Professional Documents
Culture Documents
BY
WILLIAM GALLATLY,
M.A.
SECOND EDITION
LONDON
FBANCIS HODGSON,
PRICE HALF A
CROWN NET
BY
WILLIAM GALLATLY,
M.A.
LONDON
FKANCIS HODGSON,
(J2,
PREFACE.
on the Geometry of the Triangle are presented some of the more important researches on the subject
little treatise
IN this
The
author ventures to express not- merely his hope, but his confident expectation, that these novel and interesting theorems
some British, but the greater part derived from French and German sources will widen the outlook of our mathematical
instructors and lend
new vigour
to their teaching.
articles contributed by the present writer to the Educational Times Reprint, to whose editor he
would
offer his
He
is
also
most grateful to Sir George Greenhill, Prof. A. C. Dixon, Mr. V. R. Aiyar, Mr. W. F. Beard, Mr. R. F. Davis, and Mr. E. P. Rouse for permission to use the theorems due to
them.
W.
G.
SYNOPSIS OF CHAPTEES.
[The numbers refer
to Sections.]
CHAPTER
Relations between
lation between
I.
DIRECTION ANGLES.
:
(1-13.)
pqr
lines at rt. angles, condition: re616-263 and pgr distance between (a#y) and (a'&'y') perpr. on line
:
:
Properties of Quad.
Centre Circle.
CHAPTER
Medial
II.
:
(14-21.)
:
Feuerbach Point mid-point line of quad. N.P. Circle Tripolar eqn. to circumdiameter straight line (general) to find points with given trip. c. circle trip. c. of Limiting Points.
formulae
:
: :
CHAPTER
Poristic condition
fixed
: :
III. of
PORISTIC TRIANGLES.
(22-34.)
R.A.
of
0(R) and
:
I(r)
:
circular
loci
FGHO'I'NM
Gergonne Point
poristic formulae
Point
CHAPTER IV.
SIMSON LINES.
:
(35-55.)
:
S.L. in given direction S.L. bisects TH: OAT cr l perps. from A, B, C on S.L. eqn. to S.L. perpr. TU, length and direction :* the the point a circle (kk ) point .ZVfor quad. pairs of S.L. eqn. to TOT'
Draw
ABC
and A'B'C'
n.c. of
:
o>
the centre
of (kk
tricusp Hypocycloid
CHAPTER V.
PEDAL TRIANGLES.
(56-69.)
:
Pedal triangle def similar to BSC = A + \ sin \ a an Limiting Points II in terms of xyz Radical Axes (group) Feuerbach 's Theorem 2 So for Sj, Artzt's Parabola U, II, OS' and (afry) in terms of \p.v
: : :
:
LMN
inverse of
VI
MODERN GEOMETRY.
CHAPTER VI.
Concurrence
of
THE OBTHOPOLE.
:
(70-80.)
2
= IE
<r
cos e l cos
lies
cos
S found
:
geo-
and through a point, reciprocal relations: Lemoyne's Theorem: pedal circles through <r(o>): constant b.c. of S for def: Harmonic system of lines, a common to the 4 circles. (See Appendix I and II.)
metrically
:
on N.P.
circle
ABC
three S.L.
CHAPTER VII.
c.
:
ANTIPEDAL TRIANGLES.
(81-87.)
:
Angular Orthologic and Antipedal triangles: nc. of S' n.c. of centre of similitude of U and V similar properties of V -V' = 4 A S' and /S", are called Twin Points.
:
V = $M
S,
and S\
CHAPTER VIII.
Shape and
88-100.)
on plane passing through fixed axis in plane of ABC ABC projected into triangle with given angles projec2 2 A (1 + cos 2 ) tion of ABC on planes at constant inclination 2tf'' cot A and Brocard cquilat. triangle Angle Antipedal triangles and projection calculation of a', b' c' Pedal triangles and projection: general theory
size of projection of
:
: :
.
ABC
for
any triangle
XYZ
Schoute
Circles.
CHAPTER IX.
a,
axis
:
COUNTER POINTS.
A/XI/
:
(101-116.)
II',
U', 31', q
.
in terms of
,
:
nn'
of
<T
SA S'A = AB Ac
:
A'B'C'
o>,
b.c.
":
M'Cay's Cubic For TOT conic is R.H. centre, asymptotes, (semi-axis) 2 similarly for circle centre S S' and S\ S\ bisected at join of Twin Points
:
Aiyar's Theorem, OS. OS' 2R. OV Counterpoint conies, direction of asymptotes and axes
:
:
',
radius
SS\
CHAPTER X.
LEMOINE GEOMETRY.
(117-129.)
:
and b.c. of K: K centroid of def: equation to OK: II a 2 + # 2 + y'2 and u- + v* + w 2 each a min. at K Artzt's Parabola: triangle AK bisects Lemoine Point of Ii/a-^ list of T^T-.T-j, points
:
K found
:
n.c.
"(-)"
a(6
2
chords parallel to
to
T.2
T3
Harmonic quad.
locus
ABC
cosflj
c2 )
OK
Apollonian Circles
Lemoine Axis
Harmonic
square.
SYNOPSIS OF CHAPTERS.
VU
(130-152.)
rift'
:
CHAPTER XI.
LEMOINE-BROCARD GEOMETRY.
n.c.
Forms
for cot
a>
and
b.c. of
:
n and
ft'
equation to
:
o>
not
:
greater than 30
useful
:
formulae
Neuberg
Circles
Steiner Angles
(see also
Appendix
III)
centre of perspective
of
eqn. to axis of
right
figure
:
angles
ABC, PQR
<a
:
OK
bisects tin' at
sec
:
Steiner and
Tarry Points
KPROQ
apply to
similar to 'S.ACTB
G mean
:
PQR
G
5
centroid of Dftft'
lies
3'
and
St
Isogonic points
CHAPTER XII.
PIVOT POINTS.
TUCKER CIRCLES.
(153-166.)
Pairs of homothetic triangles, inscribed and circumscribed to family of circles touch conic Tucker Circles list of formulae Radical
:
: :
ABC
Axis
First
Lemoine
:
Circle
c.
Pedal
circle of
ftft'
Taylor
cot A,
Circle
trip.
of
Limiting Points
for
cotB, coi C.
CHAPTER
I.
the
Circumcentre of ABC, the triangle of reference, will be denoted the Orthocentre by J3"; the feet of the perpendiculars by from A, B, G on BG, CA, AB respectively by J3"2 lt s (the the triangle HJIJi.& being called the Orthocentric Triangle) the Centroid or Centre 3 lengths of AH^ BH^ GHS by l? & 2
;
/?
7?,
of Gravity by G the in- and ex-centres by I, J,, J2 73 the points of contact of the circle I with the sides of ABG by X, Y, Z the corresponding points for the circle I being X^ Y^ Zr
;
,
The Circiimcentre
OJ
OJ,
also
MODERN GEOMETRY.
;
The mid-points of BC, CA, AB are A', B', C" the triangleA'B'C' being called the Medial Triangle. Its Circumcircle is the Nine-Point Circle, with Centre 0' and radius \E theOrthocentre of A'B'C' is 0, the Centroid is G, while the in-cen Ireis denoted by 1'.
'.
J5,
1
C
1
.
BG
1
parallel to
BC, CA,
AB
Its Circumcentre is JT, its Centroid is 6r, its Medial or NinePoint Circle is ABG and its Nine-Point Centre is 0. The letters "n.c." stand for normal or triUnear coordinatesdenoted by a/?y. The letters " b.c." stand for barycentric or areal or triangular coordinates, denoted by xyz also x aa, &c., so that
2. Let _p, g, r be the lengths of the perpendiculars from A, B, C on a straight line TT'. Let 1? Direction Angles of TT' that is, the 8 be the angles which the sides of ABC make with TT', these angles being measured from TT' as axis, and in the same sense. By projecting the sides of ABC along and perpendicular to.
<9. , 2
;
TT',
we obtain 5 a cos = 0, 2. a sin ^ = 0. The diagram shows that a sin 6 = q r, &c., S.op sin^ = 2.^(3 r) = 0.
.
so that
'
a,
Two
cos
A'X/OI =
\ (b-c)/OI
oc
(6-c).
DIRECTION ANGLES.
To express
Since
.'.
cos O in terms of p,
l
g, r.
.
g.6 cos
C + r.c
(7
cos
.*.
2A.cos
0j
ap
bq cos
crcosB;
When
3.
I'a
+ m'ft + n'y =
0.2 ,
la.
-\-mj3-\-ny
0,
and
may
<
be at right angles.
2,
<
Let OH
lines, so
#3
and
Ol
that
a,
<
<^ =b
\TT.
Let p,
A, 5,
(7,
so that
oc op'.
Xow
And
.;.
ap' sin
= p' (%'
.
r ')
|ir)
(7
'
0.
sin
=
or
ZZ'
(^
= 2 A cos 0,
...
ap
cos
bq cos
cr cos 5.
-f
Gcr cos 5) +
r
= 0, =
. . .
0,
which
is
4. To determine TT, the length of the perpendicular on TT' from a point P, whose b.c. are (, y, ), in terms of p, q, r. Since P is the centre for masses at A, B, C proportional to
so that
is
TT
determined when p,
only of #,
q,
?/,
r are
z
known.
Note
are needed.
5.
To determine
2
Put
TT,
Za
+ m/8 + wy =
...
0.
=D
2
.
Now
Also
oc
and
Hence
ap
.
^ k.ap.
2
,
(a
TT
form of
little
use, as
it
is
almost always
difficult
to
evaluate D.
MODERN GEOMETRY.
6. straight line TT' is determined when any two of the three perpendiculars p, q, r are given absolutely. It follows that there must be some independent relation between them.
/.
4A 2
is
= p.a cos O + q.b cos # 4- r c cos = op.2A cos #! + = ap (apbq cos C cr cos P) = S (ay-26tfcos-4.gr) = 2{ay-(-a + + c )grj.
2
.
...
-f ...
Z>
This
When TT'
points P, P' lying on TT' have absolute n.c. (, /?, y) and It is required to determine d, the length of PP', in terms of these coordinates.
7.
(a//3', y').
The
We have
But and Hence
2
.
(q
r)
cot
^4
+ (r
2A +
Now
Hence
.d a
^7
p) cot
a
B+ (p
r/)
cot
2A.
a sin $
a. (a
a!)/d.
2 (a-a') sin
2(7.
8.
is
b cos
(2) we can express the right side in terms of p, q, r. Then apply the condition a cos A .p-}~ ... = 0, and the result
From
follows.
for
to
(fr
TOT', which
cos Os
is
2)
p.aa.+
...
0,
now
takes
the form
+ c cos
For 01,
For OGH,
= =
0.
...
0].
responsible.
DIRECTION ANGLES.
9. The results just obtained are useful in investigating some algebraic relations of a quadrilateral, which has BC, CA, AB for three of its sides the fourth side being PQR. The circum circles of the four triangles AQR, BRP, CPQ, ABC, have a common point (call it If) so that the parabola which touches the four sides of the quadrilateral will have for focus while the four orthocentres lie on the directrix, which is also the common radical axis of the circles (AP)(BQ)(CR). The four circumcentres 0, O lt 2 0.A are known to lie on a circle (call it the Centre Circle) which also passes through If.
:
circle
and p v p2
are #2
3,
= AQ
.
(in circle
AQR)
2
Pl
= p sin Q
:
l/(2 sin
sin
sin
3)
=m
p/sin
.
sin 6V
.-.
6.2
r sin
M are as
l/p sin OH
l/q sin
S,
1/r sin
or
1-Iote
a/p(qr),&c.
that in the circle
or
a/(l/q
l/r).
(R.F.Davis)
QR =
AMQR,
2p l sin
cr,
ap sin O r
MODERN GEOMETRY.
10. The join 00, of the centres common chord MA,
ABCM,
ARQM is
=
perpendi-
cular to the
Similarly 00 2 is perpendicular to the chord MB. .-. L 0,00, ACB (in ABCM) C;
= AMB =
.'.
0,0,0,=
is
:
C,
...;
similar to
p,
:
MA MB MO = Pl
Hence
0,0,0,.
.'.
= Pt
ABC. MO,
But, from
:
MO,
MO,.
is
ABO,
MB, and
= BMR = BPR
:
0,0, to
MR,
(circle
JBMPR)
0,.
so that
:
00!
00
00 = sin^
3
sin0 3
sin
11. To determine the equation of the 4-orthocentre line. The equation to PQR being p. aa + q.bfi -\-r.cy 0, the point P is
determined by a
cos
0.
to
.
be
and
= 0, ft + cos A cy/p the perpendicular from R on AC is cos A aa/q + cos A bft/p + (b/pa cos C/q) y = 0.
A
.
aa/r -f (c/p
a cos B/r)
By
or or
or
is
found to
lie
on
sin.0, cos
A .aa+ ...
...
cos.4/a'.aa-f
p(qr} cos^.a+
...
= 0, = 0, = 0.
(M
is
a'/3V)
the symmetry of this equation the line clearly passes through the other three orthocentres and is therefore the directrix of the parabola. For example, let PQR be xla?-\-... 0, which will prove to be the Lemoine Axis (128).* Here p cc I/a 2 so that the focus of the parabola, known as 2 2 c ) &c., the directrix being Kiepert's Parabola, has n.c. a/(6
From
(6
A.a+... = 0, which is OGH. The mid-points of diagonals lie on or cotA.x + ... ( 1/p + l/g-f l/r)aj+... = 0,
c ) cos
2
0,
the well
of the circles
ABC,
A'B'C', &c.
refer to sections.
DIRECTION ANGLES.
12. To determine
p,
7
circle.
2,
M0 =
l
pl
m.p sinflj,
M0 =
2
(G)
and
O^MO^
m.q sin0
G
a2 +6 2 -c 2
pY _
(qr}(p-r}
J
ab
~ab~~
But
since
3
.'.
=
=
0,
O^ = 2p sin
AP, one
and
2
(7,
mB.k^/abc.
of the diagonals of the
of
between
^ 2 .A/B 2
(a/?y)
(a'fl'y') is
given by
(6)
Now,
for P,
...
(a- a')
^.fc^
sin
2A+....
0;
0;
=(_r)/( 3 -r).2A/6,
^1,
a'
Also for
2A/a,
)8'
y = gr/(g-r).2A/c. = 0, / =
;
+ c.ry
Hence
.4P (g-r)
q*b
+ <fl(qry. 4A /c + c*
2
2
2
.
sin 20.
r'
13. Let o> 15 w.2 a) 5 be the centres of the diameter circles, or mid-points of AP, BQ, CR. To determine the length of ci^to,.
,
Forcu,,
For
<o
2,
Now,
ft = (_ r )/(gr-r) A/6, 7l = gr/(g-r).A/c. = r/(rp) A/a, = A/6, yt = ( -p)/(rp) A/c. = a sin (a ) a^V.A/E
a 1==A/a, a2
2
/3 2
/.
2 w,
.
V/ A -
_J^ (p-rr
cot J.
<y8
(^-^)
,
X9 2
cot
Cp
Hence, since
cot
.4
^+
a sin $ a
6 sin ^2
c sin
CHAPTER
II.
is
ABO
ABO
respectively.
.'.
A diagram
aa + aa'
/.
aa
+ cy',
&c.,
2aa'
=
s',
aa +
2^'
bft
+ cy,
%+y
= y+
c/(a
+ z.
Feuerbach Point
determine the
&c.
(6
J.0
F being
b.c. of this
Here
.-.
#' oc
oc
a/(b
c),
oc
a;
= ^+^
b/(ca) + c/(ab)
(b
c)(s
a)/(c
a)(a
b.c.,
b)
ac
ABC
then
a(a
?>)(
c) oc
a/(6
c).
15. If the ABC equation to a straight line is lx + my + nz the A'B'C' equation is 0. or 0, (w + w)aj'+... l(y' + z') + ...
= 0,
0,
I'x'
the
ABC
+ m'y' + n'z' =
-
equation
is
...
0,
or
8
Z'
+ m + w')a' +
f
The
...
well
cotA.x-\-
ABC equation
0,
becomes
. .
when
If
=
feet
or
of
aV + b*y' + cV -
equation to H.2
H
S
perpendiculars, the
0.
ABC
is
cot^.a- + cot.B.?/
+ cot0.z =
(
fr
is
B + cot
C) x+ (cot
a~x-\-
6'
8
cot
c )
2
4)y +
cot
2
^ + cot B)z
0,
reducing to
(a
y+ (a
Returning to the quadrilateral discussed in section (13) see the b.c. of o^ given by a, A/a, &c.
we
the
Hence the
quadrilateral
is
ABC
(
equation
to
of
I/p
+ 1/q + 1/r) x +
is
=0.
...
+ y'/q + z'/r
this
TTj
0,
or
aqr.a+
is
=
=
0.
The perpendicular on
where
from J/
therefore given by
D =
2
2 { a 2 g sr s -_p 2 gr ( - a2 -f 6 2 + c2 ) }
aqr.h-i/D,
k\
16. To determine the A'B'C' equation to a circumdiameter TOT', whose direction angles are 1} 0^ O s Letjp', 7', r' be the perpendiculars from A', B', C' on TOT'. A diagram shows that
.
= R cos J. cos 6 r
is
.
cos
A cos 6
x' -H
. . .
=0.
Example.
For OI cos^
?
= %(b
to
c)/OL
is
01
= 0.
ABC
is
The
J..B(7
= 0,
2
or
is
a2/#+...
...
2
0.
Therefore
or
its
z'x' 4- -''?/') (y Referred to A'B'C', the equation of the Nine- Point or Medial 0. a2 #'+ ... Circle is
)
-
aV + 6y + cV + (a + 6 + c
= 0, V+
10
MODERN GEOMETRY.
Referred to
A BC,
this
becomes
...
0.
The
OP
and
.'.
