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DERIVATION OF AMPLITUDES FOR 1r - 21r REACTION CHANNELS

USING THE OSET-VICENTE-VACAS MODEL, AND CALCULATION


OF THE CHIRAL SYMMETRY BREAKING PARAMETER
Neil Behzad Fazel
B. Sc. (Applied Physics) Sharif University of Technology, 1988
A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF
THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF
MASTER OF SCIENCE
Ill
THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
We accept this thesis as conforming
to the required standard
THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA
June 1992
Neil Behzad Fazel
In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced
degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it
freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive
copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the head of my
department or by his or her representatives. It is understood that copying or
publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written
permission.
Department of
P!ifSrcs
The University of British Columbia
Vancouver, Canada
Date
DE-6 (2/88)
(Signature) _
Abstract
The Oset and Vicente-Vacas model for 7r N -+ 7r7r N reaction has been used to derive
theoretical values of the amplitudes and cross sections for the 7r- 27r reaction channels.
It is shown that the N* -+ N ( 7r7r )s-wave mechanism is required in order to obtain
agreement with the world data for the 1r-p-+ 1r-1r+n and 1r-p-+ 1r
0
1r
0
n channels. The
x
2
analyses of the world data near threshold for all the channels strongly support the
Weinberg's value of e = 0 for the chiral symmetry breaking parameter. The value of
C, the factor related to N* N 1r1r coupling through the exchange of the scalar meson E,
was estimated to be C = ( -1.97 0.11) Ji-
1
.
11
Table of Contents
Abstract
List of Tables
List of Figures
Acknowledgements
1 Introduction
1.1 Overview
1.2 Chiral Symmetry and PCAC
1.3 Olsson and Turner's Work
2 1r - 21r Reaction Channels
2.1 Introduction ...... .
2.2 x
2
Analysis of the World Data
2.2.1 The 1r-p --+ 1r
0
1r
0
n Channel
2.2.2 The 1r-p --+ 1r-1r+n Channel
2.2.3 The 1r+p --+ 1r+1r+n Channel
2.2.4 The 1r-p --+ 1r-1r
0
p Channel .
2.2.5 The 1r+p --+ 1r+1r
0
p Channel .
3 Discussion and Conclusion
A Derivation of the Amplitudes
Ill
ii
v
vii
viii
1
1
3
4
9
9
11
11
19
21
26
29
33
41
A.l The Oset and Vicente-Vacas Model . 41
A.2 Expansion of the Lagrangians . . . . 43
A.3 Recipe for Obtaining the Amplitudes . 46
A.4 Calculation of Some of the Amplitudes for the Three Channels 48
A.5 Taking Care of Spin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
D Amplitudes for the 1r+p ~ 1r+1r
0
p reaction 83
E World Data for 1r - 21r Channels 95
Bibliography 100
IV
List of Tables
2.1 Results of the x
2
analysis for the 1r
0
1r
0
channel.
2.2 Errors in the x
2
analysis of the 1r
0
1r
0
channel. .
2.3 Results of the x
2
analysis for the 1r-1r+ channel. .
2.4 Errors in the x
2
analysis of the 1r-1r+ channel. ..
2.5 Results of the x
2
analysis for the 7r+7r+ channel, excluding the OMI-
CRON data ......... .
E.1 Batusov's 7r-7r+ data [BA65].
E.2 Bjork's 7r-7r+ data [BJ80] ...
E.3 OMICRON's 1r-1r+ data [OM89a].
E.4 Kravtsov's 7r+7r+ data [KR78].
E.5 OMICRON's 1r+1r+ data [OM90].
E.6 Sevior's 7r+7r+ data [SE91].
E.7 Lowe's 1r
0
1r
0
data [L091].
E.8 OMICRON's 1r-1ro data [OM89b].
