You are on page 1of 144

THE MODERN GEOMETRY OF THE TRIANGLE

BY

WILLIAM GALLATLY,

M.A.

SECOND EDITION

LONDON

FBANCIS HODGSON,

89 EARRINGDON STREET, E.G.

PRICE HALF A

CROWN NET

THE MODERN GEOMETRY


OF THE TRIANGLE.

BY

WILLIAM GALLATLY,

M.A.

SECOND EDITION. *'<

LONDON

FKANCIS HODGSON,

89 EARRINGDON STREET, E.G.

(J2,

PREFACE.

on the Geometry of the Triangle are presented some of the more important researches on the subject
little treatise

IN this

which have been undertaken during the

last thirty years.

The

author ventures to express not- merely his hope, but his confident expectation, that these novel and interesting theorems

some British, but the greater part derived from French and German sources will widen the outlook of our mathematical
instructors and lend

new vigour

to their teaching.

articles contributed by the present writer to the Educational Times Reprint, to whose editor he

The book includes some

would

offer his

sincere thanks for the great encouragement

which he has derived from such recognition.

He

is

also

most grateful to Sir George Greenhill, Prof. A. C. Dixon, Mr. V. R. Aiyar, Mr. W. F. Beard, Mr. R. F. Davis, and Mr. E. P. Rouse for permission to use the theorems due to
them.

W.

G.

SYNOPSIS OF CHAPTEES.
[The numbers refer
to Sections.]

CHAPTER
Relations between
lation between

I.

DIRECTION ANGLES.
:

(1-13.)

pqr

lines at rt. angles, condition: re616-263 and pgr distance between (a#y) and (a'&'y') perpr. on line
:
:

Properties of Quad.

Centre Circle.

CHAPTER
Medial

II.
:

MEDIAL AND TRIPOLAR COORDINATES.


:

(14-21.)
:

Feuerbach Point mid-point line of quad. N.P. Circle Tripolar eqn. to circumdiameter straight line (general) to find points with given trip. c. circle trip. c. of Limiting Points.
formulae
:
: :

CHAPTER
Poristic condition
fixed
: :

III. of

PORISTIC TRIANGLES.

(22-34.)

R.A.
of

0(R) and
:

I(r)
:

points S\ S%<rHiGi poristically

circular

loci

FGHO'I'NM

Gergonne Point

poristic formulae

properties of Nagel locus of If found.

Point

CHAPTER IV.

SIMSON LINES.
:

(35-55.)
:

S.L. in given direction S.L. bisects TH: OAT cr l perps. from A, B, C on S.L. eqn. to S.L. perpr. TU, length and direction :* the the point a circle (kk ) point .ZVfor quad. pairs of S.L. eqn. to TOT'

Draw

ABC

and A'B'C'

n.c. of
:

o>

the centre

of (kk

tricusp Hypocycloid

Cubic in sin< or cos4>

Greenhill and Dixon's Theorem.

CHAPTER V.

PEDAL TRIANGLES.

(56-69.)
:

Pedal triangle def similar to BSC = A + \ sin \ a an Limiting Points II in terms of xyz Radical Axes (group) Feuerbach 's Theorem 2 So for Sj, Artzt's Parabola U, II, OS' and (afry) in terms of \p.v
: : :
:

LMN

inverse of

S.L. of T, T' are axes of similitude for def, d\e\f\.

VI

MODERN GEOMETRY.
CHAPTER VI.
Concurrence
of

THE OBTHOPOLE.
:

(70-80.)
2

pp', qq', rr'


:

= IE
<r

cos e l cos
lies

cos

S found
:

geo-

and through a point, reciprocal relations: Lemoyne's Theorem: pedal circles through <r(o>): constant b.c. of S for def: Harmonic system of lines, a common to the 4 circles. (See Appendix I and II.)
metrically
:

general n.c. of S point A'B'C' n.c. of ff acoincides with


:

on N.P.

circle

ABC

three S.L.

CHAPTER VII.
c.
:

ANTIPEDAL TRIANGLES.

(81-87.)
:

Angular Orthologic and Antipedal triangles: nc. of S' n.c. of centre of similitude of U and V similar properties of V -V' = 4 A S' and /S", are called Twin Points.
:

V = $M
S,

and S\

CHAPTER VIII.
Shape and

ORTHOGONAL PROJECTION OF A TRIANGLE.

88-100.)

on plane passing through fixed axis in plane of ABC ABC projected into triangle with given angles projec2 2 A (1 + cos 2 ) tion of ABC on planes at constant inclination 2tf'' cot A and Brocard cquilat. triangle Angle Antipedal triangles and projection calculation of a', b' c' Pedal triangles and projection: general theory
size of projection of
:
: :
.

ABC

for

any triangle

XYZ

Schoute

Circles.

CHAPTER IX.
a,
axis
:

COUNTER POINTS.
A/XI/
:

(101-116.)

II',

U', 31', q
.

in terms of
,
:

nn'
of
<T

SA S'A = AB Ac
:

A'B'C'
o>,

b.c.
":

&R-q-: equation to minor Ratio Bl Cl p* = A/iV


:
:

pedal circle 88' cutsN.P. circle at

M'Cay's Cubic For TOT conic is R.H. centre, asymptotes, (semi-axis) 2 similarly for circle centre S S' and S\ S\ bisected at join of Twin Points
:

Aiyar's Theorem, OS. OS' 2R. OV Counterpoint conies, direction of asymptotes and axes
:
:

',

radius

SS\

passes through I'm'ri.

CHAPTER X.

LEMOINE GEOMETRY.

(117-129.)
:

and b.c. of K: K centroid of def: equation to OK: II a 2 + # 2 + y'2 and u- + v* + w 2 each a min. at K Artzt's Parabola: triangle AK bisects Lemoine Point of Ii/a-^ list of T^T-.T-j, points
:

K found
:

n.c.

"(-)"
a(6
2

chords parallel to
to

T.2

T3

Harmonic quad.

A'l passes through


or

locus

of centres of rect. inscribed in

ABC

cosflj

c2 )

OK

Apollonian Circles

Lemoine Axis

Harmonic

tripolar equation quad, inverts into

square.

SYNOPSIS OF CHAPTERS.

VU
(130-152.)
rift'
:

CHAPTER XI.

LEMOINE-BROCARD GEOMETRY.
n.c.

Forms

for cot

a>

and

b.c. of
:

n and

ft'

equation to
:

o>

not
:

greater than 30

useful
:

formulae

Neuberg

Circles

Steiner Angles

Pedal triangle of ft Triangles First Brocard Triangle PQR


perspective

XBC, TCA, ZAB


:

(see also

Appendix

III)

centre of perspective
of

eqn. to axis of
right
figure
:

angles

G double point On = eR, OK = eR


:

ABC, PQR
<a
:

OK

bisects tin' at

sec
:

Steiner and

Tarry Points

KPROQ
apply to

similar to 'S.ACTB

G mean
:

centre of points yzx, zxy, xyz

PQR

G
5

centroid of Dftft'

lies
3'

Isodynamic Points and Steiner Ellipse.

and

St

Isogonic points

on 20T: OD = e-R and 8^ Circum-Ellipse


: :

CHAPTER XII.

PIVOT POINTS.

TUCKER CIRCLES.

(153-166.)

Pairs of homothetic triangles, inscribed and circumscribed to family of circles touch conic Tucker Circles list of formulae Radical
:
: :

ABC

Axis

First

Lemoine
:

Circle
c.

Pedal

circle of

ftft'

Second Lemoine Circle

Taylor
cot A,

Circle

trip.

of

Limiting Points

for

Taylor Circle are as

cotB, coi C.

CHAPTER

I.

INTRODUCTION: DIRECTION ANGLES.


1. IN this

work the following conventions are observed:

the

Circumcentre of ABC, the triangle of reference, will be denoted the Orthocentre by J3"; the feet of the perpendiculars by from A, B, G on BG, CA, AB respectively by J3"2 lt s (the the triangle HJIJi.& being called the Orthocentric Triangle) the Centroid or Centre 3 lengths of AH^ BH^ GHS by l? & 2
;

/?

7?,

of Gravity by G the in- and ex-centres by I, J,, J2 73 the points of contact of the circle I with the sides of ABG by X, Y, Z the corresponding points for the circle I being X^ Y^ Zr
;
,

The Circiimcentre

OJ

OJ,

of JjJjJg is /, which lies on 01} and the Circumradius of ^IjJj = 2E.

also

MODERN GEOMETRY.
;

The mid-points of BC, CA, AB are A', B', C" the triangleA'B'C' being called the Medial Triangle. Its Circumcircle is the Nine-Point Circle, with Centre 0' and radius \E theOrthocentre of A'B'C' is 0, the Centroid is G, while the in-cen Ireis denoted by 1'.

'.

The lines drawn through A, form the Anti-Medial Triangle A


;

J5,
1

C
1
.

BG
1

parallel to

BC, CA,

AB

Its Circumcentre is JT, its Centroid is 6r, its Medial or NinePoint Circle is ABG and its Nine-Point Centre is 0. The letters "n.c." stand for normal or triUnear coordinatesdenoted by a/?y. The letters " b.c." stand for barycentric or areal or triangular coordinates, denoted by xyz also x aa, &c., so that

2. Let _p, g, r be the lengths of the perpendiculars from A, B, C on a straight line TT'. Let 1? Direction Angles of TT' that is, the 8 be the angles which the sides of ABC make with TT', these angles being measured from TT' as axis, and in the same sense. By projecting the sides of ABC along and perpendicular to.
<9. , 2
;

TT',

we obtain 5 a cos = 0, 2. a sin ^ = 0. The diagram shows that a sin 6 = q r, &c., S.op sin^ = 2.^(3 r) = 0.
.

so that

'

a,

Two

sets of direction angles

should be particularly noted.

For 01, For OG^if,


cos
0,

cos

A'X/OI =

\ (b-c)/OI

oc

(6-c).

= A'HJOH = R sin(5-0)/0//oc (/r-r)/^.

DIRECTION ANGLES.

To express
Since
.'.

cos O in terms of p,
l

g, r.
.

g.6 cos

C + r.c

CH :H B = b cos C c cos 5, cos B = (b cos + c cosB)H d = a(p H d') = ap a.AJI


l

(7

cos

.*.

2A.cos

0j

ap

bq cos

crcosB;

When
3.
I'a

falls outside dd',

the right-hand signs are changed.

+ m'ft + n'y =
0.2 ,

To determine the condition that

la.

-\-mj3-\-ny

0,

and

may
<

be at right angles.
2,
<

Let OH
lines, so

#3

and
Ol

that

a,

<

be the direction angles of the two

<^ =b

\TT.

Let p,
A, 5,
(7,

so that

r' be q, r, p', 5', Z cc op,

the perpendiculars on the lines from


Z'

oc op'.

Xow
And
.;.

<j+ ... 2 A sin fa = 2A


.

ap' sin

= p' (%'
.

r ')
|ir)
(7

'

0.

sin

=
or
ZZ'

(^

= 2 A cos 0,
...

ap
cos

bq cos

cr cos 5.

-f

ap'(apbq mm' + ww'

Gcr cos 5) +
r

(mn + m'w) cos J.

= 0, =
. . .

0,

which

is

the required condition.

4. To determine TT, the length of the perpendicular on TT' from a point P, whose b.c. are (, y, ), in terms of p, q, r. Since P is the centre for masses at A, B, C proportional to
so that
is

TT

determined when p,
only of #,

q,
?/,

r are
z

known.

Note

that the ratios

are needed.

5.

To determine
2

Put

when T2 is 2mwcos A +...


1'

TT,

Za

+ m/8 + wy =
...

0.

=D

2
.

Now
Also

oc

and

Hence

= 4A = %+y+z aa+bft+cy = 2A. = (Za + m/3 + ny)/D.


2
2

ap
.

^ k.ap.
2
,

(a

gr 26c cos ^1)

TT

form of

little

use, as

it

is

almost always

difficult

to

evaluate D.

MODERN GEOMETRY.

6. straight line TT' is determined when any two of the three perpendiculars p, q, r are given absolutely. It follows that there must be some independent relation between them.

From elementary Cartesian Geometry we have 2 A = Ap.qr + Bq.rp+Cr.pq


l

/.

4A 2
is

= p.a cos O + q.b cos # 4- r c cos = op.2A cos #! + = ap (apbq cos C cr cos P) = S (ay-26tfcos-4.gr) = 2{ay-(-a + + c )grj.
2
.

...

-f ...

Z>

This

the relation sought.


0, so that passes through A, p 2 2 2 4A 2 & g + cV 2bc cos A.qr

When TT'

points P, P' lying on TT' have absolute n.c. (, /?, y) and It is required to determine d, the length of PP', in terms of these coordinates.
7.
(a//3', y').

The

We have
But and Hence

2 { o-p 2 - ( - a + 6 + c2 ) gr } = 4A a 2 = 2 A (cot B + cot C), a + 6 2 -i-c 2 = 4A cot A.


2 2 2

2
.

(q

r)

cot

^4

+ (r
2A +

Now
Hence
.d a

^7

p) cot
a

B+ (p

r/)

cot

2A.

a sin $

a. (a

a!)/d.

2 (a-a') sin

2 2 (P-fi') sin 27?+ (y-y') sin

2(7.

8.

To prove thatv when TT'


op/JB

is

b cos

a circumdiameter, .................. (G)f 3 + c cos #2

(2) we can express the right side in terms of p, q, r. Then apply the condition a cos A .p-}~ ... = 0, and the result

From
follows.

Hence prove that


for Of,

for

OF, The equation

p = R/OI.(b-c)(8-a)/a p = R/OH. (6 -c ) cos A/a.


;

to
(fr

TOT', which
cos Os

is
2)

p.aa.+

...

0,

now

takes

the form

+ c cos

For 01,

For OGH,

(6-c)(*-a).tt+... [more useful that (cos B cos C) a + s (&*-c )cos4.a+... = 0.


marked
(G) the present writer
is

= =

0.

...

0].

t For theorems and proofs

responsible.

DIRECTION ANGLES.

9. The results just obtained are useful in investigating some algebraic relations of a quadrilateral, which has BC, CA, AB for three of its sides the fourth side being PQR. The circum circles of the four triangles AQR, BRP, CPQ, ABC, have a common point (call it If) so that the parabola which touches the four sides of the quadrilateral will have for focus while the four orthocentres lie on the directrix, which is also the common radical axis of the circles (AP)(BQ)(CR). The four circumcentres 0, O lt 2 0.A are known to lie on a circle (call it the Centre Circle) which also passes through If.
:

Let p be the radius of this

circle

and p v p2

p & the radii of

AQR, BRP, GPQ.


Since the angles at Q,
2p l sin
/.
S
l

are #2

3,

= AQ
.

(in circle

AQR)
2

Pl

AM QR, AM = 2 Pl sin ARM, = BM ;md in BMRP, 2p sin (B RM or ARM) AM BM CM p p p = p sin # q sin


In circle
2
;

= p sin Q
:

l/(2 sin

sin

sin

3)

=m

p/sin
.

sin 6V

.-.

6.2

r sin

therefore the n.c. of

M are as

l/p sin OH

l/q sin

S,

1/r sin

or
1-Iote

a/p(qr),&c.
that in the circle

or

a/(l/q

l/r).

(R.F.Davis)

QR =

AMQR,
2p l sin

cr,

ap sin O r

MODERN GEOMETRY.
10. The join 00, of the centres common chord MA,

ABCM,

ARQM is
=

perpendi-

cular to the

Similarly 00 2 is perpendicular to the chord MB. .-. L 0,00, ACB (in ABCM) C;

= AMB =
.'.

0,0,0,=
is
:

C,

...;

and the triangle 0,0,03


: :

similar to
p,
:

MA MB MO = Pl

Hence
0,0,0,.
.'.

= Pt

ABC. MO,

But, from
:

MO,

MO,.

is

the double point of the similar triangles

ABO,

Since 0,0 is perpendicular to Z 00,0, or OMO,


1}

MB, and

= BMR = BPR
:

0,0, to

MR,

(circle

JBMPR)

0,.

Hence the chords 00,, 00,, 00,


angles
0,,
3,

in the Centre Circle subtend

so that
:

00!

00

00 = sin^
3

sin0 3

sin

11. To determine the equation of the 4-orthocentre line. The equation to PQR being p. aa + q.bfi -\-r.cy 0, the point P is

determined by a
cos

q.bp + r.cy = 0. The perpendicular from P on An proves

0.

to
.

be

and

= 0, ft + cos A cy/p the perpendicular from R on AC is cos A aa/q + cos A bft/p + (b/pa cos C/q) y = 0.
A
.

aa/r -f (c/p

a cos B/r)

By
or or
or

subtraction their point of intersection

is

found to

lie

on

sin.0, cos

A .aa+ ...
...

cos.4/a'.aa-f

p(qr} cos^.a+

...

= 0, = 0, = 0.

(M

is

a'/3V)

the symmetry of this equation the line clearly passes through the other three orthocentres and is therefore the directrix of the parabola. For example, let PQR be xla?-\-... 0, which will prove to be the Lemoine Axis (128).* Here p cc I/a 2 so that the focus of the parabola, known as 2 2 c ) &c., the directrix being Kiepert's Parabola, has n.c. a/(6

From

(6

A.a+... = 0, which is OGH. The mid-points of diagonals lie on or cotA.x + ... ( 1/p + l/g-f l/r)aj+... = 0,
c ) cos
2

0,

the well

known Radical Axis


*

of the circles

ABC,

A'B'C', &c.

The bracketed numbers

refer to sections.

DIRECTION ANGLES.
12. To determine
p,

7
circle.
2,

the radius of the Centre


so

M0 =
l

pl

m.p sinflj,

M0 =
2

(G)

and

O^MO^

C; 0,0.6 0.2 sin 2 Oz 2pq sin 6 l sin # 2 cos

m.q sin0

G
a2 +6 2 -c 2

pY _

(qr}(p-r}
J

ab

~ab~~

But

since

3
.'.

=
=

0,

O^ = 2p sin
AP, one
and
2

(7,

mB.k^/abc.
of the diagonals of the

To determine the length


quadrilateral. The distance d

of

between

^ 2 .A/B 2

(a/?y)

(a'fl'y') is

given by
(6)

Now,

for P,
...

(a- a')
^.fc^

sin

2A+....
0;

0;

=(_r)/( 3 -r).2A/6,
^1,
a'

Also for

2A/a,

)8'

y = gr/(g-r).2A/c. = 0, / =
;

+ c.ry

Hence

.4P (g-r)

q*b

+ <fl(qry. 4A /c + c*
2
2

2
.

sin 20.

r'

13. Let o> 15 w.2 a) 5 be the centres of the diameter circles, or mid-points of AP, BQ, CR. To determine the length of ci^to,.
,

Forcu,,

For

<o

2,

Now,

ft = (_ r )/(gr-r) A/6, 7l = gr/(g-r).A/c. = r/(rp) A/a, = A/6, yt = ( -p)/(rp) A/c. = a sin (a ) a^V.A/E

a 1==A/a, a2
2

/3 2

/.

2 w,
.

V/ A -

_J^ (p-rr

cot J.

<y8

(^-^)
,

X9 2

cot

Cp

Hence, since

cot

.4

^+

a sin $ a

6 sin ^2

c sin

CHAPTER

II.

MEDIAL AND TRIPOLAR COORDINATES.


C' are the rnid-points of called the Medial Triangle of its circumcircle A'B'G' is the Nine-Point Circle whose centre 0' bisects OH. in For every point there is a homologous point P' 2. OP'. in A'B'G', such that P' lies on GP, and GP referred to ABC, A'B'C' Let a/?y, a'fi'y' be the n.c. of a point
If A',
J5',

14. Medial Coordinates.

BC, CA, AB, the triangle A'B'G'

is

ABO

ABO

respectively.
.'.

A diagram

shows that a -fa'

aa + aa'

= hr = i.a^ = A = 4. area of A'B'C'


=
oa
b(3'

/.

aa

+ cy',

&c.,

so that or, in b.c.,


a;

2aa'

=
s',

aa +
2^'

bft

+ cy,
%+y

= y+
c/(a

+ z.

For example, the


a/(b c), 6/(c point.
),

^4'5'C" b.c. of the


6), to

Feuerbach Point

determine the
&c.
(6

J.0

F being

b.c. of this

Here
.-.

#' oc
oc

a/(b

c),
oc

a;

= ^+^

b/(ca) + c/(ab)
(b

c)(s

a)/(c

a)(a
b.c.,

b)

c)*(s-a). If the J.'5'C' b.c. are to be deduced from the


oc
oc

ac

ABC

then

_(6-c) (s-a) + (c-a)


2

a(a

?>)(

c) oc

a/(6

c).

15. If the ABC equation to a straight line is lx + my + nz the A'B'C' equation is 0. or 0, (w + w)aj'+... l(y' + z') + ...

= 0,
0,

If the A'B'G' equation to a straight line is

I'x'

the

ABC

+ m'y' + n'z' =
-

equation

is

...

0,

or
8

Z'

+ m + w')a' +
f

MEDIAL AND TRIPOLAR COORDINATES.


Example.
is

The
...

well

cotA.x-\-

known Radical Axis whose


.

ABC equation
0,

becomes
. .

when
If

(cot B + cot C)x' + referred to A'B'C'. are the H,, lt 3

=
feet

or
of

aV + b*y' + cV -

equation to H.2

H
S

perpendiculars, the
0.

ABC

is

cot^.a- + cot.B.?/

+ cot0.z =
(
fr

Therefore the A'B'C' equation


(cot

is

B + cot

C) x+ (cot
a~x-\-

6'
8

cot
c )
2

4)y +

cot
2

^ + cot B)z

0,

reducing to

(a

y+ (a

Returning to the quadrilateral discussed in section (13) see the b.c. of o^ given by a, A/a, &c.

we
the

Hence the
quadrilateral
is

ABC
(

equation

to

the mid-point line


. . .

of

I/p

+ 1/q + 1/r) x +
is

=0.
...

The 4''C' equation therefore


x'/P

+ y'/q + z'/r
this
TTj

0,

or

aqr.a+
is

=
=

0.

The perpendicular on
where

from J/

therefore given by

D =
2

2 { a 2 g sr s -_p 2 gr ( - a2 -f 6 2 + c2 ) }

aqr.h-i/D,

k\

16. To determine the A'B'C' equation to a circumdiameter TOT', whose direction angles are 1} 0^ O s Letjp', 7', r' be the perpendiculars from A', B', C' on TOT'. A diagram shows that
.

= OA' cos 6 p' Hence the required equation


l

= R cos J. cos 6 r
is
.

cos

A cos 6

x' -H

. . .

=0.

Example.

For OI cos^
?

= %(b
to

c)/OL
is

Hence the A'B'C' equation


(b

01

c) cos ^1. #'+...

= 0.
ABC
is

The

J..B(7

equation to the circumcircle


a/a +
...

= 0,
2

or
is

a2/#+...
...
2

0.

Therefore
or

its

A'B'C' equation a 2 /0/ + ,')


2

z'x' 4- -''?/') (y Referred to A'B'C', the equation of the Nine- Point or Medial 0. a2 #'+ ... Circle is
)
-

aV + 6y + cV + (a + 6 + c

= 0, V+

10

MODERN GEOMETRY.
Referred to

A BC,

this

becomes

reducing to the well known form a cos A.d:+ ... a3

...

0.

