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T ^ YI Z7T [[ T \^ Z7K [^ [ T \ Y K K ^ T Y VY K YK ^K*$4[ K7\K WO K Y Y K T ^ T [$=[ KU\ T ?T K YX\ TWV K[]\
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TWT ^V G Y ^ TWVK _ [\ KNY ZL\ Y K^ [ [KUZoY K [T ^. ûT ZoYK T [ [V $ Z T ^ [ \ YK ^^TWV TWVY 5OmH K TWV?TT TT [YX\V YX^ \Y _ K ^ K [ ^ T []\ T T ^ T ) YX\ ^ Y [:T Y3[ V GY Z [ [ K ^TWV ^
Y V TWV K [$ [' Y . \ K V + TWV Y ^ K K [$ T ^ . \ K V g/ [UY*\ Y TWV Y [$ O
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YK V ^* \ KD^YX^ \ T ^ [ T \ K ^* K\ K.^ 4 O8Z7K \ KDYK \ _ [ 2 Y V $4[ V2 ; T ^}K V T KDYXK \ ^T [ \ K Y T [ [ V V OK TWV K K ^ 2KN Y [ KDK Y _ ^ [ K* [ K K[ Y VV ^ YKDYXK \ T ^ 7TT ^
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\ T [ ?T K YXZXK Z YX[J\4 T [$Y K7\ Y KTWV ) + V?[ T VLK ^ K ~[*IoY Y T [?VT KIL[K ,ILK []\[* IK K<V [ Y K[YVOH^ P Y [ V V ILK K ^ VK?^\ T _PT / OS;{KNK YV ^^*K _ } Y TZ 4TIL[ K7V \ [ T Y Y K^
YT ^ T Y ^^*[ $ ^mK TWVTWV ^ Y K KILK K7^ \ KD[ Y T K Y ^ ^ K[ \ TK? \W?O(T # V K V KDYXK \ TWV _ K K [Y$=I T [ _ \ T K(? T \ T ;7T K YX\ K [YX$ \ T ^Y TWKDV Y T ^ K Y $4YX[\ yZ $ Y Y^ K
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Section 1.6. Integral Models
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EEV/ ^ ^!;!VE09 =
);qO!8,H[kS@Ep%p2HH S ]Cy%)8,H2EO)8G;N?, K ^F92EN2 ;E)%k
@E$pGÊxp2HH C!8?3H$2E@E ( _?, K î.EV9&%?2K ^9KH9nGkr$@E (E .
_!^?G!^%3HE2E_ HE~2) ];?x V]&%?2K ^~2E=! ])^_G2!kr@E9E;E
H2_ E . 5G?H2EH K ;(E~2E$ HE^9C2E9E;E_&^t=&) )C;
H_8! G)k@E+)p)%=E3 )@; pNw2E]2 ;E) EEGE 2=?3 K YE@_]H [k
@; = G&C5p2HH & CFG^2 "2Ex)8G;b )8,HK Y(k=@E/H; )p_Ep)%K Y
$G^ pp;!$!pG;
"
A

ij^k j n

A; pEp)%992?V2]HE%E5^GE2E ;;;E_9%Hk

"
ij^k j%n
g
_E g "25HE%EGYECp;";? %E ?H;C2;;k 0 $EC0HEp}"2_) ^
Ep)%K Y]!Y (H% 2;EC,";E+&;2"EpG;_92E2(G)8@ 9Y 2Y kA
)=2EH9E/ Y; )8w;E5%E/ E

0 - " N

kT % ) <

"
ij^k j "%n
"
$)%E8,H F%EC)V2E]2_)%E3 GY?( K Y(k
@EVHE;E YE CVY~2E5! 9 0E8G;_!9C?5?))(HE$C929_(EH ?;C
"^kr@;E
2EE_ %$~2E9!$ K E!;? + # H}p;@E ;_GCk $?~!Ep)
_E2E ! 9 ^%)2 YOi,E9F E!r2?3 K );[!;E2E2 . );
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,