= = OP = +\r*-rf)rf (rf^ftrMvf-rflr
,
a cos
0!
rj 4- 6
cos
r2 4- c cos
r3
= 0,
a 0080!+...
of the
lr*
=
*
0.
form
s
where
+ mrf + nr = + m + n = 0,
I
0,
or (r15 r.2 rs ) on the line, the are constant being, in fact, equal to the ratios a cos 0j b cos $ 2 c cos 3 should be noted. The tripolar equations to 01,
,
P
a
r2
r32
r3
ra
r/
r,
OGH
(i)
The projection
.'.
of
01 on BG
0j cc
(&
;
c)
cos
is
(bc)
2
to
01
=0.
to
= (M~ C )/2a; OH is
a
18. To find the equation to a straight line with direction (Gr) angles O lt 2 3 and at a distance d from 0. the that we see to Cartesian coordinates, equaTransferring tion differs only by a constant from that of the parallel circumdiameter.
,
11
must therefore be
of the
l
.
form
. . .
k. rf + of the the Let A', B', C' be sides, and let A'O meet mid-points the line in A".
a cos 6
Then
if
p2
[p 2
p3 ]
(p l
p./)
= = =
acos^.Sc.C'lf
a(OD/OA")2c.OA"sinB
cZ
.
2ac sin
/>'
is
. .
= 4<iA.
19.
When
;
(/4-m + w)
if
is
not zero.
at the mean centre of masses Z, m, or if (Z, m, w) are the b.c. of Q, then, for any point ^t, 5, P whose tripolar coordinates are (rl5 r2 r3 ),
To prove that
-be
Zr1
+ mr
2 2
-f
nr s 2
=
I
Z.^!Q
+ m. J5Q + w. CQ +
2 2
(l
+ m + n)
PQ*.
(^2)1
(^i?> 2 ),
Then
But, since
is
the
-i
TO,
12
.'.
MODERN GEOMETRY.
Irf
+ mrf+nr* =
AQ m BQ + n CQ + (Z + m + w) PQ
2
2
.
-}-
is
true for
n)
OQ
2
;
2 the point 'Q for the circle ABU is K 2 as within or without the lies circle. OQ Q, according If P describes a circle of radius />(= PQ) round Q, an internal point, then the tripolar equation to this circle is
or
The power 2
2
II of
-OQ
JR
ABG
orthogonally, then
OQJP+rt
so that the circle
becomes
2
Zr/
+ mr/ + nr =
2
0.
(R. F. Davis)
Examples.
Here
p =
JK,
QO =
0,
Z oc
sin 2^1
= r, QO =
8
I0
2 2
arT
fer 2
crs
:
= E -2Sr, = 2 A (r 2E)
2
oc
.
-f
(C)
p
= R--2R cos
+ sin 2(7;
^l
cos
B cos
(7.
Since the n.c. of the Nine-Point centre are cos (B the b.c. are sin A cos (B C ),..., so that
Z
(7)....,
oc
sin 2
ra
s
/.
(sin
2O. To determine the point or points whose tripolar coordinates are in the given ratios p q r.
: :
AB internally at P,
:
:
Q,
and externally
at
BP CP =
:
GP',
AQ', BR'.
Let
be the centres of the circles described on PP', Wj, 3 QQ', RR' as diameters, and let the circles (PP), (QQ) intersect
,
w2
<o
at T, T'.
13
we
T or
a'
BT CT = BP CP =
: :
- BP
r :
GP'
BT'
CT',
Hence
(QQ )
at T, T' the points of intersection of the circles (PP'), AT: JIT CT p: q:r AT' BT' CT'.
:
The symmetry
of the result
shows that
T and
on
the circle (BE'). Hence there are two points whose tripolar coordinates are as p q r, and these points are common to the three circles
: :
Wl
P =
1
(>,. Wl O.
Hence the
'),
from
similarly the circles (QQ'), cut the circle ABG orthogonally, so that the tangents to these circles are each equal to R.
circle
(PP ), and
ABC.
(c)
The
circle cuts orthogonally every circle through T, T' including the circle on TT' as diameter, so 2 that wT 2 Ow 2 where w is the mid-point of TT'.
ABG
14
(d)
MODERN GEOMETRY.
The
centres
o^,
o>
2
,
w3
lie
on the
line
through
w, bisect-
21. The tripolar coordinates of Limiting Points. (Gr> 2 Since OT OT _R the circle ABC belongs to the coaxal system which has T, T' for Limiting Points, and therefore O^CD^ for Radical Axis so that, if 7r 7r. 7r3 are the perpendiculars from A, J5, G on a> 1 (o 2 o>3 we have by coaxal theory
.
2,
2.0T.7TJ
=~AT*
2
or
^ocp
Axis
2
.
to the Radical
p x-\-q
yi-T'z
= 0.
=
0,
w^Wg
is
And
conversely,
if
T or
T' are
VA,
v'/x,
\/v.
Examples. (1) For the coaxal system to which the circle in-circle XYZ belong, the Radical Axis is
(s
ABC
and the
a)-x+
...
0.
Hence the
01 are
(2)
as (s
&),
For the
.-.
circles
is
a + /? + y
= =
or
I/
Va
I/
Vb
1/v/c,
the limiting points lying on 01. (3) The circle ABC and the Antimedial circle
ABC
1
have Radical
ALxis
/.
a?x
+ b y + (?z =
z
(1)
c,
OGH.
cot
.*.
A
r
+ cot B
A/cot
y -f cot
:
z
:
J.
v/cot 5
\/cot 0,
OGH.
CHAPTER
III.
PORISTIC TRIANGLES.
22. LET I be any point on the fixed diameter DD' of the circle
0(R).
e,
;
With
centre
and radius
Let
let 6,6,
Then
DD'
.'.
at
e.
01
=
2
DI
d,
e,
and
and
(Greenhill)
L'
An infinite number of triangles can be inscribed 0(R) and described about the circle /(r), provided
On
/(r).
in the circle
0(JJ) take any point A, and draw tangents AB, Let BI, CI meet 0(Ej in 5', C" respectively.
AC
to
16
MODERN GEOMETRY.
Then, since BI.IB' = &-OI* B'l = 2E sin .-.
#/
r/sin
So
C'l
1
=
=
C'A.
Hence B'C
bisects
AT &t
L B'C' A
.'.
BC
touches I(r).
It follows that by taking a series of points J along 3 we have an d~)/2R, (JS calculating r from r
DTJ and
infinite
number
of circles /(r)
23. The Radical Axis of 0(R) and I(r). be the Limiting Points of the two Let .L, E l .E/2, the Radical Axis, cut 01 in 1J7.
circles,
and
let
Bisect
01 in
&.
Then
W- R =
3
;
-E/^
= EP-i*
2
and
Also
now proceed to discuss some points which remain in a system of poristically variable triangles ABC. unchanged (a) The inner and outer centres of similitude (8 l and S2 )
24.
of the circles
(6)
We
ABC, XYZ.
(<r)
The
centre of similitude
(c)
(d)
The orthocentre (H ) of the triangle XYZ. The Weill Point (^), the centroid of XYZ.
25. (a) To determine the distances of S l and Radical Axis. Since 01 is divided at S lt so that
$2 from
the
03,
13,
=E
r.
PORISTIC TRIANGLES.
17
So that the
circle
is
coaxal with
0(R) and
I(r), a well
known theorem.
26. To show that <r, the centre of similitude of the homothetic triangles XYZ, 1^1^ is poristically fixed, and to determine its distance from the Radical Axis. Since the circumcentre of is J, while the circumcentre
XYZ
of /jJa/s is /, lying
01;
constant
and
al/aJ
<r
is
Again
a-I/IJ
= r/(2R
a fixed point.
r),
from above
18
MODERN GEOMETRY.
And
.-.
EI=r(2R-r)/2d. Ea El = EL\
.
(Greenhill)
Note that so that the circle Jo- belongs to the coaxal system. the homothetic triangles XYZ, J^/g slide on fixed circles, the Y72 ZI^ passing through the fixed point IT. lt joins
XI
It will he
n.c. of
the point a.
7, (7,
From
have
noting that
.'.
ft
X and 7| ^ZjJg, = ratio of circumradii of the triangles a-X/a-I-i = r/2R = a-X/I.X = r/(2R-r). ao-j/JjX, = a = r/(2R-r).r = l/(s-a) l/(s-b) l/(*-c). r, r, y =
;
figure p...,
and
we
.-.
0-0-,
TI
Note
of
XYZ,
vI/IJ
= r/(2R - r)
.'.
fixed,
27. To prove that 23",, the orthocentre of XYZ, is poristically and to determine its distance from the Radical Axis.
Since
and I are the orthocentres of XYZ, /. jffi lies on o-J, that is, on 01; .'. crHJal = r/2R, a fixed ratio /. Hi is a fixed point.
;
j^/s/j,
Again, since
o-J
2dr/(2R
r),
(26)
Note
also that
7T r
7?7
7?7T
PORTSTIC TRIANGLES.
19
is
tan Y, tan
/.
placed at
a
oc
-V,
Y, Z.
2
Y
tanY.
cot
oc
/(*-a), Ac.
When an infinite number of n-gons can be inscribed in one fixed circle, and described about another fixed circle, the mean with the inner circle centre of the points of contact X, Y, Z, is a fixed point, which may be called the Weill Point of the
. . .
polygon (M'Clelland,
p. 96).
Gh
is
/T, is
Gf
is
2.GJ.
Y, Z.
To determine the
Since
is
the
mean
centre of masses
1, J,
I at
cos
JT,
aoc
Yoc
cos*
29.
We now
points related to
(a) (6)
(c)
ABC, which
known
F,
(d)
I'
the in-centre of
20
MODERN GEOMETRY.
Draw Hh,
(a)
(6)
Gg, I'k parallel to O'l: alonsr the in-circle, describes a circle, for OG f 00'
/.
00
f.OI;
2r)
thus #
is fixed,
and
(c)
6ty
|.0'I=
i(fi
constant,
2. 01,
00';
/.
Oh
so that &
is fixed,
and Hh = 2.0'I
= R2r = constant,
a
circle,
(d)
0'
obviously
describes
centre
I,
radius
(4B-f),
(e)
I'
describes a circle.
A'B'C',
For since I, I' are homologous points in the triangles A BO, whose double point is 6r, /. IGT is a straight line, and GI-2. GF, /. Ik = f 10, so that fc is a fixed point, and
.
&/'
f Gg
.
= %(R-2r) =
/O'.
series
This point also belongs to the be found by inspection. may Let XIx be the diameter of the in-circle which is perpendicular to BC, and let the ex-circles /15 /2 /3 touch BC in X^
whose circular
loci
OA
in
Y AB
2,
in
respectively.
Then
BX,
= sc, CX = sb, AX is
l
l
and thus
as (s
AX^ BT^ CZ
6),
is
whose
b.c.'s
are
a), (s
(sc).
This point
called the
N are
a)
aa/0
a
=
.
...
= 2A/s;
a)/s.
(s
S,
then
.'. the perpendiculars from on B-f!^ A^ A V B^ the sides 2r. of the anti-medial triangle A^B-^G-^ (...) are each is the in-centre of the triangle A 1 1 C 1 Hence
}
=
.
PORISTIC TRIANGLES.
The two triangles ABC, A 1 B 1 C 1 have G for their common for their in-centres, centroid and centre of similitude, / and for Nine-Point centres. and for circumcentres, 0' and
parallel.
0, radius
=B
2r.
31.
may
here be
interpolated.
Since
AB,
AC
are
common
and
tangents to the circles / and /15 the circles, drawn in the same
line.
direction,
AxX
.'.
And
/.
since
or
l ;
PXX^
/.
is
Again
Let
PN XX^ = = A'X
l
c.
A'I
/P meet BC
parallel to in T.
is
AN and
PX.
22
MODERN GEOMETRY.
Then
.-.
TH,
lies
:TX = TP:TI=TX:
TA',
of the
in-circle
and Nine-Point
32. The Gergonne Point. This is another point whose poristic locus
Since
is
a circle.
BX = s
and
GX = sc,
is y(s the barycentric equation to z(s c), so that b) AX, BY, CZ concur at a point whose b.c. are I/ (s a), .... This point, the Centre of Perspective for the triangles ABC and XYZ, is called the Gergonne Point, and will be denoted
AX
byM.
To determine the absolute b.c. 2A a?
of
JSf,
2A
2A'2
The
join of the
jST
t .
Gergonne Point
passes through
(G.)
which
is satisfied
by the
n.c. of
t,
which are
(&-f c)/(s
The
For which
join of JH and 6r passes through <r. this join is (b 0, a) .aa+ ... c)(s is satisfied by the n.c. of (r, which are l/(s
(G.)
....
a)
33. In the poristics of a triangle the following formulae are often required.
(1)
Put
(3)
s l8
(4)
(5) (6)
= ra. 4AR = (2) abc so that a = s a = &c. & = AV* = r l/^ + 1/^+l/*, = ifi+v* r )/A
s
$],
:
*-.
Va+ aX -."
...
(4E
-h
r)
+ 3r 5 =
2
4r
(E 4-
PORISTIC TRIANGLES.
23
is
34. * The poristic locus of the coaxal with (R) and I(r).
,
Gergorme Point If
a circle
(Greenhill)
Let TTj, 7r 2 TT, be the perpendiculars from A, B, Radical Axis E^E^. The power of A for the circle J(r) (s a)".
C on
the
this
^=
power
(s
is
2
-a)
/2d,
&c
But, if TT be the perpendicular on the Radical Axis from any point whose b.c. are (x, y, z), then
(X
+ y + Z)
b.c.
7T
7T r C
-f
7T
-f 7T 3 Z.
Hence, for
If,
whose
are as
1/s,,
&c.,
and, finally,
ABC
..v2
of a point
whose
b.c.
= ncu'iiz
/
-f.
//?A\
b.c.
are
*
l
(a>s l
+...)s
power of M for the circle ABO varies as the distance of from the Radical Axis. Hence describes a circle coaxal with 0(K) and f(r).
Of. the
M
.
[f
m is
by coaxal theory
,
/.
Om
4(E + r) '
;^^ 4R+r
.d.
It
M circle = r ^ ~
long.
* The original proof belongs to Elliptic Functions. given the present writer is responsible.
CHAPTER
IV.
Ton
the circumcircle
TX, TY,
TZ
ABC, draw
perpen-
to the sides
Produce
TX
meet the
circle in
t.
Then, since
So
XY
is
parallel to At.
its Pole.
Thus
It is
a straight line, parallel to At. called the Simson Line of T, and T is called
is
XYZ
24
THE SIMSON
LI1S E.
25
A
T
in a given direction At. the chord tT perpendicular to BC, meeting BC in X. line through parallel to At is the Simson Line required, being its pole.
Draw
Let
(a)
it is
required
to determine the
Simson Lines
of A,
is
a!, a.
coincides with
coincide with
therefore
AH
Y
A
.
and
Z
is
(b) Since a'BA, a'GA are right angles, the Simson Line of a'.
(c)
follows that
it is
BC
Drawing
ay, az
seen that yz, the Simson Line of a, passes through it is parallel to the tangent at A.
at once
lt
and that
(E
orthocentre)
TQ
and
ZRcosA
Xt
AH,
Ax,
since At,
QX =
.-.
XYZ are
parallel
Hx=TX;
is
.'.
HxTX
a parallelogram.
TH, say at h. h lies on the Nine-Point Circle. TOT' being a circumdiameter, prove that, when the Simson Line of T passes through T', it also passes through G. (W. F. Beard)
/.
XYZ bisects
It follows that
BXZ = ov
OCT
37. Let
o-,,
o- 2 ,
0-3
XYZ,
taking
of the triangles OAT, OBT, makes with the are equal to the acute angles which sides of ABC; i.e., to o^, o- 2 <r3 , or their supplements, as the case may be.
XYZ
OAT
(or
OTA)
To determine
and
Bt
.'.
QX or
Xt
2R sin BA t
Bt.Ct/2R,
<r
26
MODERN GEOMETRY.
38. To determine the
n.c. of T,
XYZ
being
o-j,
o-
2,
o- 3 .
/.
TA 2R
OTJ.
<r. 2
cr 3
o-.,
cr 3
sec
<r l
sec<r2
seco-3
diameter,
<r l
.
sin yl
a cos a r
39. To determine p,
from A, B, C on
XYZ,
/
^lf
From
and
.-.
(37)
Jft
= 2R sin
o-,
sin
o- 8 ,
o-j
;
JC^
gin
X = ZXT - JTT l
sin
(r 2
sin
o- 3
cc
cot
o^!.
The equation
to
XYZ is
a;
therefore
<r
2
.
cot
cot
y -t- cot
0-3.2;
0.
of the perpendicular
TU
o-^
011
the
= TU = TX sin TXZ =
2 ^1
7
2R
cos
o- 2
cos
<r
cos
Or, since
27t cos
o- 15
having
vertex-tangent and U is the vertex. Since bisects TH, the directrix and passing through H.
4O. Let a parabola be drawn touching the sides of ABG and T for focus. The Simson Line XYZ is evidently the
XYZ
is
XYZ
a line parallel to
Let T be the pole, found as in (35), Kiepert's Parabola. of the Simson Line parallel to the Euler Line OGH. Let the direction angles of be 15 2 8 then
OGH
are
cos O l
so that the n.c. of
oc
(6
2
c )/a, c )....
2
&c.
a/(6
The
or
directrix will be
(6
OGH,
s
c )
cos A.a+....
27
OTU
to
<r lt
by
a2
,
x,
<
<
OT 3
or their supplements.
To prove that
Since
TtT'
S
;
fa
.-.
<
tfr.-,
JTT
arc Ct
BT'
<,
c
;
...
L tTC
BTT'
.-.
T'Tt
-4> 2
<
8.