17. Tripolar Coordinates.


tripolar coordinates of a point are its distances, or ratios of distances, from A, J5, C. To determine the tripolar equation to a circumdiameter whose direction angles are T 2 3 Let be any point on the line, x, y, z, the projections of
,
, .

The

OP

on the sides. Then, if rjt

and
.'.

= = OP = +\r*-rf)rf (rf^ftrMvf-rflr
,

r2 rs be the tripolar coordinates of P, 2 2 r2 r3 a.2x cos t a. 2.


,

a cos

0!

rj 4- 6

cos

r2 4- c cos

r3

= 0,

and So that an equation

a 0080!+...
of the
lr*

=
*

0.

form
s

where

+ mrf + nr = + m + n = 0,
I

0,

represents a circumdiameter. Note that, for every point


ratios

or (r15 r.2 rs ) on the line, the are constant being, in fact, equal to the ratios a cos 0j b cos $ 2 c cos 3 should be noted. The tripolar equations to 01,
,

P
a

r2

r32

r3

ra

r/

r,

OGH

(i)

The projection
.'.

of

01 on BG
0j cc

(&
;

c)

cos
is

(bc)
2

and the equation


(ii)

to

01

o(fe-c)r +... The projection of OH on BG


1

=0.

and the equation

to

= (M~ C )/2a; OH is
a

18. To find the equation to a straight line with direction (Gr) angles O lt 2 3 and at a distance d from 0. the that we see to Cartesian coordinates, equaTransferring tion differs only by a constant from that of the parallel circumdiameter.
,

MEDIAL AND TRIPOLAR COORDINATES.


It

11

must therefore be

of the
l
.

form
. . .

k. rf + of the the Let A', B', C' be sides, and let A'O meet mid-points the line in A".

a cos 6

Then

if

(p 1? p 2 , p3 ) be the coordinates of A", k a cos O l pf 4- 6 cos 0., p 2 2 4- c cos

p2

[p 2

p3 ]

(p l

p./)

= = =

acos^.Sc.C'lf

a(OD/OA")2c.OA"sinB
cZ
.

2ac sin

/>'

Hence the required equation


a cos
.

is

. .

= 4<iA.

19.

When
;

(/4-m + w)
if

is

not zero.

at the mean centre of masses Z, m, or if (Z, m, w) are the b.c. of Q, then, for any point ^t, 5, P whose tripolar coordinates are (rl5 r2 r3 ),

To prove that

-be

Zr1

+ mr

2 2

-f

nr s 2

=
I

Z.^!Q

+ m. J5Q + w. CQ +
2 2

(l

+ m + n)

PQ*.
(^2)1

Take any rectangular axes

at Q, and let (c^Og), be the Cartesian coordinates of .4, -B, (7, P.


ZTY*

(^i?> 2 ),

Then

= (a -x)~^-l(a ,-yY = LAQ^l.PQ -2x.la


l
t

But, since

is

the
-i

-2y.la r mean centre for masses Z, wi, la z + m6 2 -H wc s = -f w^ =


l
;

TO,

12
.'.

MODERN GEOMETRY.
Irf

+ mrf+nr* =

AQ m BQ + n CQ + (Z + m + w) PQ
2

2
.

-}-

This, being true for any point P,

is

true for

n)

OQ

2
;

2 the point 'Q for the circle ABU is K 2 as within or without the lies circle. OQ Q, according If P describes a circle of radius />(= PQ) round Q, an internal point, then the tripolar equation to this circle is

or

The power 2
2

II of

-OQ

JR

If the circle cuts the circle

ABG

orthogonally, then

OQJP+rt
so that the circle

becomes
2

Zr/

+ mr/ + nr =
2

0.

(R. F. Davis)

Examples.

(A) The circumcircle

Here

p =

JK,

QO =

0,

Z oc

sin 2^1

(B) The inscribed circle:


p

= r, QO =
8

I0

2 2

arT

fer 2

crs
:

= E -2Sr, = 2 A (r 2E)
2

oc
.

-f

(C)
p

The Nine- Point circle = R- Q& = JOB 2


1

= R--2R cos
+ sin 2(7;

^l

cos

B cos

(7.

Since the n.c. of the Nine-Point centre are cos (B the b.c. are sin A cos (B C ),..., so that
Z

(7)....,

oc

sin 2
ra
s

/.

(sin

2B+ sin 2(7)

= 4A (1 4- 2 cos ^4 cos 5 cos C).

2O. To determine the point or points whose tripolar coordinates are in the given ratios p q r.
: :

Divide BG, CA,


P', Q', R', so that

AB internally at P,
:
:

Q,

and externally

at

BP CP =
:

r = BP' q = GQ:AQ r:p=GQ AR BR = p q = AR'


r :

GP',

AQ', BR'.

Let

be the centres of the circles described on PP', Wj, 3 QQ', RR' as diameters, and let the circles (PP), (QQ) intersect
,

w2

<o

at T, T'.

MEDIAL AND TRI POLAR COORDINATES.

13

Then since GPBP' is harmonic, T' on the circle PP'

we

have, for every point

T or

a'

BT CT = BP CP =
: :

- BP

r :

GP'

BT'

CT',

and TP, TP' bisect the angles


at
T'.

at T, while T'P, T'P' bisect those


r

So for every point


:

T or T' on the circle (QQ ) GT AT ^ CQ AQ = r p, Ac.


:
:

Hence

(QQ )

at T, T' the points of intersection of the circles (PP'), AT: JIT CT p: q:r AT' BT' CT'.
:

The symmetry

of the result

shows that

T and

T' lie also

on

the circle (BE'). Hence there are two points whose tripolar coordinates are as p q r, and these points are common to the three circles
: :

(QQ')> (RR'). Since (GPBP'} is harmonic,


2 .-.

Wl

P =
1

(>,. Wl O.

Hence the
'),

from

similarly the circles (QQ'), cut the circle ABG orthogonally, so that the tangents to these circles are each equal to R.
circle

(PP ), and

It follows that (a)


lies on TT', the common chord or Radical Axis of the three circles (PP';, (W), (RR ). are inverse points in circle (b) OT.OT' E\ so that T,
1

ABC.
(c)

The

circle cuts orthogonally every circle through T, T' including the circle on TT' as diameter, so 2 that wT 2 Ow 2 where w is the mid-point of TT'.

ABG

14
(d)

MODERN GEOMETRY.
The
centres
o^,
o>
2
,

w3

lie

on the

line

through

w, bisect-

ing TT' at right angles.

21. The tripolar coordinates of Limiting Points. (Gr> 2 Since OT OT _R the circle ABC belongs to the coaxal system which has T, T' for Limiting Points, and therefore O^CD^ for Radical Axis so that, if 7r 7r. 7r3 are the perpendiculars from A, J5, G on a> 1 (o 2 o>3 we have by coaxal theory
.

2,

2.0T.7TJ

=~AT*
2

or

^ocp
Axis

2
.

Hence the equation

to the Radical

p x-\-q

yi-T'z

= 0.
=
0,

w^Wg

is

And

conversely,

if

the Radical Axis be

Xx + /XT/ + vz then the tripolar coordinates of

T or

T' are

VA,

v'/x,

\/v.

Examples. (1) For the coaxal system to which the circle in-circle XYZ belong, the Radical Axis is
(s

ABC

and the

a)-x+

...

0.

Hence the

tripolar coordinates of the limiting points lying on


a),
(

01 are
(2)

as (s

&),

For the
.-.

circles

(sc). ABC, 1^1*


r

the Radical Axis


x/a +
:
.

is

a + /? + y

= =

or
I/

Va

I/

Vb

1/v/c,

the limiting points lying on 01. (3) The circle ABC and the Antimedial circle

ABC
1

have Radical

ALxis
/.

a?x

+ b y + (?z =
z

(1)

c,

the limiting points lying on


(4) The circles ABC, common Radical Axis

OGH.

A'B'C', Polar Circle, &c., have for their

cot
.*.

A
r

+ cot B
A/cot

y -f cot
:

z
:

J.

v/cot 5

\/cot 0,

the limiting points lying on

OGH.

CHAPTER

III.

PORISTIC TRIANGLES.
22. LET I be any point on the fixed diameter DD' of the circle

0(R).
e,
;

With

centre

and radius
Let

let 6,6,

Then

= De + el+IO = R, and J>e = De*/2R = DP/2R (Rd)*/2B + r + d = E or OI = d = R--2Br.


cut

DD'
.'.

at

e.

01

=
2

DI
d,

cut the circle at


le
r.

e,

and

and

(Greenhill)
L'

An infinite number of triangles can be inscribed 0(R) and described about the circle /(r), provided
On
/(r).

in the circle

0(JJ) take any point A, and draw tangents AB, Let BI, CI meet 0(Ej in 5', C" respectively.

AC

to

16

MODERN GEOMETRY.
Then, since BI.IB' = &-OI* B'l = 2E sin .-.

= 2Br, and = 7?M

#/

r/sin

So

C'l
1

=
=

C'A.

Hence B'C

bisects

AT &t

L B'C' A
.'.

right angles, so that 'C"I or 'C"(7


;

BC

touches I(r).

It follows that by taking a series of points J along 3 we have an d~)/2R, (JS calculating r from r

DTJ and
infinite

number

of circles /(r)

each of which, combined with 0(7?),

gives a poristic system of triangles.

23. The Radical Axis of 0(R) and I(r). be the Limiting Points of the two Let .L, E l .E/2, the Radical Axis, cut 01 in 1J7.

circles,

and

let

Bisect

01 in

&.

Then

W- R =
3
;

-E/^

= EP-i*
2

by ordinary coaxal theory

and
Also

= (2# -2fir-r*)/2d, = - Jd = (2Rr-v*)/2d. ^i = ^i -r =


J5I
2 2

now proceed to discuss some points which remain in a system of poristically variable triangles ABC. unchanged (a) The inner and outer centres of similitude (8 l and S2 )
24.
of the circles
(6)

We

ABC, XYZ.
(<r)

The

centre of similitude

XYZ and 1,1Jy


t

of the homothetic triangles

(c)

(d)

The orthocentre (H ) of the triangle XYZ. The Weill Point (^), the centroid of XYZ.

25. (a) To determine the distances of S l and Radical Axis. Since 01 is divided at S lt so that

$2 from

the

03,

13,

=E

r.

PORISTIC TRIANGLES.

17

So that the

circle

is

coaxal with

0(R) and

I(r), a well

known theorem.
26. To show that <r, the centre of similitude of the homothetic triangles XYZ, 1^1^ is poristically fixed, and to determine its distance from the Radical Axis. Since the circumcentre of is J, while the circumcentre

XYZ

of /jJa/s is /, lying

on 01, and such that OJ .'. a- also lies on 01


\

01;
constant

and

al/aJ

= ratio of circumradii = r/2R =


.*.

<r

is

Again

a-I/IJ

= r/(2R

a fixed point.

r),

from above

18

MODERN GEOMETRY.

And

.-.

EI=r(2R-r)/2d. Ea El = EL\
.

(Greenhill)

Note that so that the circle Jo- belongs to the coaxal system. the homothetic triangles XYZ, J^/g slide on fixed circles, the Y72 ZI^ passing through the fixed point IT. lt joins

XI

It will he

convenient here to determine the

n.c. of

the point a.
7, (7,

From
have

noting that

.'.

ft

X and 7| ^ZjJg, = ratio of circumradii of the triangles a-X/a-I-i = r/2R = a-X/I.X = r/(2R-r). ao-j/JjX, = a = r/(2R-r).r = l/(s-a) l/(s-b) l/(*-c). r, r, y =
;

figure p...,

drawing cro-j perpendicular to are homologous points in XYZ,

and

we

.-.

0-0-,

TI

Note

also that, since

7 and J are the circumcentres

of

XYZ,

vI/IJ

= r/(2R - r)
.'.

and IJ=2.0I=2d-, o-I= 2dr/(2Rr).


,

fixed,

27. To prove that 23",, the orthocentre of XYZ, is poristically and to determine its distance from the Radical Axis.
Since

and I are the orthocentres of XYZ, /. jffi lies on o-J, that is, on 01; .'. crHJal = r/2R, a fixed ratio /. Hi is a fixed point.
;

j^/s/j,

Again, since

o-J

2dr/(2R

r),

(26)

Note

also that
7T r

7?7

7?7T

PORTSTIC TRIANGLES.

19

To determine the n.c. of The orthocentre JT, of XYZ


JET,-.

is

the centre of masses tan X,


Y,

tan Y, tan
/.

placed at
a
oc

-V,

Y, Z.
2
Y

tanY.
cot

oc

X Y sin Z+ tan Z. ZX sin B cos |6 + cot J(7 cos J5,


2

/(*-a), Ac.

28. TAe JF^ZZ

When an infinite number of n-gons can be inscribed in one fixed circle, and described about another fixed circle, the mean with the inner circle centre of the points of contact X, Y, Z, is a fixed point, which may be called the Weill Point of the
. . .

the centroid of XYZ. In the triangle XYZ, since / the orthocentre,


/.

polygon (M'Clelland,

p. 96).

Gh

For a triangle the Weill Point


is

is

the circumcentre and

/T, is

Gf

is

a fixed point on 01, and ^,-H,


n.c. of
6r,.

2.GJ.
Y, Z.

To determine the
Since

is

the

mean

centre of masses

1, J,

I at
cos

JT,

aoc

Yoc

cos*

29.

We now

proceed to discuss the

points related to
(a) (6)
(c)

ABC, which

loci of some well are poristically variable


:

known

The Feuerbach Point The Centroid G, The Orthocentre H,


and

F,

(d)

(e) 0' the circumcentre, and the Medial Triangle A'B'G'.

I'

the in-centre of

20

MODERN GEOMETRY.

Draw Hh,
(a)
(6)

The point F moves

Gg, I'k parallel to O'l: alonsr the in-circle, describes a circle, for OG f 00'

/.

00

f.OI;
2r)

thus #

is fixed,

and

(c)

H describes a circle, for


OH =
2.

6ty

|.0'I=

i(fi

constant,
2. 01,

00';

/.

Oh

so that &

is fixed,

and Hh = 2.0'I

= R2r = constant,
a
circle,

(d)

0'

obviously

describes

centre

I,

radius

(4B-f),
(e)
I'

describes a circle.

A'B'C',

For since I, I' are homologous points in the triangles A BO, whose double point is 6r, /. IGT is a straight line, and GI-2. GF, /. Ik = f 10, so that fc is a fixed point, and
.

&/'

f Gg
.

= %(R-2r) =

/O'.

series

This point also belongs to the be found by inspection. may Let XIx be the diameter of the in-circle which is perpendicular to BC, and let the ex-circles /15 /2 /3 touch BC in X^

3O. (/) The Nagel Point.

whose circular

loci

OA

in

Y AB
2,

in

respectively.

Then

BX,

so that the equation to

= sc, CX = sb, AX is
l
l

and thus
as (s

AX^ BT^ CZ
6),
is

y 1(8-1) = zl(s-c), S concur at a point

whose

b.c.'s

are

a), (s

(sc).

This point

called the

If the absolute n.c. of

N are
a)

Nagel Point of ABC. a/2y, then

aa/0
a

=
.

...

= 2A/s;
a)/s.

(s

Draw NP, NQ,

NR perpendicular to AH,, BK CH AP = h, a = h^a/s = 2r.


2,

S,

then

.'. the perpendiculars from on B-f!^ A^ A V B^ the sides 2r. of the anti-medial triangle A^B-^G-^ (...) are each is the in-centre of the triangle A 1 1 C 1 Hence
}

=
.

PORISTIC TRIANGLES.

The two triangles ABC, A 1 B 1 C 1 have G for their common for their in-centres, centroid and centre of similitude, / and for Nine-Point centres. and for circumcentres, 0' and

The corresponding joins are parallel, and Thus ON = 2 0'l = E-2r,


.

in the ratio 1:2.

and ON, O'l are


.*.

N describes a circle, centre


An

parallel.

0, radius

=B

2r.

31.

additional note on this interesting point

may

here be

interpolated.

Since

AB,

AC

are

common

and

Ix, ZjX, are parallel radii of


/.

tangents to the circles / and /15 the circles, drawn in the same
line.

direction,

AxX
.'.

And
/.

since

AxNX is a straight AP = 2r = Xx, PX is parallel to AxNX


l

or

l ;

PXX^
/.

is

Again
Let

a parallelogram, and XI Ix and XA'

PN XX^ = = A'X
l

c.

A'I

/P meet BC

parallel to in T.
is

AN and

PX.

22

MODERN GEOMETRY.
Then
.-.

TH,
lies

:TX = TP:TI=TX:

TA',
of the

TH..TA'. on the Radical Axis (common tangent)


circle.

in-circle

and Nine-Point

32. The Gergonne Point. This is another point whose poristic locus
Since

is

a circle.

BX = s

and

GX = sc,

is y(s the barycentric equation to z(s c), so that b) AX, BY, CZ concur at a point whose b.c. are I/ (s a), .... This point, the Centre of Perspective for the triangles ABC and XYZ, is called the Gergonne Point, and will be denoted

AX

byM.
To determine the absolute b.c. 2A a?
of
JSf,

2A

2A'2

The

join of the
jST
t .

Gergonne Point

and the Nagel Point

passes through

(G.)

Proceeding as usual, the join proves to be 0, a(b c)(s a).a;4-...

which

is satisfied

by the

n.c. of

t,

which are

(&-f c)/(s

The
For which

join of JH and 6r passes through <r. this join is (b 0, a) .aa+ ... c)(s is satisfied by the n.c. of (r, which are l/(s

(G.)
....

a)

33. In the poristics of a triangle the following formulae are often required.
(1)

Put
(3)

s l8

(4)
(5) (6)

= ra. 4AR = (2) abc so that a = s a = &c. & = AV* = r l/^ + 1/^+l/*, = ifi+v* r )/A
s
$],
:

*-.

Va+ aX -."
...

(4E

-h

r)

+ 3r 5 =
2

4r

(E 4-

PORISTIC TRIANGLES.

23
is

34. * The poristic locus of the coaxal with (R) and I(r).
,

Gergorme Point If

a circle

(Greenhill)

Let TTj, 7r 2 TT, be the perpendiculars from A, B, Radical Axis E^E^. The power of A for the circle J(r) (s a)".

C on

the

But by coaxal theory


.-,

this

^=

power
(s

is
2

also equal to 2ir^d

-a)

/2d,

&c

But, if TT be the perpendicular on the Radical Axis from any point whose b.c. are (x, y, z), then
(X

+ y + Z)
b.c.

7T

7T r C

-f

7T

-f 7T 3 Z.

Hence, for

If,

whose

are as

1/s,,

&c.,

and, finally,

Again, the power II for the circle are (x, y, z) is given by

ABC
..v2

of a point

whose

b.c.

= ncu'iiz
/

-f.

o'zx -f- c'xu


..
,

//?A\

.Hence, for M, whose


II

b.c.

are
*
l

(a>s l

+...)s

power of M for the circle ABO varies as the distance of from the Radical Axis. Hence describes a circle coaxal with 0(K) and f(r).
Of. the

M
.

[f

m is

the centre of this circle, then II 2 Om TT,

by coaxal theory
,

/.

Om

4(E + r) '

;^^ 4R+r

.d.

It

may be shown that


is

the radius of the

M circle = r ^ ~

but the proof

long.

* The original proof belongs to Elliptic Functions. given the present writer is responsible.

For the proof here

CHAPTER

IV.

THE SIMSON LINE.


35. FROM any point
diculars
to

Ton

the circumcircle

TX, TY,

TZ

ABC, draw

perpen-

to the sides

BC, CM, AB.

Produce

TX

meet the

circle in

t.

Then, since

BZTX is cyclic, L BZX = BTX or BTt = BAt ZX is parallel to At.


.'.

So

XY

is

parallel to At.
its Pole.

Thus
It is

a straight line, parallel to At. called the Simson Line of T, and T is called
is

XYZ

24

THE SIMSON

LI1S E.

25

A
T

in a given direction At. the chord tT perpendicular to BC, meeting BC in X. line through parallel to At is the Simson Line required, being its pole.

To draw a Simson Line

Draw

Let
(a)

AH AO meet the circle ABC again in a, a';


19

it is

required

to determine the

Simson Lines

of A,
is

a!, a.

For A, the point

coincides with

coincide with

therefore

AH

while lt the Simson Line of


it

Y
A
.

and

Z
is

(b) Since a'BA, a'GA are right angles, the Simson Line of a'.
(c)

follows that
it is

BC

Drawing

ay, az

perpendicular to AC, AB.

seen that yz, the Simson Line of a, passes through it is parallel to the tangent at A.

at once

lt

and that

36. To prove that XYZ bisects TH If Q be the orthocentre of TBC,

(E

orthocentre)

TQ
and

ZRcosA
Xt

AH,
Ax,
since At,

QX =
.-.

XYZ are

parallel

Hx=TX;
is

.'.

HxTX

a parallelogram.

TH, say at h. h lies on the Nine-Point Circle. TOT' being a circumdiameter, prove that, when the Simson Line of T passes through T', it also passes through G. (W. F. Beard)
/.

XYZ bisects

It follows that

BXZ = ov
OCT

37. Let

o-,,

o- 2 ,

0-3

be the direction angles of

XYZ,

taking

of the triangles OAT, OBT, makes with the are equal to the acute angles which sides of ABC; i.e., to o^, o- 2 <r3 , or their supplements, as the case may be.

To prove that the base angles


,

XYZ

OAT

(or

OTA)

= fr%.AOT = frAtT = \K- YXT = BXZ = ov


Xt,

relation of fundamental importance.

To determine
and
Bt
.'.

QX or

Xt

2R sin BA t

= 2R sin BZX 2R sin QX = Xt = 2R sin sin


<r 2 cr s .

Bt.Ct/2R,

<r

26

MODERN GEOMETRY.
38. To determine the
n.c. of T,

the direction angles of


o-,
;

XYZ

being

o-j,

o-

2,

o- 3 .

/.

TA 2R

= 2# cos = TB TC 4<R- cos cos a = 2R cos cos


212. cos
.

OTJ.

<r. 2

cr 3

o-.,

cr 3

so that the n.c. are as

sec

<r l

sec<r2

seco-3

To determine the segments YZ, ZX, XY.


In the circle

AYTZ, with AT as YZ = AT sin A = 2R cos

diameter,
<r l
.

sin yl

a cos a r

39. To determine p,

from A, B, C on

XYZ,
/
^lf

q, r, the lengths of the perpendiculars the Simsori Line of T.

From
and
.-.

(37)

Jft

= 2R sin

o-,

sin

o- 8 ,
o-j
;

JC^

gin

AtX = 2R cos <r


<T!
.

X = ZXT - JTT l

sin

(r 2

sin

o- 3

cc

cot

o^!.

The equation

to

XYZ is
a;

therefore
<r
2
.

cot

cot

y -t- cot

0-3.2;

0.

To determine TT, the length Sim son Line of T.


TT

of the perpendicular

TU
o-^

011

the

= TU = TX sin TXZ =
2 ^1
7

2R

cos

o- 2

cos

<r

cos

Or, since

27t cos

o- 15

having

vertex-tangent and U is the vertex. Since bisects TH, the directrix and passing through H.

4O. Let a parabola be drawn touching the sides of ABG and T for focus. The Simson Line XYZ is evidently the

XYZ

is

XYZ

a line parallel to

Let T be the pole, found as in (35), Kiepert's Parabola. of the Simson Line parallel to the Euler Line OGH. Let the direction angles of be 15 2 8 then

OGH
are

cos O l
so that the n.c. of

oc

(6
2

c )/a, c )....
2

&c.

a/(6

The
or

directrix will be
(6

OGH,
s

c )

cos A.a+....