E.9 World data for 7r+7r
0
at lower energies.
v
18
18
20
20
24
95
96
96
97
97
97
98
99
99
List of Figures
2.1 The diagrams which do not vanish at threshold in the 1r
0
1r
0
channel. . . 14
2.2 Comparison of the model's predictions for the 1r
0
1r
0
channel, with and
without the N* 2-point diagrams ( C = -2.13 f-l-
1
0.3). 14
2.3 1r
0
1r
0
two point diagrams. 15
2.4 1r
0
1r
0
three point diagrams. . 15
2.5 1r
0
1r
0
three point diagrams with one delta intermediate state. 16
2.6 1r
0
1r
0
three point diagrams with two delta intermediate states. 16
2.7 1r
0
1r
0
two point diagrams with N* and delta intermediate states. . 16
2.8 The surface plot of x
2
for the 1r
0
1r
0
channel. 18
2.9 Feynman diagrams for the 7r-7r+ channel. . 19
2.10 The surface plot of x
2
for the 1r_1r+ channel. 21
2.11 Feynman diagrams for the 7r+7r+ channel. 22
2.12 x
2
analysis of the ?r+?r+ channel. 0 0 0 0 0 23
2.13 World data for 7r+7r+ channel, and the theoretical prediction of the model
for = 0.15. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.14 Feynman diagrams for the 1r-1ro channel.. 26
2.15 The contribution of different groups of diagrams to the total cross section
for the 1r-1ro channel 0. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.16 (a) x
2
analysis of the 1r-1ro channel, (b) world data for the 1r-1ro channel,
and model's prediction fore= 1.9. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 28
2.17 comparison of the cross sections given by the model for different values
of the chiral symmetry breaking parameter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
VI
2.18 Feynman diagrams for the 1r+1r
0
channel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.19 x
2
analysis of the 1r+1r
0
channel, and comparison of the model's predic-
tion for different values of e. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.1 Comparison of model's prediction for the 7r+7r+ channel with t = 0 and
t = -2 ............................ . 35
3.2 The contour plots of x
2
for the 7r+7r- and 1r
0
1r
0
channels. . 37
3.3 World data for the 7r+7r-, 7r+7r+, 1r
0
1r
0
and 1r-1ro channels, and model's
prediction for C = -1.97 f.-l-
1
, t = 0. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
3.4 World data for the 1r+1r
0
channel, and model's prediction for t = 0. 39
Vll
Acknowledgements
I would like to thank Dr. Richard Johnson for supervising this work.
Thanks are also due to Eulogio Oset and Manolo Vicente-Vacas for making their
Monte Carlo code containing the amplitude calculations for the 1r-p-+ 7r-7r+n and
1r+p-+ 7r+7r+n channels available to us; as well as to Vesna Sossi, for her assistance,
and Martin Sevior, for his comments.
Vlll
to my parents
IX
Chapter 1
Introduction
The knowledge of 1r - 1r scattering amplitudes at zero relative momentum provides us
with clues on the nature of chiral symmetry breaking. Experimentally this involves the
study of Ke
4
decay and pion-induced pion production ( 1r- 21r) reactions. In the present
chapter I will first give a broad perspective of the theoretical environment that makes
the 1r N ---+ 7r7r N reactions experimentally significant, and will then review some of its
aspects in greater detail.
1.1 Overview
A good starting point for the discussion of 1r - 27r reactions would be chiral symme-
try. This refers to the symmetry which would exist if the up, down, and one might
add, strange quarks were massless; then the Quantum ChromoDynamic Lagrangian
would consist of two parts, one for the right-handed quark fields and the other for the
left-handed ones -without any coupling between them- i.e. handedness of the fields
would exist in a symmetrical way; this is where the chiral symmetry gets its name.
Symmetries in physics are accompanied by the conservation of some quantity; in the
case of chiral symmetry this conserved quantity turns out to be the axial current. The
methodology based on this symmetry, provides us with the only rigorous approach to
low energy QCD. However in reality chiral symmetry is broken spontaneously, as well
as explicitly. The difference between these two I will make clear later, but the con-
sequence of chiral symmetry being explicitly broken is that the axial current will no
1
Chapter 1. Introduction 2
longer be conserved. Still it would be approximately conserved if the symmetry were
only slightly broken; this leads to the idea of Partially Conserved Axial Current, or
PCAC.