(7
Making the usual convention that s is to be negative when falls on the side of TOT' opposite to A and B, we may write
<
42. Consider the quadrilateral formed by the sides of ABC and a straight line PQR. The circles ABC, AQR, BRP, CPQ have the common point the M", and their centres 0, 0,, 3 lie on a circle called 2 Centre Circle, passing through M. (9) Let 15 2 3 be the direction angles of PQE. If p be the circumradius of AQR, the perdendiculars from Oj cos Q. on AQ, AR are /o cos E, So that, if a, /?, y are the n.c. of I5
, ,
/c x
ft
:y
cos jB
cos
sec
0.2
sec
Hence
A0 BO^
15 2,
whose coordinates
And, since
...
(2)
/.
ABC,
and
is
PQR.
a straight line)
Again
L 0,NO, = -rrANB
(BNO% being
=
and since
so that point in
TT
00
2,
MA, MB,
N lies
ABC.
28
MODERN GEOMETRY.
43. We will now deal with pairs of Simson Lines. T and T' being any points on the circle ABC, it is required to determine 8, the point of intersection of their Simson Lines.
0J0203
T, T',
and
of the
angles of the
y are n.c. of 8,
<r l
l
.
XX' sin o^
o-,,
---
<r/)
But
so that
OJT =
OAT'
o^
1
o-/,
(37)
TAT'
<r/;
.'. TT' = 2Esin(o- -o-/), and a = 2J2 cos ^ sin cr, sin o-/. (G.) The equation to the chord which joins the points (aj/S^) and (a2/3 2 y 2 ) on the circle ABC is
aa/ajttg -f
. . .
0.
whose
n.c.
aa +
. . .
0.
And
the tangent at
T is
cos
2
o-j
aa +
= 0.
44. To prove that the Simson Lines of T and T', the extremities of a circumdiameter, intersect at right angles on the
Medial
Circle.
29
circle in
t,
',
so that TtT't'
is
and are
(36)
Again, since
are mid-points of
HT,
HT\
huh'
lies
= JTT,
as
shown above.
A'X
A'u
d
JTT,
t ,
where 6^
2,
O.
30
MODERN GEOMETRY.
45. Let TOT' cut the Simson Lines wh, wh' in in is the Nine-Point centre. 1? where 0' Since Hh = hT and Hh' = h'T',
.'.
k,
/,'
;
and cut
O'to
And
since hh
.-.
is
is parallel to TOT' or parallel to kk', and 07i OJc ; also kuk' 0,k
fcfc'
fcfc'
=
TT
07i',
:
And
since
the
Nine-Point circle at
46. Let
Line of T.
T and T
= O^i^TT, cr/
:
so that the n.c. of T' are 2Bcos (^TT cos (^TT <r ), o-. &c., or 2) 3 which are as cosec^ coseccr 2 cosec <r 3 2/t sin o-2 sin or3 &c.
, ;
:
.
is
parallel to
EC,
T'X'
cos
tX
o-j
= 2R sin
o- a
.
cr.,
sin
cr
is
0.
47. Consider the figures ATOT', uXA'X'. Since TAT' and XwX' are right angles, while 0, A' are the mid-points of TOT', XA'X', and
the angle
it
OTA
or
(MT = A'Xu
,
or
4'wX
(37)
follows that
the figures
ATOT' uXA'X'
are similar,
48. Through o> draw Pwp perpendicular Then from similar triangles AOp, wA'p',
/.
to
BC.
0,
A'p
OpjR Op cos
.*.
^!
A'p'/A'u
Ap'/R
cos
Pwp' passes through p. Hence, if Ap, Bq, Or be perpendiculars to TOT', and pp', qq\ rr' be perpendiculars to BO, CA, AB, then pp', qq', rr' are concurrent at that point o> on the Nine-Point circle, where the Simson Lines of T, T' intersect. It follows that o> is the Orthopole of the diameter TOT' (see Chap. VI).
31
(44) the Nine-Point Circle,
A'<t)
^4'Pw
.-.
15
i-Tr
Op//
^L'P is parallel to TOT'. 7 Hence, to find <u when 2 O.T" is given, draw the chord A'P in the Nine-Point circle, and then draw the chord P<o perpendicular
to
BG.
A'
n.c. of
<o.
From
is
(35) the Simson Line of o> in the Nine-Point circle parallel to A'P, and therefore to TOT'. Hence the direction angles of this Simson Line are # 1? 0, Q y It follows from (38) that the J/'C" n.c. of o> are
a'
2.JEcos^ cos^,
2 15
&c.,
3
.
which are
as
sec
sec ^2
sec
A'u.Ap/A = p cos 6 r Hence the absolute n.c. of w are p cos 15 ^ cos $ 2 To determine a in terms of p, q, r.
wA'p',
up
AOp,
9*
cos ^8
32
MODERN GEOMETRY.
p', q', r'
Let
Then
also
since A'
A'O.cos 6
= R cos A cos
The formulae of (14) and (50) supply us with a very simple proof of (8). aa For bp + rf. (14)
.*.
a .p cos
#!
R cos
cos 6 l
3
+ c.R
cos
2
.
cos
cos
#.,
b cos
51. To illustrate the use of these formulae, take the case when TOT' passes through J, the in-centre. Here cos0 = %(b-c)/d, p = R/d.(b-c)(*-a)/a \d=OI]. 4o = R(c-a)(a-b)/d* oc l/(&-c), So that 2 2 = aa and ^E/d (6-c) ( 5 -a) a (6-c) (.s-a). w is Point. the Feuerbach Hence
a
;
n.c. of
1?
TOT'
(16)
The equation to the diameter of the Nine-Point ...) is through oo, whose n.c. are (sec
1S
circle passing
+
C
. . .
= 0.
C
(46)
Hence
at
O where
lt
aa'.cos O l
oc
cos cos
B sin
B (p
2 J5
cos
sin $2
a
/.
a'cosflj
oc
p (sin
is
cos
(r
p}/ sin
r sin
5. sin
25
0.
2 6'.
Bat
since
TOT'
p
a diameter of
a
ABC,
X,
sin 2 J.
Hence
p sec
&c.
To determine the radius Ojw (= p) of this circle. The perpendicular TT from o> on the A'B'C' Simson Line
of
<u
= 2 JE
.
cos
cos
0,
cos 6y
(39)
The angle
&'
which
this
= ^+^+
(41).
33
oo
on TOT'
;
= 2 perpendicular on Simson Line = 2?r = Oj<o = 2?r sec = 2.R cos ^ cos cos sec (0 + +
8'
2
8)
o> for parabola, which touches the sides of A'B'G' and has focus, has the Simson Line of o> for its vertex tangent, and for its directrix the diameter TOT', which is parallel to the Simson of A'B'G'. Line and passes through the orthocentre
The
is
a Tricusp Hypocy-
Since
.-.
But
/.
arc -E^w
= arc AT =
2 arc dh,
arc A'L = ^ arc A'H^ Now take and draw Medial diameter LO'l. Then, since A'd is also a Medial diameter,
/.
arc
Also
.'.
A'L = arc Id = 2 2 arc A'L H^L arc H^ = 2 arc JW arc LCD = 2 arc Z&.
arc
;
arc
;
Id.
Therefore Xo>/> touches* a Tricusp Hypocycloid, having 0' for centre, the Medial Circle for inscribed circle, and LOl for one axis.
54. Let
I,
the in-centre.
Let
<j,
</>. 2,
Draw
Then
Also
is
AB
and
IPD' or GPD'
/.
IPD
Let r/R
I
= in
= GDD' = = ^r-0
3
.
3 ;
then
f
lm
sin
IPD' sinDD'P
-|
sin
'
P DP'
IPD
sin
)
sin
0.<
sin
</> 2 )
(^ +
3
<ft. 2
cos
-|
(0j
cos
34
tan
MODERN GEOMETRY.
.'.
.
cot
3
</>,
Put
<k
0s
=^
+
<
sin S
EEB
,S',
sin
-f
=
si 2)
Then
=
.
sin (<k
l
cos
<
cos (<k
'
2tan^(<k + <M
2
2
/.
fif/s.
C S
- 1 - tan
m)
2
2 (1
cos
2
<^) 3
(1
sin
cos
And
or
finally,
8/s.
3
.s-
(3
-m^.
B D
0.
From (42) the angle S is the vectorial angle of the perpendicular from _D on the Simson Line of -D, and this Simson Line passes through the Feuerbach Point F, and through /, one of the fixed points, where the circle I(r) cuts the axis DIOD' (45). The cubic then gives the values of <k, < 2 0i * ne vectorial
>
35
DA, DB,
DC
ABC
is
deter-
mined
c,
we
shall obtain
(Greenhill).
55. In a poristic system of triangles ABC, the Simson line of a fixed point 8 on (-R), passes through a fixed point. is also a tangent. Let SSv S8 Z be tangents to I(r) then
;
8^
to
/SyS'.,.
Then shall the Simson Line of 8 pass through the fixed point T. Let DE be cut by AB. AC in y, /?. let AS AS cut D.2? in H, K. Let AC, AB cut S, 2 in F, G
;
Now
1G, IS l
ID
and hence
Thus
or
Ao-nin,
.*.
ftD.pH
yD.yH
36
MODERN GEOMETRY.
The
relation
(i)
shows that the powers of fi and y for these same ratio and hence that ft, y lie on a circle coaxal with these circles, and therefore passing through A and 8. That is, ASj3y is cyclic.
;
the four circles circumscribing the four triangles formed fiy have a common point, which must be /S, since this point lies on the circles ABC, Afiy. Hence o^o^cr, and T, the feet of the perpendiculars from S on the lines jRO, GA, AB, /3y, are collinear. In other words, the Simson Line o^o-gOg of S for the triangle ABG passes through T, a fixed point, being the foot of the perpendicular from S on the fixed line fty.
Now
(Grreenhill
and Dixon)
in (34), (54), (55) present themselves in the Cubic Transformation of the Elliptic Functions.
CHAPTER
V.
PEDAL TRIANGLES. 56. FROM a point S within the triangle ABC perpendiculars to BC, CA, AB respectively, so
draw
Sd, Se, Sf
is
that def
the
Pedal Triangle of 8 with respect to ABC. Let angle d = A, e = /*, / v. Produce AS, BS, CS to meet the circle ABC again L, If, N. From the cyclic quadrilateral SdCe, SCe or NCA L Sde NLA,
in
so
Sdf = ML A d or A = MLN,
&c.
Thus
to
LMN
is
S with regard
S with
ABC.
similar to the pedal triangle of
or
NLM = A + \.
a point 8 whose pedal triangle has given angles A, /x, v, describe inner arcs on BG, CA, AB respectively, + v, any two of these arcs containing angles A-}- A, J5 + /x, intersect at the point S required.
37
To determine
38
MODERN GEOMETRY.
This construction also gives S as the pole of inversion when inverted into a triangle with given angles X, /x, v.
ABC is
57.
of 8,
LMN
If r x
r2
and
if
?* 3 represent SA, SB, 8C, the tripolar coordinates be the circumradius of def,
,
then
2p sin A
=
:
e/
= SA
:
sin e J/
=
.*.
diameter
sin v
AS)
MN
NFj
LM = ef
fd
de
= =
sin A
sin
:
/x
a i\
r
ferj
ci\.
(G""0
let
TA, TB,
TC meet
the circle
or
ABC
again
IMN.
Then from
In (a),
In {&),
7
(57)
MN
a;
.'.
oc
sinX
arr
A/a.
TA&S
7 J.
MNcta(sa).
M"JV
oc
a 1/ya;
/.
/.
In
(c),
1
TAaza-,
IfJV
oc
a/v/a a2
.
In (a ), T^l oc v/ cot^.; .'. JfJVocsin^. -s/cot J. in (a) and Let J x I3 be the in -centres of the orthocentres in (b) and (rf). It is very easy to prove that
,
oc
\/sin 2J..
;
LMN
=
(c)
H^
01,
01,
OI3
OH, OH,
01,
OiT4
p
2
oc
sin A/a
2
sin
fji/b
sin
i//c,
x + sin 2
/x/6
?/
4- sin
vjc~ . z
0.
To determine J, the pole of this Radical Axis ABC. = 0. The polar of a'ft'y' is (by + c)8') a +
1
. . .
/.
.'.
sin A/ 2 sin A
.
oc ~by -\-cfi
ac/3'
+2
aZ>y'
6ca' oc
2 2 A -f sin 2 /x + sin 2 v oc e/ +/^ + de* a cos A .fd de oc cos A sin ^ sin v oc cot A
sin
.*.
a! oc
a cot A;
/are a
cot A, 6 cot/x,
c coti/.
(Dr. J. Schick)
PEDAL TRIANGLES.
59. To show that
Z7,
39
proportional to
X,
II.
is
the
power
of
ABC.
2U =
and
de df. sin X
.
= rr
2
3 .
sin
B sin C sin
C.
2A
4 R- sin
sin
B sin
Now
and
in the triangle
r3
.&M"=I
SMC,
r 3 or 86'
=
is
$flf.si
3
Hence
Z7/A
Jll/fi
= J (B - OS')/Rr.
2
When U is
centre 0.
constant,
OS
constant, and
describes a circle,
Let
a,
ft,
y be the n.c. of S.
fty sin .1
Then
Putting we h ave
2(AeS/+...)
2
,
4A 2
afiy
=
2
. . .
(aa + &^ -f cy )
S)/abc, (aa
.
(R
+ 6^-4- cy)
as the locus (a concentric circle) of S 9 when OS is constant. When 08 vanishes, as the pedal triangle becomesa R,
II of
a point
S in terms
of #, y,
z,
Since
aa/x
.'.
=
a
bft/y
cy/z
&c.
2R
ratios x
are required.
For
I,
oc
40
(ii)
MODERN GEOMETRY.
For #,
x
oc
tan
^4
^4.
(iii)
For
6r,
a;
=y=
lies on a known circle for which the powers of are simple expressions, the power II of S for the circle ABC usually takes a simpler form than that given by the above general formula. Let d be the distance between the centres of the two circles Q and tftftf the known powers of J., #, G for the circle Q ; TrTTjTToTr.j, the perpendiculars from $, J., 5, (7 on the Radical Axis of the two circles. "
61.
When 8
J., J5,
ABC
From
(7),
we have
;r
while
II
=
found in (60
Equating this
II,
we have
a-yz
as the locus
(tiX
+ t*y+tz)(p+y+t}
circle Q.
As an example,
This point
of
lies
A=
t*
= \ be cos
w,
us find II for the point w (50). on the Nine-Point Circle, for which the power
let
^4,
&c.
(50)
Also for
and
/.
H=
= aa = p (q + r} tan A, x + y + z = 2A.
-4 -f..
.
[Jfoccos-4._p(2 + r) tan
J/2A
Q and ^5(7
0,
is
t?x+tfy + t'fz =
for
TTj
oc
t^.
Examples.
(i)
(ii)
When Q is When Q is
In-circle
t?
:
=
^
2
(saf.
Circle
J^Jj
fee.
PEDAL TRIANGLES.
(iv)
41
:
(v)
(vi)
is
is
t*
a\
Nine-Point Circle
1
^ be cos
:
oc
cot -4.
T^./l .^ circumscribed to the triangle formed by the tangents at A, B, C E2 tan B tan C oc cot t*
is circle
A
t?
(vii)
(viii)
t?
AH*+4<B?
cot
cos
A
.
cos
B cos
.
So that
= 0.
and
Take A'B'C' as triangle of reference, The power of A' for the In-circle = t*
/.
A'X*
...
is
(6
c) #'-|-
= J(6
0.
c)
n.c.
this is the tangent to the circle A'B'C' at the point whose are l/(6 c).... Hence the two circles touch, and !/(& c)... are the n.c. of the point of contact.
But
We
II in
terms of
X,
//,,
v.
;
L
.
.
BSG = A + A
aa
2A/H
2
or
= 2.&BSC = BS.SO.aintA + X) = BS SM sin (A + X) sin A/sin X = n {sin A cot X + i sin 2^1} (aa + &/34-cy)/LI = S.sinM cot X + i^.sin2^.
2
;
(Fig., p. 37)
45
2
.
Then
a? cot
2E
abc/tt
X + 6 2 cot
/x,
+c
.
cot v
+ 4A
= 2E
giving
II in
abc or
/x,
8E A,
2
n = 2R
abc/M
terms of
X,
v.
* The 2 expression "a cotA+..." was first used, I believe, by Dr. J. The relations he deals Schick, Professor in the University of Munich. with are different from those treated in this work.
42
Since
IV
MODERN GEOMETRY.
cr
cotX-K..+4A
2A /M J. A/E .n be the radius of the pedal circle def, 2A 2/M ; 2p~. sin X sin /UL sin v
2 2
;
= U=
U=
and now
the elements of def are found in terms of fl From above, aa sin (A + X) sin A/sin. X. (ibc sin (A +X) a Hence sin X
all
X,
/UL,
v.
66. To illustrate one of these results, take $, the focus of and J.C at C (see at Artzt's Parabola, which touches
AB
Figure, p. 88).
It is
(G-.)
known
/.
A.
So
GSK^
= A.
.'.
BSA =
/x,
IT
A
58(7
and So
#+ G = = 2,1.
06VI,
that,
if X,
v are the
pedal angles of $,
Putting
4A.cot^L
we obtain
= 2A.M = =
^4.
a2 a (2
4crra 1
2
,
where
m ^
l
;
Then
and
/.
p~ sin
sin
G sin
J?
/lf
finally
.
p
so
Then
$^4 sin J.
;
SA = %. bc/m,
n.c. of
= e/ = 85 = |
J&c/m,.
2p sin X
.
c^jm^
SG
The
S can be
a
at once obtained
from
X,
&c.
67. If, with respect to the circle ABC, the point S l be the 2 -B inverse point of S, lying on OS produced then OS.OS l
;
PEDAL TRIANGLES
43
so that S, >i may be taken as the limiting points of a coaxal system, to which the circle ABC belongs.
If OSS, cuts this circle in T,. T', then angles between AS and AS 19 &c., so that
AT, AT'
:
bisect the
S,A
rilateral
"
l
SA = ^T ST =
:
S,B
SB
;
S e Af
l
:
l
:
BI/I
e i/i
/i^i
^i e i
= = SA - ef
S-^C . sin
.sin
A SB
:
.sin
B SO
:
.sin
C C
Si are
fd
de.
