
comprised
by
the people
In
itiating change
and
resisting it, writing books
and
creating digital environments,struggling to
see
what electronic literature means
and
ignoring its existencealtogether. Telling a
fuller
story requires these narrative chapters interrogatingthe author's position, her background and experiences, and especially the community
of
writers, theorists, critics, teachers, and students
in
which
she
moves.Having become
an
autobiographer almost against
my
will,
r
am
reminded
of
Henry Adams' satiric admiration
of
Rousseau's determination
in
the
Confessions
that
he
will reveal everything about his life,from his masturbatory practices to
his
most wretched night thoughts.
An
intensely private person whose life was forever marked
by
his wife'ssuicide,
Adams
could not conceive indulging
in
suchself-display.
He
held
up
his third-person character Henry
Adams
as
a stick figure
II
of 00

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