THE SIMSOX LINE.


41. Denote the vectorial angles OTA, OTB, OTC, 2 3 are equal ^n ^j' ^3< ^ respectively, so that
<

27

OTU
to
<r lt

by
a2
,

x,

<

<

OT 3

or their supplements.

To prove that
Since
TtT'

S
;

fa
.-.

<
tfr.-,

JTT

arc Ct

BT'
<,
c
;

...

= = T'TC-tTC ITT-S = TYZ = ZXT+ T'TX = 8 = ^4-<| /.


.'.

L tTC

BTT'

.-.

T'Tt

-4> 2

(^r-^) + 4> 3 -4>2

<

8.

(7

Making the usual convention that s is to be negative when falls on the side of TOT' opposite to A and B, we may write
<

42. Consider the quadrilateral formed by the sides of ABC and a straight line PQR. The circles ABC, AQR, BRP, CPQ have the common point the M", and their centres 0, 0,, 3 lie on a circle called 2 Centre Circle, passing through M. (9) Let 15 2 3 be the direction angles of PQE. If p be the circumradius of AQR, the perdendiculars from Oj cos Q. on AQ, AR are /o cos E, So that, if a, /?, y are the n.c. of I5
, ,

/c x

ft

:y

cos jB

cos

sec

0.2

sec

Hence

A0 BO^
15 2,

are (sec0 15 sec

CO.A meet at a point sec03 ).

whose coordinates

And, since

= o cos ^+ + -^-7-+ -^ -^sec sec ^ sec 0,


8

...

(2)

/.

JV lies on the circle

ABC,

and

is

the pole of the Simson Line parallel to

PQR.
a straight line)

Again

L 0,NO, = -rrANB

(BNO% being

=
and since
so that point in

TT

00

2,

00., are perpendicular to


.-.

MA, MB,

N lies

0,00, = AMB = 0; on the Centre Circle, and is therefore the second


circle

which the Centre Circle intersects the

ABC.

28

MODERN GEOMETRY.

43. We will now deal with pairs of Simson Lines. T and T' being any points on the circle ABC, it is required to determine 8, the point of intersection of their Simson Lines.

Let Simson Lines of


Then,
if a, /?,

0J0203

T, T',

and

of the

be the direction chord TT'.


sin cr//sin (o^
o-/)
.

angles of the

= SX sin = TT' cos 6

y are n.c. of 8,
<r l
l
.

XX' sin o^
o-,,
---

<r/)

But
so that

OJT =

sin o^ sin o-//sin (o^

OAT'
o^
1

o-/,

(37)

TAT'

<r/;

.'. TT' = 2Esin(o- -o-/), and a = 2J2 cos ^ sin cr, sin o-/. (G.) The equation to the chord which joins the points (aj/S^) and (a2/3 2 y 2 ) on the circle ABC is

aa/ajttg -f

. . .

0.

Hence the equation

to TT' joining the points T, T'


<r/
.

whose

n.c.

are (seco-,, ...)(sec<r/, ...) is cos o-! cos

aa +

. . .

0.

And

the tangent at

T is
cos
2

o-j

aa +

= 0.

44. To prove that the Simson Lines of T and T', the extremities of a circumdiameter, intersect at right angles on the

Medial

Circle.

THE SIMSON LINE.


Let these Simson Lines Xh, X'h' intersect at
o>.

29

Produce TX, T'X' to meet the rectangle, and tt' a diameter.

circle in

t,

',

so that TtT't'

is

of l\ T' are parallel to At, At' (35), therefore at right angles.

The Simson Lines


h, //

and are
(36)

Again, since

are mid-points of

HT,

HT\

But h, h' lie on the Medial Circle ends of a Medial diameter.


Also
Therefore w
Since
/.

therefore they are the

huh'
lies

= JTT,

as

shown above.

on the Medial Circle.

A'X
A'u
d

- A'X', and X<*X' = = A'X or A'X' = E cos

JTT,
t ,

where 6^

2,

O.

are the direction angles of TOT'.

30

MODERN GEOMETRY.
45. Let TOT' cut the Simson Lines wh, wh' in in is the Nine-Point centre. 1? where 0' Since Hh = hT and Hh' = h'T',
.'.

k,

/,'
;

and cut

O'to

And

since hh
.-.

is

is parallel to TOT' or parallel to kk', and 07i OJc ; also kuk' 0,k
fcfc'

fcfc'

=
TT

07i',
:

Hence kk' is a diameter centre and O w as radius.


a

of the circle described with Oj as

And

since

O'OjOj is a straight line, this circle touches


oj.

the

Nine-Point circle at

46. Let
Line of T.

or/, (r./, o-./

be the direction angles of X'h'u, the Simson

Then, since the Simson Lines of


.'.

T and T

= O^i^TT, cr/
:

are at right angles,

so that the n.c. of T' are 2Bcos (^TT cos (^TT <r ), o-. &c., or 2) 3 which are as cosec^ coseccr 2 cosec <r 3 2/t sin o-2 sin or3 &c.
, ;
:
.

Or, since T't


.-.

is

parallel to

EC,

T'X'
cos

tX
o-j

= 2R sin
o- a
.

cr.,

sin

cr

Therefore the equation to the diameter TOT'


sin
a;

is

0.

47. Consider the figures ATOT', uXA'X'. Since TAT' and XwX' are right angles, while 0, A' are the mid-points of TOT', XA'X', and
the angle
it

OTA

or

(MT = A'Xu
,

or

4'wX

(37)

follows that
the figures

ATOT' uXA'X'

are similar,

a fact to be very carefully noted.

48. Through o> draw Pwp perpendicular Then from similar triangles AOp, wA'p',
/.

to

BC.
0,

A'p

OpjR Op cos
.*.

^!

A'p'/A'u

Ap'/R

cos

perpendicular from p on 0^4'

Pwp' passes through p. Hence, if Ap, Bq, Or be perpendiculars to TOT', and pp', qq\ rr' be perpendiculars to BO, CA, AB, then pp', qq', rr' are concurrent at that point o> on the Nine-Point circle, where the Simson Lines of T, T' intersect. It follows that o> is the Orthopole of the diameter TOT' (see Chap. VI).

THE SIMSON L1XE.


49. Since and
.-.

31
(44) the Nine-Point Circle,

A'<t)

^4'Pw
.-.

A'u = R cos = R sin A'P<a, in = angle = #!


(9

15

i-Tr

Op//

^L'P is parallel to TOT'. 7 Hence, to find <u when 2 O.T" is given, draw the chord A'P in the Nine-Point circle, and then draw the chord P<o perpendicular
to

BG.

A'

SO. The A'B'C'

n.c. of

<o.

From
is

(35) the Simson Line of o> in the Nine-Point circle parallel to A'P, and therefore to TOT'. Hence the direction angles of this Simson Line are # 1? 0, Q y It follows from (38) that the J/'C" n.c. of o> are
a'

2.JEcos^ cos^,
2 15

&c.,
3
.

which are

as

sec

sec ^2

sec

The ^BCn.c. of w. From the similar triangles


a

A'u.Ap/A = p cos 6 r Hence the absolute n.c. of w are p cos 15 ^ cos $ 2 To determine a in terms of p, q, r.

wA'p',

up

AOp,

9*

cos ^8

32

MODERN GEOMETRY.
p', q', r'

Let

Then
also

since A'

be the perpendiculars on TOT' from is mid-point of 50,


p'

A', B', C'.

A'O.cos 6

= R cos A cos

The formulae of (14) and (50) supply us with a very simple proof of (8). aa For bp + rf. (14)

.*.

a .p cos

#!

R cos

cos 6 l
3

+ c.R
cos
2
.

cos

cos

#.,

b cos

51. To illustrate the use of these formulae, take the case when TOT' passes through J, the in-centre. Here cos0 = %(b-c)/d, p = R/d.(b-c)(*-a)/a \d=OI]. 4o = R(c-a)(a-b)/d* oc l/(&-c), So that 2 2 = aa and ^E/d (6-c) ( 5 -a) a (6-c) (.s-a). w is Point. the Feuerbach Hence
a
;

52. To determine the A'B'G'


in (45).

n.c. of

1?

the centre of the circle

Taking A'B'G' as triangle


is

of reference, the equation to 0. cos ^.cos O l .aa jr ...

TOT'
(16)

The equation to the diameter of the Nine-Point ...) is through oo, whose n.c. are (sec
1S

circle passing

sin O l cos 6 l aa'


.

+
C

. . .

= 0.
C

(46)

Hence

at

O where
lt

these lines intersect,

aa'.cos O l

oc

cos cos

B sin
B (p
2 J5

cos

sin $2

a
/.

a'cosflj

oc

p (sin
is

q)/siu G sin 2 (7)

cos

(r

p}/ sin
r sin

5. sin

25
0.

2 6'.

Bat

since

TOT'
p

a diameter of
a

ABC,
X,

sin 2 J.

+ ^ sin 27? + r sin 20 =


<x

Hence

p sec

&c.

To determine the radius Ojw (= p) of this circle. The perpendicular TT from o> on the A'B'C' Simson Line

of

<u

= 2 JE
.

cos

cos

0,

cos 6y

(39)

The angle

&'

which

this

= ^+^+

makes with the diameter wO^'


0,.

(41).

THE SIMSON LIXE.

33

The perpendicular from


/.

oo

on TOT'
;

= 2 perpendicular on Simson Line = 2?r = Oj<o = 2?r sec = 2.R cos ^ cos cos sec (0 + +
8'
2

8)

o> for parabola, which touches the sides of A'B'G' and has focus, has the Simson Line of o> for its vertex tangent, and for its directrix the diameter TOT', which is parallel to the Simson of A'B'G'. Line and passes through the orthocentre

The

53. The envelope of the Simson Line


cloid
.

is

a Tricusp Hypocy-

Since
.-.

But
/.

/.wA'H1 = AOT, >0'H = 2.AOT. Medial Radius = JB


l

arc -E^w

= arc AT =

2 arc dh,

by similar figures Hdh, HAT.

arc A'L = ^ arc A'H^ Now take and draw Medial diameter LO'l. Then, since A'd is also a Medial diameter,
/.

arc

Also

.'.

A'L = arc Id = 2 2 arc A'L H^L arc H^ = 2 arc JW arc LCD = 2 arc Z&.
arc
;

arc
;

Id.

Therefore Xo>/> touches* a Tricusp Hypocycloid, having 0' for centre, the Medial Circle for inscribed circle, and LOl for one axis.

54. Let

DOD' be the circumdiameter through


3

I,

the in-centre.

Let

<j,

</>. 2,

denote the vectorial angles D'DA, D'DB, D'DG.

Draw
Then
Also

the chord CIP.

is

the mid-point of the arc

AB

and

IPD' or GPD'
/.

IPD

Let r/R
I

= in

= GDD' = = ^r-0
3
.

3 ;

then
f

lm

IP _ + m_llj __ny ~~ " ~ IP ID ID


'

sin

IPD' sinDD'P
-|

sin
'

P DP'
IPD

sin
)

sin

0.<

sin
</> 2 )

(^ +
3

<ft. 2

cos

-|

(0j

cos

34
tan

MODERN GEOMETRY.
.'.
.

cot
3

</>,

Put

<k

0s

=^
+
<

sin S

EEB

,S',

sin
-f

=
si 2)

Then

=
.

sin (<k
l

cos

<

cos (<k
'

2tan^(<k + <M
2
2

/.

fif/s.

+ tan'i^ + i.) (l-m) sm

C S

- 1 - tan
m)
2

2 (1

cos

2
<^) 3

(1

sin

cos

And
or

finally,

8/s.
3
.s-

(3

-m^.
B D

0.

From (42) the angle S is the vectorial angle of the perpendicular from _D on the Simson Line of -D, and this Simson Line passes through the Feuerbach Point F, and through /, one of the fixed points, where the circle I(r) cuts the axis DIOD' (45). The cubic then gives the values of <k, < 2 0i * ne vectorial
>

THE SIMSON LINE.


angles of

35

DA, DB,

DC

and thus the triangle


<

ABC

is

deter-

mined

any given position of F. = (7, cos Again, if we put cos 8


for

c,

we

shall obtain

(Greenhill).

55. In a poristic system of triangles ABC, the Simson line of a fixed point 8 on (-R), passes through a fixed point. is also a tangent. Let SSv S8 Z be tangents to I(r) then
;

Draw DE touching I (r) and parallel Draw 8T perpendicular to DE.

8^

to

/SyS'.,.

Then shall the Simson Line of 8 pass through the fixed point T. Let DE be cut by AB. AC in y, /?. let AS AS cut D.2? in H, K. Let AC, AB cut S, 2 in F, G
;

Now
1G, IS l

ip, IE, Iy,


;

ID

are perpendicular respectively to IF, T8^

and hence

Thus
or
Ao-nin,
.*.

SDH = SS& = SAS, or HDAH is cyclic, and similarly SEAK.


L
Sf/lfi".

ftD.pH

yD.yH

36

MODERN GEOMETRY.
The
relation
(i)

circles are in the

shows that the powers of fi and y for these same ratio and hence that ft, y lie on a circle coaxal with these circles, and therefore passing through A and 8. That is, ASj3y is cyclic.
;

the four circles circumscribing the four triangles formed fiy have a common point, which must be /S, since this point lies on the circles ABC, Afiy. Hence o^o^cr, and T, the feet of the perpendiculars from S on the lines jRO, GA, AB, /3y, are collinear. In other words, the Simson Line o^o-gOg of S for the triangle ABG passes through T, a fixed point, being the foot of the perpendicular from S on the fixed line fty.

Now

by AB, AC, BC,

(Grreenhill

and Dixon)

in (34), (54), (55) present themselves in the Cubic Transformation of the Elliptic Functions.

The properties given

CHAPTER

V.

PEDAL TRIANGLES. 56. FROM a point S within the triangle ABC perpendiculars to BC, CA, AB respectively, so

draw

Sd, Se, Sf
is

that def

the

Pedal Triangle of 8 with respect to ABC. Let angle d = A, e = /*, / v. Produce AS, BS, CS to meet the circle ABC again L, If, N. From the cyclic quadrilateral SdCe, SCe or NCA L Sde NLA,

in

so

Sdf = ML A d or A = MLN,

&c.

Thus
to

LMN

is

similar to the pedal triangle of


is

S with regard
S with

ABC.
similar to the pedal triangle of

Similarly ABC regard to LMN.


.'.

BSC=BMC+SCM = BMC + NCM

or

NLM = A + \.

a point 8 whose pedal triangle has given angles A, /x, v, describe inner arcs on BG, CA, AB respectively, + v, any two of these arcs containing angles A-}- A, J5 + /x, intersect at the point S required.
37

To determine

38

MODERN GEOMETRY.
This construction also gives S as the pole of inversion when inverted into a triangle with given angles X, /x, v.

ABC is
57.
of 8,

LMN

If r x

r2

and

if

?* 3 represent SA, SB, 8C, the tripolar coordinates be the circumradius of def,
,

then

2p sin A

=
:

e/

= SA
:

sin e J/

=
.*.

(in circle SeAf, r l sin JL ;

diameter
sin v

AS)

MN

NFj

LM = ef

fd

de

= =

sin A

sin
:

/x

a i\
r

ferj

ci\.

Limiting Points. In section (21)


in

(G""0

let

TA, TB,

TC meet

the circle
or

ABC

again

IMN.
Then from
In (a),
In {&),
7

(57)

MN
a;
.'.

oc

sinX

arr
A/a.

TA&S
7 J.

MNcta(sa).
M"JV
oc

a 1/ya;

/.
/.

In

(c),
1

TAaza-,

IfJV

oc

a/v/a a2
.

In (a ), T^l oc v/ cot^.; .'. JfJVocsin^. -s/cot J. in (a) and Let J x I3 be the in -centres of the orthocentres in (b) and (rf). It is very easy to prove that
,

oc

\/sin 2J..
;

LMN
=

(c)

H^

01,

01,

OI3

OH, OH,

01,

OiT4

58. In (21), since

p
2

oc

sin A/a
2

sin

fji/b

sin

i//c,

the Radical Axis becomes


sin A/a
2
.

x + sin 2

/x/6

?/

4- sin

vjc~ . z

0.

To determine J, the pole of this Radical Axis ABC. = 0. The polar of a'ft'y' is (by + c)8') a +
1
. . .

for the circle

/.
.'.

sin A/ 2 sin A
.

oc ~by -\-cfi

ac/3'

+2

aZ>y'

6ca' oc

2 2 A -f sin 2 /x + sin 2 v oc e/ +/^ + de* a cos A .fd de oc cos A sin ^ sin v oc cot A

sin

.*.

a! oc

a cot A;

so that the n.c. of

/are a

cot A, 6 cot/x,

c coti/.

(Dr. J. Schick)

PEDAL TRIANGLES.
59. To show that
Z7,

39
proportional to
X,
II.

the area of def,

is

the

power

of

for the circle

ABC.

2U =
and

de df. sin X
.

= rr
2

3 .

sin

B sin C sin
C.

2A

4 R- sin

sin

B sin

Now
and
in the triangle

r3

.&M"=I

SMC,

r 3 or 86'

=
is

$flf.si
3

Hence

Z7/A

Jll/fi

= J (B - OS')/Rr.
2

When U is
centre 0.

constant,

OS

constant, and

describes a circle,

Let

a,

ft,

y be the n.c. of S.
fty sin .1

Then
Putting we h ave

2(AeS/+...)
2
,

4A 2
afiy

=
2

. . .

(aa + &^ -f cy )
S)/abc, (aa
.

(R

+ 6^-4- cy)

as the locus (a concentric circle) of S 9 when OS is constant. When 08 vanishes, as the pedal triangle becomesa R,

Simson Line, and

GO. To determine the power


the b.c. of S.

II of

a point

S in terms

of #, y,

z,

Since

aa/x
.'.

=
a

bft/y

cy/z

2A/ (a: -\-y + -z). x/a,

&c.

2R

Note that only the


Examples.
(i)

ratios x

are required.

For

I,

oc

40
(ii)

MODERN GEOMETRY.
For #,
x
oc

tan

^4

B tan + A 1? + tan (7) tan + (tan = 8 7T cos cos B cos C.


a 1 tan
2
.
.

^4.

(iii)

For

6r,

a;

=y=

lies on a known circle for which the powers of are simple expressions, the power II of S for the circle ABC usually takes a simpler form than that given by the above general formula. Let d be the distance between the centres of the two circles Q and tftftf the known powers of J., #, G for the circle Q ; TrTTjTToTr.j, the perpendiculars from $, J., 5, (7 on the Radical Axis of the two circles. "

61.

When 8

J., J5,

ABC

From

(7),

we have

;r

But, from coaxal theory, t* 2d 7r 1? &c.,

while

II

=
found in (60

Equating this

to the expression for

II,

we have

a-yz

as the locus

+ tfzx + rfxy of 8 i.e. the


:

(tiX

+ t*y+tz)(p+y+t}

circle Q.

As an example,
This point
of
lies

A=

t*

= \ be cos
w,

us find II for the point w (50). on the Nine-Point Circle, for which the power
let
^4,

&c.
(50)

Also for

and
/.

H=

= aa = p (q + r} tan A, x + y + z = 2A.
-4 -f..
.

[Jfoccos-4._p(2 + r) tan

J/2A

62. The Radical Axis of the circles

Q and ^5(7
0,

is

t?x+tfy + t'fz =
for
TTj

oc

t^.

Examples.
(i)

(ii)

When Q is When Q is

In-circle

t?
:

=
^
2

(saf.

Circle

J^Jj

fee.

PEDAL TRIANGLES.
(iv)

41
:

(v)
(vi)

When Q When Q When Q

is
is

Anti-medial Circle (1)

t*

a\

Nine-Point Circle
1

^ be cos
:

oc

cot -4.

T^./l .^ circumscribed to the triangle formed by the tangents at A, B, C E2 tan B tan C oc cot t*
is circle

A
t?

(vii)
(viii)

When Q is the circle ((91?) When Q is Polar Circle


:

= 2E cos A.%h,ac cot A.


a
cot

t?

AH*+4<B?
cot

cos

A
.

cos

B cos
.

So that

circles (v) (vi) (vii) (viii)

have the same Radical Axis


z

A.x + cot B y + cot C

= 0.

63. Feuerbach's Theorem.

To determine the Radical Axis


In-circle
:

of the Nine-Point circle

and

Take A'B'C' as triangle of reference, The power of A' for the In-circle = t*
/.

A'X*
...

the Radical Axis

is

(6

c) #'-|-

= J(6
0.

c)

n.c.

this is the tangent to the circle A'B'C' at the point whose are l/(6 c).... Hence the two circles touch, and !/(& c)... are the n.c. of the point of contact.

But

We

64. To express have


/.

II in

terms of

X,

//,,

v.
;

L
.
.

BSG = A + A

aa

2A/H
2

or

= 2.&BSC = BS.SO.aintA + X) = BS SM sin (A + X) sin A/sin X = n {sin A cot X + i sin 2^1} (aa + &/34-cy)/LI = S.sinM cot X + i^.sin2^.
2
;

(Fig., p. 37)

Multiply each side by


87? A/I1 or

45

2
.

Then
a? cot

2E

abc/tt

X + 6 2 cot

/x,

+c
.

cot v

+ 4A

= 2E
giving
II in

abc or
/x,

8E A,
2

n = 2R

abc/M

terms of

X,

v.

* The 2 expression "a cotA+..." was first used, I believe, by Dr. J. The relations he deals Schick, Professor in the University of Munich. with are different from those treated in this work.

42
Since
IV

MODERN GEOMETRY.

cr

cotX-K..+4A

65. Observe also that the area of def


so that,
if

2A /M J. A/E .n be the radius of the pedal circle def, 2A 2/M ; 2p~. sin X sin /UL sin v
2 2
;

= U=

U=

and now

the elements of def are found in terms of fl From above, aa sin (A + X) sin A/sin. X. (ibc sin (A +X) a Hence sin X
all

X,

/UL,

v.

66. To illustrate one of these results, take $, the focus of and J.C at C (see at Artzt's Parabola, which touches

AB

Figure, p. 88).
It is

(G-.)

known
/.

SAC = SBA, SAB = SO A 5^% = BAS + ABS = BAS + CAS =


that L

A.

So

GSK^

= A.

.'.

BSA =
/x,

IT

A
58(7

and So

#+ G = = 2,1.

06VI,

that,

if X,

v are the

pedal angles of $,

Putting

4A.cot^L

we obtain

= 2A.M = =
^4.

a2 a (2
4crra 1
2
,

where

m ^
l
;

Then
and
/.

p~ sin

sin

G sin

J?

/lf

finally
.

p
so

Then

$^4 sin J.
;

SA = %. bc/m,
n.c. of

= e/ = 85 = |

J&c/m,.

2p sin X
.

c^jm^

SG

The

S can be
a

at once obtained

from
X,

abc/M. sin ( A + A.) /sin

&c.

67. If, with respect to the circle ABC, the point S l be the 2 -B inverse point of S, lying on OS produced then OS.OS l
;

PEDAL TRIANGLES

43

so that S, >i may be taken as the limiting points of a coaxal system, to which the circle ABC belongs.