In the sixties theorists were using the commutation relations between the currents,
known as the current algebra, and the PCAC assumption, to calculate the matrix el-
ements for emission and absorption of soft pions and determine the pion scattering
lengths. Weinberg used PCAC and current algebra for calculations of 7r- 1r scattering
lengths [WE66); later he changed his approach and used phenomenological Lagrangians
to reproduce his previous results for 1r -Jr scattering [WE67]. However, his results were
not entirely consistent with the work done by Schwinger (SC67) in which, using a non-
operator method and eliminating all reference to current algebra, he had constructed
a 1r - 1r interaction Lagrangian which differed from Weinberg's by a term represent-
ing chiral symmetry breaking. Later it was shown by Olssen and Turner [OT68) that
the Lagrangians of Weinberg and Schwinger were cases of the most general 1r- 1r La-
grangian derived in accordance with current algebra and PCAC; this Lagrangian had
one free parameter, E, to be determined experimentally, and the Lagrangians of Wein-
berg and Schwinger corresponded to ~ = 0 and ~ = 1 cases, respectively (Weinberg's
later work in this area [WE68) has further implications for both Schwinger's and Olsson
and Turner's results; this will be discussed in the final chapter). Weinberg, and Olsson
and Turner also noted the similarity between near-threshold chiral symmetry breaking
properties of the 1r N --7 1r1r N reaction channels and the low-energy 7r - 1r scattering,
which means that experimentally, the cross section measurements of 1r- 27r reactions
near threshold can be used to study the nature of chiral symmetry breaking.
Chapter 1. Introduction 3
1.2 Chiral Symmetry and PCAC
In what follows, the quark will be considered as a doublet containing the up and down
quarks. This is a good approximation for pion-nucleon interactions, in light of the fact
that the strange quark which is the lightest of the heavy quarks, is still about 200 MeV
more massive than the u and d quarks.
It is known that strong interactions conserve helicity. For massless quarks, the
helicity of the quarks emerges as a quantity that is the same in all frames of reference
(this is because for massless particles moving at the speed of light, only a boost to a
frame of reference moving at a speed greater than that of light will reverse the direction
of the particle's momentun, required to change the helicity). These two facts together
suggest that, at least ideally, the worlds of the righthanded and lefthanded quarks are
independent and do not interact. As a result, in the QCD Lagrangian for the free
quarks, the fields representing left-handed and right-handed quarks will decouple to
giVe
(1.1)
The left- and right-handed parts are each invariant under an SU(2) transformation
and the Lagrangian as a whole is said to be invariant under an SU(2)L SU(2)R
transformation. This invariance leads to the idea of chiral symmetry, which is, however,
spontaneously broken. A symmetry is spontaneously broken when the system has
degenerate ground states not displaying the underlying symmetry of its Lagrangian.
It has been shown that whenever a symmetry is spontaneously broken, there must
exist massless bosons, called Goldstone bosons, whose interactions with the particles
of theory cause the system to make transitions between the degenerate ground states.
In this case the bosons are 1r's, K's and the ry particle. These particles are of course
massive, and the reason is that chiral symmetry, in addition to being spontaneously
Chapter 1. Introduction 4
broken, is also explicitly broken, since in the real world, quarks, however relatively light
some of them may be, are still massive. The consequence of this is that the Goldstone
bosons acquire mass. This is why pions are massive. Their low mass in the hadron
spectrum reflects the extent to which the chiral symmetry is explicitly broken.
A massless pion is called a soft pion, and the limit f-l ----+ 0 is the soft pion limit
which is the basis of several theorems concerning pionic amplitudes [EW88]. Naively
speaking, these low-energy theorems may have an accuracy of around 2%, however see
[GL83J.
It follows from Noether's theorem that the invariance of a Lagrangian under a
transformation implies the existence of a conserved current. In the case of the in variance
of QCD Lagrangian under chiral transformation, the conserved current is the axial
current
(1.2)
where 7}; is the quark doublet and Ti the Pauli isospin matrices. Under exact chiral
symmetry, the conservation of current would make the divergence of the axial current
vanish; since chiral symmetry, as pointed out, is an approximate symmetry, the axial
current is rather partially conserved and one has
(1.3)
here J1r, f-l and c/>i(x) are the pion decay constant, pion mass and the pion field, respec-
tively. Eq. (1.3) is the PCAC relation which is obtained in a natural way within the
framework of chiral symmetry [EW88].