S and
so that
di
X,
=^
fi
=
is
v.
So
&c. eidji or X similar to the pedal triangle of Similarly respect to the triangle LjJtfjJVj. To determine &\ first find 8 (56), and then obtain inverse point of S.
.'.
= M^N^
ABC
is
with
as the
44
MODERN GEOMETRY.
now have a second pole ($ T ) from which inverted into a triangle with given angles
We
ABC
X,
p.,
can be
v.
J^M^
IIj,
the power of
S
1
ABC,
in
So
Also
.-.
So
and
giving
y8 x
= BM CS (M.CN,) = HM.C-M.L.N, [cyclic quad. = A\. A&\B = C-v. A8,C = A8 B + B8 C = (A-\) + (C- v = n-B. |> > B] oo! = 2.^B8 C = BS .C8 .sinB8 C = BS 8^ sin (A - X) sin A/sin X = Ilj.sin (A X) sin J./sinX. = Hi sin Cv) sin (7/sin 6ft = n sin (Bp) sin 7?/sin
l_
B8,C
GM
1
cy-t
v,
/*,
a negative value
2
[/A
>
n^ = ZR.abc or 85 A,
giving IIj in terms of Since H
i
15
where
2
M,=
a 2 cot
i^.
X+
...
4A,
and therefore
of X, u,
=
'
-E
Jtt
a2
cotX+...-4A'
[or
from
Hence
0/S
8T'
JB+ 08
#1
VM+ VM
4 /^.
!
'
of
A^A/I
l/Ul/U =
l
/x,
SA /!/!.
2
^ be the radius of the pedal circle d^f^ sin v = ^ = 2A /M 2pi* sin X sin
2
.
And now
/A,
all
the elements of d
e l fl
V.
From
Hence
above,
ac^
=
a,
IIj
sin
a6c -
PEDAL TRIANGLES.
69. In section (47)
it
45
uXdA'X'
is
homologous
AT
Now AT bisects
.*.
It follows that
<ad
:
wdi
<*>d
= Xd
:
so that
we
w/ =
Xd,
=
<ad l
TS
:
TS
:
&c.,
o^
<ofr
;
Hence
<uX',
<o is the double point of the similar figures and wX, the Simson Lines of T, T\ are the axes of similitude for the
and ^i/i-
(Neuberg)
CHAPTER
VI.
THE ORTfiOPOLE.*
*7O.
LET jo,
7?,
2,
g,
from A,
are
M
C on any
r be the lengths of the perpendiculars Ap, Bq, Cr straight line TT', whose direction angles
0,.
p$j perpendicular to BC, qS 2 perpendicular to OA, rS & perpendicular to AB. These lines shall be concurrent.
Draw
For and
/.
B8 = BD+p sin^,
l
KBSfGSfi =
(2)
0.
<S',
is
of
TT.
all
due to Professor
J. ISeuberg.
THE ORTHOPOLE.
1 .
47
Let 9 be the length of the perpendicular 88' on TT O r 3 to represent for this one particular case, take the acute angles which the sides of ABO make with TT'.
Now,
pq = c cos S Also pSS' = O are 88' since 8p, perpendicular to BC, TT' also #$' = 3 and ^$2 = C
We
have
since $p,
.-.
$g are perpendicular to
50,
.
(7
Sp
cos
.sin (90
)/sin
G
0,
=
cos
2R cos
2
cos
6..
and
Sp
cos
2 J^ cos
itself,
cos
3.
71. To determine the Orthopole geometrically. Let Ap meet the circle ABG again in R. Draw the chord RR'R" perpendicular to BG. Let BA, OA meet TT' in r', r".
Then
so
/.
BR =
2B.sin
OS = 2E cos
.
(BAR
2
.
or r'Ap)
= 2R cos
cos
<9 3
8,
RR = BR OB/2B = 2E cos
^8p.
Hence 8 is found by drawing R'S, pS parallels to Ap, RR'. As TT' moves parallel to itself, 8 slides along R'8 perpendicular to TT'.
is
ABC
n.c. of S,
(G.)
.'.
asectfj
first
+ 2R cosC (cr
.
ap cos
bq cos J.)/2A,
2A/4R
Then
2
!
A/2/t
sin B cos A cos G .q sin 5 + cos C.r sin G cos jB cos O.jp sin A cos J5.(/ sin J9 + cos0.r sin 6' cos^cos O. sin ^4 sin
0.^
48
Also
*.-.
ap
cos
C .bq
B) C.ap
cr cos
73
cos
cos
B
,
bq
cos
C .cr).
(5)
4A
C
we
obtain
2Aa
abc cos
rpb cos
...
When
TT',
whose equation
ap.a+
pq.c cos B.
0,
A+
. . .
=0.
passes through
= JK/2A = p cos
2
.
2 A cos O l (cos
.
Then
Let
73. Let ^Oi' be the circumdiameter parallel to TT'. cr, the orthopole of tt\ lies on the Ts"ine-Point circle.
Since ATT
J^'o-j
2?. J2'
o^-Hp
tnr
Again
5"E'
+ 2.0A' =
+ AH;
* It was Mr. T. Bhimasena Rao who first pointed out expression for each coordinate involves two linear factors in p, method is different from that given above.
that
q, r.
the
His
49
RR'
(equal triangles
Tr'H,
Ame r RarR']
o-rr.
And
Hence
o-
2.7TO-,;
is
the mid-point of
/TZ?",
and therefore
lies
on the
Nine-Point
circle.
74. To
Bisect
find a
the
ABO
n.C. of
cr.
(G.)
Tr'jETj
in m.
CTTT
Then
.*.
=
'
o-^
J.m
TT'W.
jo
COS
0j,
&C.,
as
found in preceding;
article.
To
find a
'y
',
cr.
(G.)
to
Since
.'.
Acr
is
is
= =
Am,
to o^m.
Also TT^Hjm
AH^cr
Hence the
through
or.
circle (^Lw),
passing through
and
TT,
passes also
.'.
<rA'
= R sin o-Jfj J/ =
orB' .irC'/R
,
cos
2
(9
/.
a/
R COS ^
COS # 3
&C.,
so that
(sec^, sec<9 2 sec ^ 3 ) referred to A' JVC'. It follows that the point cu of sections (44-50) with the Orthopole <r of a circumdiameter TOT'.
cr
is
coincides
75. The Simson Lines of the extremities of any chord TT' of the circle ABC pass through $, the orthopole of TT'
.
For, since
.'.
.'.
pR^X
or
.'.
T1\A
R p is
r
But
.'.
XE =
a
parallel to
72'JS
ATV
;
XA^
is
parallel to R\p,
= Sp and therefore
to
T^.
Hence
So for
XS is
T'.
50
MODERN GEOMETRY.
r
,
Thus we have three Simson Lines SX, SX 8R', through 8, their poles being T, T', R" respectively.
all
passing
They are the three tangents drawn from 8 to the tricusphypocycloidal envelope of the Simson Lines, so that each of the points T, T\ R" has similar relations to the other two for
;
example
is perpen() Just as R'S is perpendicular to TT'. so dicular to T'R", and X'S to TR" or each Simson Line is perpendicular to the join of the other two poles.
;
XS
A on TT lies BC from S so also do p and p the feet of perpendiculars from A on TR", T'R". Hence ppip$ is the Simson Line of A in the triangle TT'R".
(6)
As
jp,
on the perpendicular
3,
Thus (S. Narayanan) the Simson Lines of A, B, C for th triangle TT'R" as well as the Simson Lines of T, T\ R" for all pass through 8.
AhO
THE ORTHOPOLE.
51
9
through
76. Let TT' cut BG in 7, and let the circle (AU) passing and p, cut Sp in p'. twice product of perpendiculars from Then Sp Sp' and on TT'. (G.)
In the circle (A U ) the chords pp\ H^A are parallel .'. the trapezium Ap'pH^ is symmetrical.
is
But
Note that 2^8
= pir d and = S<r p'a= 2 So- cos crSp' = 2d cos Q r Sp' 2R cos cos = d sec 6^ Sp
p-rr
;
also symmetrical
0.2
;i
is therefore the power of S for the circle (AU). Similarly, if TT' cut CA in 7, ,15 in TF, the power of 2c/3 for each of the circles (7), (017). S Therefore in the quadrilateral formed by 730, CA, AB, TT', the orthopole ( S) of TT' lies on the 4-orthocentre line, or common Radical Axis of the three diameter circles.
If
77. Lemoyne's Theorem. P be any point on the straight line TT', whose orthopole
is S,
S'
with regard to
XT/,
of P,
constant.
52
MODERN GEOMETRY.
Draw
ABRC
Let
RB,
Ti'O,
Draw AX'
YZ
Zi
cut
lies
parallel to /3y in x.
PC.
circle Afty.
Since
on the
Lpyx or
pyfi
i
= pA3 = pYZ
cyclic
or
pAZ
pYx
;
or
(circle
/.
pxy
/.
- pYy =
pxX'
8.
Yxpy
is
is
180-pr,4 =
a straight line.
jpX'4
Let
Xx
cut
pS
in
Then Sp/XX'
= px/xX'
ratio of perpendiculars
J.
^L
/.
BG ABRC)
on on
fiy
.'.
8 coincides
with
$.
Observe that, since U^pp A is symmetrical, .*. Xpp'X' is symmetrical, and therefore cyclic. Denote the circles XYZ, XX'pp, AYpZPX' by L, M,
respectively.
Let L and M intersect again in x. Xow the common chord of L and M is If and
,, ,,
A'a''.
is
A~>.
and JV
;
is
YZ.
These common
But
.'.
X'p,
YZ
S.
/. SX.Sx' = Sp.Sp' = 2d&. But X, x' are two points on the circle XYZ. Hence the power of $ for the circle XYZ = 2<iS. ISTote that the circles (AU), (#P), (GW) are the pedal circles
ur,
is cyclic,
of
F,
w.
78. When TT' is a circumdiameter ^Of', then t7 vanishes, and then the pedal triangles all pass through the orthopole <r of tOt'.
THE ORTHOPOLE.
Since in this case
figures A^iry, Hence Xo- and
53
AT
TrR, the
:
x, y, z
79. Returning to the general case, the diagram shows that if are the b.c.'s of 8 with regard to the triangle XYZ, then
SP
XX'
>
AXYZ~xX
_
.'.
sec
0,
sec # 3 sin C.
b.c.
XYZ.
(Appendix
I.)
CA
at Q, (/
AB
at
1?, J?/
p, q, r so that
BP PC =
:
by dividing
BG
:
r,
describing circles on PP', ^(/, _BK'. Conversely we may begin by taking two inverse points T and Then the internal T', whose tripolar coordinates are p, q, r. and external bisectors of BTC, (BT'G) meet the sides in the points P, P', &c. for
;
J3P
It is
PC = BT TC =
:
r,
&c.
known
E'PQ
lie 011
that the triads of points P'^'JB', P'QR, Q'RP, four straight lines, the equation of P'Q'R' being
px + qy + rz
while that of
P'QR
is
= = rz + px-}-qy
0,
0,
&c.
To prove that the point common to the four circumcircles of the four triangles formed by these four straight lines is w, the
Orthopole of OT1*. Describe a parabola touching P'Q'R' and the sides of the B'C' as triangle of reference. Medial Triangle A'B'C', and take From (15) the A' B'G' equation of P'Q'R' is
(g
z'
0.
^-,
Then from
where
&c.,
= p'], [g + r
or as
^ y3
Changing +p into jo makes no change in the focus, therefore the parabola also touches P'QR, and similarly Q'RP and R'PQ
54
MODERN GEOMETRY.
Now
Tm
Then
oc
GT*
-=
2
-r
a
oc
2a. J/w
oc
oc
2a.OI cos0
sec
/)
0,.
Hence the orthopole w, whose n.c. are (sec 15 ...) is the focus of the parabola the Simson Line of w (in A'B'G') being the vertex tangent, and OTT' the Directrix. And, the circumcircles of the triangles formed by any three of the four tangents P'Q'R', ..., pass through the focus o>. On the fixed Directrix TOT' may now be taken an infinite number of inverse pairs (TT*). For each pair we have a set of four harmonic lines touching the parabola, the circumcircles of the four triangles passing through <o, and the four orthocentres
:
lying on TOT'. In addition to each set of four harmonic tangents, there are also the three tangents B G' G'A\ A'B'. The student may
f 1
(G.)
Remember
pass through
also that the pedal circles of all points o>. (Appendix II}.
T or
T' also
CHAPTER
VII.
ANTIPEDAL TRIANGLES.
point within the triangle ABC, the angles are called the Angular Coordinates of 8 they are denoted by .X", Y, Z. If A, /A, v are the angles of the pedal triangle of S, then
If
81.
S be any
BSC, CSA,
ASB
'
-,
So that,
if a,
/?,
= =n
sin
(65)
Draw any straight lines MN, NL, LM perpendicular to 8 A, SB, SO, so that the perpendiculars from J, 5, C on the sides
of
from LMN on the sides of ABC be concurrent. Let AS, intersect at Z, &c.
(at /S).
Then
MN
55
56
MODERN GEOMETRY.
Then
SM - SN =
2 2
MPNP = AM*- AN
2
.-.
(BL
0.
If, JV
on
0,
(7-4,
AB
are
Triangles
ABC,
LMN
mutually Orthologic.
relation between
8 and
R.
SC
aa
are perpendicular to
/_
.-.
BSC = X = TT-L
(TT
LN, LM,
;
Il.sin
L)
sin
^4 /sin (?r
J.),
or
from (65)
let
II .sin
i sin^4/sin
(lv
+ ^1).
LMN, and
Now
II'
let
',
^/',
2'
be the power of
_L/sin (TT
;
L)
=
.-.
IT. sin
^4
f
x/x'
= y/y = = n/n'.
z/z
+ L) - area ABC/LMN
to
Hence the
b.c. of
with reference to
LMN
ABC
and the proportion is that of the or of the powers of S and R for their
;
Let def be the pedal triangle of 8. Then, since dS is perpendicular to BC, eS perpendicular to CM, fS perpendicular to AB are concurrent at S, the triangles ABC, def are orthologic, so that the perpendiculars from A on ef, from B on fd, from on de, are concurrent say at /S". Through A, B, C draw perpendiculars to S'A, S'B, S'G, forming the triangle D'E'F' the Antipedal Triangle of S'.
The sides E'F', ef (being each perpendicular to S'A) are parallel ; and therefore def, the pedal triangle of S, and I)' E'F', the antipedal triangle of >$", are homothetic. It follows that
jy
>,
E'
=e=
,M,
F'
=f=
v.
ANTJPEDAL TRIANGLES.
Also
57
BS'C
TT
D'
TT
A,
OS' A
TT
n,
AS'B
-RV.
5(7 are as
the b.c. of 8' for Again, since ABC and def are orthologic, the b.c. of S for def. Therefore, taking a/3y, afly' as the ii.c. of S, /S", respectively,
k.BS'C
aa
area of
ABC _ "
A^
^
area of de/
U"
=
.
a^ c
"
sin
'
"
sn /A
?^c
( G + v) sn r
and
so that, finally, J
(65)
,
.'
M
2
-sin
( *
B + fi) 2
sm /x
sin sin
r-^-
sin
:
C+
sin v
But
abc
-a'
2
?>
A
sin
sin v
sin
(^ +X)
(g + /*)
fj.
M*
sin
A sin
= ftp =
Thus
-yy',
from symmetry.
ABO.
In Germany these points are called Gegenpunkte." " work the name " Counter Points will be used.
"
In this
58
MODERN GEOMETRY.
84. To determine the area (V) of D'E'F', the antipedal (G-.) triangle of S\ in terms of X, /A, v. Henceforth the areas of the pedal triangles of $, S &c., will be denoted by U, Z7', &c., antipedal triangles by F, F', &c.
f
,
the circumcentres of the circles S'BD'C, Let 1? 3 be 2 ffCE'A, S'AF'B S'D', S'E', S'F' being diameters.
,
Then
0,A
.-.
.
i.acotD'
=
;
i.
A.
AO.BC =
.
2 J. a cot
Now
.-.
area S'BD'C
.-.
-j-
/x
i/
But
/.
Z7
2A /M.
2
(65)
C7F'
=A
2
;
the area of the pedal triangle of any point, and the homothetic antipedal
or,
the area of
ABC
is
a geometric
mean between
triangle.
D'
This
is
in (158).
ANTIPEDAL TRIANGLES.
59
of the
85. To determine the n.c. (X v, w) of T, the centre of similitude homothetic triangles def and D'E'F'. (Gr.) The ratio of corresponding lengths Td, TD' in def and D'E'F'
= VU VV =
:
N/J7F
V=A V=U
:
' 1
A.
Therefore, since
e,
.-,
= U/(U). Now the perpendicular from d' on AC = cos 0, ^L7? = y'+a' cos#; d'5 = (/ + a cos )/sin d'C = (P + a! cos 0)/sin D'D" = d'd" = d'B.d'C/d'S'
J3 -\-a!
;
M/JW =
6',
.-.
where
m=
Z7/(A
is
Example. The orthocentric triangle, or pedal triangle of jff, homothetic to T^T^ (Fig., p. 89), which is formed by the tangents at A, 5, 0, and is therefore the antipedal triangle
of 0.
Here a
u
= R cos
7 2R.-j
J.,
&c.,
2
2 cos
J.
cos
cos
-ccsm^tan/1. U
,,
,
and Since are homologous points, being the in-centres of the two triangles, the point T lies on OH.
86. Let S be the inverse of 8 for the circle ABC, as in (67), let d l e f be the pedal triangle of S v Then, since d^S^ 6^,/jSj, perpendiculars to BC, CA, AB, are concurrent at S lt therefore the triangles ABC and d l ejl are
1
and
orthologic. It follows that the perpendiculars from J., 2?, G on e^,, /^p ^G! respectively meet at a point call it $/ Through A, B, G draw perpendiculars to S^A, S^B, S^O forming the triangle D/J^j'J?/, the antipedal triangle of /S/. The sides E^F-{ and ejlt being each perpendicular to *S/A, are parallel, so that d^f^ the pedal triangle of $ 19 and D^E^F^ the antipedal triangle of $/, are homothetic.