If OSS, cuts this circle in T,. T', then angles between AS and AS 19 &c., so that

AT, AT'
:

bisect the

S,A
rilateral
"
l

SA = ^T ST =
:

S,B

SB
;

Let d^f, be the pedal triangle of

S e Af
l
:

l
:

BI/I

e i/i

/i^i

^i e i

= = SA - ef

SiA sin A #i-4. sin J. S^B.sinB


.
:

= S,C SC. then in the cyclic quad:

S-^C . sin

.sin

A SB
:

.sin

B SO
:

.sin

C C
Si are

fd

de.

Hence the pedal triangles


inversely similar
:

of the inverse points


el

S and

so that
di

X,

=^

fi

=
is

v.

To prove that the triangle .L 1 .M 1 .W pedal triangle of S r In the cyclic quadrilateral # 1 d 1 ce


] ,

similar to d^fi, the

So
&c. eidji or X similar to the pedal triangle of Similarly respect to the triangle LjJtfjJVj. To determine &\ first find 8 (56), and then obtain inverse point of S.
.'.

= M^N^

ABC

is

with
as the

44

MODERN GEOMETRY.

now have a second pole ($ T ) from which inverted into a triangle with given angles

We

ABC
X,
p.,

can be
v.

J^M^

68. To express terms of X, v.


/u,,

IIj,

the power of

S
1

for the circle

ABC,

in

So
Also

.-.

So

and
giving
y8 x

= BM CS (M.CN,) = HM.C-M.L.N, [cyclic quad. = A\. A&\B = C-v. A8,C = A8 B + B8 C = (A-\) + (C- v = n-B. |> > B] oo! = 2.^B8 C = BS .C8 .sinB8 C = BS 8^ sin (A - X) sin A/sin X = Ilj.sin (A X) sin J./sinX. = Hi sin Cv) sin (7/sin 6ft = n sin (Bp) sin 7?/sin
l_

B8,C

GM
1

cy-t

v,

/*,

a negative value
2

[/A

>

B], as the figure indicates.

Proceeding as before, we find

n^ = ZR.abc or 85 A,
giving IIj in terms of Since H
i
15

where
2

M,=

a 2 cot
i^.

X+

...

4A,

and therefore

of X, u,

=
'

-E

Jtt

a2

cotX+...-4A'
[or

from

Hence

0/S

/^ = ^/M, and 0<S\W = OT ~ E08 ~ _ VM


2

8T'

JB+ 08
#1

VM+ VM
4 /^.
!

'

The area Hence


If

of

A^A/I

l/Ul/U =
l
/x,

SA /!/!.
2

^ be the radius of the pedal circle d^f^ sin v = ^ = 2A /M 2pi* sin X sin
2
.

And now
/A,

all

the elements of d

e l fl

are found in terms of

V.

From
Hence

above,

ac^

=
a,

IIj

sin

a6c -

X) sin A/sin X. sin (A X) } \ sin X

PEDAL TRIANGLES.
69. In section (47)
it

45

was proved that the

are similar, and just as homologous to d r

uXdA'X'

is

homologous

SOT' and figures to d, so is S l

AT

Now AT bisects
.*.

the angle SAS l toX bisects the angle dn)d r


;

It follows that
<ad
:

wdi
<*>d

= Xd
:

so that

we

w/ =

Xd,

=
<ad l

TS
:

TS
:

&c.,

o^

<ofr
;

Hence
<uX',

<o is the double point of the similar figures and wX, the Simson Lines of T, T\ are the axes of similitude for the

inversely similar triangles def

and ^i/i-

(Neuberg)

CHAPTER

VI.

THE ORTfiOPOLE.*
*7O.

LET jo,
7?,
2,

g,

from A,
are
M

C on any

r be the lengths of the perpendiculars Ap, Bq, Cr straight line TT', whose direction angles

0,.

p$j perpendicular to BC, qS 2 perpendicular to OA, rS & perpendicular to AB. These lines shall be concurrent.

Draw

For and
/.

B8 = BD+p sin^,
l

KBSfGSfi =

CS = GDp sinfl,, i.apsinWj^O; 5('/) -OD )4-2.2^sin^ =


l

(2)
0.

Hence $!_p, *S 2 g, /9 3 r are concurrent. The point of concurrence, denoted by


J.

<S',

is

called (by Professor

Neuberg) the Orthopole

of

TT.

The Orthopole theorems are nearly


46

all

due to Professor

J. ISeuberg.

THE ORTHOPOLE.
1 .

47

Let 9 be the length of the perpendicular 88' on TT O r 3 to represent for this one particular case, take the acute angles which the sides of ABO make with TT'.

Now,

pq = c cos S Also pSS' = O are 88' since 8p, perpendicular to BC, TT' also #$' = 3 and ^$2 = C

We

have

since $p,
.-.

$g are perpendicular to

50,
.

(7

Sp

cos

.sin (90

)/sin

G
0,

=
cos

2R cos
2

cos

6..

and

Sp

cos

2 J^ cos
itself,

cos

3.

As T2" moves parallel to unchanged in shape arid size.

the figure SqS'pr remains

71. To determine the Orthopole geometrically. Let Ap meet the circle ABG again in R. Draw the chord RR'R" perpendicular to BG. Let BA, OA meet TT' in r', r".

Then
so
/.

BR =

2B.sin

OS = 2E cos
.

(BAR
2
.

or r'Ap)

= 2R cos
cos
<9 3

8,

RR = BR OB/2B = 2E cos

^8p.

Hence 8 is found by drawing R'S, pS parallels to Ap, RR'. As TT' moves parallel to itself, 8 slides along R'8 perpendicular to TT'.

Also R'8' 8, being parallel to AR,

is

the Simson Line of R".

72. To determine the


a.
l

ABC

n.c. of S,

= 8S = projection of J9gr$ on fi^^ = q cos 0j + 85 cosp8q = q cos + 2R cos cos $ cos 0.


0j
6*!

(G.)

.'.

asectfj
first

+ 2R cosC (cr
.

ap cos

bq cos J.)/2A,

Multiply other terms by

2A/4R

term on right side by sin A sin B sin 2

from (2). and the

Then
2
!

A/2/t

sin B cos A cos G .q sin 5 + cos C.r sin G cos jB cos O.jp sin A cos J5.(/ sin J9 + cos0.r sin 6' cos^cos O. sin ^4 sin

0.^

48
Also
*.-.

MODERN GEOM ETRY


2A.COS0J
2

ap

cos

= R/2& .(apbq cos C


x (cos

C .bq
B) C.ap

cr cos
73

cos

cos

B
,

bq

cos

C .cr).
(5)

Multiplying the two factors, and using the form

ay -S.gr. 2bc cos A =


B cos C+aqr
is
.

4A
C

we

obtain

2Aa

abc cos

rpb cos
...

When

TT',

whose equation

ap.a+

pq.c cos B.
0,

the circumcentre 0, then ap cos In which case


a

A+

. . .

=0.

passes through

= JK/2A = p cos

2
.

2 A cos O l (cos
.

B cos C.ap + ap. cos ^4)

Then
Let

73. Let ^Oi' be the circumdiameter parallel to TT'. cr, the orthopole of tt\ lies on the Ts"ine-Point circle.

H be the orthocentre of ABC.


=
irR,
.'.

Since ATT

J^'o-j
2?. J2'

o^-Hp
tnr

Again

5"E'

+ 2.0A' =

+ AH;

* It was Mr. T. Bhimasena Rao who first pointed out expression for each coordinate involves two linear factors in p, method is different from that given above.

that
q, r.

the

His

THE ORTHOPOLE. But


ATT'

49

RR'

(equal triangles
Tr'H,

Ame r RarR']

o-rr.

And
Hence
o-

2.7TO-,;

is

the mid-point of

/TZ?",

and therefore

lies

on the

Nine-Point

circle.

74. To
Bisect

find a

the

ABO

n.C. of

cr.

(G.)

Tr'jETj

in m.
CTTT

Then
.*.

=
'

o-^

J.m

= JV and == = ATT COS m^TT


TT<T I

TT'W.
jo

COS

0j,

&C.,

as

found in preceding;

article.

To

find a

'y

',

the J/'C' n.c. of


cr^
is

cr.

(G.)
to

Since
.'.

Acr
is

is

= =

and parallel and parallel


;

Am,

to o^m.

Also TT^Hjm

AH^cr
Hence the
through
or.

a rectangle is a symmetrical trapezium.

circle (^Lw),

passing through

and

TT,

passes also

.'.

<rA'

= R sin o-Jfj J/ =
orB' .irC'/R
,

cos
2

(9

/.

a/

R COS ^

COS # 3

&C.,

so that

(sec^, sec<9 2 sec ^ 3 ) referred to A' JVC'. It follows that the point cu of sections (44-50) with the Orthopole <r of a circumdiameter TOT'.
cr

is

coincides

75. The Simson Lines of the extremities of any chord TT' of the circle ABC pass through $, the orthopole of TT'
.

For, since

.'.

.'.

pR^X

or
.'.

L TpR = 90 = TR R, TR^R is cyclic pR^ = TRp or TRA =


1
;

T1\A

R p is
r

But
.'.

XE =
a

parallel to
72'JS

ATV
;

XA^

is

parallel to R\p,

= Sp and therefore

to

T^.

Hence
So for

XS is
T'.

the Simson Line of T.

50

MODERN GEOMETRY.
r
,

Thus we have three Simson Lines SX, SX 8R', through 8, their poles being T, T', R" respectively.

all

passing

They are the three tangents drawn from 8 to the tricusphypocycloidal envelope of the Simson Lines, so that each of the points T, T\ R" has similar relations to the other two for
;

example

is perpen() Just as R'S is perpendicular to TT'. so dicular to T'R", and X'S to TR" or each Simson Line is perpendicular to the join of the other two poles.
;

XS

A on TT lies BC from S so also do p and p the feet of perpendiculars from A on TR", T'R". Hence ppip$ is the Simson Line of A in the triangle TT'R".
(6)

As

jp,

the foot of the perpendicular from


to
:

on the perpendicular

3,

Thus (S. Narayanan) the Simson Lines of A, B, C for th triangle TT'R" as well as the Simson Lines of T, T\ R" for all pass through 8.

AhO

THE ORTHOPOLE.

51
9

through

76. Let TT' cut BG in 7, and let the circle (AU) passing and p, cut Sp in p'. twice product of perpendiculars from Then Sp Sp' and on TT'. (G.)

In the circle (A U ) the chords pp\ H^A are parallel .'. the trapezium Ap'pH^ is symmetrical.

But the trapezium Aa"jrH


/.

is

But
Note that 2^8

= pir d and = S<r p'a= 2 So- cos crSp' = 2d cos Q r Sp' 2R cos cos = d sec 6^ Sp
p-rr
;

also symmetrical

0.2

;i

is therefore the power of S for the circle (AU). Similarly, if TT' cut CA in 7, ,15 in TF, the power of 2c/3 for each of the circles (7), (017). S Therefore in the quadrilateral formed by 730, CA, AB, TT', the orthopole ( S) of TT' lies on the 4-orthocentre line, or common Radical Axis of the three diameter circles.

If

77. Lemoyne's Theorem. P be any point on the straight line TT', whose orthopole

is S,

then the power of


is

S'

with regard to

XT/,

the pedal circle

of P,

constant.

52

MODERN GEOMETRY.

Draw

ABRC
Let

pfi, py parallel to are honiothetic.

RB,

Ti'O,

so that tlie figures Aftpy,


to

Draw AX'

YZ
Zi

cut
lies

parallel to /3y in x.

BC, XPX' perpendicular


lies

PC.
circle Afty.

Since

on the circle A BC, therefore^

on the

Lpyx or

pyfi
i

= pA3 = pYZ
cyclic

or

pAZ
pYx
;

or

(circle

AYpZPX', diameter AP)


;

/.

pxy
/.

- pYy =
pxX'
8.

Yxpy
is

is

180-pr,4 =
a straight line.

jpX'4

Let

Xx

cut

pS

in

Then Sp/XX'

= px/xX'
ratio of perpendiculars

from p and It and

J.
^L

/.

= SB'/ XX' 8p = RR' = pS;


;

(from similar figures Aftpy,

BG ABRC)

on on

fiy

.'.

8 coincides

with

$.

Observe that, since U^pp A is symmetrical, .*. Xpp'X' is symmetrical, and therefore cyclic. Denote the circles XYZ, XX'pp, AYpZPX' by L, M,
respectively.

Let L and M intersect again in x. Xow the common chord of L and M is If and
,, ,,

A'a''.

is

A~>.

and JV
;

is

YZ.

These common

But
.'.

X'p,

YZ

chords are concurrent. pass through x


&,

Xx' passes through

and therefore through

S.

/. SX.Sx' = Sp.Sp' = 2d&. But X, x' are two points on the circle XYZ. Hence the power of $ for the circle XYZ = 2<iS. ISTote that the circles (AU), (#P), (GW) are the pedal circles
ur,

Finally, since Xpx'p'X'

is cyclic,

of

F,

w.

78. When TT' is a circumdiameter ^Of', then t7 vanishes, and then the pedal triangles all pass through the orthopole <r of tOt'.

THE ORTHOPOLE.
Since in this case
figures A^iry, Hence Xo- and

53

AT

TrR, the
:

dimensions of the homothetic


B'G'.

ABRC are as 1 2, so that fty becomes YZ intersect on B'C'.

x, y, z

79. Returning to the general case, the diagram shows that if are the b.c.'s of 8 with regard to the triangle XYZ, then

SP
XX'
>

AXYZ~xX
_
.'.

27? cos #2 cos 0^

sec

0,

2R sin B sin sin A sec sin B


:

sec # 3 sin C.

Thus the Orthopole has constant


pedal triangles

b.c.

XYZ.

for every one of the

(Appendix

I.)

8O. In section (20) we determined the inverse points T, T'

whose tripolar coordinates are

CA

at Q, (/

AB

at

1?, J?/

p, q, r so that

BP PC =
:

by dividing

BG
:

r,

at P, P' &c., and


;

describing circles on PP', ^(/, _BK'. Conversely we may begin by taking two inverse points T and Then the internal T', whose tripolar coordinates are p, q, r. and external bisectors of BTC, (BT'G) meet the sides in the points P, P', &c. for
;

J3P
It is

PC = BT TC =
:

r,

&c.

known

E'PQ

lie 011

that the triads of points P'^'JB', P'QR, Q'RP, four straight lines, the equation of P'Q'R' being

px + qy + rz
while that of

P'QR

is

= = rz + px-}-qy

0,
0,

&c.

To prove that the point common to the four circumcircles of the four triangles formed by these four straight lines is w, the
Orthopole of OT1*. Describe a parabola touching P'Q'R' and the sides of the B'C' as triangle of reference. Medial Triangle A'B'C', and take From (15) the A' B'G' equation of P'Q'R' is

(g

+ r) x' 4- (r +p) y'+(p + q)


...,

z'

0.
^-,

Then from
where

(9) the n.c. of the focus are as

&c.,

= p'], [g + r

or as

^ y3

Changing +p into jo makes no change in the focus, therefore the parabola also touches P'QR, and similarly Q'RP and R'PQ

54

MODERN GEOMETRY.

Now

Tm

let 0,, 2 the direction angles of 3 be perpendicular to BG.


,

OTT\ and draw

Then

oc

GT*
-=
2

-r
a

oc

2a. J/w
oc

oc

2a.OI cos0

sec

/)

0,.

Hence the orthopole w, whose n.c. are (sec 15 ...) is the focus of the parabola the Simson Line of w (in A'B'G') being the vertex tangent, and OTT' the Directrix. And, the circumcircles of the triangles formed by any three of the four tangents P'Q'R', ..., pass through the focus o>. On the fixed Directrix TOT' may now be taken an infinite number of inverse pairs (TT*). For each pair we have a set of four harmonic lines touching the parabola, the circumcircles of the four triangles passing through <o, and the four orthocentres
:

lying on TOT'. In addition to each set of four harmonic tangents, there are also the three tangents B G' G'A\ A'B'. The student may
f 1

develop this hint.

(G.)

Remember
pass through

also that the pedal circles of all points o>. (Appendix II}.

T or

T' also

CHAPTER

VII.

ANTIPEDAL TRIANGLES.
point within the triangle ABC, the angles are called the Angular Coordinates of 8 they are denoted by .X", Y, Z. If A, /A, v are the angles of the pedal triangle of S, then
If

81.

S be any

BSC, CSA,

ASB

'

-,

So that,

if a,

/?,

y are the n.c. of 8, aa Il.sin (A+\) sinA/siu A

= =n

sin

X sin A/sin (XA).

(65)

82. Orthologic Triangles.

Draw any straight lines MN, NL, LM perpendicular to 8 A, SB, SO, so that the perpendiculars from J, 5, C on the sides
of

LMN are concurrent

from LMN on the sides of ABC be concurrent. Let AS, intersect at Z, &c.

(at /S).

Then

shall the perpendiculars

MN

55

56

MODERN GEOMETRY.
Then

SM - SN =
2 2

MPNP = AM*- AN
2

.-.

(BL

8VSM* = CL*-CM*', - CL ) + (CM '-^Jtf 4- (AN'-BN*) =


2

0.

Hence the perpendiculars from L,


concurrent, say at R.

If, JV

on

0,

(7-4,

AB

are

Triangles

ABC,

LMN

which are thus

related, are said to be

mutually Orthologic.

To determine the trigonometrical


Since SB,
so that

relation between

8 and

R.

SC
aa

are perpendicular to
/_

.-.

BSC = X = TT-L
(TT

LN, LM,
;

Il.sin

L)

sin

^4 /sin (?r

J.),

or

from (65)
let

II .sin

i sin^4/sin

(lv

+ ^1).
LMN, and

Now
II'

let

',

^/',

2'

be the power of

be the b.c. of R referred to R for the circle LMN.

Reasoning as before, we have x' = n'.sin (TT A) sin

_L/sin (TT
;

L)

=
.-.

IT. sin

^4
f

sin _L/sin (J.


f

x/x'

= y/y = = n/n'.

z/z

+ L) - area ABC/LMN
to

Hence the

b.c. of

& with reference

with reference to

LMN

ABC

are as the b.c. of

areas of the triangles, respective circumcircles.

and the proportion is that of the or of the powers of S and R for their
;

83. Antipedal Triangles.

Let def be the pedal triangle of 8. Then, since dS is perpendicular to BC, eS perpendicular to CM, fS perpendicular to AB are concurrent at S, the triangles ABC, def are orthologic, so that the perpendiculars from A on ef, from B on fd, from on de, are concurrent say at /S". Through A, B, C draw perpendiculars to S'A, S'B, S'G, forming the triangle D'E'F' the Antipedal Triangle of S'.

The sides E'F', ef (being each perpendicular to S'A) are parallel ; and therefore def, the pedal triangle of S, and I)' E'F', the antipedal triangle of >$", are homothetic. It follows that
jy

>,

E'

=e=

,M,

F'

=f=

v.

ANTJPEDAL TRIANGLES.
Also

57

BS'C

TT

D'

TT

A,

OS' A

TT

n,

AS'B

-RV.

5(7 are as

the b.c. of 8' for Again, since ABC and def are orthologic, the b.c. of S for def. Therefore, taking a/3y, afly' as the ii.c. of S, /S", respectively,

k.BS'C
aa

area of

ABC _ "

A^
^

area of de/

U"

=
.

But, from (65),


afrc sin (.?+/*.) _ ~'
:

a^ c
"

sin
'

"

sn /A
?^c

( G + v) sn r

and
so that, finally, J

(65)

,
.'

M
2

-sin
( *

B + fi) 2
sm /x
sin sin
r-^-

sin
:

C+

sin v

But

abc

-a'
2
?>

A
sin
sin v

sin

(^ +X)

(g + /*)
fj.

M*

sin

A sin

= ftp =
Thus

-yy',

from symmetry.

8, S' are the foci of a conic inscribed in-

ABO.

In Germany these points are called Gegenpunkte." " work the name " Counter Points will be used.

"

In this

58

MODERN GEOMETRY.

84. To determine the area (V) of D'E'F', the antipedal (G-.) triangle of S\ in terms of X, /A, v. Henceforth the areas of the pedal triangles of $, S &c., will be denoted by U, Z7', &c., antipedal triangles by F, F', &c.
f
,

the circumcentres of the circles S'BD'C, Let 1? 3 be 2 ffCE'A, S'AF'B S'D', S'E', S'F' being diameters.
,

Then

0,A
.-.
.

i.acotD'

=
;

i.
A.

AO.BC =
.

2 J. a cot

Now
.-.

Oj is the mid-point of S'D'

area S'BD'C
.-.

= 2 BO^S' = 2 (J a cot X + V = S'BD'C + S'CE'A+ S'AF'B = \ (a cot X 6 cot + c cot + 4A)


2
'
.

-j-

/x

i/

But
/.

Z7

2A /M.
2

(65)

C7F'

=A

2
;

the area of the pedal triangle of any point, and the homothetic antipedal
or,

the area of

ABC

is

a geometric

mean between

triangle.

D'

This

is

a particular case of the more general theorem given

in (158).

ANTIPEDAL TRIANGLES.

59

of the

85. To determine the n.c. (X v, w) of T, the centre of similitude homothetic triangles def and D'E'F'. (Gr.) The ratio of corresponding lengths Td, TD' in def and D'E'F'

= VU VV =
:

N/J7F

V=A V=U
:
' 1

A.

Therefore, since

e,

D' are homologous points,


Td/D'd

.-,

= U/(U). Now the perpendicular from d' on AC = cos 0, ^L7? = y'+a' cos#; d'5 = (/ + a cos )/sin d'C = (P + a! cos 0)/sin D'D" = d'd" = d'B.d'C/d'S'
J3 -\-a!
;

M/JW =

6',

.-.

where

m=

Z7/(A

is

Example. The orthocentric triangle, or pedal triangle of jff, homothetic to T^T^ (Fig., p. 89), which is formed by the tangents at A, 5, 0, and is therefore the antipedal triangle
of 0.

Here a
u

= R cos
7 2R.-j

J.,

&c.,
2

and the formula gives


(7

^1 cos J3 cos sin -

2 cos

J.

cos

cos

-ccsm^tan/1. U
,,
,

and Since are homologous points, being the in-centres of the two triangles, the point T lies on OH.

86. Let S be the inverse of 8 for the circle ABC, as in (67), let d l e f be the pedal triangle of S v Then, since d^S^ 6^,/jSj, perpendiculars to BC, CA, AB, are concurrent at S lt therefore the triangles ABC and d l ejl are
1

and

orthologic. It follows that the perpendiculars from J., 2?, G on e^,, /^p ^G! respectively meet at a point call it $/ Through A, B, G draw perpendiculars to S^A, S^B, S^O forming the triangle D/J^j'J?/, the antipedal triangle of /S/. The sides E^F-{ and ejlt being each perpendicular to *S/A, are parallel, so that d^f^ the pedal triangle of $ 19 and D^E^F^ the antipedal triangle of $/, are homothetic.

Hence

D/

= di = X,

60

MODERN GEOMETRY.
:

We have now four triangles, viz. the pedal triangles of >V, ,S',, and the antipedal triangles of S\ $,', each of which has angles
X,
/x, v.

Let

c^ftyj

and

From

(82) the

a/ft'y/ be the n.c. of 4 and $/. b.c. of #/ in are as the b.c. of

ABC

in d^i/i-

...

(Z7,

= area of d^)

.'.

aa,'

= =
J/ 1
I
.

