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FORENSIC MEDICINE & TOXICOLOGY
Forensic medicine:
is the application of medical and paramedical knowledge in the administrationof law and justice. Legal medicine and state medicine are other names for it.
Medical jurisprudence:
 
deals with the legal rights, privileges, duties and obligations of medicalpractitioner.
Points to remember
1. Pin – point pupils = Opium2. Dilatation of pupils = Dhatura, Cyanide3. Constriction of pupils = Opium, phenol, organo-phosphorus, physostigmine,chloral hydrate.4. Cumulative poisons are: Barbiturates, and methyl alcohol5. Habit forming poisons are: Caffeine and Nicotine.6. Addiction drugs are: Alcohol, Barbiturates, Coccaine, Cannabis, Chloral hydrate,Opium, Pethidine.7. Hemodialysis is good value in: Salicylate, methanol, barbiturate, and aspirin(except kerosene oil and diazephem)8. 1st sign of intra-uterine death: Gas shadow in aorta (as early as 12 hours).9. Increased anion gap is seen in Salicylate poisoning, lactic acidosis, starvation.10. Ideal suicide poison = Cyanide11. Ideal homicide poison = Thallium, fluoride compounds.12. Commonly used homicidal poisons: Arsenic, aconite13. Commonly used suicidal poisons: Endrine, Opium, Barbiturates, Organo-phosphorus compounds.14. Poison resembling cholera = Arsenic15. Poison resembling tetanus = Strychnine16. Poison resembling natural death = Thallium17. Poison resembling fading measles = Arsenic18. Poison resembling thyrotoxicosis = Bi-nitro compounds.
Tests for detecting poisons:
Arsenic = Marsh’s test, Reinsch’s testOpium = Marquis testAlcohol = Mc’evan’s testDatura = Mydriatic testPhenol = Green urine.
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IMPORTANT POINTS TO REMEMBER 
1
The Percentage of blood alcohol in the stage of "dead drunk" is 0.5%.
2
Pisiform gets ossified by 12 yrs of age.
3
By 14 yrs. patella gets ossified.
4
Anterior fontanelle closes by 18 months of age.
5
The height of a child is double of birth height by 4 years of age,
6
Under IPC, a person below 7 years is not criminally responsible.
7
Fatal period of Datura poisoning is 24 hours.
8
In India, rigor mortis sets within 1-2 hours.
9
While dispatching blood and urine for chemical analysis, sodium fluoride is addedas preservative in concentration of 50 mg/10ml.
10
Critical level of alcohol in blood is 0.15%.
11
The minimum age for giving consent for surgery is 18 years.
12
In fractured ends of bone, soft provisional callus is formed by 15 hours.
13
The minimum time required for adipocere formation in a dead body is 21 days.
14
Indian Medical Council Act was enacted in 1956.
15
Mental retardation is I.Q. Below 70.
16
Ratio between ethyl alcohol in blood to urine is 1:1.33
17
Gas rigidity appears after 72 hours.
18
Marbling is noticed by 36 hours.
19
Full development of rigor mortis takes about 12 hours.
20
In exhumation, 6-7 samples of earth are collected.
21
Intercourse with wife below 15 years of age is considerable rape.
22
Fatal period of aconite isusually 1-5 hours.
23
Cooling of body is gradual upto 1-3 hours.
24
Hypostasis is mottled within first 3 hours of death.
25
Killing range of a militry rifle is 3000 yards.
26
Juvenile offender is a person under 16 years
27
The dispersion of pellets is seen usually at distance beyond 10 feet.
28
In a gunshot wound, the presence of singeing of hair or charring of skin denotes afire up to 18 inches.
29
Dispersion of pellets in shotgun injury is calculated as dispersion in inches = 1.5times the dispersion in yards.
30
An infant born before 210 days is not legally considered capable of maintaining aseparate existence.
31
A bruise showing bluish black discolouration is 4 days old.
32
The upper limit of safety for carbon monoxide in air is 0.01%.
33
Rh positivity in India is 93%.
34
In an abrasion, the scab usually dries and falls between 4-6 days.
35
Fatal dose of opium is 2 gm.
2
 
36
The range of an air rifle is about 90 yards.
37
Mixed dentition is seen in children between 6-12 years of age.
38
Basisphenoid unites the basi-occiput at the age to 22 years.
39
First permanent molar appears at age of 6-7 years.
40
Judicial first class Magistrate can pass a sentence of imprisonment upto 3 years.
41
Age of maturity for those under court of wards is 21 years. In India, sexualmaturity is gained at 14 years of age.
42
The degree of accuracy in determining sex from long bones is 80%.
43
Fatal period of sulphuric acid poisoning is 18-24 hours.
44
Multiplying factors for estimating stature from humerus and femur in males are 5-5.3 and 3.6-3.8 respectively.
45
Colliquative liquefaction is seen within 1 week after death.
46
A contusion assumes green colour by 6 days.
47
Marriage age for boys and girls are 21 years and 18 years respectively.
48
Internal organs take 24 hours to cool. A person becomes major at the age of 18years. Eruption of temporary teeth is completed by 2 to 2.5 years.
49
Foetal parts can be detected on plain X-ray usually by 16 weeks.
50
Child below 12 years is not required to take an oath.
51
Xiphoid process unites with sternum at age of 40 years.
52
Cranial capacity is 10% less in females.
53
Nuclear features persist in decomposition for a period of 2-3 years.
54
Precipitin test is positive to be opium in dead body upto 10 years.
55
After death, benzidine test is positive upto 150 years. Bones begin to decomposeafter death in 3-10 years.
56
Less than 7 aminoacids in bone suggest age of bone after death as more than 100years. The rate of cooling of body in first 6 hours is 2.5°F and in next 6 hours as1.5"-2.0cF. Victim of drowning in a state of suspended animation can be revived aslong as 10-20 minutes.
57
Centre of ossification for pisiform bone appears at an age of 10-12 years.
58
The floatation time in summer for a dead body after drowning is one day.
59
The age of 15 years old female is best determined by the radiography of upperend of radius and ulna.
60
Maggots in a dead body do not appear before 48 hours.
61
Hairs become loose after 72 hours of death.
62
Epiphyseal union of sternal end of clavicle occurs at age of 22 years.
63
Washer woman's hands and feet usually occur within 12-18 hours.
64
Saponification in drowning occurs in about 5 weeks.
65
Death ensues in about 5 mts. of complete submersion.
66
By ABO.RH, MN systems the exclusion of Paternity is about 50%.
67
Estimation of Age from eruption of teeth is possible upto 17 to 21 years of age.Gustafson's method for estimation age of adult over 21 years.
68
In poisoning by salicylates, the Gastric lavage is useful upto 24 hours.
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