WHAT HAS WORKED IN INVESTING
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Dear Investor:
What Has Worked in Investing
is an attempt to share with you our knowledge of historically successful investment characteristics and approaches. Included in this bookletare descriptions of over 50 studies, approximately half of which relate to non-U.S. stocks.Our choice of studies has not been selective; we merely included most of the major studieswe have seen through the years. Interestingly, geography had no influence on the basicconclusion that stocks possessing the characteristics described in this booklet provided the best returns over long periods of time. While this conclusion comes as no surprise to us, itdoes provide empirical evidence that Benjamin Graham’s principles of investing, firstdescribed in 1934 in his book,
Security Analysis,
continue to serve investors well. Aknowledge of the recurring and often interrelated patterns of investment success over longperiods has not only enhanced our investment process, but has also provided long-termperspective and, occasionally, patience and perseverance. We hope this knowledge will alsoserve you well.The basic investment selection criteria described in
What Has Worked in Investing
have been incorporated in Tweedy, Browne’s investment screening and decision making processsince at least 1958, when Tom Knapp, a retired partner, joined Tweedy, Browne fromBenjamin Graham’s investment management firm, Graham-Newman Corporation. Most of Tweedy, Browne’s investments have had at least one, and, more frequently, several of theinvestment characteristics which are described in this booklet.The criteria and characteristics have been utilized by Tweedy, Browne because theypointed, like clues, in the direction of truly undervalued companies; appealed to commonsense; and because the managing directors have always believed that undervaluation, whichis associated with low risk, would also be associated with satisfactory returns. In addition tothe confirmation provided by our own historical investment results spanning nearly 50years, the extensive studies described in this booklet, in our judgment, have empiricallyconfirmed that the fundamental approach to security analysis developed by BenjaminGraham, and long practiced by Tweedy, Browne, produces attractive long-term rates of return. Most investments in Tweedy, Browne portfolios have had, and continue to have, atthe time of purchase one or more of the following characteristics:
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