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ij^k m%%n
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,
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C , C ( , C ( , C ( ;E29H_2 Y; )8
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i(30
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8D,7m3#$2!*9
I)2)2)xK%?]!$!HKS;)K
E%)w?DK%$?K!F? G KV
Section 3.5. Similarity applied to Die cavity
" EpEC52?r$);;Ep@2 /H% ^!K Y@,^2E$;E5%?Ep;k$_^_2; & Y?K Y

,~2E+ Y S_Gp;YH2E_!&G(H?C=E8G;HN)YECp;2 .;?OES], G)!?%
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@Ep^ !K ^9CN&Y?K YE_?EV2&Y

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b i@E1 #; 8#& !Q

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+ #
+ #

+ #

k
ij^k m%;n
ij^k m%;n
+ #

, , ,g

, , , g

, , ,g

8
, , , g

8
ij^k m%l;n
C=2E$H]2 @&Y?K Y?; K Ê;C.95?;% ! * C *

@E EG H )Y? K ^VG^!EC!+C

ij^k mmn
*
ij^k m%j;n
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, ,

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w $H ^=,Y;EN2EVÊK îj^k mmn!;x];%%H9C!

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+ 4

ij^k m%n

ij^k m"%n
" , 8 , , , g + 4

#"2 wppE@9NE5EE
0 2E_)E89;?+ @?EC)Y_G;^!0&^ 2E_23H_!Ck0$
2 .S K F);S; GNOY x);Ep.|;?Ep YE E ?2C3 CK HF= VE}$2E HE
))8!k

*4, 3$"
? Y EC2EGK Y

0
* / 2
* "%&,

#

H92 8!GK Y$@)%=3 ,G$; 2]= [(H_E/ ^% !pV? ;_GCr9E D% 202_( $)EpKH
))8!k
[z#
# !+[
HEpH $? G!
8G^8_, G!
G;^ b%;)82Ey K q$2A_Y92%
, G!CA2F 8G^,))k }y
)EpKH )%EY %@;%0% )2 Y ^);5^ $_ ?)CHE$2E YE ?&CH92E%;E
;E+2E=!CECC+k@E=( 8E%=) 98!xH]2+ ( EY ; @%GCHE!
NG2E g %;"2%YEY]2E=E; E]&, GK Y); E H/ %=2+%;E&k
6 [ $] # !+[
HEK ;%
A5C
(

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C9;E
(?2$;%"%GCHE)$ "2EY ~2+_^_2; E2 ;p,!+C2.=;%E+
/ ^ ^!;!)k
g
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3
Section 3.6. Summary of dimensionless numbers

# !+[
^b
f (
E!9^?2K YN)] KGYEp]( pK;GK Y

E!2;Ep~2 ;)}=GGÊ^?2K Y

r3H%=;%; 9!EG;V[2E9Hp;E)5D25 8)YEE!KHE+ K 52E$GÊ^?2K E
E!02;EC,kr@ V%; Hp;!H9)E8)r9 %V E .=??;%)r()?;E[)
( Cp;?G)])EFE ;, !;! YE iC.?; YE Hb2x;Cn)k }F( b)EpKHS2 %;9EE
G=; ?; !$H?( )KHE2?9?GK ); ]2E9 8)YE=KHb =@Hp;)k
?

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?0 %!;%;Ei3(NEp)%!K ^=,"2+ E2%]02E=;E= !H+2E! nGk _GY9)

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g
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;E5pY;?+ E .

+??];%[%GCHE52@E?GC3 CK V YE7H$2VE0ppC _EV2$HE;E"E (E .

=??HC2G!!p^%?Dk$]H0 5?E2!w2E_EG 5;EbH8Y_)E8)V2E
()K ^5E5 %,~E?%;t!KHE[k}2_%G;, 9EKH+2EYE =EV(/+, %
K Yx52EO))8!ky!E 2E YE Hb D%)2 YxECECC E]?E2!Dk )
2EFHV E .A x b^^F8|
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) .=@ 2 Y _)p;;EG????K Y E2E2 ?2K Y929H[&Y 2E]_^ );9%!; r_E
2=E!2;EC,D E)^ H; %k~$ E!];$G?) "^%2% V,Y2H; __(% C+ G
9;]E;9GCwH@2@( V!ECKHE(G!p0_ ?$@( 88p!H@2 w^%k V!G^_E%!
,DH!C!CC!?%C!? (/} ^ #5?; 2 0 !;?E8"2 ;EC, C?E_)&C
kN"'0
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H