1.3 Olsson and Turner's Work
As mentioned earlier, Weinberg and Schwinger approached the problem of deriving
1r- 1r Lagrangians differently and their results were not similar; Weinberg's Lagrangian
Chapter 1. Introduction
was
= 8:, r '[2&"1. &"i + 1'
2
'1
(m is the nucleon mass), whereas Schwinger obtained
Using a more familiar notation, and noting the equality
2
G fDL - h.
m 9A p,
equations become
= _

_

<P2J
= - [ -<P2( ap, <P )2 -

<P2l
5
(1.4)
(1.5)
2
}11", these
(1.6)
(1.7)
the second term in the above Lagrangians, known as the symmetry-breaking term,
differs by a factor of two in these equations; in order to resolve this ambiguity, Olsson
and Turner [OT68] showed that the most general Lagrangian derived in accordance
with current algebra and PCAC is
L1r1r = ( G /2m )
2
(gv / 9A)
2
X (1.8)
[2(1- 2gof7r)(<P8p,<P)
2
- 2gof7r<P
2
(8p,<P)
2
+ 2hof;- 1)J-l
2
(<P
2
)
2
]
with g
0
and h
0
as free parameters. They also defined the parameter later known as
the chiral symmetry breaking parameter, as a combination of g
0
, ho and f1r in the form
(1.9)
the choice of g
0
=
2
}11" results, using Eq. (1.9), in h
0
= and Eq. (1.8) reduces to
(1.10)
so by choosing g
0
, and as the new parameter, one obtains a family of Lagrangians
which depend on the chiral symmetry breaking parameter as their single parameter;
Chapter 1. Introduction 6
as will be shown in the conclusion to this thesis, there are further constraints which
e has to obey, but for now it is clear that the choice of e = 0 in Eq. (1.10) gives the
Weinberg Lagrangian, whereas e = 1 gives Schwinger's (the sign difference in the first
term of Eq. (1.10) as compared to Eqs. (1.6) and (1.7) is due to Olsson and Turner
using a different metric).
Relating the experimental results from 1r - 27r scattering to the 1r - 1r scattering
involves coming up with a theoretical model to describe the 1r N --t 7r7r N reaction.
Olsson and Turner [OT68] used a model which included the 1r - 1r interaction La-
grangian L,nr (Eq. 1.10), as well as three 7r- N interaction Lagrangians, LNNir, LNNnir
and LNNirir' generated using Weinberg's covariant-derivative formalism, and calculated
threshold amplitudes for two of the 1r- 27r reaction channels, namely 1r-p --t 7r-7r+n
and 1r+p --t 7r+7r+n channels
1
. Although their results do not adequately reproduce the
experimental data even at pion lab kinetic energies 20-30 MeV above threshold, they
did derive equations which expressed the threshold amplitudes in terms of only the chi-
ral symmetry breaking parameter e' and which are still widely used by experimentalists
today. According to their calculations [OT69]
82 2
(fir) ( -1.36 + o.6e)
(1.11)
82 2 )
(fir) (1.51 + o.6e
(1.12)
82 2
- (fir) (2.11 - 0.30
(1.13)
where fir is the pion decay constant. They had earlier related the isospin 0 and 2 (s
wave) scattering lengths to the chiral symmetry breaking parameter [OT68] through
1
It should be noted that in their derivation they have included the contribution from the two-point
diagrams (eg. Fig. 2.3), as well as the diagrams which contribute more significantly near threshold, i.e.
the diagrams representing the pole and contact term contributions (Fig. 2.1).