But, from (68),


so for y l
;

ft

sin

/x,

and
finally,
/

Hence,

abc

sin

(B
"

/x)
fji.

sin

((.7

v)

MI
,

sin

sin v
/x)
/<

a, a,

6 c

sin

(.-I

X) sin (5 sin A sin

sin(0

v)

sin v

=
Hence S and
l

ft/3/
/S'/

from symmetry. are a second pair of Counter Points, being


y^/,

the foci of a conic touching the sides of

ABC.

ANTIPEDAL TRIANGLES

61

87. To determine the area (F/) of the antipodal triangle (Gr.) ^'EiFi in terms of A, /tx, v. be the circumcentres of the circles S^BD^C, Let O/, 2 8 \'CEiA, Si'AFiB} SI'DI, SiJB^, SI'FI being diameters, and on A'O, B'O, C'O respectively. 3 lying >/, O./,
'

',

'

Then
O/
is

0,'A'

a cot

D/

=
' .

Ja cot A

the mid-point of S l 'D l if Therefore, (a/yS/y/) ^ e ^ ne n c pendicular from _D/ on J5C',


-

be the^per-

So
Adding,
\ve

have on the

left side

62

MODERN GEOMETRY.
Hence
F/

= | (a - P*r

cot A

&'-

cot

/A

+c

cot v

4 A)
(68)

Now

area (Z7J of

^e^
,-,

is

JW = A

2^/M

l ;

2
.

N"ote also that difference of antipedal triangles of

*S",

'
}

= F'-F/ = ^M-^M, =

4A.
triangles, are

The points
called

8'

and S^ having similar antipedal


:

"Twin

Points."

Of the four points 8, S\ 8^, 8^ (a) 8 and 6\ are Inverse Points, with similar Pedal triangles. (6) 8' and $/ are Twin Points, with similar Antipedal triangles. (c) (SS ) and ($!$/) are pairs of Counter Points, the Pedal
f

triangle of either point of a pair being homothetic to the Antipedal triangle of its companion point.

CHAPTER

VIII.

THE ORTHOGONAL PROJECTION OF A TRIANGLE. 88. * AL being a given axis in the plane of the triangle ABC,
it is

required to determine the shape and size of the orthogonal on a plane X, passing through and projection of inclined at an angle 6 to the plane ABG.

ABC

AL

Draw
In

BUb, CVc perpendicular to AL, cutting LT in U and V. Then, since Ub/Bb = Vc/Cc = AT/ AM = cos 6, AUV represents, in shape and size, the orthogonal projection

AM perpendicular to AL. AM take a point T, such that AT/AM =

cos

0.

Draw

of

ABG

on the plane X.
S
1

* In writing Sections (88-90) I have drawn on Professor J. Neuberg's Projections et Contre-projections d un Triangle fixe," with the author's To avoid overloading the chapter, the Counter-projection permission. theorems are omitted.

"

63

64

MODERN GEOMETRY.

is

On either side of the common base BG a series of triangles described similar to the orthogonal projections of ABC on a series of planes passing through the common axis AL. It is required to determine the locus of the vertices of these

triangles.

Draw At 8
S.

triangle the projection of

The

perpendicular to LT, cutting the circle ALA^I in SBC will be similar to A UV, and therefore to ABC on the plane X.

Draw SNS'
Then

perpendicular to BC. tAT or L ALT

= =

SAM

SLM.

And

Therefore the triangle SBC is similar to AUV. Hence the vertices of all triangles SBC, described on BC, and

SLNM are similar. LU LB = LV LC = LT LM. Therefore the figures ALUVtT and SLBONM are
And
:

are right angles. A, t, S, Therefore the figures ALtT,


:

similar.

having SBC = AUV, lie on the circle ALA r

SCB

= A VU, BSC =
from

UA

V,

The angles

of projection range to (9
0,

When

cos

= = 1,

=
T

-J7T.

so that

coincides with Af,

S with
from

AV and S' with A. As 6 increases from A to M, and S' from A


l

to ^TT,

T travels

from
l

M to A, S

to

M.
is

Hence the locus of S remote from the axis AL.


89.

the arc

AMA

on the side of AA'

point

a series of variable axes AL 19 AL 2 ... are taken, the the image of A in BC, remains unchanged. Hence each position of the axis AL gives rise to a circle ALA-^M passing through the two fixed points A and A^ so that

When

AH being

DA = and let DR = h, where R is the centre ALA r Then, with D as origin and DA as 7/-axis, the equation of the 7r = 2hx, x* + y* circle is
Let

this family of circles is coaxal.

DA

or

of the circle

h being the variable of the coaxal system.

To determine the may now deal with the problem plane X on which the orthogonal projection of ABC has given angles X, /x, v.
:

We

ORTHOGONAL PROJECTION OF A TRIANGLE.

65

= v, and Construct the triangle SBC, so that SBC /*, SCB hence B8C = A. Let the circle ASA l cut BC in L and M". Then, if AL and $ are on opposite sides of AA AL is the required axis. Draw LtT perpendicular to SA. Then the required inclination of the plane X to the plane ABC is given by
{

cos 6

AT/ AM.

triangles SBC being drawn, as before, similar to the successive projections, it is required to determine the locus of S. Draw parallel to the line of intersection of the planes then the original projection is equal and similar to the projection on a parallel plane through AL.

9O. The triangle ABC being projected on a series of planes making a constant angle a with the plane of ABC, and the

AL

Determine S as before, taking


Join 8L,
l

such that
a.

Then

AT/AM = cos SM, cutting AA in H and H'.


the orthocentre of

is

DH.DH'

= DL.DM=k-.

LH'M,

so that

66
Again,

MODERN GEOMETRY.
cos a

AT

tsLvAL

AM
"
tan

t&nALM

SLM

HD
A^D*

tan
.'.

H'D
so that

HD = =

L.I/'

k cos a
k sec a

= constant, = constant,
,S

H and H

are fixed points. describes a

Hence, since HSH' is a right angle, the point circle on HH' as diameter.

The equation

to the circle
x"

HSH'

is
It

+ (yk cos a) (y

sec a)

=
l

0.
a',

For another series of planes inclined at a constant angle the points and H' would be changed to B and If/, where DH, = k cos a', DH,' = k sec a', and DH..DH,' = Jr.

series of circles are therefore coaxal, having A and A limiting points, and therefore cutting orthogonally the former series of circles, which pass through A and A r

The

for

91. A triangle ABG, with sides a, 6, c and area A, is projected &', c', angles orthogonally into a triangle A'B'C', with sides the angle of projection being 0, so that A, yu, ?, and area A'
',
;

To prove
Let
/^, hfr h%
'

a!*

cot

A' = A cos 0. J = 2A (1 4- cos


A.

0)

^.ar cot
plane A'B'O.

2A

(sec 04- cos 0).


7?,

be the heights of the points A,


//,/?.

C above

the

Then
...

= vV-a'
2

2
;

v/V

-a"

v/6

-Z/

vV-c' =
2

0,

the signs of the surds depending on the relative heights of A, n, c. This leads to

-(6 + c -a
2
2

or

16A-+16A'

No \v
fe'

b~
2

+c
2

a2
2

-fc'

-a' 2
.

Hence

a'

2. a

= 4A cot J = 4A'.cotX = 4A. cos cot A. cot 4 = 2A (1 + cos 6) cot A - 2 A (sec + cos 0).
.

ORTHOQONAL PROJECTION OF A TRIANGLE.

67

The Equilateral Triangle and the Brocard Angle.

When ABC (a' + 6' +


2

is
2

equilateral,
.

we have
(1

c'

I/ A/3

=
'

2A

+ cos
2
fe'

0)

2A' (sec

(9

+ cos 6)

But,

if u/

be the Brocard Angle of A'B'C',


cot
.-.

cot a/

= (a' f + )/4A' - -v/3/2 (cos + sec 0)


2 2

c'

(131)
.

The Brocard Angle therefore depends solely on the angle (#) It follows that all equilateral coplanar triangles of projection. project into triangles having the same Brocard Angle.

Let

92. Antipedal Triangles and Projection. F', F/ the areas I'm'n'j Z/w/n/ be the sides
;

(Gr.)
;

and

A,
8',

/*,

the angles of D'E'F',

JD/JW.

the antipedal triangles of

From

(84),

2F'

2.a cotA + 4A
2

2A (sec + cos 0) +4A


(9

/.

So

F'/A = F//A = '- ^F/ =

v/sec<9+ v cos

<9)

v/s^c~- v/c^sl) 2
6>

2. %/ A cos 2.

and where

yF'+A/F/^

x/A sec^

= 2. A/ A' = 2. v/A,

A x is the area of the counter-projection of ABC that is, the triangle whose projection (for 0) is ABC. Xow the triangles F', F/, with the projection and counterprojection, are all similar, having angles X, /x, v so that their corresponding sides are as the square roots of their areas
:

/.

Z'-Z/

2.a';

Z'

+ Z/ =

2.a

Hence, if two antipedal triangles be drawn having the same angles as the projection, the sides of the projection are half the difference of the corresponding sides of the antipedal triangles. This theorem, of which the above is a new proof, is due to Lhuillier and Neuberg.

is projected orthogonally on to a plane 93. The triangle inclined at an angle 6 to the plane of ABC.

ABC

If U, the line of intersection of the planes, make direction angles u v u^, u^ with the sides of ABC, it is required to determine the lengths a', &', c' of the sides of the projection A'B'G' in

terms of u^ u.2 %, and Let cos 6 = k.


,

0.

68

MODERN GEOMETRY.

Draw

perpendiculars Bb, Cc to the line U, and take

so that B'C'

Now

(= a') is equal to the projection of BC. the projection of B'C' on Bb

=
.',

B'b-C'c

and the projection


a!"

of B'C'
B'C'-

k(Bb-Cc~) = A-.asin^; on U = a cos u^


;

= = =

a 2 (cos 2 u^ + k~ sin 2 ?t ) a 2 (1-(1- A; 2 ) sin2 u,}


t

a 2 (1

Bin

s
t*,

siri'

^).

The dimensions
on the

of the projection depending, of qourse, only

direction, not on the position, of

'.

94. Pedal Triangles and Projection.

(G.)

that, as the plane of projection revolves round Z7, are similar to the pedal triangles of the projections of

To prove

ABC

points lying on the circumdiameter TOT', where T of the Simson Line parallel to U. Let XYZ, X'Y'Z' be the Simson Lines of T7 T'.
,

is

the pole

the sides of

Then XYZ, being parallel to ABC, and therefore


L

?7,

makes angles u lt u^ u$ with


ur (37)

OTA

or

OAT =

ORTHOGONAL PROJECTION OF A TRIANGLE.


In

69

TOT' take any

point P, and let

OP =

k R.
.

be the sides of the pedal triangle u, v, Then, in the triangle GAP,


Let

of P.

AP =
2

tf + k'*E 2

So that
4tt*

AP

Bin*

A=
2
rt

a 2 (1
{1

+ k')

4k>
2

j
2

sin u, I

But
Hence
and

a'-

(l-/v

a'

2
,

= =
u

4w*
a'
:

(!

+
1
:

sinX}.
,

(93)

&')
:

b'

c'

if

'

(so that the projection on the plane triangle of P), provided that

is

similar to the pedal

so that P,

and

its

inverse point P', are given by

TP/T'P

TP'/T'P'

cos

0.

From
to
7",

(36) the point Tis found by drawing chord At parallel and the chord tXT perpendicular to BC.

95. Next, let the plane of projection be inclined at a constant angle a to the plane of ABC. (Gr.)
T In this case,
j.i

it

k'

k -

=1
-

a COS - -

tan2 ia
2

21

COSa

.'.

OP

tan 2 Ja,

OP'

= B cot

ia.

be drawn with centre and radii 2 tair^a.jB and cot |a.JK. any point P on one circle, and its inverse point P' on the other circle, will have their pedal triangles similar to the projections of ABC.
If,

therefore,

circles

A'B'G', a point

Another Proof. Let ABC be projected on the plane a into whose angles are A, /x, v. Let P (or its inverse P') be whose pedal triangle has angles A, /x, v.

70

MODERN GEOMETRY.
Then
OP--IB'

= "'cotA + fr cotg + r cotK-jA


or cot

4- o

cot

/x

+c

cot

i>

4-

4A
cos a)'
'

_ ~ 2 A (sec a+ cos a)
/.

4A

_ ~~

(1
(1

2A(seca + cosa)-f-4A
tan 2 Ja
;

+ cosa)
2

OPIE =

so

OP'/R

= cot

ia,

as before.

96.

inner arcs BQC, CQA, AQB containing angles A+X, a point Q being thus determined whose pedal -{has triangle angles X, Y, Z. Let AQ, BQ, CQ (or AQ', BQ', CQ') meet the circle ABC again in yyz (or x'y'z') then it is known that

plane at a given angle 0. A point is is taken such that its pedal triangle with respect to similar to one of these projections. To determine the locus of the point.
planes inclined to its

A triangle XYZ is projected


own

orthogonally on a series of

ABC

Draw
,

B+ Y C Z

the angle x or x' X, y or y' Take Q as inversion centre, and let


(inversion-radius) or
2
2

F,

or

z'

Z.

(56)

fc

= power of Q for ABC = E'-OQ* = OQ.OQ-OQ?

=
so that in this

QO.QQ';
CQ.Qz;

system Q'
tf

is

inverse to 0.

Also
so that
#i/;z

= AQ.Qx = BQ.Qy =
ABC,

inverts into

97. Lemma.
with any centre JT and any radius p, any four points .F G are inverted into D', E', F', G', then the pedal is similar to the pedal triangle of G with respect to For triangle of G' with respect to D'E'F'.
If
7

I),

jB,

DEF

D'G'/DG
/.

= KD'/KG,

(D'G'.E'F')/(DG.EF)

and E'F'/EF = KE'/KF = (KD'.KE')/(KG.KF) = (KD'.KE'.KF')/(p\KG) = (E'G'.F'D')/(EG.FD) = (F'G'.D'E')/(FG.DE)


;

by symmetry,

so that the

theorem

is

proved.

ORTHOGONAL PROJECTION OF A TRIANGLE.

71

In Section (95) substitute the triangle xyz for ABC. Then and radii Rt 2 R/t*, are the the circles with common centre loci of points whose pedal triangles with respect to xyz are on planes inclined to the similar to the projections of YZ at an angle 6. plane of N"ow invert, with centre Q, radius k. Then xyz inverts into into Q', and the two concentric circles (0, Rt 2 ) and ABC, (0, R/t*) into circles of the coaxal system which has Q and Q'
,

XYZ

for its limiting points. be a point on either concentric circle, inverting into $, Let a point on one or other of the coaxal circles. Then, by the is similar Lemma, the pedal triangle of 8 with respect to with respect to xyz that is, to one of to the pedal triangle of the projections of XYZ. Hence the required locus consists of these two coaxal circles.

ABC

circles in

98. Let the circum diameter OQQ' be cut by the concentric LL' MM' and by the coaxal circles in II', mm', so
,
:
:

that

L and Z, ..., are inverse points in the (Q, k) system. The centres o>, w' and the radii p, p' of the circles II', mm' now be determined in terms of X, Y, Z, t,

will

Ql
.-.

W/QL = W 01= OQ+Ql= 01' = [_R(R + OQ


p/R

(01- 01'} IU

k*t-/(OQ

-RW),

72

MODERN GEOMETRY.
And, writing
2

l/t

for

f',

Om = [R(OQ-Rt*)y(R-OQ.t*),

Om'

Hence

OLOm =

R-

01'

Om',

so that the circles II', mm', which are inverse to LL', in the (Q, -K") system, are mutually inverse (as are LL', MM') in the Since the pedal triangle of Q has angles (0, J?) system.

MM'

X, Y, Z,

it

follows,

from Section (64), that


2
fr

QQzi-p*

- ^ cot x +
a* cot

cot

r+ c

2
2

cot
cot

X+b* cot Y+ c

Z- 4A Z+ 4A

'

so that

When OQ =
LZ/, then Oo>

now

/a,

p',

Ow,
2

Oo>'

-Bf , or

when Q

are expressed in terms of X, Y, Z, t. lies on the inner concentric circle


circle (0,

and p are infinite. Hence the (Q, &) inverse of the

OQ)

is DJS'D',

the

Radical Axis of the coaxal system, bisecting QQ' at right


angles.

And if be the pole of DED' for the proved that the (Q, k) inverse of the
circle

circle

ABC,

circle (0,

OQ')

it is easily is the

ON.

99. case of great beauty and interest presents itself when the is equilateral. For then Q, Q', having equilateral triangle pedal triangles, are the Isodynamic points 8, S,, lying on 0-ST, the Radical Axis of the coaxal system is now the Lemoine axis and N, the pole of the Lemoine axis for the circle ABC, is the
;

A XYZ

Lemoine point K.
It follows that in the (8, fc) system, the Lemoine axis inverse of the circle (0, 08) while the Brocard circle inverse of (0,
;

is
is

the the

to be projected into a Suppose the equilateral triangle triangle with angles A/xv, sides Zwm, area A', and Brocard angle <. Then, from Section (91),

XYZ

; .-. (cot v/3)/cot <+ V3). Therefore < is constant, as is constant. Hence the remarkable property of this coaxal system of Schoute circles, viz., the pedal triangles of all points on the circumference of any one circle have the same Brocard angle.

<

ORTHOGONAL PROJECTION OF A TRIANGLE.


1OO. To prove that the Brocard angle angle (less than 30) between wO and OO.
<

73

is

equal to the acute


(G-.)

From

Section (98),

Otf/R*

= =

(a cot

60+

...

-4A)/(a

cot

60+

...

+ 4A)

(cotw

v/3)/(cotu>

And

t*

(cot<

v/3)/(cot<

+ A/3). + A/3) (Section

99).

Therefore, from Section (98),

to

(cotw+ \/3)/(cot a> In our calculations, Section (98), we took Rt* < OQ, so that lies to the right of Q, and therefore of Q' (here 8 a ). OOo> 180 x Let

It is

known

that

008

30,

OQ^ =
(x

150

(ISO/.)

= =
Many

sin x/sin

o>)

.sin

(o>

+ 30)/sin 30
;

(cot
<^>

co -|- v

/3)/(cotw

/.

cot^)

x-

years ago Prof. Dr. P. H. Schoute proved that the locus

of a point whose pedal triangle had a constant Brocard angle is a circle of the coaxal system whose limiting points were 8, 8 r

His proof,

I believe,

was

analytical.

Bead

sections 99, 100 after Chapter XI.

CHAPTER

IX.

COUNTER POINTS.
1O1.

WE

now proceed

to a further

examination of the two


1

pairs of Counter Points ($, S') and (Sv $/), where the pednl triangle of 8 is homothetic to the antipodal triangle of S while the pedal triangle of 8' is homothetic to the antipedal triangle of $, and so for S l and $/.
,

Let
It

afiy, a'P'y'

be the

n.c. of 8, 8'.

has been shown that

= yy =

W
M*

sin

(A + X)
74

sin

(B + /*)
/x

sin

C+v
.

sin

A sin

sin v

(83)

COUNTER POINTS.
It follows that
;

75

S and 8' are the foci of a conic inscribed in that the two pedal triangles def, d'e'f have the same circumcircle, the Auxiliary Circle of the conic that the major axis 2p, the diameter of this circle, the centre lying midway between S and 8 while the semi-minor axis q is given by

ABC

q-

aa',

&c

i; Isogonal Conjugates," points S, S' are often called of a well known conies, because, by property

The

SCB =
sides.

S'CA,

SBA =

tf'BG,

8A C

8'AB,

the pairs (SA, S'A), &c., being equally inclined to the corre-

sponding

then said to be isogonal to SA, S'B to MB, S'C to SC', so that S', the counter point of S, lies on any line isogonal to SA or SB or SG.

The

line 8' A is

Let

afty be

any point

Z/
1

on

Z?0,

and
aa'

a'/S'y' its

counter point.

Then
But
/?,

ftft

= yy' =
/3'

0.

(a

= 0)

y are not zero


.-.

=y=

0;

the counter point of is A. S be on the circle ABC, draw chord BC, and draw diameters S8 and T'L\.
i.e.

If

ST

perpendicular to
parallel to the to the Simson

Obviously AT^

Simson Line
Line of 8.

of

is isogonal to AS; also AT^ is 8^ and therefore perpendicular

Hence the counter point


to the three parallels to the Simson Line of S.

of

is

AT

lt

BT%,

CT

at infinity, being common which are perpendicular

of def,

1O2. To determine the relations between and A', //, i/, the angles of d'e'f.

X,

/x,

i/,

the angles

It is

known

that

tBSC = A + \;
;

so

BS'C

But

BS'C

= -rr-BD'C = TT-X
^4

so

= A+X. V. B8C =

(56)

And

+X -

5/SC

TT

X'

.-.

X+V

7T

A.

.'.

sinX'

sin(^.

+ X),

sin

sin (J.

+ X')

76
also

MODERN GEOMETRY.
a

abc

M
2
.

sin X' -T sin A


,

a'

abc -

sin // sin M -^ sin sin v


.
.

r
;

v'
;

(83)

/u,

ana

a-

aa

=m

2 a 6 2c 2

where

m = sin X' sin u! sin


2 :
:

sin
S'
2
;

X sin

v'
.

/x

sin v

Let n' be the power of

U
.

the area of

d'e'/'

M'
Then

= a cotX'+...+4A. = U'M'. UM = 272


afcc
sin//.

(64)
;

And

and
Since

= U = 2A'-/3f 2/.sinX' sin/x' sinv' = 17' = m = u'/u = M/M' = n'/n U = m*U = m\2tf/M-, I/' = M/m?, U' = m H. sin ^ +A sln ^ = n pX/Bin ^ aa = n
2/.sinA
-

sinv

(65)

"2

.-.

.-.

'

B1

sin

X
f

sin

and, similarly,
;

ri,

sin(^.4-X

sin

A_

sin X sin
^,,

sin X'

sin X'

a result

due to Professor Genese.

1O3. The equation


8,

to the

minor axis

of the conic

for foci.
7r
15

which has (H. M. Taylor)

Let
-4, J3,

7r

2,

7r 3

be the perpendiculars on the minor axis from


jr^a
.

0, so that the equation is

a -\- 7r.2 b

j3 -r TT^C

= 0.

A
also

diagram shows that


\SJBL

O./1

<" j

O v ^ =^.00.^;
1

8A
2

sin
2

A=

ef

2p sin X

(57)
X')

.*.

Trj.sin ^. oc (sin'

sin'^X')

sin (X
is

sin

A
0.

Hence the equation


a.sin(X

to the

minor axis
/x')

X')+y3.siii(/<
is

+ y.sin(v

v')

The proof here given

by the present

writer.

COUNTER POINTS.

77

parallel to

The tangent 1O4. Lemma. BC, to prove

be to

the conic being drawn

SA.S'A
Let
a, /?, y, 8

= AC.Ab =

AB.Ac.

be the angles subtended at & by the tangents

from

5,

(7, c,

b.

Then
and, regarding the parallel tangents as
at infinity, so that

- =
SD
is

y;

drawn from a point }D

parallel to B(7,

Z
/.

DSl

DSn

= i(2/3-h2y) =
(/?

DSC= DSl-CSl= + y)S'CJL = SCI = DSC = y = /.


>S'^(7= SAb.
triangles
.*.

Also

Hence the

ASb, ACS' are similar;


: :

AS Ab = AC

AS'

/.