Hence
D/
= di = X,
60
MODERN GEOMETRY.
:
We have now four triangles, viz. the pedal triangles of >V, ,S',, and the antipedal triangles of S\ $,', each of which has angles
X,
/x, v.
Let
c^ftyj
and
From
(82) the
ABC
in d^i/i-
...
(Z7,
= area of d^)
.'.
aa,'
= =
J/ 1
I
.
ft
sin
/x,
and
finally,
/
Hence,
abc
sin
(B
"
/x)
fji.
sin
((.7
v)
MI
,
sin
sin v
/x)
/<
a, a,
6 c
sin
(.-I
sin(0
v)
sin v
=
Hence S and
l
ft/3/
/S'/
ABC.
ANTIPEDAL TRIANGLES
61
87. To determine the area (F/) of the antipodal triangle (Gr.) ^'EiFi in terms of A, /tx, v. be the circumcentres of the circles S^BD^C, Let O/, 2 8 \'CEiA, Si'AFiB} SI'DI, SiJB^, SI'FI being diameters, and on A'O, B'O, C'O respectively. 3 lying >/, O./,
'
',
'
Then
O/
is
0,'A'
a cot
D/
=
' .
Ja cot A
be the^per-
So
Adding,
\ve
have on the
left side
62
MODERN GEOMETRY.
Hence
F/
= | (a - P*r
cot A
&'-
cot
/A
+c
cot v
4 A)
(68)
Now
area (Z7J of
^e^
,-,
is
JW = A
2^/M
l ;
2
.
*S",
'
}
= F'-F/ = ^M-^M, =
4A.
triangles, are
The points
called
8'
"Twin
Points."
Of the four points 8, S\ 8^, 8^ (a) 8 and 6\ are Inverse Points, with similar Pedal triangles. (6) 8' and $/ are Twin Points, with similar Antipedal triangles. (c) (SS ) and ($!$/) are pairs of Counter Points, the Pedal
f
triangle of either point of a pair being homothetic to the Antipedal triangle of its companion point.
CHAPTER
VIII.
THE ORTHOGONAL PROJECTION OF A TRIANGLE. 88. * AL being a given axis in the plane of the triangle ABC,
it is
required to determine the shape and size of the orthogonal on a plane X, passing through and projection of inclined at an angle 6 to the plane ABG.
ABC
AL
Draw
In
BUb, CVc perpendicular to AL, cutting LT in U and V. Then, since Ub/Bb = Vc/Cc = AT/ AM = cos 6, AUV represents, in shape and size, the orthogonal projection
cos
0.
Draw
of
ABG
on the plane X.
S
1
* In writing Sections (88-90) I have drawn on Professor J. Neuberg's Projections et Contre-projections d un Triangle fixe," with the author's To avoid overloading the chapter, the Counter-projection permission. theorems are omitted.
"
63
64
MODERN GEOMETRY.
is
On either side of the common base BG a series of triangles described similar to the orthogonal projections of ABC on a series of planes passing through the common axis AL. It is required to determine the locus of the vertices of these
triangles.
Draw At 8
S.
The
perpendicular to LT, cutting the circle ALA^I in SBC will be similar to A UV, and therefore to ABC on the plane X.
Draw SNS'
Then
= =
SAM
SLM.
And
Therefore the triangle SBC is similar to AUV. Hence the vertices of all triangles SBC, described on BC, and
SLNM are similar. LU LB = LV LC = LT LM. Therefore the figures ALUVtT and SLBONM are
And
:
similar.
SCB
= A VU, BSC =
from
UA
V,
The angles
of projection range to (9
0,
When
cos
= = 1,
=
T
-J7T.
so that
S with
from
to ^TT,
T travels
from
l
M to A, S
to
M.
is
the arc
AMA
point
a series of variable axes AL 19 AL 2 ... are taken, the the image of A in BC, remains unchanged. Hence each position of the axis AL gives rise to a circle ALA-^M passing through the two fixed points A and A^ so that
When
AH being
DA = and let DR = h, where R is the centre ALA r Then, with D as origin and DA as 7/-axis, the equation of the 7r = 2hx, x* + y* circle is
Let
DA
or
of the circle
To determine the may now deal with the problem plane X on which the orthogonal projection of ABC has given angles X, /x, v.
:
We
65
= v, and Construct the triangle SBC, so that SBC /*, SCB hence B8C = A. Let the circle ASA l cut BC in L and M". Then, if AL and $ are on opposite sides of AA AL is the required axis. Draw LtT perpendicular to SA. Then the required inclination of the plane X to the plane ABC is given by
{
cos 6
AT/ AM.
triangles SBC being drawn, as before, similar to the successive projections, it is required to determine the locus of S. Draw parallel to the line of intersection of the planes then the original projection is equal and similar to the projection on a parallel plane through AL.
9O. The triangle ABC being projected on a series of planes making a constant angle a with the plane of ABC, and the
AL
such that
a.
Then
is
DH.DH'
= DL.DM=k-.
LH'M,
so that
66
Again,
MODERN GEOMETRY.
cos a
AT
tsLvAL
AM
"
tan
t&nALM
SLM
HD
A^D*
tan
.'.
H'D
so that
HD = =
L.I/'
k cos a
k sec a
= constant, = constant,
,S
H and H
Hence, since HSH' is a right angle, the point circle on HH' as diameter.
The equation
to the circle
x"
HSH'
is
It
+ (yk cos a) (y
sec a)
=
l
0.
a',
For another series of planes inclined at a constant angle the points and H' would be changed to B and If/, where DH, = k cos a', DH,' = k sec a', and DH..DH,' = Jr.
series of circles are therefore coaxal, having A and A limiting points, and therefore cutting orthogonally the former series of circles, which pass through A and A r
The
for
91. A triangle ABG, with sides a, 6, c and area A, is projected &', c', angles orthogonally into a triangle A'B'C', with sides the angle of projection being 0, so that A, yu, ?, and area A'
',
;
To prove
Let
/^, hfr h%
'
a!*
cot
0)
^.ar cot
plane A'B'O.
2A
C above
the
Then
...
= vV-a'
2
2
;
v/V
-a"
v/6
-Z/
vV-c' =
2
0,
the signs of the surds depending on the relative heights of A, n, c. This leads to
-(6 + c -a
2
2
or
16A-+16A'
No \v
fe'
b~
2
+c
2
a2
2
-fc'
-a' 2
.
Hence
a'
2. a
= 4A cot J = 4A'.cotX = 4A. cos cot A. cot 4 = 2A (1 + cos 6) cot A - 2 A (sec + cos 0).
.
67
is
2
equilateral,
.
we have
(1
c'
I/ A/3
=
'
2A
+ cos
2
fe'
0)
2A' (sec
(9
+ cos 6)
But,
if u/
cot a/
c'
(131)
.
The Brocard Angle therefore depends solely on the angle (#) It follows that all equilateral coplanar triangles of projection. project into triangles having the same Brocard Angle.
Let
92. Antipedal Triangles and Projection. F', F/ the areas I'm'n'j Z/w/n/ be the sides
;
(Gr.)
;
and
A,
8',
/*,
JD/JW.
From
(84),
2F'
2.a cotA + 4A
2
/.
So
v/sec<9+ v cos
<9)
v/s^c~- v/c^sl) 2
6>
2. %/ A cos 2.
and where
yF'+A/F/^
x/A sec^
= 2. A/ A' = 2. v/A,
A x is the area of the counter-projection of ABC that is, the triangle whose projection (for 0) is ABC. Xow the triangles F', F/, with the projection and counterprojection, are all similar, having angles X, /x, v so that their corresponding sides are as the square roots of their areas
:
/.
Z'-Z/
2.a';
Z'
+ Z/ =
2.a
Hence, if two antipedal triangles be drawn having the same angles as the projection, the sides of the projection are half the difference of the corresponding sides of the antipedal triangles. This theorem, of which the above is a new proof, is due to Lhuillier and Neuberg.
is projected orthogonally on to a plane 93. The triangle inclined at an angle 6 to the plane of ABC.
ABC
If U, the line of intersection of the planes, make direction angles u v u^, u^ with the sides of ABC, it is required to determine the lengths a', &', c' of the sides of the projection A'B'G' in
0.
68
MODERN GEOMETRY.
Draw
so that B'C'
Now
=
.',
B'b-C'c
of B'C'
B'C'-
= = =
a 2 (1
Bin
s
t*,
siri'
^).
The dimensions
on the
'.
(G.)
that, as the plane of projection revolves round Z7, are similar to the pedal triangles of the projections of
To prove
ABC
points lying on the circumdiameter TOT', where T of the Simson Line parallel to U. Let XYZ, X'Y'Z' be the Simson Lines of T7 T'.
,
is
the pole
the sides of
?7,
OTA
or
OAT =
69
OP =
k R.
.
of P.
AP =
2
tf + k'*E 2
So that
4tt*
AP
Bin*
A=
2
rt
a 2 (1
{1
+ k')
4k>
2
j
2
sin u, I
But
Hence
and
a'-
(l-/v
a'
2
,
= =
u
4w*
a'
:
(!
+
1
:
sinX}.
,
(93)
&')
:
b'
c'
if
'
(so that the projection on the plane triangle of P), provided that
is
so that P,
and
its
TP/T'P
TP'/T'P'
cos
0.
From
to
7",
(36) the point Tis found by drawing chord At parallel and the chord tXT perpendicular to BC.
95. Next, let the plane of projection be inclined at a constant angle a to the plane of ABC. (Gr.)
T In this case,
j.i
it
k'
k -
=1
-
a COS - -
tan2 ia
2
21
COSa
.'.
OP
tan 2 Ja,
OP'
= B cot
ia.
be drawn with centre and radii 2 tair^a.jB and cot |a.JK. any point P on one circle, and its inverse point P' on the other circle, will have their pedal triangles similar to the projections of ABC.
If,
therefore,
circles
A'B'G', a point
Another Proof. Let ABC be projected on the plane a into whose angles are A, /x, v. Let P (or its inverse P') be whose pedal triangle has angles A, /x, v.
70
MODERN GEOMETRY.
Then
OP--IB'
4- o
cot
/x
+c
cot
i>
4-
4A
cos a)'
'
_ ~ 2 A (sec a+ cos a)
/.
4A
_ ~~
(1
(1
2A(seca + cosa)-f-4A
tan 2 Ja
;
+ cosa)
2
OPIE =
so
OP'/R
= cot
ia,
as before.
96.
inner arcs BQC, CQA, AQB containing angles A+X, a point Q being thus determined whose pedal -{has triangle angles X, Y, Z. Let AQ, BQ, CQ (or AQ', BQ', CQ') meet the circle ABC again in yyz (or x'y'z') then it is known that
plane at a given angle 0. A point is is taken such that its pedal triangle with respect to similar to one of these projections. To determine the locus of the point.
planes inclined to its
orthogonally on a series of
ABC
Draw
,
B+ Y C Z
F,
or
z'
Z.
(56)
fc
=
so that in this
QO.QQ';
CQ.Qz;
system Q'
tf
is
inverse to 0.
Also
so that
#i/;z
= AQ.Qx = BQ.Qy =
ABC,
inverts into
97. Lemma.
with any centre JT and any radius p, any four points .F G are inverted into D', E', F', G', then the pedal is similar to the pedal triangle of G with respect to For triangle of G' with respect to D'E'F'.
If
7
I),
jB,
DEF
D'G'/DG
/.
= KD'/KG,
(D'G'.E'F')/(DG.EF)
by symmetry,
so that the
theorem
is
proved.
71
In Section (95) substitute the triangle xyz for ABC. Then and radii Rt 2 R/t*, are the the circles with common centre loci of points whose pedal triangles with respect to xyz are on planes inclined to the similar to the projections of YZ at an angle 6. plane of N"ow invert, with centre Q, radius k. Then xyz inverts into into Q', and the two concentric circles (0, Rt 2 ) and ABC, (0, R/t*) into circles of the coaxal system which has Q and Q'
,
XYZ
for its limiting points. be a point on either concentric circle, inverting into $, Let a point on one or other of the coaxal circles. Then, by the is similar Lemma, the pedal triangle of 8 with respect to with respect to xyz that is, to one of to the pedal triangle of the projections of XYZ. Hence the required locus consists of these two coaxal circles.
ABC
circles in
98. Let the circum diameter OQQ' be cut by the concentric LL' MM' and by the coaxal circles in II', mm', so
,
:
:
that
L and Z, ..., are inverse points in the (Q, k) system. The centres o>, w' and the radii p, p' of the circles II', mm' now be determined in terms of X, Y, Z, t,
will
Ql
.-.
(01- 01'} IU
k*t-/(OQ
-RW),
72
MODERN GEOMETRY.
And, writing
2
l/t
for
f',
Om = [R(OQ-Rt*)y(R-OQ.t*),
Om'
Hence
OLOm =
R-
01'
Om',
so that the circles II', mm', which are inverse to LL', in the (Q, -K") system, are mutually inverse (as are LL', MM') in the Since the pedal triangle of Q has angles (0, J?) system.
MM'
X, Y, Z,
it
follows,
QQzi-p*
- ^ cot x +
a* cot
cot
r+ c
2
2
cot
cot
X+b* cot Y+ c
Z- 4A Z+ 4A
'
so that
When OQ =
LZ/, then Oo>
now
/a,
p',
Ow,
2
Oo>'
-Bf , or
when Q
OQ)
is DJS'D',
the
And if be the pole of DED' for the proved that the (Q, k) inverse of the
circle
circle
ABC,
circle (0,
OQ')
it is easily is the
ON.
99. case of great beauty and interest presents itself when the is equilateral. For then Q, Q', having equilateral triangle pedal triangles, are the Isodynamic points 8, S,, lying on 0-ST, the Radical Axis of the coaxal system is now the Lemoine axis and N, the pole of the Lemoine axis for the circle ABC, is the
;
A XYZ
Lemoine point K.
It follows that in the (8, fc) system, the Lemoine axis inverse of the circle (0, 08) while the Brocard circle inverse of (0,
;
is
is
the the
to be projected into a Suppose the equilateral triangle triangle with angles A/xv, sides Zwm, area A', and Brocard angle <. Then, from Section (91),
XYZ
; .-. (cot v/3)/cot <+ V3). Therefore < is constant, as is constant. Hence the remarkable property of this coaxal system of Schoute circles, viz., the pedal triangles of all points on the circumference of any one circle have the same Brocard angle.
<
73
is
From
Section (98),
Otf/R*
= =
(a cot
60+
...
-4A)/(a
cot
60+
...
+ 4A)
(cotw
v/3)/(cotu>
And
t*
(cot<
v/3)/(cot<
99).
to
(cotw+ \/3)/(cot a> In our calculations, Section (98), we took Rt* < OQ, so that lies to the right of Q, and therefore of Q' (here 8 a ). OOo> 180 x Let
It is
known
that
008
30,
OQ^ =
(x
150
(ISO/.)
= =
Many
sin x/sin
o>)
.sin
(o>
+ 30)/sin 30
;
(cot
<^>
co -|- v
/3)/(cotw
/.
cot^)
x-
of a point whose pedal triangle had a constant Brocard angle is a circle of the coaxal system whose limiting points were 8, 8 r
His proof,
I believe,
was
analytical.
Bead
CHAPTER
IX.
COUNTER POINTS.
1O1.
WE
now proceed
to a further
pairs of Counter Points ($, S') and (Sv $/), where the pednl triangle of 8 is homothetic to the antipodal triangle of S while the pedal triangle of 8' is homothetic to the antipedal triangle of $, and so for S l and $/.
,
Let
It
afiy, a'P'y'
be the
n.c. of 8, 8'.
= yy =
W
M*
sin
(A + X)
74
sin
(B + /*)
/x
sin
C+v
.
sin
A sin
sin v
(83)
COUNTER POINTS.
It follows that
;
75
S and 8' are the foci of a conic inscribed in that the two pedal triangles def, d'e'f have the same circumcircle, the Auxiliary Circle of the conic that the major axis 2p, the diameter of this circle, the centre lying midway between S and 8 while the semi-minor axis q is given by
ABC
q-
aa',
&c
i; Isogonal Conjugates," points S, S' are often called of a well known conies, because, by property
The
SCB =
sides.
S'CA,
SBA =
tf'BG,
8A C
8'AB,
the pairs (SA, S'A), &c., being equally inclined to the corre-
sponding
then said to be isogonal to SA, S'B to MB, S'C to SC', so that S', the counter point of S, lies on any line isogonal to SA or SB or SG.
The
line 8' A is
Let
afty be
any point
Z/
1
on
Z?0,
and
aa'
a'/S'y' its
counter point.
Then
But
/?,
ftft
= yy' =
/3'
0.
(a
= 0)
=y=
0;
the counter point of is A. S be on the circle ABC, draw chord BC, and draw diameters S8 and T'L\.
i.e.
If
ST
perpendicular to
parallel to the to the Simson
Obviously AT^
Simson Line
Line of 8.
of
of
is
AT
lt
BT%,
CT
of def,
1O2. To determine the relations between and A', //, i/, the angles of d'e'f.
X,
/x,
i/,
the angles
It is
known
that
tBSC = A + \;
;
so
BS'C
But
BS'C
= -rr-BD'C = TT-X
^4
so
= A+X. V. B8C =
(56)
And
+X -
5/SC
TT
X'
.-.
X+V
7T
A.
.'.
sinX'
sin(^.
+ X),
sin
sin (J.
+ X')
76
also
MODERN GEOMETRY.
a
abc
M
2
.
a'
abc -
r
;
v'
;
(83)
/u,
ana
a-
aa
=m
2 a 6 2c 2
where
sin
S'
2
;
X sin
v'
.