Chapter 1. Introduction
the equations
ao ~ e - 7
a2 e + 2
2a
0
- 5a
2
- 6L
7
(1.14)
(1.15)
where L = s:f!'rt Solving Eqs. (1.11)-(1.15) for the threshold amplitudes and the
scattering lengths, one gets for the 1r-1r+, 7r+7r+ and 1r
0
1r
0
scattering lengths
(-+)
a a
(++)
a a
a ~ + + )
(00)
a a
(1.16)
(1.17)
(1.18)
In Olsson and Turner's formulation, scattering lengths can be obtained using Eqs.
(1.16)-(1.18), having the threshold amplitudes for the reaction. Alternatively, one can
obtain the scattering lengths by first deriving the value of e' from a x
2
analysis of the
experimental data versus the theoretical cross sections, and then using Eqs. (1.14)-
(1.15), which explicitly give
L
-(14- 50
8
L
--(e + 2)
4
(1.19)
(1.20)
Chapter 1. Introduction 8
hence the importance of knowledge of the chiral symmetry breaking parameter.
As pointed out earlier, the above model does not reproduce the data for all chan-
nels to the desired accuracy. It is the objective of this work to show that another
presently available model, namely that of Oset and Vicente-Vacas, will provide a more
complete theoretical description of the 1r - 27r reactions.
Chapter 2
1r - 21r Reaction Channels
2.1 Introduction
In order to test the predictions of chiral symmetry and soft pion theory, one has to
resort to indirect means. This is because the particles of the theory have half lives in
the region of 26 nanoseconds, making experiments involving direct scattering of pions
unfeasable. One such indirect method is by studying the Ke
4
decay (K+-+ 1r+1r-e+ve);
this reaction has small branching ratio, but involves pions as the only strongly inter-
acting particles in the outgoing channel, hence facilitating the data analysis.
The other reaction, and the one we are concerned with here, is the pion-induced
pion production reaction, or 1r - 27r scattering. For pion energies < 1 Gev, this is the
major inelastic reaction between a pion and a nucleon. The threshold measurements of
the 1r- 21r reactions provide information on 1r- 1r scattering at zero relative momentum
(threshold being defined as the pion lab kinetic energy, T1r, at which both of the out-
going pions are created at rest in the centre of momentum system, which, as a result
of the conservation of momentum, requires the outgoing nucleon to be at rest as well).
Of the reactions in the 7r N -+ 7r7r N family, there are five channels which are amenable
to experimental investigation. Since strong interactions are isospin invariant, the am-
plitudes for the different charge channels can be written in terms of isospin amplitudes
A21,1,.,., where In is the isospin of the two outgoing pions, which, when combined with
the isospin of the outgoing nucleon, gives I, the total isospin; the isospin channels are
9
Chapter 2. 1r - 27r Reaction Channels 10
(I,In) = (see [MM84]) and the charge channels, along with
the isospin decomposition of their amplitudes, and their threshold energies, are
1. 1r-1r+ channel
A(1r-p-+ 1r-1r+n) = tJfA32 -1A10 + tA31- tAu
T:Ch = 172.4 MeV
2. 7r+7r+ channel
A(1r+p-+ 1r+1r+n) = {iA32
Tth = 172.4 MeV
1r
3. 1r
0
1r
0
channel
A(1r-p-+ 1r
0
1r
0
n) = + A10
T:Ch = 160.5 MeV
4. 1r-1ro channel
A(1r-p-+ 1r-1r
0
p) = -/-A32 + t/fA31 +Au
T:Ch = 164.8 MeV
5. 1r+1r
0
channel
A(1r+p-+ 1r+1r
0
p) = -I-A32- /fA31
Tth = 164.8 MeV
1r
The wave function of a system consisting of two pions (i.e. two bosons) will be
symmetric under interchange of the pions. The total wave function of a two-pion state
may be written as (total) = qy( space )a( spin )x( isospin ); thus its symmetry is given
by (-1)f(-l)s+l(-1)l+
1
. Since s = 0 for the pion, and at threshold f = 0, in order
to maintain the symmetry of the total wave function, I must be even. As a result, at
threshold the odd isospin amplitude I1r1r = 1 will vanish, leaving only the isospin 0 and
2 amplitudes; for this reason these reactions have high isospin selectivity.