SA.S'A

= AC.Ab = AB.Ac.

The theorem is due to Mr. E. P. Rouse, the demonstration to Mr. B. F. Davis.

78

MODERN GEOMETRY.
1O5. The coordinates
Let a
/8

of the centre
,

cr

of the conic.

(G.)

a n 7?

'

referred to
ively.

ABO

'y

be the

and

the centre of the conic, n.c. of oto the mid-point triangle A'B'C' respect-

Let

&i

be the perpendicular from


a
'

A
;

on

B G.
be

Then
/.

-j-

'

= J^

But

4E.o = 2R(h, 2a = 2Experp. from A on = ZRxAbsiuB or 2Rx4csinC = AC. Ab or AB.Ac = 8 A S'A (from Rouse's Theorem). 8 A .sin A = ef 2p sin X 4 a = 4p sin X sin X'/sin J. /. aa = "2p sin X sin X'/sin yl,
)
f

(57)

'

71

'

giving the absolute A'B'C'


aa
,
'

b.c. of
'

cr

and since
'

+ fy8 + cy

A,

where

N=
BG
at

3,.

sin

X sin X'/sin ^4.

1O6. The conic touching


Bl
:

Z,

to prove
:

Cl

sin

/u,

sin

/x,'/sin J5

sin v sin v'/sin

(7.

Project the conic (ellipse) into a circle of radius cos" q/p. of projection being 6

q,

the angle

Let the centre

cr

be projected into

o-

a,

and

^4.5(7 into

A^B^J^.
;

Then A. B

a- l l

=
:

A. Bo-^C X q/p
/.
a, cc
j

.'.

q.a^ = ac^Xq/p

aa
:

/.

5Z

C?

J?^!

C% =

&!

*?,

ca

= aa = = sin
The theorem
present writer.
is

6/3 -f
' :

cy

aa

-(-

?>^

cy

feft'

cy
sin /x'/sin

(14)

/x.

sin v sin v'/sin


is

6'.

by Mr. H. M. Taylor; the proof

by the

COUNTER POINTS.

79

1O7. Let w, a/ be the orthopoles of the circumdiameters passing i.e. the through 8 and S' points on the Nine-Point circle whose Nine-Point circle Simson Lines are parallel to the diameters OS and 08' (49).
;

The pedal circle of every point on the diameter through 8 passes through o> therefore def, the pedal circle of 8, passes through w similarly the circle d'e'f passes through a/. (78) Therefore defd'e'f, the common pedal circle of 8 and $', passes
; ;

through

<o

and

<*/.

And

therefore ww'

is

the Radical Axis of the two


0)

circles. (Gr.)

s'/L

When

OS' falls on OS,

a/

coincides with w, and the pedal


circle at w.

circle touches the

Nine-Point

108. Aiyars Theorem.


If 0' be the

Nine-Point centre

Then
Let

OS
and

OS'

= 2R

0'<r

OJA %$&' be the direction angles of OS, OS'. The power of A' for the pedal circle A'd.A'd' OS cos 0,. OS' cos 0/. But since GMO' is the Radical Axis of the two circles, the

= =

power

of A' for pedal circle

And

this perpendicular

perpendicular from A' on wo/ x 2 . from A'

0'<r

A'w.A'u'/R
/.

OS.OS'

= E cos e,.R cos = 2R.O'<r


Q
.

6,'

(44;

(V.

Ramaswami

Aiyar.)

80

MODERN GEOMETRY.
Xote that the A'B'C' equation
COS O l COS
6-[
.

to

o>o/ is

aa

. . -

for,

from

(50),

w and

o>'

have

n.c.

(sec^... sec

ft/...).

1O9. M'Cay's Cubic.


n.c.

Tor

ABC coordinate?

of

this occasion take (Imn) as the so that (1/7, 1/m, 1/n) are the n.c.

of

,S".

The equation

to &$' then is
0.

When

/8/S>'

l(m~-n-)a+... = passes through 0, we have


I

(m

rr) cos

A+

...

=0.

So that

and

8'

He on M'Cay's Cubic,

And conversely, if any diameter TOT' cut this cubic at S, 8' (the third point is 0), then ;S, /S' are counter points, and their pedal circle touches the Nine-Point circle at w, the orthopole
of TOT'.
circle in Section (45) its a straight line, so that now Aiyar's be written 08. OS' 2R(Rp), and if the circle cut TSS'OOfl' in k, k', then w&, wk' are the Simson Lines
:

We

have already met with this


is

centre

On Theorem may
of T,
T'.

O'Q-p*

is

110. Counterpoint

Conies.

(G.)

The point
to

determine Let TT cut the sides

line TT', it is required the locus of its counter point Q. of

moving along a given

ABC in

L,

M, N.
J.,

Then the Q
of
,

I/,

A7

locus passes through

B,

the counter point (101)

the chord Aa parallel to TT', and at parallel to BC. The counter point of t (101) is the point at oo on Aa, and therefore on TT'. But this point being on TT', its counter point must be on the locus of Q. Hence t is a point where the Q locus cuts the circle ABC ; also (101) t is the pole of the Simson Line perpendicular to TT.

Draw

Denote perpendiculars from AC, AB, Bt, Ct by ft y, /.


',

Q, the counter point of P,

on

COUNTER POINTS.

81
-

Then
y

sin (1 A(

"

siu

PA /;

sin QA'Ji

sin

H
Q<J .sin Q.Ct

_smQCB ~
sin

ainQBt
'

_smPCA ~

sin
'

QBt
QCt'

^5(7 sin QCt

ninPBA

sin

Let Z?P, (7P cut

Aa in

?w,

and

w.

Then QBt

So

= QBC+CKt = PBA+ BCa - FBA + BAm = Bma = BPT. QCt = QCB+BCt = PCA + CBa = PCA + nAC = Pna = OPT.
PC' PA'
sin

yy'

CPT

PC

sin

OPT

^ ~

q r
7

'

where p, g, r are perpendiculars from. A, B, C on T2 Hence the locus is a come passing through ^4, J5, C, ^. If the sides of the quadrilateral were BA, BO, tA,
'.

tC,

we

should have

yy'/aa'

r/p,

.....
of the

111. To determine the directions

asymptotes and axes.

Draw Tx, T'x' parallel to BC. The points at infinity of the Q conic are the counter points of and therefore lie on Ax, Ax', which are isogonal to AT, T, T
f ;

AT', so that Ax, Ax' are parallel to the asymptotes. But aT AT'. the arc tx

=
G

Hence

tT, tT' are parallel to

Ax

Ax, and therefore to the

asymptotes.

82

MODERN GEOMETRY.
112. To determine the Counter Point Conic
of a circum-

diameter TOT'.

From (111), the Asymptotes are at right angles, since they are parallel to tT, tT' therefore the conic is ^a Rectangular
;

Hyperbola. If TOT' be
the conic
is

la

+ mp + ny=Q
we have

or p.aa+...

= 0,

Z/a-f...

0.

To

find the centre,

my + nfi
a

cc a,

&c.

a
a

Z(

al -\-brn

-\-cti).

But

oc

op,

and, from (8),


ex.

ap/R
#j,

b cos

+ c cos ^

whence

cos

&c.

Hence, from (50), the centre

is w,

the Orthopole of TOT'.

T'

113. To determine the Asymptotes. (G.) Let wZ, wX' be the Simson Lines of T, T'. From Section (41), if u l9 ai-e the perpendiculars from i(?,, A A, 5, 0, .7? on ojj^ arid w 2 r 2 w^ h z those on coX2 then
,

^2

= 2E cos sin sin = 2/i'.cos (^TT o-J... = 2B sin cos cos


.

<r l

cr 2

cr3 ,

o-j

o- 2

cr 3

COUNTER POINTS.
.'.

83
3

Also

So

/.

u^ = R*. sin 2o- sin 2<r sin 2<r = 2 t^ro = 2 iv w*. = perp. from on o>Xj Aj = perp. from T on = 2R cos cos cos = 2R.cos(i7r-(T h, = 2 R sin sin sin = 27^,. 2.w
2
.

-ff

w.X'j

o-j

o-2

<r s .

)...

o-j

o-.,

cr 3

...

Hence w^, wXg are the Asymptotes of the Rectangular Hyperbola and the square of the semi-axis

= -B
Since
|?

2
.

sin

2^ sin 2cr

sin 2<r3
o-,
;

Hence the

OT.4 or OAT = = E.sin^OT = E.sin2o-. /. square of semi-axis = pqr/R.

(37)

114. Produce H<o'to cut the


Then, since
oj

circle

ABC in

t'.

lies

on the Nine-Point Circle,


flu>

wt'.

on the Eectangular Hyperbola, and w is the centre. Therefore t' lies on the Rectangular Hyperbola. Therefore t' coincides with t, the fourth point where the Rectangular Hyperbola cuts the circle ABC.
is

But

Let ttj, &, y x be the n.c. of S^ inverse to 8; and a/, the n.c. of $/, the Twin Point of 6'.
It

/?/,

y/

has been shown that

abc

sin(J.
sin
A.

A.)

abc
'

sin

(B

p) sin (C
sin
/x

v)

If

JVJT

sin v

(68)

and (86)

So that /S/ is the counter point of $,, and therefore lies on the Rectangular Hyperbola, which is the counter point conic of TOT'.

84

MODERN GEOMETRY.

115. To prove that o> is the mid-point of S'SJ. have shown that the pedal circles of all points on TOT' pass through the orthopole w. Therefore the pedal circles of (SS ) and (fi^/S/) pass through w. Also, from Section (69), w is the Centre of Similitude of def, the pedal circle of S, and of d^ej^ the pedal circle of $,.

We

Hence,

if

p,

p are the circumradii


1

of these circles,

tad

<ad

'

P
d, d'

Pi
def,

being homologous points in the similar triangles


S,/-

d^fr

Draw to& perpendicular to BG. Then, since CD is on the circle defd'e'f,


and similarly,
2p
so that the projection of w on and Si on BG.
w/c

= ud^

wd

'/2p l

BG

is

midway between

the pro-

jections of 8' So for OA,

AB.

is the mid-point of S' and /S'/. Hence, as the inverse points S and S travel along TOT' in contrary directions from T, their counter points S' and $/ travel along the Rectangular Hyperbola which passes through -4, B^ G and has o> for its centre. $', $/ are always at the extremities of a diameter of the Rectangular Hyperbola, and the difference between the areas of their antipedal triangles is always 4A.

Therefore

o>

COUNTER POINTS.

85

116. Let I', m', n' be the images of 8' in EG, CA, AB. (Gr.) Then, because cr is the centre of the pedal circle of ($$'),
.-.

<r

S=:oS'<rQ
/.

';

.'.

SI'

2.<r d'

2p.
I'm'n'.

Therefore a

circle, centre 8, radius 2p, passes through

Again, since

ar

and
2.o<u

8'<o

oi/8/,

88^

=
<u.

2p,

since the circle def passes through

Hence a
through

circle described

with centre S and radius 2p passes

I'm'n'

and

$/.

CHAPTER

X.

LEMOINE GEOMETRY.
117. The Lemoine Point. On the sides of the triangle ABC construct squares externally, and complete the diagram as given, the three outer sides of the squares meeting in A,, B,, C,.

c,

The perpendiculars from A, on AC, AB being b and equal to the equation to AA l is (3/b y/c. Hence AA,, BB,, CCl meet at the point whose n.c. are 2 2 2 6 c ). (a, 6, c),and whose b.c. are therefore (a or Symmedian Grebe This point is called the Lemoine or Point and will be denoted by K. are called the Symmedians of A, B, C. AK, BK, The absolute values of the n.c. are given by a ha, &c.,

CK

where
Produce

2A
l
;

AK to
:

meet

BK, CK,

BC in K then, = &AKB AAKC = ratio of b.c. z and y = c o"


:

,>

so that the
sides.

segments BK,, CK, are as the squares of adjacent

LEMOINE GEOMETRY.
118. For

87
def.

is

the centroid of

its

pedal triangle

&eKf=
cc
.-.

^.Ke.KfsinA
be sin

So that

K is the centroid of def.


are

A eKf = AfKd = A dKe.


A
as (cos A, cos -B, cos 0), while sin 5, sin C) therefore the equation to
t

Since the n.c. of those of ET are as (sin

OK is
or

sin(

C).a+sm(C-4).j8 + sin(4
(b*-<?)/a*.x+;..

5).y,

0.

The Power

of JT for the circle

Using the form of Section (60),

ABC. we have

119.
Since

If a,

/?,

y are the

n.c. of

any

2 2 point, then a + /? -fy

is

minimum

at K.

a2 +Z) 2 + c 2

=
therefore
3

4A
2

+...
2

(a

+ & + c )(a +
2

/S

except when or when the point

a/a = (3/b

+y )
2

is

2 always greater than 4A

-=

y/c

coincides with K. In this case, therefore, a 2 4-/8 2 -fy 2 has its

minimum

value,

which

4A 2
is
2

7j

The sides of the pedal triangle of a point 8 are u, v, To show that u*-\-v*+v& is a minimum when 8 coincides with the Lemoine Point K.

From

(57),

r,.sin

(SA

r,)

2 2 2 But, since a 6 c are the b.c. of K, we have, from (19), 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 r c r3 Z> KO* + E 2 ) a\ r, + 2 + (a + 6 + c ) CfiTtf
, ,
'

and the right-hand expression when 8 coincides with K. The minimum value of u 2

is

minimum when

KS =

0, or

(118) and (131)

88

MODERN GEOMETRY.

12O. Let figures Yand Z, directly similar, be described exterin Y is homologous to B in Z, and nally on AC, AB. so that in to JL in Z.

Then,

if

8 be

SBA

the double point of

Y and
;

Z, the triangles

SAO,

are similar, having

L
so that

SEA = SAC
is

SAB = SGA

ASB = 4SC,
as Artzt's First

the focus of a parabola Parabola, touching AB, AO at B, C. Let Pv Pz be the perpendiculars from

known

S on AC, AB.

Then, from similar triangles


so that

SBA, SAC,

lies

Again,

on the J.-Symmedian. / BSK, = SAB + SB A

= SAB + SAC

.;.

BSC = 2.BSK, = 2A = BOG;


on the
circle

so that

lies

BOG.
(in circle

Also,

OSKi = OSB+A = OGB + A = 90; /. 8A = 5A-

B08C)

Hence the double point 8 of the two directly similar figures on AB, AC may be found by drawing the Symmedian chord AAl through K and bisecting it at 8.

LEMOINE GEOMETRY.
r

89

121. Let l\'l\'l\ be the Tangent Triangle, formed by drawing tangents to the circumcircle at A, B, C.

Then AT,,
For,
if q, r

BT CT
2,
q__

S,

are concurrent at K.

be the perpendiculars from T^ on AC, AB,

T.GsinACT,,

_sinff_
*inC

b
'

c
,
.

so also do BT.2 (7T3 Hence AT^ passes through Note that T is the point of intersection of the tangents and C, whose equations are y/c + a/a = 0, a/a-f 6//S = 0,
;

at so

that the n.c. of

'1\

are

a, 6, c).

122. The Lemoine Point A of I^A,. In the figure of the preceding section, it will be seen that of the inscribed triangle ABC, is the the Lemoine Point

Gergonne Point (32)


is

of

I\T2 Ts

Therefore the point M, which the Lemoine Point of XYZ.

is

the Gergonne Point of

ABC,

But XYZ and I-J^ are homothetic, the centre of similitude being <r. (26) Therefore the Lemoine Point call it A of I^/a lies on crJIf,
and
<rM crA
:

linear ratio of

XYZ, IJJs =r:2B.

90

MODERN GEOMETRY.
;

The point A has n.c. (s a), ... for the perpendiculars from the point {(s a), (s &), (s c)} on the sides of 1^1^ are found to be proportional to the sides of this triangle.
Note the following list of " (s a) " points (1) Nagel Point: b.c. are (s-a), (5-6), (s b.c. are 1/0 (2) Grergonne Point a), &c. (3) Lemoine Point A of I-J^: n.c. are
:

c).

(30) (32)

(.<?

a),

(4)

Centre of Sim.

o-

of

XTZJJJ.,:

n.c.

are 1/0 -a),.... (26)

123. To prove that JJT bisects all chords of the triangle ABC, which are parallel to the tangent at A, or perpendicular to OA,
or parallel to the side

HH
Z

of the orthocentric triangle

Let

Then

sin 0/sin

<

Therefore

AK

BAK = B, OAK = <. = y/ft = c/b = sin 0/sin B = sin 5^T /sin CA'1\.
2

H^H^Hy

respect to It follows that J..K bisects all chords which T2 Tx or JTo-Hg, or are perpendicular to OA.

AB

and T^AI\ are harmonic conjugates and AC.

with
to

are parallel

124. The Harmonic Quadrilateral. The angles of the harmonic pencil at A are seen to be B, <, 6 or (7, 0, (Fig., p. 89). The same angles are found, in the same order, at B and and.4 r Hence the pencils at B, (7, A and A are harmonic; ABA C being called, on this account, a Harmonic Quadrilateral. In the triangle ABA the tangent at B is harmonically con<f>

is the B-symmedian for this triangle. jugate to BK^ so that Similarly, A^K^ is the Jlj-symmedian in A C1 and CK^ the C-symmedian in AGA r
l 1 ;

BK

To prove that rectangle AB.A-^G


sin 0/sin
If x.
<t>

sin

= rectangle AC .A^B. BCA/sin CBA = A^/A.C. = AC.A B.


1
l

.-.

AB.A.G
x/AB

//,

z,

u are the perpendiculars from

on AB, AC, AJ3,

A, then
For, since

y/AC

z/A,B.

AI^

is

the J.-symmedian of
.-.

ABC,

x/AB

= y/AC.

And, since

5^
AK
l

is

the .B-symmedian of

And, since

is

x/AB z/A,B. the J-^symmedian of

LEMOINE GEOMETRY.

91

125. The Lemoine Point is the point of intersection of lines to the mid-points of joining the mid-points of the sides of corresponding perpendiculars.

ABC

Let A', B', C' be the mid-points of BC, CA, AB, and let A'K meet AD in I. Then, since BK and the tangent BT at B form a harmonic pencil with BA, BC, therefore the range (AKK^T-^ is harmonic
l
:

therefore the bisected at I.

pencil

A'(AWco
being

is

harmonic, so that
in

AD

is

A
side

XY on BC,

rectangle

XYVU

inscribed

ABC

with the

The diagram and that P lies on A'L The Lemoine Point K, common

to find the locus of its centre P. shows that the mid-point of

UV

lies

on A'A,

mon

AB

to A'l, B'm, C'n is the comcentre of three inscribed rectangles, standing on BC, CA, respectively.

126. To determine the direction angles makes with the sides of ABC.

6 19

2,

3,

which

OK

From

the diagram,

OK cos
Now
and

A'd

= A'D.
HJ

A'D

2
fr

-c
2a

2A
(117)

92
.-.

MODERN GEOMETRY.
where 1/m = = a 6 (c COS0! a(b"c c(a Hence the tripolar equation to OK is a ^ C )r -ffe (c -o )r *-f6 (aa --6)rt = 0.
COS0!
:

.-.

m.a(b~ c cos08 cos


:

),
&

2
Z>

).

(17)

127. !TAe Apollonian, Circles. Let the several pairs of bisectors of the angles A, B, C meet in a, a! ; OJ. in ft J.B in y, y'. ; The circles described on aa', /?/?, yy' as diameters are called the Apollonian Circles.

BG

'

Let the tangent at

to the circle

ABC meet BG in L r

Then
so that

angle L,aA

= L^a =
.',

aBA + BAa.
L,AC -\-GAa.
/^a

= =

And, since
so that
Z/j is

aAa' = 90,

L^.
;

L,A

= LX

through
and,

the centre of the Apollonian Circle and orthogonal to the circle ABG.
is
l

(aa'),

passing
;

Since AL^
since

through

Kr

(BKfiL^

a tangent, the polar of L passes through A is harmonic, the passes polar of L


t

so that L,A, is is the polar of L, the other tangent from L v Hence the common chords AA^ BB^ GGl of the circle ABG and the Apollonian Circles intersect at K, which is therefore equipotential for the four circles.
;

It follows that

AKK^Ti

Note that OL bisects passes through the point


l

AKK A
IS

at right angles, 1 of Section (120).


1

and therefore

128. The Lemoine Axis.


lie

Since the polars of L^ L>2 L s pass through K, therefore L^L.^ on the polar of K. The equation to the tangent at A is ft/b+y/c 0, &c.
,

Hence

L^L.^LS is

or x/ar + y/tf + z/c* 0, a/a /3/6-fy/c This is called the Lemoine Axis.

0.

129.

Harmonic Quadrilateral such

as

ABA^

can be

in-

verted into a square.

LEMOINE GEOMETRY.
Let the circle described with centre 'L\ and radius cut the Apollonian Circle L in E and E'
.

93
or

Then, since the tangents OA, OB, 00, OA to the are equal, lies on their common chord EE', and
{

two

circles

OE.OE'
Let

=S

2
;

so that E, E' are inverse points for the circle

ABC.

AE, BE, CE, A


of

n=

Then, taking

power

E E=

the circle again in LMNL'. as pole and VII as radius of inversion (where RZ OE*), we have
}
'

E meet

n LM= AB. EA.EB' LN = AC. n EA.EC


But
since

BE EC = BA
:

AC,
;

is

on the Apollonian Circle aAa!


/.

LM =

LN,

Ac.

Hence LMNL' is a square. Another square may be obtained by taking E' as


In the above figure,
/. ..
2
:

pole.
aa';

Also

E is on the Apollonian Circle r r = BE CE = Ba aC = c b = de = df or br = cr = = = \ A+ BEC TT-^.BT.C


3
: : :

&

.*.

/x

v.

.-.

?r

so that

=v=

CHAPTER XI
LEMOINE-BROCARD GEOMETRY.
13O. The Brocard
Points.
of circles be described

whose

On the sides BC, CA, let triads external segments contain the angles

AB

O)
(b)
(c)

A,,C;
C,A, BB, C,

the cyclic order

The

first

preserved. triad of circles intersect at the orthocentre H.


17,

(ABC) being

Let the second triad intersect afc and O' are the Brocard Points of

and the third

at O'.

ABC.

Since the external segment of


circle touches

BQC

contains the angle C, this

CA

at C.

AB at A, and AlB touches BC at B. " (Memorize the order of angles for O by the word CAB."} In like manner. BQ!G touches AB at B, Cti'A touches BC at
Similarly, CttA touches
C, ASl'B touches CA at A. Again, since J.O/> touches

BC

at B, the angle

So
Similarly,

= VAB. QCA = SIBC. Q'AC = Q'CB = &BA.


056'
w,

Denote each of the equal angles IBC, QCA, SlAB by each of the equal angles 0,'CB, &c., by </.
94

and

LEMOiNE-BROCARD GEOMETRY.

95

131 To determine
B

CD

and

to'.

In the triangle AtoB, toB =: c sin w/sin B 2R sin to.c/6. to A = 2B sin to 6/a, 12 6 = 2 JB sin co So a/c

sin (01 -to) sin to


...

_
~~

sin

CLIO
12 0.4

_ ~

120

a2
be

sin

toA~

'

cot

to

=
_

4A
sin J,
2

^1 2

cot

A + cot 5 + cot
2

2 sin

+ sin B + sin C. ^. sin B sin C


a>

_ 1

4-

cos

sin ^1 sin
;

A cos j? cos C B sin

The same expressions are found


^^

for a/

o>.

