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A Short Reference Grammarof Standard Slovene
© Marc L. Greenberg, 2006University of Kansas
 
A Short Reference Grammar of Standard Slovene2
Contents
1 ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS USED............................................................................................7
1.1 A
BBREVIATIONS
.........................................................................................................................................71.2 S
YMBOLS
..................................................................................................................................................7
2 BASIC DATA...............................................................................................................................................9
2.1 H
ISTORICAL
 
SKETCH
....................................................................................................................................92.2 R 
ELATION
 
OF
S
LOVENE
 
TO
 
OTHER 
 
LANGUAGES
..............................................................................................11 2.3 D
IALECTS
................................................................................................................................................12 
2.3.1 Map of Slovene dialects...............................................................................................................13 
2.4 T
HE
 
STANDARD
 
LANGUAGE
 
AND
 
ITS
 
RELATION
 
TO
 
SPOKEN
 
LANGUAGE
...............................................................14 
3 PHONOLOGY...........................................................................................................................................16 
3.1.1 Alphabet, phonemes, allophony...................................................................................................16  
3.1.1.1 Vowel reduction..................................................................................................................................18  3.1.1.2 Consonant inventory...........................................................................................................................20  3.1.1.3 Vowel inventory..................................................................................................................................21  3.1.1.4 Word prosody......................................................................................................................................21  3.1.1.4.1 Phonological rules.......................................................................................................................24 
4 MORPHOLOGY.......................................................................................................................................26 
4.1.1 General remarks on Slovene morphology...................................................................................26  
4.1.1.1 Morphophonemic segmental alternations in inflection and derivation................................................26  4.1.1.2 Word-prosody patterns........................................................................................................................28  4.1.1.3 Nominal morphology..........................................................................................................................29  4.1.1.3.1 Feminine paradigms....................................................................................................................31  4.1.1.3.2 Masculine paradigms..................................................................................................................32  4.1.1.3.3 Neuter paradigms........................................................................................................................35  4.1.1.4 Pronominal morphology......................................................................................................................36  4.1.1.4.1 Interrogative pronouns................................................................................................................36  4.1.1.4.1.1 Relative pronouns...............................................................................................................37  4.1.1.4.2 Personal pronouns.......................................................................................................................38  4.1.1.4.2.1 Reflexive.............................................................................................................................40  4.1.1.4.2.2 Sandhi phenomena with pronouns......................................................................................40  4.1.1.5 Adjectival morphology........................................................................................................................41  4.1.1.5.1 Comparatives and superlatives....................................................................................................42  4.1.1.5.2 Possessive adjectives...................................................................................................................44  4.1.1.5.3 Interrogative and pronominal adjectives.....................................................................................45  4.1.1.5.4 Demonstratives pronouns............................................................................................................46  4.1.1.5.5 Possessive pronouns....................................................................................................................50  4.1.1.6 Adverbs...............................................................................................................................................52  4.1.1.6.1 Interrogative adverbs...................................................................................................................53  4.1.1.7 Numeral morphology..........................................................................................................................54  4.1.1.7.1 Cardinals.....................................................................................................................................54  4.1.1.7.2 Ordinals......................................................................................................................................56  4.1.1.8 Verbal morphology.............................................................................................................................57  4.1.1.8.1 Present-tense...............................................................................................................................59  4.1.1.8.2 Imperative/hortative....................................................................................................................60  4.1.1.8.3 Infinitive and supine...................................................................................................................61  4.1.1.8.4 L-participle.................................................................................................................................62  4.1.1.8.5 Participles...................................................................................................................................63  4.1.1.8.5.1 Present (active) adverb........................................................................................................65  4.1.1.8.5.2 Present (active) participle....................................................................................................65  4.1.1.8.5.3 Past active...........................................................................................................................66  4.1.1.8.5.4 Past passive.........................................................................................................................66  4.1.1.8.5.5 Verbal noun........................................................................................................................67  4.1.1.8.5.6 Athematic stems..................................................................................................................68  4.1.1.8.5.7 e-stem verbs........................................................................................................................71 
 