Chapter 2. 1r - 21r Reaction Channels 11
2.2 x
2
Analysis of the World Data
As previously mentioned, the purpose of this work is to use the Oset and Vicente-
Vacas model for 1r N --+ 1r1r N reactions [OV85) to study the world data for 1r - 21r
reactions channels. A description of the model, and the details regarding the derivation
of theoretical amplitudes from it, are gived in Appendix A. The model has two free
parameters; the chiral symmetry breaking parameter, and C, the factor related to
the N N*( 1r1r )s-wave coupling; these are to be determined from a comparison of the
theoretical cross sections with experimental data and to this end, the amplitudes have
been integrated into a Monte Carlo code, which has as its output the theoretical values
of cross section predicted by the model. In the following sections, these values are used
with the world cross section data for the five 1r- 21r reaction channels, in a x
2
analyses
and C as the parameters. The analysis was done according to the relation
(2.1)
in which N is the number of experimental data used in the analysis, n is the number
of parameters varied during the analysis and ar and a-fh are the experimental and
theoretical cross sections, resp.; 8ay is the experimental error and cis a factor related
to C by the relation C = -c x 1.52 11-
1
In order to calculate the error in the x
2
-analysis
due to the theoretical error, the following relation was used
(2.2)
where 8aJh is the theoretical error as calculated by the Monte Carlo code.
The first reaction channel examined is the 1r
0
1r
0
channel. This is the only one in which
all the outgoing particles are neutral, thus excluding any electromagnetic effects in the
Chapter 2. 1r - 21r Reaction Channels 12
outgoing channel. The Feynman diagrams for the reaction are shown in Figs. 2.1,
2.3-2. 7, and the corresponding amplitudes are given in Appendix B.
There are 27 diagrams, with the largest contribution at low energies coming from
pole and contact term diagrams, as well as the two-point diagrams with N* intermedi-
ate state and NN*(1r1r)s-wave coupling (Fig. 2.1); these are the only diagrams which do
not vanish at threshold, and at energies as much as 60 MeV above the threshold, the
amplitude from these 4 diagrams makes up 95% of the cross section with the rest of the
diagrams included. The existence of the N* 2-point diagrams is an important feature
of the Oset-Vicente-Vacas model; for the two channels in which theN* --7 N( 1f1f )s-wave
mechanism exists, i.e. the 1r
0
1r
0
and 1r-1r+ channels, this mechanism is necessary to
obtain agreement with experimental cross sections. A comparison of the results, with
and without this mechanism, is shown in Fig. 2.2; the inclusion of N* mechanism gives
agreement with Lowe's data (L091] for pion lab kinetic energies (T1r) up to 212 MeV,
and at higher energies it makes a significant contribution to the cross section.
1
The diagrams in Fig. 2.3 are two-point diagrams with nucleon intermediate state
and 1r N s-wave amplitude. It should be noted that the phenomenological Lagrangian
used in the Oset-Vicente model for N N 1f1f coupling differs from the one used by Ols-
son and Turner, and for this reason, this model would give values for the cross section
which are not necessarily equal to theirs, even when the same Feynman processes are
considered.
Three-point diagrams with nucleon and N* in the intermediate states are shown
in Fig. 2.4. The diagrams in which the N* would be formed after the emission of one
or two pions, were omitted on kinematic grounds; at T1r=300 MeV the total CM energy
is around 1313 MeV (using Vs = [2mT1r + (!1 + m )
2
]11
2
) and if an N* (instead of a
1
this is in spite of the large energy denominators in the N* propagators [OV85]; see following
paragraphs.
Chapter 2. 7r - 27r Reaction Channels 13
nucleon) were to be formed after the emission of the 7!"
0
, less than 1313-135=1178 MeV
would be available for it; if this happened before the arrival of the incoming pion, even
less energy would be available, as in that case ~ , its total CM energy, is also deducted;
using p ~ = s+tf/jr
2
gives p ~ rv 329 MeV, leaving only 1178- 329 = 849 MeV available
for the formation of theN* at TJr = 300 MeV; since N* has a mass of (1440 40) MeV
with a width at resonance of (200 80) MeV [EW88), the formation of such diagrams
is not energetically favoured for pion lab kinetic energies < 300 MeV, in which we're
interested (stated more formally, the propagator factor is too small).