The angle
,

<o,

which

is

QCA, &BA, Q'CB, Q'AC,


oV

equal to each of the six angles QA B, is called the Brocard Angle of

ABC.
Since
to'

o>,
.

it

follows that

A = 2E sin w
a

c/a,

Q'C
n.c. of
-

2 Z? sin

co

Observe that the

2A
CL" -\~

-\~

K may now be written


to
to,

fe/c,

O'5

2.R sin

a/6.

c"

= Ja tan = R sin A tan


n.c.

&c.

(117)

132. To determine the

and

b.c. of to

and

fi'.

From
So

the diagram, a toB sin

to

212

sill to

fi

=
to
.

2R
6/c,

sin

to

a/c,

y
sin
2

= 2E sin
to
.

c/6.
2

to

6/a.

And
a'

for O',

= 2B sin aa' =
.*.

ft'
:

2R

y8y8'

= yy'
: :

c/a,

7'

2JB sin

to

a/6,

so that O,

12'

are Counter Points.


2
:

The

b.c. of

are given

by

x:y:z
and for
to',

x'
toto' is
2

y'

z'

= =

l/b2

1/c
2

I/a
1/61
4

1/c

I/a
2

The

line
4

then found to be
2

(a

-6

).^/a
of
to

+ (6

-cV).?//6 +(c
2

-a

)^/c

0.

The power

= /V+"; . ^
on

?'f 22

22

.-.

on'.

96

MODERN GEOMETRY.
133. The Brocard Angle
is

never greater than 30.


-\-

For
and
.*.

cot

<o

=
co

cot

cot

B + cot

(7,

cot
cot-

V
2

cot ('+...
cot
2

=
...

/.

(cotl?-cot(7) +...
cot
to

+ 2; = 2(cotM + ...)-2
J.+

=
Hence
is

2 (cot 2 (o-3).
is

never less than A/3, and therefore w

never

greater than 30.

134, Some useful formulae.


(a)

cosec

CD

=
=

1 4- cot 2

<o

1 4- (a 4- &

+c )
2

/16A

and

-,

a4
2
.

sin-

cu

This expression will be denoted by


(6)

cos

CD

==

(c)

sin 2to

2 2 2A(a + 6 + c

2
)
.

(d)

COS

l>oi

= _-

A^
a

(e)

cotL^^j. 4
sin

A(
(A
w)/sinw
a>)
:

(/) Since
/.

= a /66;
s

sin(J.

w)

sin(l?

sin

(0

w)
to)
to

.and
(gr)

sin(J.
sin
(^.4

w) sin (/?
-j-w)/sin
o>

<o)

siii(6'

=a = sin
3

s
:

8
,

to.

sin

A (cot

-f

cot

A)

Note
(/&)

that,

when

c,

sin
to

cos (^4

+ <o)/sin J.

sin

+ w) = 2 sin = cot A cot 1


(^4.
to
2

to.

/.

cos(yl+(o)

=
a

sin
sin

A sinto/8A

.(fc

+c

a 2 /; 2

<rc

)
f
'.

(AE)

sin

7>

sin ( J.

C)

sin

LE:-IOINE-BROCARD GEOMETRY.

97

135. JTeuberg Circles.


of a triangle The base being fixed, to determine the locus of the vertex A, when the Brocard Angle of the triangle is constant.

BG

ABC

ABC
to

Bisect

BG

in I)

draw DA^A. perpendicular, and A


2

M parallel

BG.

Then
=

4. area of
.'.

ABC
L

4,a.DM
2

AD*
.

a.

DM .coto) + 3/4.a = 0.
so that

Take

DN =

\ a cot o>,

BND = GND =
2 1/4. a

u>.

Then

NA*

= =

AD* + ND 2 -2.DN .DM


-3/4.o
constant.
8

(cot'w-3)

Hence the locus


centre N,

of -4 is a circle, called

a Neuberg Circle,

and radius p =

\a

136. Let
nicies of

Sj&C', #_E7'(7

the

common

base BC, so that

be equilateral triangles on opposiie DE = |a. V3.

Let the Neuberg Circle cut

Then

DA,. DA,

DJV 2 - P 2
H

DE in A A. = 3/4. a = DE
2
.

2
.

And

thus, for different values of

<o,

the Neuberg Circles form

98
a coaxal family, with Radical Axis.

MODERN GEOMETRY.

E and

E' for Limiting Points,

and

EG

for

Let

GA

cut the circle in

Tv

Then, since

E is
A
.-.

a limiting point,

GA^.CT^
19

CE*

=
:

CB\
;

so that the triangles

GBA GT^B
B'l\
:

are similar

A,B
/.

= BG
BT,

A,G.
;

But

A,B
if

=
/.

A,C,

= BG = BE
Tr
;

BT
then

is

a tangent at

Similarly,

BA%

cuts the circle at T^

CT

is

a tangent at

137. The Steiner Angles.

From

the similar triangles BA,G, T^BC, L r l\BG BAf.

Also, from the cyclic quadrilateral


at T,

BT^ND^
;

with right angles

and

Z>,

/_

n
sino>
o-i
i

o)

BT^D = BND or w BG = u + BA.C = A + _ sin r,D(7 _ ^^ _ ~ BG


l

>;

~*inB l\D~ BD
r

BD

Similarly,

sin

Thus

J. 15

A% are the values of x obtained from


sin (x

+ w) =
.

2 sin

o>.

This gives

cot

2 cot J# cot w + 3

0;
3,

whence

cot^^

as is obvious

cot 00+ cot^A, from the diagram.

= = -

cot w

-v/cot'

w w

v/cot'

For

A.D/DB
-j

DJNT/DJ5

- NAJDB
GJ
2

cot

to

p/^a

=
-f

cot

\/cot
3.

a>

3.

So
denoted by S 19

cotJA
/S'

cot

\/cot w

A V \A^ The angles %A


2.

will be called the Steiner Angles,

and

LE.MOINE-BROCARD GEOMETRY.

99

138. Either Brocard Point


For
ft,
.'.

ft

or

ft'

supplies

some interesting

illustrations of the properties of pedal triangles.

A + \ = BQO = 180-0 = A + B;
\

B,

so
0,
//

/x

0,

A.

And
to

B. A, v' So that the pedal triangles of the Brocard Points are similar
for
ft',

\'

ABO.
To determine
p,

the circumradius of the pedal triangle of 2p sin B. 2p sin A. ef

ft.

But

ef=QARiuA = 2R sin
p

to

b/a sin
.

(131)
to

J\

sin

to.

Hence, the triangles


sin
<o
:

def,

ABO
A

have their linear ratio equal


sin w.
2
.
;

1.

U
Also
.-.

/.

= 4_B /A U E Oft = n = 4JR sin = e'E*. 4 sin Oft = E (l


II
2 2

to,

o>)

(134 a)

139.

Lemma

I.
all

Let XBC, YCA, ZAB be isosceles triangles, described inwards or all outwards, and having a common base angle 6.

To prove that AX, BY, CZ are concurrent. Let (a^yO, (a 2 /32 y2 ), (a 3 &y3 ) be the n.c. of X, Y, Z. Then 04 = ^ a tan ft = JO7sin(C'-6>) = i. a sec 0. sin (C-0)
;

yx

= ia sec 0. sin (B

6).

So that

fll

ft

yj
y.2
7;i

a2
a

ft

= sin0 sin (00) = sin (00) sin


:

sin (.#

0)

sin

(A
:

0),

ft

== s i n

(^

0)

sin

(^

0^

si 11 0-

100

MODERN GEOMETRY.
to

The equation
or

AX is
sin
(7>>

ft/fa

ft.

= 0> =

y/y 1?

7 sin

(C-0), &c.
8,

Hence AX,
Perspective
I/sin

(A-

J3Y, for triangles ABC, XYZ, 0), I/sin (7?-0), I/sin (0-0).
8

0^

concur at a point

whose

the centre of n.c. are as


the

The point

obviously
of

lies

on

Kiepert's Hyperbola,

Counter Point conic

OK,
(B

for the

K.H. equation
...

is

sin

G)

1/a-f-

=0.

(Appendix TIL a)

14O.

Lemma

II.
of

The centroid (')


For
if (a,

XYZ coincides with


a..

O.

0, 7) be the n.c of G'.

3.

(la

= + Oo + = \ sec0 [a sin 0-1-6 sin (0


ttj

0)

+c.sin

(7?

0)

oc

26 sin

(7 oc

I/a

&c.

6r'

coincides with G. (See Appendix 771.6)

(A) In the diagram of Neuberg's Circle v and on BC, CA, AT? describe the isosceles triangles N^BC, N.2 CA, N^AB (all inwards), with the
Illustrations,
(p. 97),

141.

change

into

common

are the centres of base angle (^-TT <o), so that 1 N^N9 the three Neuberg Circles, corresponding to 7? (7, CA, AB. Then since sin (A 0} becomes cos (A + <*>), the lines AiV,, BN.2 n.c. are as sec (A + w)..., that is, S concur at a point whose at the Tarry Point. (143)
,

CN

For a second illustration take the triangles PBC, having the common base angle w measured inwards. The triangle PQR, called the First Brocard Triangle, has G for centroid from (140), while AP, BQ, CR meet at a point D,

RAB

the Centre of Perspective for PQR, 3 3 8 I/sin (A-cu) Ac., or I/a 1/6 1/c the
, , ,

ABC,
b.c.

its n.c. being as 2 being as I/a 1/6%


,

1/c

For the

n.c. of
aj
:

/',

= sin sin (C = 1 cr/ab b*/ac,


a>
:
:

co)

sin (7^

co)

BO that the b.c. of

are as a 2 c 2 , 6 2
,

LEMOINE-BROCARD GEOMETRY.
Similarly those of

101
of

are
is
4

c'

?r, cr,

and those

R are
0.

?/

2
,

2
.

The equation
4

of
& e
3
2

QR

found to be
a 2 6 2 )2/+(6*

(a

)0+(c

cV)s

This meets

J56' at

a pointy, for which 4 8 s a 2 -o 6 )y+(fe*-c a ) (c


4

or,

//(6

-cV) + s/(c'-aW)
_p<?r

= 0, = 0.
PQR, ABC
(4p_pewdi'a' 7IZ". c)

Hence the Axis


is

of Perspective

of the triangles

z/O
142. O,
O', A'.

6V ) +
2

. . .

=0.

Some

of the relations

between O,

Q',

and K,

will

now be

investigated.

B
(a)

Since PA'

=
/.

5.4'. tan

PjBA'

= Ja.tan w = KM,
BC,

AP is

parallel to

so

Y^,

7CK are parallel to OA,

AB

respectively.

it

OPK = 90 = OQK = ORE, follows that P, Q, E lie on the Brocard Circle (OA'). = (6) Since the angles PPG', QBG are each PP passes through O. /. Similarly OQ, AE pass through fl, while C'P, AQ, BR
Since
o>,

pass

through

O'.

102
(c)

MODERN GEOMETRY.
Since

KQ, KR,
.;

So and thus
the

QPR = QKR = A. RQP = B, PRQ=C;

are parallel to

AC, AB,

PQR is

common
Since

inversely similar to ABC, the triangles having centroid G as their double point.

(d)

POE = VAB + ttBA = u+(B


.'.

o>)

=B = PQR,
<o.

(and similarly O')

lies

on the Brocard Circle.


o>
;

(e)

so Q'OK = VOK = &PK = OJ5(7 = OK bisects flO' at right angles (at Z).

From

Section (138).

00

OK (diameter of Brocard Circle) = DO' = 2 012 sin = 2eR sin


.

= R (1-4 sin
o>

oo)

= eR

eR
to.

secw.

143. The Steiner and Tarry Points.

2 is the pole of the ABC OK. To determine 2 geometrically, draw Aa- parallel to OK, and crS perpendicular to BC. (35)

The

ABC

Steiner Point denoted by


is

Simson Line which

parallel to

If

0j, 0.2 ,

that

# 3 are the direction angles of OK, 2 2 c ). cos 6 l oc a (6


of

it

has been proved

The

n. c.

5
5

are 2 R cos
c

cos
b.c.

3,

&c.,

which
2

(126) are as

sectf], &c.,

or as a (o

r
)

and the

are as l/(6

c ).

is

to S on the circle J^-BO therefore the called the Tarry Point, and is denoted by T Simson Lines of 2 and T are at right angles. Hence the n.c. of Tare 2 R sin 2 sin 8 &c. (46)
;
,

The point diametrically opposite

Now

03T sin ^

= J^M- OA = R sin A tan


1

(KM perp.
o>

to 56')

IZ cos -4

cos(J.-f to). as sec(J. + oo), sec(5+(o), sec((7 + u>). In (42) let is the pole be the Lemoine Axis then of the Simson Line parallel to this axis, and therefore per-

oc

Hence the

n.c. of

Tare

PQR
OK.

pendicular to

Hence

is

the Tarry Point.

LEMOINE-BROCARD GEOMETRY.

103

144.
to to

ABC,

PQR being the First Brocard Triangle, inversely similar to prove that the figure KPROQ is inversely similar
is

2ACTB.
Since ZSOT a diameter, 3o-T
B<r
is

parallel to

BC, and arc

a right angle, so that a-T

is

CT.

Now,
above),

since

KR
.'.

is

parallel to

Similarly, also ABC,

AB (142 a.), and KO to A<r (as OKR = <rAB = T2C, from the equal arcs. OKQ = T2B
;

are inversely similar. Hence and T are homologous points in these two triangles. and 2 are homologous. Therefore Hence the figures KPROQ, ^AGTB are inversely similar.

PQR

Since

L
parallel to
.'.

2BA = KQP

(similar figures)

JKTJKP,

and

AB is

KR,

2B

is

parallel to

EP,
to

&c.

Hence TA

is

perpendicular to QE,

T5

EP, TO

to

PQ.

145. Lemma. The points L,

If, JV

have
;

b.c.

arranged in cyclic order LMN, coincides with G.


L, 3f,

to prove that
(a

proportional to yzx, zxy, xyz, 6?', the mean centre of

Let (0,^70, OAh)* (oa^sys)* and 6r' respectively. Then, for L,

W)

be tne absolute

n.c. of

/.

So and
/.

= 2 A/ + y + z).y/a. = 2A/(o; + y + )./, a = 2 A/ + y + 2) a?/a 3a' = ai + a 4-a = 2A/o,


a,
(aj

04

(a;

Ac.

Hence G' coincides with G.

104

MODERN GEOMETRY.
8 b.c. of P, Q, It being aVfe 7/W, in cyclic follows that G is the centroid of PQR, as already and is therefore the double point of the inversely
,

146. The
order,
it

cW,

proved, similar triangles ABC, PQR. Let L be the circumcentre of PQJR, and therefore of the

ABC.

in then L in PQR is homologous to Therefore the axes of similitude of the two inversely similar triangles bisect the angles between GO and GL.

Brocard Circle (OK)

Again, the
2

b.c.
2
2
,

of
,

1),
2
,

j
,

1/c

l/a

Hence G
But
.'.

1/6 I/a is the centroid of DOQ'.


(9 lies

1/c

are I/a in cyclic order.

O,

12'

2
,

2
,

1/6

1/c

1/6',

Bisect DO' in Z, then

on DZ, and

Z GD =
:

i>.

D.S" is parallel to

OG:GH=l:2. (H orthocentre of ABO) OK, and Dfi" =2.0Z = 2.eP cos


to.

Let

Since

LG meet DIf in H'. i is the circumcentre,


.'.

and

the centroid of

PQR,

LGH'
/.

is
:

the Euler Line of


:

PQR.
1
:

But

LG GH' = ZG GD =
J^
is

the orthocentre of

PQE.

LEMOINE-BROCARD GEOMETRY.
Again,
.'.

105

HH'

2
is

OL

OK,

H'HKO
bisects

and

E'K

OH

a parallelogram at the Nine-Point centre.

the double point of the inversely similar therefore the points 6?, 0, T in the former figure are homologous to G, L, in the latter.
is

147. Since

figures

2ACTB, KPROQ,

Hence angle
Again,
if

OGT = LGO,
:

so that G, L,

are collinear.

p(= eR secco)

be the radius of the Brocard Circle,


:

then

GO GL = R
.-.
2

p
;

(by similar figures).

So

GT:GO=R: P
:
:

and

GO'=GL.GTGT GO- = P- p- = GT

<!L.

148. To prove that

lies

on the circurndiameter SOT.

From
and

(146)

H'D ZL
:

H'G GL
:

ZL = OZp =
/.

H'D

eR cos w^eR sec w = = 2.ZL = 2 cos


>

p cos

2w

2o>.

Again,
and, from

H'T:LT= GT+2.GL: GT-GL; GT GL = R- p~ above,


:
: ;

.-.

H'TiLT =
/.

jB

+ 'V J^-p
: :

= 2 cos 2w
D
lies

= H'D LO
:

(or p),

on SOT.

To determine OD.

DT:
.-.

OT= H'T: LT = 2cos2w:l, OD:B = 2cos2o>-l:l; /. OD = e-K


=eE =
2
2

Note also that

OD. 02
respectively.

Ofi

or

OO' 2

So that OO, OO' are tangents to the

circles

106

MODERN GEOMETRY.

149. The Isodynamic Points. These are the pair of inverse points
triangles are equilateral
;

and

8 1?

whose pedal

so that

=v=
X+
o>
. . .

60.

In this case,

M=

a? cot

= 4 A (cot
,

cot 60

+ 4A + 1).

(64)

4A (cot & cob 60 So for ST M, 1). The Powers 11(11^ are given by H (BO = 8Es A/Jf (1Q = 2EV(cotoi cot60=bl). Areas of pedal triangles = 2A*/M (-3^)
Absolute
n.c.

(68)

=
oc

a (a l}
sin

= -|A/(cot(ocot60 = abc
60).

l).

(A

The circamradii
.

of the pedal triangles are given by area of pedal triangles sin 60 sin 60 sin 60 2p* (2p*)

= =

iA/(cot<ocot60l).
8,

Let

(piP2 p3 ),

Then
'

(p/paW) be the tripolar coordinates of constant. p sinA ef p sin 60


l

8a

=
'

Pi-P-2'-Pz=

1>

1/&

= c !/ =

/>/

Ps'

Pa'-

The

tripolar equation to

OK is
0,
)\ oc

(6

*_ c s) ri i_,_. i>
by on OK.

for
I/a.

cos^

oc

a(6

-c

);

(126)

and this

is satisfied
8, 8! lie

Hence

1 50. Consider the coaxal system which has


limiting points.
: : : :

and

8 t for its

From (149), since p q r I/a l/b 1/c, therefore the Radical Axis of the system becomes
which
is

the Lemoine Axis

Jj^L^Jj^.

Let this Radical Axis cut


then, since K
.'.
.

OK in X

is

\0 ^K

X8 2 or XSj 2 since ABO belongs to the coaxal system. Therefore the Brocard Circle (OK) belongs to this system, and therefore is coaxal with ABC.
,

= =

the pole of L-JJ^LZ for the circle square of tangent from X to

ABC,

ABO

LEMOINE-BROCAKIJ GEOMETRY.

107

151. The Isogonic Points.


These are the Counter Points of 8 and B l they are therefore denoted by 8' and /. Their antipedal triangles are equilateral, having areas %M (MJ = 2A (cot w cot 60d=l).
;

Their

n.c.

are
!}

,,

~
oc

ale
l

sin(Bd=60) sinf fJ=b60)


sin 60

M(M )''

sin 60

60). I/Bin (4 Hence, from (139), if equilateral triangles XBC, YCA, ZAB be described inwards on BC, CA, AB, then XA, YB, ZC concur at 8' for the outward system, the point of concurrence is S/. These points lie on Kiepert's Hyperbola, whose equation is
;

sin

(5

C)/a+...

0.

152. The Circum-ellipse.


Let
l/a

+ m//3 + n/y

0,

be

oa + fyS + cy. Project the ellipse into a circle, centre co, the radius of the circle being therefore g, while the angle of projection 6 is
cos" q/p.
1

Let a/?y, a//?V be the and A'B'C', so that 2aa'

n.c. of

the ellipse, with axes 2p, 2q. the centre O, referred to ABC

Let

LMN,

with angles X/xv, be the triangle into which


/.

ABC is

projected.
A.lfo>J\r
/.
.-.

g sin 2X

A.J3OC'xcos0; = aa x g/p
;

aa =:

pg'

sin2X;
2/t,

so that the

ABC

b.c. of

are as sin 2X, sin

sin 2p.

Also
.*.

| (aa + 6/3 + cy)

=A
i/

Again

A. 2pg sin X sin /x sin 2a' aa -\- b/3 + cy aa' 2pg sin X cos /x cos v

so that the A'B'G' b.c. of

are as tan A, tan/x, tanv.


ti
;

Since

and and
it

= 2pq sin A sin sin v aa+6/2-fcy = 4>pq sin A cos/x cos aa = pq sin 2A
A
;

i/ ;

follows that
(aa-f bfi

cy)
.

2 2/?y sin 2A

sin

2 2p sin 2v

108

MODERN GEOMETRY.
aa
b/3+cy) (aa+bfi-cy)

giving the locus of the centre,


(irpq) is constant.

when

the area of the

ellipse

Let PQB he the triangle formed by tangents to the Ellipse at A, B, C then AP, BQ, GR have a common point call it T
f

whose
Let
circle

b.c.

are as

Z,

fern,

en.

PQR
LMN.

be projected into pqr,

whose

sides

touch

the

Then

LMN (fig.,

the projection of T is evidently the Lemoine Point of p. 89), and therefore its b.c. are as

HN*,
.'.

NL LM2
,

or as

sin A, sin
:

2
tt,
2

sin'

v;

al

bm

en
2

sin A

sin

2
//,
:

sin

v.

Hence the
and
its

Ellipse

is

sin A./a./3y +

...

0;

Counter Point Locus

is
...

sin 2 A/a. a -|-

=0.

This is the Radical Axis of the coaxal system, whose Limiting Points have A/U.I/ for the angles of their pedal triangles. To calculate the axes of the ellipse in terms of A, /A, v.

From

(91),

a 2 cot A + b" cot

^ -f c

cot v =.

And from

(152),

2A (sec 6 + cos 2A (q/p+p/q)


A
sin/x sinv.

6)

=
.

2A
J/

(p*

+ q*)/l>q.

2pq sin

.. 1 sin sin A
So

//.

sin v

sin A sin

/x

sin v

(P~g)

= i. =
3

^
sin
x A

siti /x

sin v
is

A
6r,

well known example is the Steiner Ellipse, whose centre so that is equilateral, and

LMN

A
It will be

/u,

^TT.

found that
2
2

p~

+ cf =
p/q

(a

-4- fe

4- c )

f
2

cot

2 (cot w-f \/cot w

3)/ \/3

where

The
which
*

jS 2 v/cot a> (cotw ^/p ^, /S2 are the Steiner Angles. Counter Point Locus of the Steiner Ellipse is a/a+0/6+?/c s= 0,

= 4A/3 \^3 _pg = cot V3 \/3 3)/v/3 = cot


w
;

;S T

is

the Lemoine Axis.

The point

T may

be called the Sub- Lemoine Point of the conic.

CHAPTER
PIVOT POINTS.
153. Let
angles be
A,

XII.

TUCKER CIRCLES.
ABC, and
let its

DEF
/x,
\>.

be any triangle inscribed in

The

circles

AE F,

BFD, ODE meet

in a point

call it S.