; ?; C92E ^ F_)p;%E ( +H]2 ;2 K Y],~% );;GEw) )) .;;k

H7E= @2E, K !;;E (E .,H]@ 2 ;9GC0^k

$lj% H
_E?3 K ); g
;%
?G^p2.?2K ^
I)2)2)xK%?]!$!HKS;)K
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Section 3.8. Questions

e
^%]j^k r D; !; YEtE&C.H( )EpKH G 5C3HExHC) .

$
m%j
E)V?[K%$?K!F? )? &2
12.00
11.00
10.00
Re10^3
9.00
8.00
7.00
6.00
5.00
4.00
3.00
2.00
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
10.00
Time [sec]
$ ^%9j[k 0 ;2 K Y9C]2%;% !YEH]H ?; 0H$,"Hpp;!p;E)^ YE
C[IEY?;)E
;Ex2E9)+H!C.^ K Y
almost
still
flow
thin
boundary
layer
plus
solidification
Transition
zone
Y;j[k " $Y E-E&C.+H2GEVG !GE

$
U1
U2
U1
U2
( Y;j[k 0 C2!;9V %@HCNx_H;

$
I)2)2)xK%?]!$!HKS;)K
E%)w?DK%$?K!F? G KV
3#3
Section 3.8. Questions
cooling
liquid
Y;j^k v
$
9K =Vw2 ;p,w(G!p8)$H2](

D
H
equilibrioum
level

e
^%j^k l $KH KHEb=;^_GC,2]G?;; ]j^k m[k

$
m%
E)V?[K%$?K!F? )? &2
( Y;j[k j
$
S(b^^!@H!CS)C)k
I)2)2)xK%?]!$!HKS;)K
E%)w?DK%$?K!F? G KV
3

!
"$#
E;C&%wE%")YEC2EGK Y
' )( * ,+

@Eb( x)EpKH|(H!E)Y;!C=;!OEG!GCEG.YE=k $?G?;% 2E| ^

_)p; YEVH_2];%E~ EG.YE=k@EYE2$H;E2E^;Ep)^!rD2E]_Y
2;^^_2E@!ppC- ; p;E2ED2;% ).YE=k0@E] ( EY ; ; pN ^H)
HKH9CNEE_ %=r2b).YEk 0EGE _%C@ +)ECKHENEHE) ;)8!$
;!3;H "$ 2 |9!??; G_;?x&;2._x?ES H C|EE_ %;Ey%?pp;E(HE
r2ExEG. YE=k5$), 2 _??;C = !C!CF!8?3HF3 GVH2^?2K YCb
YE-HxSEG.%k ] =E8G;_!b2E@2EF?%)]EEGC2 bE?)YY;?SH
_??; )!k 0E) _ _E8G;_!+2?52!?% @3;H ~@ 22EN?E/ ])Y?GC5G??E
)8G;V;E_,) E&kVGY2 GE EV);=w,^%?]H9Y!%!( )C!
C F_??; )@ ;ES H YEtip)._,Hn)
k $HC@( 8?Ep2 Y]Y]2E+ G?;EG2
;pO,Y;EA,@2E ^ %CA2O O)EpKH())px x!pC!Dk C$O2H% YE H
SC2 YH ?GÊ^ ;?; ,G!Dkw %D!)Y^!C9 S);O;%$HqEG
( 8?Ep8!Dk EC2 )Y;2K Y]2E]GYYEC@H83 )@;?OE ; %!pC!Dk
.-0/
21
01
43
53
76 58:9 ;>=<?>A@X:< XCB>D<FE:A@G>A;GHI<HQ;4)B]*7;GHKJL<FM:B)HIB)>NE&9?< OQPG<?JSR
( Y;m[k
$
' UT V
XW#GY"Z2[

2 \ ^ ]_W`[ aY"Yb+$ cWed`+
fW "Y
)g
w @)EpKH9EHE)_E_E3;H $ 2 _??; )0E)w_EG2E(2E9 prG E C