The remaining diagrams contribute to a lesser degree, however becoming impor-
tant at higher energies, especially for the 7r+7r
0
and 7r-7ro channels (in the case of 7!"
0
7!"
0
channel, there are some cancellations among these diagrams, making them less impor-
tant at lower energies). Using similar arguments as in the previous paragraph, among
the diagrams in Fig. 2.7, the first and last one are expected to be important in our
energy region.
Chapter 2. 7r - 27r Reaction Channels
( 1)
I n'
A
- - --- - - _!_ - - -=-- - -
I +
.f-11"
'
'
'
(2)
/
. /
1'f /
,-7.
/ 7f-- / ___ ..,..
/ ..-
'
'
/_.- ..-
p n p n
(3)
(4)
\
\ 1'f
.
n'l
\ )._
"'
\ .
' I
I
1f
11",(
"'
I
\ \
I
\1'[
-
\
I

\ /
I
\ I

-

p N" n p N" n
Figure 2.1: The diagrams which do not vanish at threshold in the 1r
0
1r
0
channel.
10'
10'
10'
I
10 ..
160
- 0 0
n n n
-
-
x [l091]
with N" 2-point
diagrams
_ without N"
diagrams
180 200 220 240 260 280
pion lab kinetic energy (MeV)
300
14
Figure 2.2: Comparison of the model's predictions for the 1r
0
1r
0
channel, with and
without the N* 2-point diagrams ( C = -2.13 1-l-l 0.3).
Chapter 2. 1r - 21r Reaction Channels 15
(5) (6)
\ \
0
1101
o I
\ 71
o I
\
-
,rr
111
111
\11
"
,(
I
\
1
I \
\
I
I
\
I
I
p n p p n
(7) (B)
\ 0
rrol
I \
I o
I
\71
I - \
111
o;
I
,71
- rr,
I
\11
I
I
\
I
\ I
I
p p n p n n
Figure 2.3: 1r
0
1r
0
two point diagrams.
(9) (10)
I o
0
o I ol I
I )11
111 11J 11) \
-
\71 I 1 I I
,rr
I I \
p n n n p p p n
\(11)
I
(12)
o I
111
\ 71 I
o I o I
f71
-
!
I
111 11,(
I
\ \71
I I
\
I I
p p n n p N' n n
Figure 2.4: 1r
0
1r
0
three point diagrams.
Chapter 2. 7r - 2rr Reaction Channels 16
(1.3) (14) (15)
TiD I D I
D I I
o I
D I
o I
\
~
Til
Ti4 I Til
Ti4
I - Til
\Ti I
I ,Ti
~ T i
I
\
I I
~ v I v I I
p
!';'
n n p p
/';'
n p "'+ n n
(16) (17) (18)
o I ol I
o I o I I I 0 Of
TiJ TiJ I Ti. TiA I \ -
ATi Til
I I ~ T i I ~ T i \Ti
I
I I
\ I I
I I I I I It
p p "'+ n p "'+ p n p n
/';'
n
Figure 2.5: rr
0
rr
0
three point diagrams with one delta intermediate state.
(19) (20) (21)
no I
Tio/ o I o I o I I
o I
\ 4
I
Til Til
I Ti-
Ti1 I T i ~
\n
I I +
yTi
\
p
"''
/';'
n p "'+ "'+ n p "'+
/';'
n
Figure 2.6: rr
0
rr
0
three point diagrams with two delta intermediate states.
(22) (2.3) (24)
\ Of of
o I
I
o I
o I o I
\
-
Til Til Tif I
-
Til Ti4 I Til
\1'i I
I ,Ti
I
~ T i
I
\
I I
~ ,,
I V
p
/';' N' n p N'
/';'
n p "'+
N' n
(25) (26) (27)
o I
I I
o I
I ol
of
TiJ Ti'J I Ti. Ti
0
A
\
-
TiJ
Til
I ~ T i I I ~ T i \Ti I I
I I
\
I I I I I v
p N'
"'+ n p "'+ N' n p N' /';'
n
Figure 2.7: rr
0
rr
0
two point diagrams with N* and delta intermediate states.