Let def be the pedal triangle of S,


circumradius. In the circle

17 its area,

andp
Sdf.

its

SDBF,
d

angle

So
.*.

SDF = SBF or SBf = SDE = Sde


so
1

X,

/LI,

/=:/;

and thus the triangle D/*/.? is similar to the pedal triangle of 8. The point $ can be found, as in (56) by drawing inner arcs (A + X)... on BC,CA,AB.

Again,

/ dSf

irB
L

DSF
by
ft

Hence
Denote each

dSD

= fSF =
0.

(circle tiD'BF).

eSE.

Then

SD =

of these angles a sec (9,

SE =

sec

0,

SF =

y sec

b,

where (a/3y) are the n.c. of 8. Hence /S is the double point

for any pair of the family of similar triangles DEF, including def, so that it may be fitly named the " Pivot Point " (Drehpunkt) of these triangles, which rotate about it, with their vertices on the sides of ABC, changing their size but not their shape.
109

110

M ODERN GEOMETRY

if

The linear dimensions of DEF, def are as sec 6 1 M, m are homologous points in these triangles then MSm = 0, S = mS sec
:

so that,

and the locus of

M M for different triangles DEF


; , ;

is

a line through

perpendicular to 8m. An important case is that of the centres of the triangles DEF. These lie on a line through <TO the centre of the circle def, and, if a- is the centre of DE F, then perpendicular to >Scr
<rSo-

6.

absolutely in terms of X/xv

154. All the elements of DEF may now be determined and 0.

For

sin

(65)

where and
so that

M=
p
is

a~ cot
2

X-f

2
fe

cot
/*

/x.

+c
i/

cot v

+ 4d
;

2p

sin

sin

sin

Z7

known.

Hence

SD =
2p sin

a sec
;

0,

circumradius of

EF =

area of

D#^ = U sec

6^

DEF = p = = 2&-/M sec- ^.


.

let

cutting the sides of ABC again in D'E'F', be the angles of the family of triangles D'E'F', and S' their Pivot Point.

155. The circle


X', //, v'

DEF

In the triangle AF'E, A FI'E + F'EE' 180

= FDF + F'D'E' =

So

18G-B

PIVOT POINTS.

TUCKER CIRCLES.

HI

It follows that S' is the Counter Point of $, and that the A-X, ... (102) angles of the family D'E'F' are 180 The triangles def, d'e'f therefore have the same circumcentre cr and the same circumradius p
. .

the centre of D'E'F', we SV $' through o- and take

To

find

or',

draw a perpendicular
;

to

L o-'SV

where 6' = d'S'D'. But a-' coincides with DD'EE'FF'. Hence

=&

a-,

either being the centre of the circle


0'

0.

156. To prove that the circle DD'EE'FF' touches the conic which is inscribed in ABC, and has $, S' for foci.

Let

TT

be a point where the circle


since

So-ti'
;

meets the conic.

Then

arc So-

S'ar

Therefore

CTTT is

L STrS' is bisected by TTO-. normal to the conic at TT.


o-iSV/S",

Now,

in the cyclic quadrilateral


O-TT
.

SS'

S'(T

STT -j- Str . S'ir


:

=:

So-.2p

But
Also
cr

SS'/S<r

for 2p
'2
.

= S& (Sir + S'TT) = major axis of conic.


;

<T7r

= p sec 6 =

S<rJS<r

2 cos
p.
.

is

the centre of the circle

DD' ...

Hence

this circle touches the conic at r.

112

MODERN GEOMETRY.

157. Triangles circumscribed about ABO. Through A, B, C draw perpendiculars

to

S'A, S'B, S'O,

forming pqr, the Antipedal Triangle of S'. This triangle (o, S' being Counter Points) is known to be homothetic to def, the pedal triangle of S, and therefore to have angles X, /A, v. Obviously Sp, 8q, Sr are diameters of the circles BS'Cp, &c. Through A draw QR parallel to EF, and therefore making an angle with qr.
Let QC,
Since

RB

meet at P.
/A,

AQC = AqC
lies

and

ARB =

so that

on the

circle BS'C'p.

Hence, as the vertices of the sides of PQR, homothetic to


its

DEF slide along


DEF,

the sides of AB( rotate about A, B, C, and


',

vertices slide on fixed circles.


is

Since S'q

a diameter of S'qQC,

S'Q=
Therefore 8'
',

S'q cos

0, ....

is

the double point of the family of triangles

including jp^r. linear dimensions of the similar triangles PQR, pqr are so that, if 2V, n be homologous points in the two as cos 6 1 describes a circle on S'n as diameter. triangles,

The

PIVOT POINTS.

TUCKER CIRCLES.

113

158. To determine the elements of PQR.

From

(84)

so that, if

area of pqr p' be the circumradius of pqr, 2 2p' sin \ sin /x sin v
.

V=

= %M

= ^M.
2

Then, for

PQR,
Area

circumradius
of

p'
2

p' cos 0.
0.

But

PQR = V cos = i Afcos area of DBF - 2A /M sec 0.


2 2
.

Hence, the area of areas of any triangle the triangle which

ABC
is

DEF

PQR

a geometric mean between the ABC, and the area of homothetic to DEF, and whose sides
is

inscribed in

pass through A, B, C.

159. Tucker

Circles.

An
for
"
circle

Pivot Points

series interesting "

of

circles

we take the Brocard Points O and

present themselves,
1'.

when The

K. Tucker,
properties.

DD'EE'FF', is then called a Tucker Circle, from who was the first thoroughly to investigate its
def, d'e'f

Since

are

now
B,

the pedal triangles of

12,

O'

/.

D=

E = e=

C,

F=f=

A-,

Denote by Z (corresponding to o- ) the centre of the pedal circle of O, O', and by Z' (corresponding to a-) the circumcentre of DEF, D'E'F'.

common common

The

line of centres ZZ', bisecting Ofi' at right angles, falls

on

Oil; also

And
it

since

= = Dtid = EVe = Ftlf. SlOZ = u = VAF = O5D = Q(IE7,


Z'VZ

follows

that the figures VOZ'Z, QAFf,

VBDd, VCEe

are

similar.

114
Let
'

MODERN GEOMETRY

0'

= ACIF = BttD =

CQE.

Then

Now the
.'.

radius of the pedal circle of

fii)'

JP

7i*

sin w, (138)

circumradius of DD' ...

= p = p sec =

Tt.siii to/sin (o> 4-0').

The quadrilateral BDSIF being cyclic, EFT) therefore the arcs DF', FE', ED' subtend each an angle circumference, and are therefore equal.

= B&D
6'

6'

at the

Hence the chord E'D is parallel to AB, F'E to BC, D'F to AC and a circle with centre Z' and radius p cos 0' will touch the
:

three equal chords. In the cyclic quadrilateral so EDF, AE'F that the equal chords are anti-parallel to the corresponding

= EDF=B;

sides of

ABC.
L TJE'D'

= F'E'E =

F'E'D'- F'E'D
F'E'D' + D'E'E

A-0'.

A+

6'.

Chord EF'

parallel to

chord DD' cut from

BO = 2p sin F'E'E = sin (4 + 6') EC = 2/> sin DE'D' = 2 P sin (A- 6').
'2,>

And

if

afiy

be the

n.c. of

the centre

',

= p cos^DZ'D' = p cos DE'D' = p cos (A-&).

PIVOT POINTS.

TUCKER CIRCLES.
formulae will be found useful.

H5

16O. The following


(a)
(b)
(c)

list of

Radius of

circle circle

DD' ...

sin co/sin (w

fl').

Radius of

touching equal chords


;

= p' = p cos

$'.

N.c. of centre Z'

= p cos (A
PC =

6').

(d)
(e)

Length

of equal anti-parallel chords

2p sin

&'.

Chord DD' cut from


Chord #/<"
If
d!
l

2p sin (A

&).
(>').

(/)

parallel to

EG
0.K"

2p sin (A +

((/)

and d are points on

such that

00d
then
a x cos aa
l

30, OOdj

150;

(A3Q) a
150)

sin

(4 + 60),
60).
8

and

oc

cos (^t

a- sin (J.

Hence d and d coincide with the Isodynamic Points

and

8r

161. The Radical Axis of the Tucker and the circle ABC.
If

circle

(parameter

#'),

2
,

2
2
,

I.*

then the required Radical Axis

are the powers of A, B, is t *x


l

for the

Tucker

...

= 0.
A 'sin (w-f 6')'

circle,

(62)

Now,
'sin

=
And
since

sin o 2p
.

Kin

5 A
-

. .

sin 6.

/,,

EF'

is

parallel to

BO,

sin
.'.

A
2
.

= AF. AF' = 4p

sin ^. sin

S sin C sin

0'.

sin

(4 -f ^)/sin

^1,

so that the Radical Axis is

sin^+0'^ +

.-.

0.

116

MODERN GEOMETK Y

162. The properties of four Tucker Circles, whose centres are certain standard points on OK, will now be discussed.

(A) The First Lemoine Circle, or Triplicate Ratio Circle. This has its centre at L, the mid-point of OK, or the centre of the Brocard Circle.
so that

&
(a) p
(]})

<o.

Then,

(c)

= R sin w/siii 2w = = ^R. p = p COS a = ^Ksec cos (A


to

^Ii*

sec w.

00.

w).
o>
.

(d) Anti-parallel chord


(e)

= R sec sin = tan Chord DD' cut from 5C = E sec sin (A


<o

Z?

oo.

o>

o>).

So that
:

FF'

sin

(A

o>)

sin(S-w)

sin (6

o>)

Hence the name "Triplicate Ratio


(/)

Circle."

Chord EF'

parallel to

BC = R

sec <o.sin
is anti-

These chords pass through K.


parallel to
.'.

For since chord ED'

AB, ED'C

perp. from

on

= A, BC = ED' sin A = tan sin A, = perp. from K on BC.


li
o>
.

from

(^)

PIVOT POINTS.

TUCKER CIRCLES
of OQ'.
w.

H7

163. (B) The Pedal Circle

The centre being


(a) p
(fo)
'

Z,

6'

= %TT

c)

= R sin = sin p' a = R sin


72

oj.
2

(o.

a)

sin

(A -f- a>)

:= .R sin 2

a>

6/

(d)
(a)

(/)

Anti-parallel chord = R sin 2w. Chord cut from BC = 2R sin w cos Chord parallel to BO = 2R sin w cos (J.

<o).

164. (C) The Second Lemoine

Circle, or Cosine Circle.

The centre
(a)
(6)
(c)

of this circle is

-K",

so that

&

= O&K =

-Jir.

p = R tan w. P - 0. a = R tan sin ^1.


'

<o

(131)
F'D,
so

(d) Anti-parallel chords E'F,

D'E each equal

that they each pass through the centre K, as is also obvious

the

diameter
(6).
co

2R tan w;

from
(e)
.'.

DD'
:

= 2R tan
EE' FF'
:

cos

J>D'

= cos A
Circle."

cos

cos

(7.

Hence the name "Cosine


(/)

Chord

parallel to

BC = 2R tan

<o

cos

chord cut from BC.

118

MODERN GEOMETRY.

165. The Taylor Circle. Let H!, H.2 be the feet of the perpendiculars from s A, B, C on the opposite sides. E to CA. Draw S perpendicular to AB, H.2 D to BC,
,

H^

Let

Then
and

A&F = <. AF AH, sin B = 211 sin B sin C AQ, = 2R sin sin 5/sin A
2

o>

(131)

sin

to

Also

cot

o>

Hence

tan

<

AF sin A sin 5 sin C + = cos J. cos B cos (7 sin A sin sin (7 = tan A tan 5 tan 0.
1
j6>
;

(131)

Similarly it may be shown that tan 5OD or tan ClE


BO that

= tan A tan B tan = CUE. = BOD AVF

13, jff3

Next, draw HJE' perpendicular to CA, D' perpendicular to BC. Then it may be shown that

H F'
Z

perpendicular to

AQ'E'

Btl'F'
...

Ctt'D'

</>.

The

six triangles
lie

A&F,

being

all similar, it

follows that
circle, after

D&EE'FF'

on a Tucker

circle, called

the Taylor

Mr. H. M. Taylor.
A

O
<

The angle

is

called the Tajdor Angle.

PIVOT POINTS.
Since
<

TUCKER CIRCLES.

119

is less

than
2

TT,

we have
(7,
2

D sin
where

<

= + sin A sin B sin D = cos JL cos B cos


2 2
:

D cos =
<

cos J. cos
2

B cos (7,

C-

-f sin

A sin

J5 sin

(7.

diagram shows that,

OT TK

tan

<

T being the centre of this tan o> = tan A tan B tan C

circle,
:

tan
;

w.

Note the equal anti-parallel chords DP', FE', ED' chord E'D, parallel to AB, F'E to BC, D' F to AC.

also the

\
K

166. The
(a)

list of

formulae

is

now

Radius of T-circle
p'

(fe)

.= J?_D cos

</>

:=

+ 7? cos ^4 cos 5 cos


sin (w

=R

sma>
.

/>)

0.

(c) 'a

= RDcos(A<j>} = R (cos A cos 5 cos


2

sin

A sin 5 sin C).

(d) Anti-parallel chord E'F or F'D or D'E sin 7? sin 0. 2.B sin sin </>

= 2RD

(e)

Chord

(/)

Chord

cut from BO = 2ED sin (.1 <) = R sin 2.4 cos (BC). ^'7 parallel to BC = R sin 2.4 cos A

the other chords being

D'F and E'D.


circle

To determine the Radical Axis of the Taylor Circle.


sin
(

ABC

and the

A -f <) =

sin
(

cos

</>

=D
oc

sin

A
2

+ cos A sin cos .4 cos B cos + cos A


</>

sin ^4 sin

B sin

')

sin

A cos

A.
is

Hence, from (61), the Radical Axis 2 cot A. x + ...


: :

0.

So that the tripolar coordinates of the Limiting Points of these two circles are as cot A cotB cot C. (21)

APPENDIX

I.

Let LMN..., L'M'N'... be two systems of n points. Place equal masses p, p at L, L' gr, q at M, If', &c. To determine the condition that the two systems shall have
;

the same mass-centre.

Project LMN... and the mass-centre 011 any axis, and let lmn...x be the distances of these projections from a given point on the axis.

Then

m')+r(nn') + ...
and so for any number of axes.

0.

But

I',

&c., are the projections of LL',

MM', NN'....

Therefore the required condition is that a closed polygon may be formed, whose sides are parallel and proportional to p.LL', &c. In the case of a triangle

p.LL'

<x

Bin

(MM

NN').
a second point P' on

Now, in the case under discussion, take TT, and let its pedal triangle be d'e'f.
Here
LL'

dd'

= PP
or
>

cos ^,
;

and angle (MM', NN')


.'.

is (ee', //')

A
oc

cos

6, oc

sin A,

Hence all pedal triangles same mass-centre for the

A sec def of points P on TT have constant masses sin A sec 6 V


or
sin
1B
f

the
&c.,

placed at the angular points

d, e, /.

120

APPENDIX

II.

To determine the second points in which the four circles out the Nine-point Circle. Let the circle PQR cut the sides of ABC again in P19 Q 19 r

Then
.-.

= AR.AR,, &c. AQ.AQ .BR.BR .CP.CP, = AR.AR..BP.BP,. GQ. CQr


AQ.AQ^
;

But, by Ceva's Theorem, since AP. BQ,

GR

are concurrent,

.:

BP.CQ.AR = CP.AQ.BROP, .AQ .BR, = BP, CQ, AR,.


l
.
. }

Therefore

AP^ BQ GR
,

are concurrent.
:

Again, since

CQ QA =
:

/;,

and
.'.

AR RB = p
AQ=p/(r+p).b;
AQi=pJ(ri+pJ.1>',
l

q,

AR=p/(p+q).c.

So

AR =pJ(p

-{-q l }.c.
;

But

AQ.AQ,

= AR.AR^

&c.

121

122
.'.

MODERN GEOMETRY.
p,

a
oc

+r H---h
g
:

r -\-p
;

So

ql

r, <x

-M--

q.-r, a 2&
2

Tn (80)

it

Point Circle at a point Similarly the circle Point Circle at a point


aJ
'
'

was shown that the circle 1J QR cuts the Nine w, whose b.c. are as a /(q r*),
2

PQB
1 1

<o',

where the

(the same circle) cuts the Nineb.c. of <o' are given by


^
2
'

AT

So,

if

the

b.c. of

the circle PQ,' R' cuts the Nine-Point Circle again at o^ o> are given by 1
1

writing

for

APPENDIX
(a)

III.

To determine the area


A'O

of

X YZ.
%a tan
.

Since

= E cos A
.'.

A'X

= E sin 4 tan
A + 0}
.

6.

OX=

B/cos

cos

.'.

/.

= OY.OZ.sinA = E /cos cos (B + cos (0 + 0) sin A. 2.&XYZ = '2(YOZ + ZOX+XOY) =


Z.&retiYOZ
2

(9)

...

and by some easy reduction we

obtain,
oj

&XYZ = AM cos
When
then
is

0.

[2 sin

sin (20

+ o>) }/sin

o>.

equal to either Steiner Angle,


sin (20

(137)

+ w) =

2 sin

w,

and the triangle


line.

XYZ

vanishes, so that

XYZ

is

a straight

But

this triangle always has G for its centroid. Hence, in this particular case, XYZ passes through G.
(b)

Instead of the base angles being equal, suppose that


z

and

- YCA = ZAB = BOX = CAY = ABZ = BXG CYA - AZB =


XE(
'

0,

0,

Then

Oj

a2 as

3a

= = = =

a. sin
b sin
c sin

sin </sin ^,

0.sin(C'
0.sin

0)/sinx,
^>)/siii
A,,

(B

a1

+ a2

u3

&c.

Hence

6r is

the eentroid of

XYZ.
123

124
(c)

MODERN GEOMETRY.
Let YZ, ZX,

XY

meet BG, GA,

AB

in x, y, z respect-

ively.

Then, since AX, BY, GZ&re concurrent, xyz is a straight being the axis of perspective of the triangles ABC, XYZ. To show that the envelope of xyz is Kiepert's Parabola.

line,

The equation

of yz is

(Ay.-&y,)

+ (w-y a. ) 0+ (oA-a,&) y = 0.
3
2

Now
So

y 2 a3

y3 a 2

oc

sin (J.
sin J. sin

0) sin

(B

0)

sin

sin

cc

sin

C sin 26.
sin

a3&"~* a

<* s ^

n^

sin J.

5 sin 2^.
sin

Therefore at # we have
/3/(sin
C'

sin ^4

sin

sin 20) +y/(sin

A sin 5

sin 20)

0,

so that xyz is

aa/(sin J. sin

Writing

this as

5 sin (7 sin A sin 20) + px + qy + rz = 0, we know,


2

. . .

=0.

this line touches the

parabola, the n.c.


oc

of

from (9), that whose focus are

a/(l/ 3 -l/r), Ac.

Here

1/g

1/r

(sin J5
2 2

sin 0) sin 20.


c ) &c.,

Hence the focus has


2

n.c. a/(fc
2

and the

directrix is

(& -c )cos.4-a+... =0. Hence the envelope of xyz is Kiepert's Parabola, having for focus the point whose Simson Line is parallel to OGH, and

OGH for directrix.

INDEX.
[The numbers
refer to Sections,

Aiyar, V. R., 108, 109.

Angular Coords., 81.


Apollonian Circles, 127, 129.
Artzt's Parabola, 66, 120.

Feuerbach Point, 14, 51. Theorem, 63.


Gegenpunkte
,

83.

Axis of Perspective

ABC

and PQR, 141.


,,

Genese, Prof. R. W., 102. Gergonne Point (ABC), 32, 34,


,,

XYZ,

App. Ill

(c).

(TiTtTj, 122.

Greenhill, Sir George, 22, 26, 34,

Beard, W. F., 36. Brocard Circle, 142, 144, 150. Brocard Angle and Equil. T., 91.
Centres of Similitude
:

54, 55.

Harmonic system Harmonic Quad.,

of lines, 80.

124, 129.
(g).

XYZ and
Circles

Ii/2 I3 26.
,

Isodynamic Points, 99, 149, 160


Isogonal Conjugates, 101. Isogonic Points, 151.
Kiepert's Parabola, Ill (c).
11,

def and D'E'F', 85.

HiHiHs and
:

T^T^

85.

40,

App.

Apollonian, 127, 129.

Brocard, 142, 144, 150.


Centre, 9, 12, 42.

Kiepert's Hyperbola, 139, 151.

Lemoine

Lemoine Point
Lhuillier, 92.

(First), 162.

of 1,12/3, i22

(Second), 164. Neuberg, 135.

Lemoyne's Theorem,

77.

Nine Point,
Taylor, 165.

16, 45, 61, 107.

Limiting Points, 21, 57. Lines, harmonic system

of, 80.

Pedal C. of nn', 163. Centre O lf 44. Cubic Transformation of Functions, 34, 54, 55.
Davis, R. F., 9, 19, 104. Dixon, A. C., 55. 125
Elliptic

M'Cay's Cubic, 109.


Nagel Point, 30, 31. Narayanan, S., 75. Neuberg, Prof. J., 69,
135.

70, 88, 92,

Nine Point

Circle, 16, 45,. 61, 107.

126
Orthologic Triangles, 82.

MODERN GEOMETRY.
Pivot Points, 153.
74.

Orthopole

is

for

TOT',

Poristic formulae, 33.

Parabola
Points

Artzt, 66, 120.

Quadrilateral, Harmonic, 124, 129.

Kiepert, 11, 40.


:

Radical Axis
(poristically
fixed),

SiSrfHiGi
24-28.

ABC
,,

and Tucker
,,

Circle, 161.
,,

Taylor

166.
62.

FGHO'TNM(on poristic circles),


29-34.

SS'SiSj (relations), 87.

Groups of R.A.'s, 21, Rao, T. Bhimasena, 72.


Rouse, E. P., 104.
Schick, Dr. J., 58, 64. Schoute, Dr. P. H., 100.
Steiner
:

Feuerbach,

14, 51.

Gergonne, 32, 34, 122. Tsodynamic, 99, 149, 160


Isogonic, 151.

(g).

Angles, 137.
Ellipse, 152. Point, 143, 144.

Lemoine Point

of IiI2 ^, 122.

Limiting, 21, 57. Midpoint of S'S/, 115.


Nagel, 30, 31.
Pivot, 153.
Steiner, 143, 144. Sub-Lemoine, 152.

Tarry Point, 141, 143, 144. Taylor, H. M., 103, 106.


,,

Circle, 165.

Tricusp. hyp., 52.

Tarry, 141, 143, 144.

Twin

Points, 87.

Twin

Points, 87.

Point D, 141, 146, 148.

Weill Point

GM

28.

London

Printed by C. F. Hodgson & Son, 2

Newton

Street,

Kingsway, W.C.

RETURN TO the
or to the

circulation

desk

of

any

University of California Library

NORTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY


Bldg. 400,

FACILITY

Richmond

Field Station

University of California

Richmond,

CA 94804-4698

ALL BOOKS MAY BE RECALLED AFTER 7 DAYS


2-month loans may be renewed by calling (510)642-6753 1-year loans may be recharged by bringing books to NRLF

Renewals and recharges may be made 4 days prior to due date

DUE AS STAMPED BELOW


JUN 1
2003

JUL

2003

DD20 15M

4-02

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY

You might also like