3Marc L. Greenberg
4.1.1.8.5.8 i-stem verbs (INF in –i- ti, - e - ti)...........................................................................................78  4.1.1.8.5.9 a-stem verbs........................................................................................................................79  4.1.1.9 Negation..............................................................................................................................................79  4.1.1.10 Conditionals......................................................................................................................................80  4.1.1.11 Aspect and aspectual derivation........................................................................................................80  4.1.1.12 Motion verbs.....................................................................................................................................83 
5 DERIVATIONAL MORPHOLOGY.......................................................................................................85 
5.1.1.1 General remarks about derivational morphology.................................................................................85  5.1.1.2 Nouns..................................................................................................................................................86  5.1.1.3 Adjectives...........................................................................................................................................90  5.1.1.4 Adverbs...............................................................................................................................................93  5.1.1.5 Verbs...................................................................................................................................................94  5.1.1.6 Diminutives and augmentatives.........................................................................................................101 
6 SYNTAX...................................................................................................................................................103 
6.1.1 Noun phrases.............................................................................................................................103 
6.1.1.1 Structure............................................................................................................................................103  6.1.1.1.1 Proper names and toponyms.....................................................................................................106  6.1.1.2 Meanings and uses of cases and prepositions with cases...................................................................107  6.1.1.2.1 Nominative case........................................................................................................................107  6.1.1.2.2 Accusative case.........................................................................................................................107  6.1.1.2.2.1 Animacy with respect to the accusative case ....................................................................107 6.1.1.2.2.2 Prepositions requiring the accusative case........................................................................108  6.1.1.2.3 Dative case................................................................................................................................110  6.1.1.2.3.1 Prepositions requiring the dative case...............................................................................112  6.1.1.2.4 Genitive case ............................................................................................................................112 6.1.1.2.4.1 Prepositions requiring the genitive case............................................................................114  6.1.1.2.5 Locative case.............................................................................................................................118  6.1.1.2.5.1 Prepositions requiring the locative case............................................................................118  6.1.1.2.6 Instrumental case......................................................................................................................120  6.1.1.2.6.1 Prepositions requiring the instrumental case.....................................................................120  6.1.1.3 Syntax of numerals............................................................................................................................122 
6.1.2 Clause structure.........................................................................................................................124 
6.1.2.1 Infinitive and supine..........................................................................................................................125  6.1.2.2 Verbal noun.......................................................................................................................................126  6.1.2.3 Subject, object, verb and pro-drop.....................................................................................................126  6.1.2.3.1 Impersonal constructions..........................................................................................................127  6.1.2.3.2 Special constructions.................................................................................................................129  6.1.2.4 Clitics................................................................................................................................................132  6.1.2.5 Negation............................................................................................................................................135  6.1.2.6 Passive voice and se-constructions....................................................................................................136 
6.1.3 Clause chaining .........................................................................................................................138 
6.1.3.1 Coordination.....................................................................................................................................138  6.1.3.2 Subordination....................................................................................................................................143  6.1.3.2.1 Constructions with subordinating conjunctions.........................................................................143  6.1.3.2.1.1 Tense sequencing in da clauses.........................................................................................150  6.1.3.2.2 Constructions with relative pronouns........................................................................................152  6.1.3.2.3 Constructions with participles...................................................................................................155 
7 DISCOURSE MARKERS.......................................................................................................................160 
7.1.1.1.1.1 Markers of affirmation, negation......................................................................................160  7.1.1.1.1.2 Markers of focus...............................................................................................................161  7.1.1.1.1.3 Markers of mood...............................................................................................................161  7.1.1.1.1.4 Markers of definition, explanation and inference..............................................................166  7.1.1.1.1.5 Question markers..............................................................................................................166  7.1.1.1.1.6 Tags..................................................................................................................................167  7.1.1.1.1.7 Markers of affirmation, agreement....................................................................................167  7.1.1.1.1.8 Markers of tense and aspect (durativity, iterativity)..........................................................168  7.1.1.1.1.9 Marker of limitation..........................................................................................................169  7.1.1.1.1.10 Marker of evidentiality....................................................................................................170 
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