/x
sin v
U
.
the area of
d'e'/'
M'
Then
(64)
;
And
and
Since
= U = 2A'-/3f 2/.sinX' sin/x' sinv' = 17' = m = u'/u = M/M' = n'/n U = m*U = m\2tf/M-, I/' = M/m?, U' = m H. sin ^ +A sln ^ = n pX/Bin ^ aa = n
2/.sinA
-
sinv
(65)
"2
.-.
.-.
'
B1
sin
X
f
sin
and, similarly,
;
ri,
sin(^.4-X
sin
A_
sin X sin
^,,
sin X'
sin X'
a result
to the
minor axis
of the conic
for foci.
7r
15
Let
-4, J3,
7r
2,
7r 3
a -\- 7r.2 b
j3 -r TT^C
= 0.
A
also
O./1
<" j
O v ^ =^.00.^;
1
8A
2
sin
2
A=
ef
2p sin X
(57)
X')
.*.
Trj.sin ^. oc (sin'
sin'^X')
sin (X
is
sin
A
0.
to the
minor axis
/x')
X')+y3.siii(/<
is
+ y.sin(v
v')
by the present
writer.
COUNTER POINTS.
77
parallel to
be to
SA.S'A
Let
a, /?, y, 8
= AC.Ab =
AB.Ac.
from
5,
(7, c,
b.
Then
and, regarding the parallel tangents as
at infinity, so that
- =
SD
is
y;
parallel to B(7,
Z
/.
DSl
DSn
= i(2/3-h2y) =
(/?
Also
Hence the
AS Ab = AC
AS'
/.
SA.S'A
= AC.Ab = AB.Ac.
78
MODERN GEOMETRY.
1O5. The coordinates
Let a
/8
of the centre
,
cr
of the conic.
(G.)
a n 7?
'
referred to
ively.
ABO
'y
be the
and
the centre of the conic, n.c. of oto the mid-point triangle A'B'C' respect-
Let
&i
A
;
on
B G.
be
Then
/.
-j-
'
= J^
But
4E.o = 2R(h, 2a = 2Experp. from A on = ZRxAbsiuB or 2Rx4csinC = AC. Ab or AB.Ac = 8 A S'A (from Rouse's Theorem). 8 A .sin A = ef 2p sin X 4 a = 4p sin X sin X'/sin J. /. aa = "2p sin X sin X'/sin yl,
)
f
(57)
'
71
'
b.c. of
'
cr
and since
'
+ fy8 + cy
A,
where
N=
BG
at
3,.
sin
Z,
to prove
:
Cl
sin
/u,
sin
/x,'/sin J5
(7.
Project the conic (ellipse) into a circle of radius cos" q/p. of projection being 6
q,
the angle
cr
be projected into
o-
a,
and
^4.5(7 into
A^B^J^.
;
Then A. B
a- l l
=
:
A. Bo-^C X q/p
/.
a, cc
j
.'.
q.a^ = ac^Xq/p
aa
:
/.
5Z
C?
J?^!
C% =
&!
*?,
ca
= aa = = sin
The theorem
present writer.
is
6/3 -f
' :
cy
aa
-(-
?>^
cy
feft'
cy
sin /x'/sin
(14)
/x.
6'.
by the
COUNTER POINTS.
79
1O7. Let w, a/ be the orthopoles of the circumdiameters passing i.e. the through 8 and S' points on the Nine-Point circle whose Nine-Point circle Simson Lines are parallel to the diameters OS and 08' (49).
;
The pedal circle of every point on the diameter through 8 passes through o> therefore def, the pedal circle of 8, passes through w similarly the circle d'e'f passes through a/. (78) Therefore defd'e'f, the common pedal circle of 8 and $', passes
; ;
through
<o
and
<*/.
And
therefore ww'
is
circles. (Gr.)
s'/L
When
a/
Nine-Point
Nine-Point centre
Then
Let
OS
and
OS'
= 2R
0'<r
OJA %$&' be the direction angles of OS, OS'. The power of A' for the pedal circle A'd.A'd' OS cos 0,. OS' cos 0/. But since GMO' is the Radical Axis of the two circles, the
= =
power
And
this perpendicular
0'<r
A'w.A'u'/R
/.
OS.OS'
6,'
(44;
(V.
Ramaswami
Aiyar.)
80
MODERN GEOMETRY.
Xote that the A'B'C' equation
COS O l COS
6-[
.
to
o>o/ is
aa
. . -
for,
from
(50),
w and
o>'
have
n.c.
(sec^... sec
ft/...).
Tor
ABC coordinate?
of
this occasion take (Imn) as the so that (1/7, 1/m, 1/n) are the n.c.
of
,S".
The equation
to &$' then is
0.
When
/8/S>'
(m
rr) cos
A+
...
=0.
So that
and
8'
He on M'Cay's Cubic,
And conversely, if any diameter TOT' cut this cubic at S, 8' (the third point is 0), then ;S, /S' are counter points, and their pedal circle touches the Nine-Point circle at w, the orthopole
of TOT'.
circle in Section (45) its a straight line, so that now Aiyar's be written 08. OS' 2R(Rp), and if the circle cut TSS'OOfl' in k, k', then w&, wk' are the Simson Lines
:
We
centre
On Theorem may
of T,
T'.
O'Q-p*
is
110. Counterpoint
Conies.
(G.)
The point
to
ABC in
L,
M, N.
J.,
Then the Q
of
,
I/,
A7
B,
the chord Aa parallel to TT', and at parallel to BC. The counter point of t (101) is the point at oo on Aa, and therefore on TT'. But this point being on TT', its counter point must be on the locus of Q. Hence t is a point where the Q locus cuts the circle ABC ; also (101) t is the pole of the Simson Line perpendicular to TT.
Draw
on
COUNTER POINTS.
81
-
Then
y
sin (1 A(
"
siu
PA /;
sin QA'Ji
sin
H
Q<J .sin Q.Ct
_smQCB ~
sin
ainQBt
'
_smPCA ~
sin
'
QBt
QCt'
ninPBA
sin
Aa in
?w,
and
w.
Then QBt
So
= QBC+CKt = PBA+ BCa - FBA + BAm = Bma = BPT. QCt = QCB+BCt = PCA + CBa = PCA + nAC = Pna = OPT.
PC' PA'
sin
yy'
CPT
PC
sin
OPT
^ ~
q r
7
'
where p, g, r are perpendiculars from. A, B, C on T2 Hence the locus is a come passing through ^4, J5, C, ^. If the sides of the quadrilateral were BA, BO, tA,
'.
tC,
we
should have
yy'/aa'
r/p,
.....
of the
Draw Tx, T'x' parallel to BC. The points at infinity of the Q conic are the counter points of and therefore lie on Ax, Ax', which are isogonal to AT, T, T
f ;
AT', so that Ax, Ax' are parallel to the asymptotes. But aT AT'. the arc tx
=
G
Hence
Ax
asymptotes.
82
MODERN GEOMETRY.
112. To determine the Counter Point Conic
of a circum-
diameter TOT'.
From (111), the Asymptotes are at right angles, since they are parallel to tT, tT' therefore the conic is ^a Rectangular
;
Hyperbola. If TOT' be
the conic
is
la
+ mp + ny=Q
we have
or p.aa+...
= 0,
Z/a-f...
0.
To
my + nfi
a
cc a,
&c.
a
a
Z(
al -\-brn
-\-cti).
But
oc
op,
ap/R
#j,
b cos
+ c cos ^
whence
cos
&c.
is w,
T'
113. To determine the Asymptotes. (G.) Let wZ, wX' be the Simson Lines of T, T'. From Section (41), if u l9 ai-e the perpendiculars from i(?,, A A, 5, 0, .7? on ojj^ arid w 2 r 2 w^ h z those on coX2 then
,
^2
<r l
cr 2
cr3 ,
o-j
o- 2
cr 3
COUNTER POINTS.
.'.
83
3
Also
So
/.
u^ = R*. sin 2o- sin 2<r sin 2<r = 2 t^ro = 2 iv w*. = perp. from on o>Xj Aj = perp. from T on = 2R cos cos cos = 2R.cos(i7r-(T h, = 2 R sin sin sin = 27^,. 2.w
2
.
-ff
w.X'j
o-j
o-2
<r s .
)...
o-j
o-.,
cr 3
...
Hence w^, wXg are the Asymptotes of the Rectangular Hyperbola and the square of the semi-axis
= -B
Since
|?
2
.
sin
2^ sin 2cr
sin 2<r3
o-,
;
Hence the
(37)
circle
ABC in
t'.
lies
wt'.
on the Eectangular Hyperbola, and w is the centre. Therefore t' lies on the Rectangular Hyperbola. Therefore t' coincides with t, the fourth point where the Rectangular Hyperbola cuts the circle ABC.
is
But
Let ttj, &, y x be the n.c. of S^ inverse to 8; and a/, the n.c. of $/, the Twin Point of 6'.
It
/?/,
y/
abc
sin(J.
sin
A.
A.)
abc
'
sin
(B
p) sin (C
sin
/x
v)
If
JVJT
sin v
(68)
and (86)
So that /S/ is the counter point of $,, and therefore lies on the Rectangular Hyperbola, which is the counter point conic of TOT'.
84
MODERN GEOMETRY.
115. To prove that o> is the mid-point of S'SJ. have shown that the pedal circles of all points on TOT' pass through the orthopole w. Therefore the pedal circles of (SS ) and (fi^/S/) pass through w. Also, from Section (69), w is the Centre of Similitude of def, the pedal circle of S, and of d^ej^ the pedal circle of $,.
We
Hence,
if
p,
of these circles,
tad
<ad
'
P
d, d'
Pi
def,
d^fr
= ud^
wd
'/2p l
BG
is
midway between
the pro-
AB.
is the mid-point of S' and /S'/. Hence, as the inverse points S and S travel along TOT' in contrary directions from T, their counter points S' and $/ travel along the Rectangular Hyperbola which passes through -4, B^ G and has o> for its centre. $', $/ are always at the extremities of a diameter of the Rectangular Hyperbola, and the difference between the areas of their antipedal triangles is always 4A.
Therefore
o>
COUNTER POINTS.
85
116. Let I', m', n' be the images of 8' in EG, CA, AB. (Gr.) Then, because cr is the centre of the pedal circle of ($$'),
.-.
<r
S=:oS'<rQ
/.
';
.'.
SI'
2.<r d'
2p.
I'm'n'.
Therefore a
Again, since
ar
and
2.o<u
8'<o
oi/8/,
88^
=
<u.
2p,
Hence a
through
circle described
I'm'n'
and
$/.
CHAPTER
X.
LEMOINE GEOMETRY.
117. The Lemoine Point. On the sides of the triangle ABC construct squares externally, and complete the diagram as given, the three outer sides of the squares meeting in A,, B,, C,.
c,
The perpendiculars from A, on AC, AB being b and equal to the equation to AA l is (3/b y/c. Hence AA,, BB,, CCl meet at the point whose n.c. are 2 2 2 6 c ). (a, 6, c),and whose b.c. are therefore (a or Symmedian Grebe This point is called the Lemoine or Point and will be denoted by K. are called the Symmedians of A, B, C. AK, BK, The absolute values of the n.c. are given by a ha, &c.,
CK
where
Produce
2A
l
;
AK to
:
meet
BK, CK,
,>
so that the
sides.
LEMOINE GEOMETRY.
118. For
87
def.
is
the centroid of
its
pedal triangle
&eKf=
cc
.-.
^.Ke.KfsinA
be sin
So that
OK is
or
sin(
C).a+sm(C-4).j8 + sin(4
(b*-<?)/a*.x+;..
5).y,
0.
The Power
ABC. we have
119.
Since
If a,
/?,
y are the
n.c. of
any
is
minimum
at K.
a2 +Z) 2 + c 2
=
therefore
3
4A
2
+...
2
(a
+ & + c )(a +
2
/S
a/a = (3/b
+y )
2
is
-=
y/c
minimum
value,
which
4A 2
is
2
7j
The sides of the pedal triangle of a point 8 are u, v, To show that u*-\-v*+v& is a minimum when 8 coincides with the Lemoine Point K.
From
(57),
r,.sin
(SA
r,)
2 2 2 But, since a 6 c are the b.c. of K, we have, from (19), 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 r c r3 Z> KO* + E 2 ) a\ r, + 2 + (a + 6 + c ) CfiTtf
, ,
'
and the right-hand expression when 8 coincides with K. The minimum value of u 2
is
minimum when
KS =
0, or
88
MODERN GEOMETRY.
12O. Let figures Yand Z, directly similar, be described exterin Y is homologous to B in Z, and nally on AC, AB. so that in to JL in Z.
Then,
if
8 be
SBA
Y and
;
Z, the triangles
SAO,
L
so that
SEA = SAC
is
SAB = SGA
ASB = 4SC,
as Artzt's First
the focus of a parabola Parabola, touching AB, AO at B, C. Let Pv Pz be the perpendiculars from
known
S on AC, AB.
SBA, SAC,
lies
Again,
= SAB + SAC
.;.
so that
lies
BOG.
(in circle
Also,
B08C)
Hence the double point 8 of the two directly similar figures on AB, AC may be found by drawing the Symmedian chord AAl through K and bisecting it at 8.
LEMOINE GEOMETRY.
r
89
121. Let l\'l\'l\ be the Tangent Triangle, formed by drawing tangents to the circumcircle at A, B, C.
Then AT,,
For,
if q, r
BT CT
2,
q__
S,
are concurrent at K.
T.GsinACT,,
_sinff_
*inC
b
'
c
,
.
so also do BT.2 (7T3 Hence AT^ passes through Note that T is the point of intersection of the tangents and C, whose equations are y/c + a/a = 0, a/a-f 6//S = 0,
;
at so
'1\
are
a, 6, c).
122. The Lemoine Point A of I^A,. In the figure of the preceding section, it will be seen that of the inscribed triangle ABC, is the the Lemoine Point
of
I\T2 Ts
is
ABC,
But XYZ and I-J^ are homothetic, the centre of similitude being <r. (26) Therefore the Lemoine Point call it A of I^/a lies on crJIf,
and
<rM crA
:
linear ratio of
90
MODERN GEOMETRY.
;
The point A has n.c. (s a), ... for the perpendiculars from the point {(s a), (s &), (s c)} on the sides of 1^1^ are found to be proportional to the sides of this triangle.
Note the following list of " (s a) " points (1) Nagel Point: b.c. are (s-a), (5-6), (s b.c. are 1/0 (2) Grergonne Point a), &c. (3) Lemoine Point A of I-J^: n.c. are
:
c).
(30) (32)
(.<?
a),
(4)
Centre of Sim.
o-
of
XTZJJJ.,:
n.c.
123. To prove that JJT bisects all chords of the triangle ABC, which are parallel to the tangent at A, or perpendicular to OA,
or parallel to the side
HH
Z
Let
Then
sin 0/sin
<
Therefore
AK
BAK = B, OAK = <. = y/ft = c/b = sin 0/sin B = sin 5^T /sin CA'1\.
2
H^H^Hy
respect to It follows that J..K bisects all chords which T2 Tx or JTo-Hg, or are perpendicular to OA.
AB
with
to
are parallel
124. The Harmonic Quadrilateral. The angles of the harmonic pencil at A are seen to be B, <, 6 or (7, 0, (Fig., p. 89). The same angles are found, in the same order, at B and and.4 r Hence the pencils at B, (7, A and A are harmonic; ABA C being called, on this account, a Harmonic Quadrilateral. In the triangle ABA the tangent at B is harmonically con<f>
is the B-symmedian for this triangle. jugate to BK^ so that Similarly, A^K^ is the Jlj-symmedian in A C1 and CK^ the C-symmedian in AGA r
l 1 ;
BK
sin
.-.
AB.A.G
x/AB
//,
z,
A, then
For, since
y/AC
z/A,B.
AI^
is
the J.-symmedian of
.-.
ABC,
x/AB
= y/AC.
And, since
5^
AK
l
is
the .B-symmedian of
And, since
is
LEMOINE GEOMETRY.
91
125. The Lemoine Point is the point of intersection of lines to the mid-points of joining the mid-points of the sides of corresponding perpendiculars.
ABC
Let A', B', C' be the mid-points of BC, CA, AB, and let A'K meet AD in I. Then, since BK and the tangent BT at B form a harmonic pencil with BA, BC, therefore the range (AKK^T-^ is harmonic
l
:
pencil
A'(AWco
being
is
harmonic, so that
in
AD
is
A
side
XY on BC,
rectangle
XYVU
inscribed
ABC
with the
The diagram and that P lies on A'L The Lemoine Point K, common
UV
lies
on A'A,
mon
AB
to A'l, B'm, C'n is the comcentre of three inscribed rectangles, standing on BC, CA, respectively.
126. To determine the direction angles makes with the sides of ABC.
6 19
2,
3,
which
OK
From
the diagram,
OK cos
Now
and
A'd
= A'D.
HJ
A'D
2
fr
-c
2a
2A
(117)
92
.-.
MODERN GEOMETRY.
where 1/m = = a 6 (c COS0! a(b"c c(a Hence the tripolar equation to OK is a ^ C )r -ffe (c -o )r *-f6 (aa --6)rt = 0.
COS0!
:
.-.
),
&
2
Z>
).
(17)
127. !TAe Apollonian, Circles. Let the several pairs of bisectors of the angles A, B, C meet in a, a! ; OJ. in ft J.B in y, y'. ; The circles described on aa', /?/?, yy' as diameters are called the Apollonian Circles.
BG
'
to the circle
ABC meet BG in L r
Then
so that
angle L,aA
= L^a =
.',
aBA + BAa.
L,AC -\-GAa.
/^a
= =
And, since
so that
Z/j is
aAa' = 90,
L^.