YpHE!,02E ^ %@GEY; ?G^% Sx8!,2N ^ O_Gp;HkVx;EC2 Ê)CK ^
Lh
m
Chapter 4. Fundamentals of Pipe Flow
0.01
0.001
0.50
1.00
0.12
0.25
0.06
0.02
0.03
0.00
0.01
1e07
0.00
1e06
8.00
1e05
4.00
Air
Crude Oil
Hydrogen
Mercury
Water
0.0001
2.00
Head Loss [meter]
1
0.1
B_HIB R P.9FE R7;GH E BG; <?>c@]X:< XCBD<FE ;GHI<HQ

)B
Velocity[m/sec]
( Y;]mDk l
{

9;=G;,H_!C_EE!]).3 !Yr,( %D!@ ^ YE$HH %wG^YECH

2+ Epj%)!k #5G?;; 0G??]23H_C_ @#YE0( %D!9 Y %@HNH=@ 2
;+3 ^GNi.p! $ ^%mDk EnGkw %] Y %_?!C2 Y ^);9E!?y 8@,2EK;_E ( !k
) 2E9( %DE)),D2= %@ ^ %w$8/ ^ ^!;!02?2$2HH , ] _%??
E9)E9N H $ ^%mDk l[k #_2F)G; C_2Ex?EC$HEp!$ _);S)E92?$_E
!G; C=9; ,G) )%EY %%;~i g nHECpC^2EV ( @;?=_E@2E=? p
w; ?GG529 8G E YEwYpHE~2?; G2E_ HE)0V)Y ;Ep_^VC=@/HEY
)G; H? !C)_2E$2E+23H_p;~)G; C_^!pHE!b,
$( Y;+m[k j^k @
k !#()*(( +! #"%$ & &#(9!k ' HE=GEE_NH9
, &-(9k#$
$ " $ /$ & 1 .
0
F6
)g
1.2
Loss Coefficient
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
100
1000
10000
B_HIB R P.9FE R7;GH E BG; <?>c@32:< 2CBD<FE ;GHI<4

)B
Reynolds Number
( Y;]mDk j
$
{
YE Y !;]Ep,D;E2E~ ^ _Gp;; ]2E@2E Y 0GwC^ ;] ^ 5!k
)p ?E+GEE_O2E2q ^ _)p;?E)NE|)wC^ ;I Y _2ESC2;q
;E$2EEG0
,GYE$C 2%%kr$ G?;% ] $EwG!2^% =,[2 w))2 ^@!Y_)2}
% wG!2r,; 2E_!Ep)r9$2]))% C_G^ ;8!HC=/HEY HE%k0@E]? ;_GC
_ ?G^!2Y2Y; t9,^%?_E2E))% C@7
6&)Y ;Ep!
8HC+/HEY H;k$ wwE
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9352E2?GC!
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; ;%r;?N2E%)^_G22)Y^!> =#}
w)])^);]2H%];Y@ @E@x002](H_E/ Ê;;;E; E/ ?
9C!pC!bH ?;!CA @B@
C>=
DEGFIHKJ/LNM ONLQP M RTSNM UVJ/WXEGYZ[H]\E^)J/P P J_F.M LàZbH]c#E_ZbZdP OGFfehgjilk>m

kon
7
pXqsr>tBubv wsxTy{|~
z }sB}1 tfu =V. u[vu
>N>N>B3/hT/T#
>
%B>!IBh*/j X T
'
Y a[ W
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Section 4.3. A simple flow in a straight conduit