;
L,A
= LX
through
and,
the centre of the Apollonian Circle and orthogonal to the circle ABG.
is
l
(aa'),
passing
;
Since AL^
since
through
Kr
(BKfiL^
so that L,A, is is the polar of L, the other tangent from L v Hence the common chords AA^ BB^ GGl of the circle ABG and the Apollonian Circles intersect at K, which is therefore equipotential for the four circles.
;
It follows that
AKK^Ti
AKK A
IS
and therefore
Since the polars of L^ L>2 L s pass through K, therefore L^L.^ on the polar of K. The equation to the tangent at A is ft/b+y/c 0, &c.
,
Hence
L^L.^LS is
or x/ar + y/tf + z/c* 0, a/a /3/6-fy/c This is called the Lemoine Axis.
0.
129.
as
ABA^
can be
in-
LEMOINE GEOMETRY.
Let the circle described with centre 'L\ and radius cut the Apollonian Circle L in E and E'
.
93
or
Then, since the tangents OA, OB, 00, OA to the are equal, lies on their common chord EE', and
{
two
circles
OE.OE'
Let
=S
2
;
ABC.
n=
Then, taking
power
E E=
the circle again in LMNL'. as pole and VII as radius of inversion (where RZ OE*), we have
}
'
E meet
BE EC = BA
:
AC,
;
is
LM =
LN,
Ac.
pole.
aa';
Also
&
.*.
/x
v.
.-.
?r
so that
=v=
CHAPTER XI
LEMOINE-BROCARD GEOMETRY.
13O. The Brocard
Points.
of circles be described
whose
On the sides BC, CA, let triads external segments contain the angles
AB
O)
(b)
(c)
A,,C;
C,A, BB, C,
The
first
(ABC) being
Let the second triad intersect afc and O' are the Brocard Points of
at O'.
ABC.
BQC
CA
at C.
AB at A, and AlB touches BC at B. " (Memorize the order of angles for O by the word CAB."} In like manner. BQ!G touches AB at B, Cti'A touches BC at
Similarly, CttA touches
C, ASl'B touches CA at A. Again, since J.O/> touches
BC
at B, the angle
So
Similarly,
Denote each of the equal angles IBC, QCA, SlAB by each of the equal angles 0,'CB, &c., by </.
94
and
LEMOiNE-BROCARD GEOMETRY.
95
131 To determine
B
CD
and
to'.
In the triangle AtoB, toB =: c sin w/sin B 2R sin to.c/6. to A = 2B sin to 6/a, 12 6 = 2 JB sin co So a/c
_
~~
sin
CLIO
12 0.4
_ ~
120
a2
be
sin
toA~
'
cot
to
=
_
4A
sin J,
2
^1 2
cot
A + cot 5 + cot
2
2 sin
_ 1
4-
cos
sin ^1 sin
;
for a/
o>.
The angle
,
<o,
which
is
ABC.
Since
to'
o>,
.
it
follows that
A = 2E sin w
a
c/a,
Q'C
n.c. of
-
2 Z? sin
co
2A
CL" -\~
-\~
fe/c,
O'5
2.R sin
a/6.
c"
&c.
(117)
and
b.c. of to
and
fi'.
From
So
to
212
sill to
fi
=
to
.
2R
6/c,
sin
to
a/c,
y
sin
2
= 2E sin
to
.
c/6.
2
to
6/a.
And
a'
for O',
= 2B sin aa' =
.*.
ft'
:
2R
y8y8'
= yy'
: :
c/a,
7'
2JB sin
to
a/6,
so that O,
12'
The
b.c. of
are given
by
x:y:z
and for
to',
x'
toto' is
2
y'
z'
= =
l/b2
1/c
2
I/a
1/61
4
1/c
I/a
2
The
line
4
then found to be
2
(a
-6
).^/a
of
to
+ (6
-cV).?//6 +(c
2
-a
)^/c
0.
The power
= /V+"; . ^
on
?'f 22
22
.-.
on'.
96
MODERN GEOMETRY.
133. The Brocard Angle
is
For
and
.*.
cot
<o
=
co
cot
cot
B + cot
(7,
cot
cot-
V
2
cot ('+...
cot
2
=
...
/.
(cotl?-cot(7) +...
cot
to
+ 2; = 2(cotM + ...)-2
J.+
=
Hence
is
2 (cot 2 (o-3).
is
never
cosec
CD
=
=
1 4- cot 2
<o
1 4- (a 4- &
+c )
2
/16A
and
-,
a4
2
.
sin-
cu
cos
CD
==
(c)
sin 2to
2 2 2A(a + 6 + c
2
)
.
(d)
COS
l>oi
= _-
A^
a
(e)
cotL^^j. 4
sin
A(
(A
w)/sinw
a>)
:
(/) Since
/.
= a /66;
s
sin(J.
w)
sin(l?
sin
(0
w)
to)
to
.and
(gr)
sin(J.
sin
(^.4
w) sin (/?
-j-w)/sin
o>
<o)
siii(6'
=a = sin
3
s
:
8
,
to.
sin
A (cot
-f
cot
A)
Note
(/&)
that,
when
c,
sin
to
cos (^4
+ <o)/sin J.
sin
to.
/.
cos(yl+(o)
=
a
sin
sin
A sinto/8A
.(fc
+c
a 2 /; 2
<rc
)
f
'.
(AE)
sin
7>
sin ( J.
C)
sin
LE:-IOINE-BROCARD GEOMETRY.
97
BG
ABC
ABC
to
Bisect
BG
in I)
M parallel
BG.
Then
=
4. area of
.'.
ABC
L
4,a.DM
2
AD*
.
a.
DM .coto) + 3/4.a = 0.
so that
Take
DN =
\ a cot o>,
BND = GND =
2 1/4. a
u>.
Then
NA*
= =
(cot'w-3)
of -4 is a circle, called
a Neuberg Circle,
and radius p =
\a
136. Let
nicies of
Sj&C', #_E7'(7
the
common
Then
DA,. DA,
DJV 2 - P 2
H
DE in A A. = 3/4. a = DE
2
.
2
.
And
<o,
98
a coaxal family, with Radical Axis.
MODERN GEOMETRY.
E and
and
EG
for
Let
GA
Tv
Then, since
E is
A
.-.
a limiting point,
GA^.CT^
19
CE*
=
:
CB\
;
GBA GT^B
B'l\
:
are similar
A,B
/.
= BG
BT,
A,G.
;
But
A,B
if
=
/.
A,C,
= BG = BE
Tr
;
BT
then
is
a tangent at
Similarly,
BA%
CT
is
a tangent at
From
BT^ND^
;
and
Z>,
/_
n
sino>
o-i
i
o)
>;
~*inB l\D~ BD
r
BD
Similarly,
sin
Thus
J. 15
+ w) =
.
2 sin
o>.
This gives
cot
2 cot J# cot w + 3
0;
3,
whence
cot^^
as is obvious
= = -
cot w
-v/cot'
w w
v/cot'
For
A.D/DB
-j
DJNT/DJ5
- NAJDB
GJ
2
cot
to
p/^a
=
-f
cot
\/cot
3.
a>
3.
So
denoted by S 19
cotJA
/S'
cot
\/cot w
and
LE.MOINE-BROCARD GEOMETRY.
99
ft
or
ft'
supplies
some interesting
A + \ = BQO = 180-0 = A + B;
\
B,
so
0,
//
/x
0,
A.
And
to
B. A, v' So that the pedal triangles of the Brocard Points are similar
for
ft',
\'
ABO.
To determine
p,
ft.
But
ef=QARiuA = 2R sin
p
to
b/a sin
.
(131)
to
J\
sin
to.
def,
ABO
A
1.
U
Also
.-.
/.
to,
o>)
(134 a)
139.
Lemma
I.
all
Let XBC, YCA, ZAB be isosceles triangles, described inwards or all outwards, and having a common base angle 6.
To prove that AX, BY, CZ are concurrent. Let (a^yO, (a 2 /32 y2 ), (a 3 &y3 ) be the n.c. of X, Y, Z. Then 04 = ^ a tan ft = JO7sin(C'-6>) = i. a sec 0. sin (C-0)
;
yx
= ia sec 0. sin (B
6).
So that
fll
ft
yj
y.2
7;i
a2
a
ft
sin (.#
0)
sin
(A
:
0),
ft
== s i n
(^
0)
sin
(^
0^
si 11 0-
100
MODERN GEOMETRY.
to
The equation
or
AX is
sin
(7>>
ft/fa
ft.
= 0> =
y/y 1?
7 sin
(C-0), &c.
8,
Hence AX,
Perspective
I/sin
(A-
J3Y, for triangles ABC, XYZ, 0), I/sin (7?-0), I/sin (0-0).
8
0^
concur at a point
whose
The point
obviously
of
lies
on
Kiepert's Hyperbola,
OK,
(B
for the
K.H. equation
...
is
sin
G)
1/a-f-
=0.
(Appendix TIL a)
14O.
Lemma
II.
of
O.
3.
(la
0)
+c.sin
(7?
0)
oc
26 sin
(7 oc
I/a
&c.
6r'
(A) In the diagram of Neuberg's Circle v and on BC, CA, AT? describe the isosceles triangles N^BC, N.2 CA, N^AB (all inwards), with the
Illustrations,
(p. 97),
141.
change
into
common
are the centres of base angle (^-TT <o), so that 1 N^N9 the three Neuberg Circles, corresponding to 7? (7, CA, AB. Then since sin (A 0} becomes cos (A + <*>), the lines AiV,, BN.2 n.c. are as sec (A + w)..., that is, S concur at a point whose at the Tarry Point. (143)
,
CN
For a second illustration take the triangles PBC, having the common base angle w measured inwards. The triangle PQR, called the First Brocard Triangle, has G for centroid from (140), while AP, BQ, CR meet at a point D,
RAB
the Centre of Perspective for PQR, 3 3 8 I/sin (A-cu) Ac., or I/a 1/6 1/c the
, , ,
ABC,
b.c.
1/c
For the
n.c. of
aj
:
/',
co)
sin (7^
co)
are as a 2 c 2 , 6 2
,
LEMOINE-BROCARD GEOMETRY.
Similarly those of
101
of
are
is
4
c'
?r, cr,
and those
R are
0.
?/
2
,
2
.
The equation
4
of
& e
3
2
QR
found to be
a 2 6 2 )2/+(6*
(a
)0+(c
cV)s
This meets
J56' at
or,
//(6
-cV) + s/(c'-aW)
_p<?r
= 0, = 0.
PQR, ABC
(4p_pewdi'a' 7IZ". c)
of Perspective
of the triangles
z/O
142. O,
O', A'.
6V ) +
2
. . .
=0.
Some
of the relations
between O,
Q',
and K,
will
now be
investigated.
B
(a)
Since PA'
=
/.
5.4'. tan
PjBA'
= Ja.tan w = KM,
BC,
AP is
parallel to
so
Y^,
AB
respectively.
it
OPK = 90 = OQK = ORE, follows that P, Q, E lie on the Brocard Circle (OA'). = (6) Since the angles PPG', QBG are each PP passes through O. /. Similarly OQ, AE pass through fl, while C'P, AQ, BR
Since
o>,
pass
through
O'.
102
(c)
MODERN GEOMETRY.
Since
KQ, KR,
.;
So and thus
the
are parallel to
AC, AB,
PQR is
common
Since
inversely similar to ABC, the triangles having centroid G as their double point.
(d)
o>)
=B = PQR,
<o.
lies
(e)
so Q'OK = VOK = &PK = OJ5(7 = OK bisects flO' at right angles (at Z).
From
Section (138).
00
= R (1-4 sin
o>
oo)
= eR
eR
to.
secw.
2 is the pole of the ABC OK. To determine 2 geometrically, draw Aa- parallel to OK, and crS perpendicular to BC. (35)
The
ABC
parallel to
If
0j, 0.2 ,
that
it
The
n. c.
5
5
are 2 R cos
c
cos
b.c.
3,
&c.,
which
2
(126) are as
sectf], &c.,
or as a (o
r
)
and the
are as l/(6
c ).
is
to S on the circle J^-BO therefore the called the Tarry Point, and is denoted by T Simson Lines of 2 and T are at right angles. Hence the n.c. of Tare 2 R sin 2 sin 8 &c. (46)
;
,
Now
03T sin ^
(KM perp.
o>
to 56')
IZ cos -4
cos(J.-f to). as sec(J. + oo), sec(5+(o), sec((7 + u>). In (42) let is the pole be the Lemoine Axis then of the Simson Line parallel to this axis, and therefore per-
oc
Hence the
n.c. of
Tare
PQR
OK.
pendicular to
Hence
is
LEMOINE-BROCARD GEOMETRY.
103
144.
to to
ABC,
PQR being the First Brocard Triangle, inversely similar to prove that the figure KPROQ is inversely similar
is
2ACTB.
Since ZSOT a diameter, 3o-T
B<r
is
parallel to
is
CT.
Now,
above),
since
KR
.'.
is
parallel to
AB (142 a.), and KO to A<r (as OKR = <rAB = T2C, from the equal arcs. OKQ = T2B
;
are inversely similar. Hence and T are homologous points in these two triangles. and 2 are homologous. Therefore Hence the figures KPROQ, ^AGTB are inversely similar.
PQR
Since
L
parallel to
.'.
2BA = KQP
(similar figures)
JKTJKP,
and
AB is
KR,
2B
is
parallel to
EP,
to
&c.
Hence TA
is
perpendicular to QE,
T5
EP, TO
to
PQ.
If, JV
have
;
b.c.
to prove that
(a
W)
be tne absolute
n.c. of
/.
So and
/.
04
(a;
Ac.
104
MODERN GEOMETRY.
8 b.c. of P, Q, It being aVfe 7/W, in cyclic follows that G is the centroid of PQR, as already and is therefore the double point of the inversely
,
146. The
order,
it
cW,
proved, similar triangles ABC, PQR. Let L be the circumcentre of PQJR, and therefore of the
ABC.
in then L in PQR is homologous to Therefore the axes of similitude of the two inversely similar triangles bisect the angles between GO and GL.
Again, the
2
b.c.
2
2
,
of
,
1),
2
,
j
,
1/c
l/a
Hence G
But
.'.
1/c
O,
12'
2
,
2
,
1/6
1/c
1/6',
on DZ, and
Z GD =
:
i>.
D.S" is parallel to
Let
Since
and
the centroid of
PQR,
LGH'
/.
is
:
PQR.
1
:
But
LG GH' = ZG GD =
J^
is
the orthocentre of
PQE.
LEMOINE-BROCARD GEOMETRY.
Again,
.'.
105
HH'
2
is
OL
OK,
H'HKO
bisects
and
E'K
OH
the double point of the inversely similar therefore the points 6?, 0, T in the former figure are homologous to G, L, in the latter.
is
147. Since
figures
2ACTB, KPROQ,
Hence angle
Again,
if
OGT = LGO,
:
so that G, L,
are collinear.
p(= eR secco)
then
GO GL = R
.-.
2
p
;
So
GT:GO=R: P
:
:
and
GO'=GL.GTGT GO- = P- p- = GT
<!L.
lies
From
and
(146)
H'D ZL
:
H'G GL
:
ZL = OZp =
/.
H'D
p cos
2w
2o>.
Again,
and, from
.-.
H'TiLT =
/.
jB
+ 'V J^-p
: :
= 2 cos 2w
D
lies
= H'D LO
:
(or p),
on SOT.
To determine OD.
DT:
.-.
OD. 02
respectively.
Ofi
or
OO' 2
circles
106
MODERN GEOMETRY.
149. The Isodynamic Points. These are the pair of inverse points
triangles are equilateral
;
and
8 1?
whose pedal
so that
=v=
X+
o>
. . .
60.
In this case,
M=
a? cot
= 4 A (cot
,
cot 60
+ 4A + 1).
(64)
4A (cot & cob 60 So for ST M, 1). The Powers 11(11^ are given by H (BO = 8Es A/Jf (1Q = 2EV(cotoi cot60=bl). Areas of pedal triangles = 2A*/M (-3^)
Absolute
n.c.
(68)
=
oc
a (a l}
sin
= -|A/(cot(ocot60 = abc
60).
l).
(A
The circamradii
.
of the pedal triangles are given by area of pedal triangles sin 60 sin 60 sin 60 2p* (2p*)
= =
iA/(cot<ocot60l).
8,
Let
(piP2 p3 ),
Then
'
8a
=
'
Pi-P-2'-Pz=
1>
1/&
= c !/ =
/>/
Ps'
Pa'-
The
tripolar equation to
OK is
0,
)\ oc
(6
*_ c s) ri i_,_. i>
by on OK.
for
I/a.
cos^
oc
a(6
-c
);
(126)
and this
is satisfied
8, 8! lie
Hence
and
8 t for its
From (149), since p q r I/a l/b 1/c, therefore the Radical Axis of the system becomes
which
is
Jj^L^Jj^.
OK in X
is
\0 ^K
X8 2 or XSj 2 since ABO belongs to the coaxal system. Therefore the Brocard Circle (OK) belongs to this system, and therefore is coaxal with ABC.
,
= =
ABC,
ABO
LEMOINE-BROCAKIJ GEOMETRY.
107
Their
n.c.
are
!}
,,
~
oc
ale
l
M(M )''
sin 60
60). I/Bin (4 Hence, from (139), if equilateral triangles XBC, YCA, ZAB be described inwards on BC, CA, AB, then XA, YB, ZC concur at 8' for the outward system, the point of concurrence is S/. These points lie on Kiepert's Hyperbola, whose equation is
;
sin
(5
C)/a+...
0.
+ m//3 + n/y
0,
be
oa + fyS + cy. Project the ellipse into a circle, centre co, the radius of the circle being therefore g, while the angle of projection 6 is
cos" q/p.
1
n.c. of
the ellipse, with axes 2p, 2q. the centre O, referred to ABC
Let
LMN,
ABC is
projected.
A.lfo>J\r
/.
.-.
g sin 2X
A.J3OC'xcos0; = aa x g/p
;
aa =:
pg'
sin2X;
2/t,
so that the
ABC
b.c. of
sin 2p.