v w"!Bu!# = #%$&
B)> B)H @G9QR <('Q2:9?B ; > JQPG<FEDJ B RX )HI< 2 EI< ;Q>
)+* v-,r/. /021 , q * yVpXq3,4, q 0 p>q3,rq 0 0 y v * 5* yNu v wsxTyVp>q 021 !v y 6** x%q67 0 v 0 v w3!
u)4# = # =98 x%
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/021 yNxT?! 06* y 21 t 6* r/pXy * 7Vv-.(. 1 v * p2! *@* 1 . y u =A8 x%?r u , Xy u * yNx ydyNxT 1 v hp 6* yv 0 w3 0 wv 0 /u *
v 0 y u! * y 1 u! yNx%B. v C3!v 1 ,QXy .ED%F. qpTv y]t } yNxT rq67 u?y q 1 ubv DT yNxv * D%F. qpTv y]t } /061 yNx%:ru! ** !
u)
1 v IG u) 0 p> qp/p2
! uIKH quhyNx% u!JC"!vu) 1LKF1 * vu! 1 D%F. qpTv y]t =NM x y 1 >y u,?v 0 yNx% * r u ,QXy u *PO
8 x%
D%F. qpTv y]tv *1 Xy u,?v 0 1 tyNx% ru! *@* !Bu! 1 v GIu) 0 p> rBr/. v 1 q 0 yNx% rvr /021 yNx%u! * v * y /0 p>?y qyNxT
Q q67 =R8 xT<u!F. yv q 0S* xvr >y7 / 0 yNx%ru) *@* B! u! 1 v G u! 0 pX } yNx% Q q67 u y /061 yNxTu! * v * y /0 pX?y q<yNxT
Q q67 v * wv D% 0 tQyNx%;Trubv-, 0 y .JC"! yv q <0 9 # = TC>=U8 xv * JC"! yv q 0 v * ! * 1 /p ! * 3v yR7 quV * =R8 x%
ru! **
! u) 1 v
G u! 0 pX 1 >y u?, v 0 1 tyNx% w/q3, >yNuKv p B. r u , >y u * /021 yNx% WT
ruKv-, 0 y . 1
y 7 xv px

*
*
1
;Tru!
tYX[ZI7Qxv pxp /0 3q y v 0 1 HGu!q3, qq 1 t]\ *^1 v wsu , =
76
v w3!
u!# = _ V
$ qq 1 Lt \ *I1 v wu
`5acb X df e g hj i `Yklb X4f e ghm

n qy } xT 21 v * 0 u!wt ru^! 0 v y7 %v wsxTyVqFH Q ! v 1 9 v = =Y qu!p>?T 0 wyNx K6M %v wx/y &
oqp%r H]SOXP P YH]\Ec#EOcEds JXcEc#EoOoZ J/LZAWXSH[H]\EGYOcEJ/SoH.J^H]\E Z r JJtNEJ^sH]\NM ZdWNJ/JJu
vqp H H]\NM ZZbHbO`NE;Bw F1EVSZ EaU/M x Ec#ELoHUXEzy LNM H M J/LVH]\NONL J/LE SZ E UM L|{s\OWtoHKEcA}~E.\EUTM xEcEL r E
ELoH M OXP P YFEdF.M P PTOU>OWot H.J/LEZKYZKHKEPs ^)JNcH]\EWXJ>JJu~
#:
> X >N>B?/hT/T#
>
%>!1Bh*/j > T! GN
76
9 # = TC
3 0 wyNx Ch/021
vy
M ZW Y O^)O r KH JXcIJ^2~
p>qsrXt
ubv wsxTy{|~
z }B}1 tju =a. u[vu
x 6*
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u! 9 . q **C v *
`Yacb `Yk m
9 # = C
d
8 xT<u! * v * y /0 pX3pXq pTv 0 y HKqu pTvup2!/. ulp>q 021 !v yp /0 1 < 0 1 6*
9 # = BC
b X f e
8 xv * JC"! yv q 0 v * 7 ubv yGy 0 HKqu p>q 06* y /0 y 1 06* v y]t Q q67 /021 pXq 0S* y /0 ypu!q *@** /pNyv q 0=58 x% Q q67
u y v * W
T ru! **
1 6*
b g
9 # =# C
8 xTVpu!q **U* /pXyv q 0 . u! qFIH p%vu!pF!:. uIv * b
b f } ! * v 0 wJC"! yv q 0?9 # = # C /061* ! * yv y;!Tyv 0 w
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yNxT3qyNxTux /021 } x 6* ,?! * x. *@*^* v w 0 v < p /0 yWG /pNyaq 0 yNx% Q q67 u y =
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