Also
.*.
=A
i/
Again
A. 2pg sin X sin /x sin 2a' aa -\- b/3 + cy aa' 2pg sin X cos /x cos v
Since
and and
it
= 2pq sin A sin sin v aa+6/2-fcy = 4>pq sin A cos/x cos aa = pq sin 2A
A
;
i/ ;
follows that
(aa-f bfi
cy)
.
2 2/?y sin 2A
sin
2 2p sin 2v
108
MODERN GEOMETRY.
aa
b/3+cy) (aa+bfi-cy)
when
ellipse
Let PQB he the triangle formed by tangents to the Ellipse at A, B, C then AP, BQ, GR have a common point call it T
f
whose
Let
circle
b.c.
are as
Z,
fern,
en.
PQR
LMN.
whose
sides
touch
the
Then
LMN (fig.,
the projection of T is evidently the Lemoine Point of p. 89), and therefore its b.c. are as
HN*,
.'.
NL LM2
,
or as
sin A, sin
:
2
tt,
2
sin'
v;
al
bm
en
2
sin A
sin
2
//,
:
sin
v.
Hence the
and
its
Ellipse
is
sin A./a./3y +
...
0;
is
...
=0.
This is the Radical Axis of the coaxal system, whose Limiting Points have A/U.I/ for the angles of their pedal triangles. To calculate the axes of the ellipse in terms of A, /A, v.
From
(91),
^ -f c
cot v =.
And from
(152),
6)
=
.
2A
J/
(p*
+ q*)/l>q.
2pq sin
.. 1 sin sin A
So
//.
sin v
sin A sin
/x
sin v
(P~g)
= i. =
3
^
sin
x A
siti /x
sin v
is
A
6r,
well known example is the Steiner Ellipse, whose centre so that is equilateral, and
LMN
A
It will be
/u,
^TT.
found that
2
2
p~
+ cf =
p/q
(a
-4- fe
4- c )
f
2
cot
3)/ \/3
where
The
which
*
jS 2 v/cot a> (cotw ^/p ^, /S2 are the Steiner Angles. Counter Point Locus of the Steiner Ellipse is a/a+0/6+?/c s= 0,
;S T
is
The point
T may
CHAPTER
PIVOT POINTS.
153. Let
angles be
A,
XII.
TUCKER CIRCLES.
ABC, and
let its
DEF
/x,
\>.
The
circles
AE F,
in a point
call it S.
17 its area,
andp
Sdf.
its
SDBF,
d
angle
So
.*.
X,
/LI,
/=:/;
and thus the triangle D/*/.? is similar to the pedal triangle of 8. The point $ can be found, as in (56) by drawing inner arcs (A + X)... on BC,CA,AB.
Again,
/ dSf
irB
L
DSF
by
ft
Hence
Denote each
dSD
= fSF =
0.
(circle tiD'BF).
eSE.
Then
SD =
SE =
sec
0,
SF =
y sec
b,
for any pair of the family of similar triangles DEF, including def, so that it may be fitly named the " Pivot Point " (Drehpunkt) of these triangles, which rotate about it, with their vertices on the sides of ABC, changing their size but not their shape.
109
110
M ODERN GEOMETRY
if
The linear dimensions of DEF, def are as sec 6 1 M, m are homologous points in these triangles then MSm = 0, S = mS sec
:
so that,
is
a line through
perpendicular to 8m. An important case is that of the centres of the triangles DEF. These lie on a line through <TO the centre of the circle def, and, if a- is the centre of DE F, then perpendicular to >Scr
<rSo-
6.
For
sin
(65)
where and
so that
M=
p
is
a~ cot
2
X-f
2
fe
cot
/*
/x.
+c
i/
cot v
+ 4d
;
2p
sin
sin
sin
Z7
known.
Hence
SD =
2p sin
a sec
;
0,
circumradius of
EF =
area of
D#^ = U sec
6^
let
cutting the sides of ABC again in D'E'F', be the angles of the family of triangles D'E'F', and S' their Pivot Point.
DEF
= FDF + F'D'E' =
So
18G-B
PIVOT POINTS.
TUCKER CIRCLES.
HI
It follows that S' is the Counter Point of $, and that the A-X, ... (102) angles of the family D'E'F' are 180 The triangles def, d'e'f therefore have the same circumcentre cr and the same circumradius p
. .
To
find
or',
draw a perpendicular
;
to
L o-'SV
=&
a-,
0.
156. To prove that the circle DD'EE'FF' touches the conic which is inscribed in ABC, and has $, S' for foci.
Let
TT
So-ti'
;
Then
arc So-
S'ar
Therefore
CTTT is
Now,
SS'
S'(T
=:
So-.2p
But
Also
cr
SS'/S<r
for 2p
'2
.
<T7r
= p sec 6 =
S<rJS<r
2 cos
p.
.
is
DD' ...
Hence
112
MODERN GEOMETRY.
to
forming pqr, the Antipedal Triangle of S'. This triangle (o, S' being Counter Points) is known to be homothetic to def, the pedal triangle of S, and therefore to have angles X, /A, v. Obviously Sp, 8q, Sr are diameters of the circles BS'Cp, &c. Through A draw QR parallel to EF, and therefore making an angle with qr.
Let QC,
Since
RB
meet at P.
/A,
AQC = AqC
lies
and
ARB =
so that
on the
circle BS'C'p.
Since S'q
a diameter of S'qQC,
S'Q=
Therefore 8'
',
S'q cos
0, ....
is
including jp^r. linear dimensions of the similar triangles PQR, pqr are so that, if 2V, n be homologous points in the two as cos 6 1 describes a circle on S'n as diameter. triangles,
The
PIVOT POINTS.
TUCKER CIRCLES.
113
From
(84)
so that, if
area of pqr p' be the circumradius of pqr, 2 2p' sin \ sin /x sin v
.
V=
= %M
= ^M.
2
Then, for
PQR,
Area
circumradius
of
p'
2
p' cos 0.
0.
But
ABC
is
DEF
PQR
a geometric mean between the ABC, and the area of homothetic to DEF, and whose sides
is
inscribed in
pass through A, B, C.
159. Tucker
Circles.
An
for
"
circle
Pivot Points
of
circles
present themselves,
1'.
when The
K. Tucker,
properties.
DD'EE'FF', is then called a Tucker Circle, from who was the first thoroughly to investigate its
def, d'e'f
Since
are
now
B,
12,
O'
/.
D=
E = e=
C,
F=f=
A-,
Denote by Z (corresponding to o- ) the centre of the pedal circle of O, O', and by Z' (corresponding to a-) the circumcentre of DEF, D'E'F'.
common common
The
on
Oil; also
And
it
since
follows
VBDd, VCEe
are
similar.
114
Let
'
MODERN GEOMETRY
0'
= ACIF = BttD =
CQE.
Then
Now the
.'.
fii)'
JP
7i*
sin w, (138)
= p = p sec =
The quadrilateral BDSIF being cyclic, EFT) therefore the arcs DF', FE', ED' subtend each an angle circumference, and are therefore equal.
= B&D
6'
6'
at the
Hence the chord E'D is parallel to AB, F'E to BC, D'F to AC and a circle with centre Z' and radius p cos 0' will touch the
:
three equal chords. In the cyclic quadrilateral so EDF, AE'F that the equal chords are anti-parallel to the corresponding
= EDF=B;
sides of
ABC.
L TJE'D'
= F'E'E =
F'E'D'- F'E'D
F'E'D' + D'E'E
A-0'.
A+
6'.
Chord EF'
parallel to
BO = 2p sin F'E'E = sin (4 + 6') EC = 2/> sin DE'D' = 2 P sin (A- 6').
'2,>
And
if
afiy
be the
n.c. of
the centre
',
PIVOT POINTS.
TUCKER CIRCLES.
formulae will be found useful.
H5
list of
Radius of
circle circle
DD' ...
sin co/sin (w
fl').
Radius of
= p' = p cos
$'.
= p cos (A
PC =
6').
(d)
(e)
Length
2p sin
&'.
2p sin (A
&).
(>').
(/)
parallel to
EG
0.K"
2p sin (A +
((/)
such that
00d
then
a x cos aa
l
30, OOdj
150;
(A3Q) a
150)
sin
(4 + 60),
60).
8
and
oc
cos (^t
a- sin (J.
and
8r
161. The Radical Axis of the Tucker and the circle ABC.
If
circle
(parameter
#'),
2
,
2
2
,
I.*
for the
Tucker
...
= 0.
A 'sin (w-f 6')'
circle,
(62)
Now,
'sin
=
And
since
sin o 2p
.
Kin
5 A
-
. .
sin 6.
/,,
EF'
is
parallel to
BO,
sin
.'.
A
2
.
= AF. AF' = 4p
sin ^. sin
S sin C sin
0'.
sin
(4 -f ^)/sin
^1,
sin^+0'^ +
.-.
0.
116
MODERN GEOMETK Y
162. The properties of four Tucker Circles, whose centres are certain standard points on OK, will now be discussed.
(A) The First Lemoine Circle, or Triplicate Ratio Circle. This has its centre at L, the mid-point of OK, or the centre of the Brocard Circle.
so that
&
(a) p
(]})
<o.
Then,
(c)
^Ii*
sec w.
00.
w).
o>
.
Z?
oo.
o>
o>).
So that
:
FF'
sin
(A
o>)
sin(S-w)
sin (6
o>)
Circle."
Chord EF'
parallel to
BC = R
sec <o.sin
is anti-
AB, ED'C
perp. from
on
from
(^)
PIVOT POINTS.
TUCKER CIRCLES
of OQ'.
w.
H7
Z,
6'
= %TT
c)
oj.
2
(o.
a)
sin
(A -f- a>)
:= .R sin 2
a>
6/
(d)
(a)
(/)
Anti-parallel chord = R sin 2w. Chord cut from BC = 2R sin w cos Chord parallel to BO = 2R sin w cos (J.
<o).
The centre
(a)
(6)
(c)
of this circle is
-K",
so that
&
= O&K =
-Jir.
<o
(131)
F'D,
so
the
diameter
(6).
co
2R tan w;
from
(e)
.'.
DD'
:
= 2R tan
EE' FF'
:
cos
J>D'
= cos A
Circle."
cos
cos
(7.
Chord
parallel to
BC = 2R tan
<o
cos
118
MODERN GEOMETRY.
165. The Taylor Circle. Let H!, H.2 be the feet of the perpendiculars from s A, B, C on the opposite sides. E to CA. Draw S perpendicular to AB, H.2 D to BC,
,
H^
Let
Then
and
A&F = <. AF AH, sin B = 211 sin B sin C AQ, = 2R sin sin 5/sin A
2
o>
(131)
sin
to
Also
cot
o>
Hence
tan
<
AF sin A sin 5 sin C + = cos J. cos B cos (7 sin A sin sin (7 = tan A tan 5 tan 0.
1
j6>
;
(131)
13, jff3
Next, draw HJE' perpendicular to CA, D' perpendicular to BC. Then it may be shown that
H F'
Z
perpendicular to
AQ'E'
Btl'F'
...
Ctt'D'
</>.
The
six triangles
lie
A&F,
being
all similar, it
follows that
circle, after
D&EE'FF'
on a Tucker
circle, called
the Taylor
Mr. H. M. Taylor.
A
O
<
The angle
is
PIVOT POINTS.
Since
<
TUCKER CIRCLES.
119
is less
than
2
TT,
we have
(7,
2
D sin
where
<
D cos =
<
cos J. cos
2
B cos (7,
C-
-f sin
A sin
J5 sin
(7.
OT TK
tan
<
circle,
:
tan
;
w.
Note the equal anti-parallel chords DP', FE', ED' chord E'D, parallel to AB, F'E to BC, D' F to AC.
also the
\
K
166. The
(a)
list of
formulae
is
now
Radius of T-circle
p'
(fe)
.= J?_D cos
</>
:=
=R
sma>
.
/>)
0.
(c) 'a
sin
(d) Anti-parallel chord E'F or F'D or D'E sin 7? sin 0. 2.B sin sin </>
= 2RD
(e)
Chord
(/)
Chord
cut from BO = 2ED sin (.1 <) = R sin 2.4 cos (BC). ^'7 parallel to BC = R sin 2.4 cos A
ABC
and the
A -f <) =
sin
(
cos
</>
=D
oc
sin
A
2
sin ^4 sin
B sin
')
sin
A cos
A.
is
0.
So that the tripolar coordinates of the Limiting Points of these two circles are as cot A cotB cot C. (21)
APPENDIX
I.
Let LMN..., L'M'N'... be two systems of n points. Place equal masses p, p at L, L' gr, q at M, If', &c. To determine the condition that the two systems shall have
;
Project LMN... and the mass-centre 011 any axis, and let lmn...x be the distances of these projections from a given point on the axis.
Then
m')+r(nn') + ...
and so for any number of axes.
0.
But
I',
MM', NN'....
Therefore the required condition is that a closed polygon may be formed, whose sides are parallel and proportional to p.LL', &c. In the case of a triangle
p.LL'
<x
Bin
(MM
NN').
a second point P' on
Now, in the case under discussion, take TT, and let its pedal triangle be d'e'f.
Here
LL'
dd'
= PP
or
>
cos ^,
;
is (ee', //')
A
oc
cos
6, oc
sin A,
the
&c.,
d, e, /.
120
APPENDIX
II.
To determine the second points in which the four circles out the Nine-point Circle. Let the circle PQR cut the sides of ABC again in P19 Q 19 r
Then
.-.
GR
are concurrent,
.:
Therefore
AP^ BQ GR
,
are concurrent.
:
Again, since
CQ QA =
:
/;,
and
.'.
AR RB = p
AQ=p/(r+p).b;
AQi=pJ(ri+pJ.1>',
l
q,
AR=p/(p+q).c.
So
AR =pJ(p
-{-q l }.c.
;
But
AQ.AQ,
= AR.AR^
&c.
121
122
.'.
MODERN GEOMETRY.
p,
a
oc
+r H---h
g
:
r -\-p
;
So
ql
r, <x
-M--
q.-r, a 2&
2
Tn (80)
it
was shown that the circle 1J QR cuts the Nine w, whose b.c. are as a /(q r*),
2
PQB
1 1
<o',
where the
AT
So,
if
the
b.c. of
the circle PQ,' R' cuts the Nine-Point Circle again at o^ o> are given by 1
1
writing
for
APPENDIX
(a)
III.
of
X YZ.
%a tan
.
Since
= E cos A
.'.
A'X
= E sin 4 tan
A + 0}
.
6.
OX=
B/cos
cos
.'.
/.
(9)
...
obtain,
oj
&XYZ = AM cos
When
then
is
0.
[2 sin
sin (20
+ o>) }/sin
o>.
(137)
+ w) =
2 sin
w,
XYZ
vanishes, so that
XYZ
is
a straight
But
this triangle always has G for its centroid. Hence, in this particular case, XYZ passes through G.
(b)
and
0,
0,
Then
Oj
a2 as
3a
= = = =
a. sin
b sin
c sin
sin </sin ^,
0.sin(C'
0.sin
0)/sinx,
^>)/siii
A,,
(B
a1
+ a2
u3
&c.
Hence
6r is
the eentroid of
XYZ.
123
124
(c)
MODERN GEOMETRY.
Let YZ, ZX,
XY
AB
in x, y, z respect-
ively.
Then, since AX, BY, GZ&re concurrent, xyz is a straight being the axis of perspective of the triangles ABC, XYZ. To show that the envelope of xyz is Kiepert's Parabola.
line,
The equation
of yz is
(Ay.-&y,)
+ (w-y a. ) 0+ (oA-a,&) y = 0.
3
2
Now
So
y 2 a3
y3 a 2
oc
sin (J.
sin J. sin
0) sin
(B
0)
sin
sin
cc
sin
C sin 26.
sin
a3&"~* a
<* s ^
n^
sin J.
5 sin 2^.
sin
Therefore at # we have
/3/(sin
C'
sin ^4
sin
A sin 5
sin 20)
0,
so that xyz is
aa/(sin J. sin
Writing
this as
. . .
=0.
of
Here
1/g
1/r
(sin J5
2 2
n.c. a/(fc
2
and the
directrix is
(& -c )cos.4-a+... =0. Hence the envelope of xyz is Kiepert's Parabola, having for focus the point whose Simson Line is parallel to OGH, and
INDEX.
[The numbers
refer to Sections,
83.
Axis of Perspective
ABC
XYZ,
App. Ill
(c).
(TiTtTj, 122.
Beard, W. F., 36. Brocard Circle, 142, 144, 150. Brocard Angle and Equil. T., 91.
Centres of Similitude
:
54, 55.
of lines, 80.
124, 129.
(g).
XYZ and
Circles
Ii/2 I3 26.
,
HiHiHs and
:
T^T^
85.
40,
App.
Lemoine
Lemoine Point
Lhuillier, 92.
(First), 162.
of 1,12/3, i22
Lemoyne's Theorem,
77.
Nine Point,
Taylor, 165.
of, 80.
Pedal C. of nn', 163. Centre O lf 44. Cubic Transformation of Functions, 34, 54, 55.
Davis, R. F., 9, 19, 104. Dixon, A. C., 55. 125
Elliptic
Nine Point
126
Orthologic Triangles, 82.
MODERN GEOMETRY.
Pivot Points, 153.
74.
Orthopole
is
for
TOT',
Parabola
Points
Radical Axis
(poristically
fixed),
SiSrfHiGi
24-28.
ABC
,,
and Tucker
,,
Circle, 161.
,,
Taylor
166.
62.
Feuerbach,
14, 51.
(g).
Angles, 137.
Ellipse, 152. Point, 143, 144.
Lemoine Point
of IiI2 ^, 122.
Circle, 165.
Twin
Points, 87.
Twin
Points, 87.
Weill Point
GM
28.
London
Newton
Street,
Kingsway, W.C.
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or to the
circulation
desk
of
any
FACILITY
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Field Station
University of California
Richmond,
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JUL
2003
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