Chapter 2. 1r - 27r Reaction Channels 17
Analysis of the Data for the 1r
0
1r
0
n Channel
For the 1r
0
1r
0
channel, at sufficiently low energies, the pole, contact and two-point N*
diagrams are almost exclusively responsible for the cross section. In fact, at 283.99
MeV which is the highest energy for which experimental result is available from Lowe's
measurement, they yield a cross section which around 86% of the cross section with all
Feynman processes included. For this reason, this channel provides the least model-
dependent estimation of the chiral symmetry breaking parameter. In the case of the
channels without the N* mechanism, diagrams other than the pole and contact be-
come important, particularly due to the fact that experimental data very close to the
threshold are not available (see sections on 1r- 1r
0
and 7r+ 1r
0
channels). Of the 5 chan-
nels investigated, the 1r
0
1r
0
is the one for which the most reliable near-threshold data
is available [L091]. Measurements of this reaction involve the detection of the 4 'Y's
created as a result of decay of the 2 pions in the outgoing channel; due to the absence of
Coulomb interaction between the outgoing particles, measurements closer to threshold
can be performed. The threshold pion kinetic energy for this reaction is 160.5 MeV and
in order to minimize the effect of the model-dependent parts of the Lagrangian, only
Lowe's results up to T1r = 219.15 MeV (i.e. cross section measurements at 13 energies)
have been included in the analysis. At this energy o-(pole,contact,2-point N*)/o-(all
diagrams) > 95%.
The results of the x
2
analysis, as well as the error in x
2
caused by the theoretical
uncertainty in the cross sections given by the Monte Carlo code, are given in Tables 2.1
and 2.2. Figure 2.8 shows the surface plot of the x
2
vs. e and c. It can be seen that a
sharp, well-defined minimum for x
2
does not exist; in fact, by varying c, one can mini-
mize x
2
by using any value for e in the interval [-1.25,1.25] and probably beyond. To
e = 0 there corresponds C ~ -2tF\ which is in agreement with previous calculations
(see Appendix A).
Chapter 2. 7r - 27r Reaction Channels
c \ (
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
31
2
X
c
-1.25 -1.0 -0.75 -0.50 -0.25 0 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.0 1.25
7.26 8.34 9.18 10.09 11.34 12.45 13.64 14.73 15.96 17.22 18.49
4.46 4.90 5.78 6.40 7.25 8.31 9.32 10.27 11.19 12.53 13.77
2.96 3.05 3.39 3.83 4.17 5.00 5.67 6.56 7.23 8.32 9.13
3.18 2.77 2.73 2.56 2.58 2.80 3.19 3.65 4.14 4.84 5.46
5.79 4.59 3.78 3.18 2.68 2.49 2.39 2.46 2.49 2.68 3.03
11.16 8.83 7.90 6.16 4.85 4.12 3.41 2.88 2.54 2.17 2.06
18.73 16.59 14.02 11.83 9.80 8.28 6.69 5.52 4.46 3.68 3.13
30.99 27.10 23.99 21.37 18.58 15.07 13.29 11.10 9.34 7.61 6.17
Table 2.1: Results of the x
2
analysis for the 1r
0
1r
0
channel.
c \ ( -1.25 -1.0 -0.75 -0.50 -0.25 0 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.0 1.25
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
0.19 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.22 0.22
0.16 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22
0.17 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.20 0.20 0.21
0.19 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.15 0.16 0.15 0.16 0.15 0.16 0.18
0.35 0.29 0.25 0.20 0.17 0.16 0.15 0.14 0.15 0.14 0.14
0.55 0.45 0.43 0.36 0.30 0.27 0.22 0.20 0.18 0.15 0.14
0.78 0.72 0.66 0.56 0.50 0.44 0.38 0.33 0.29 0.25 0.22
1.19 1.06 0.94 0.91 0.79 0.66 0.62 0.54 0.47 0.42 0.36
Table 2.2: Errors in the x
2
analysis of the 1r
0
1r
0
channel.
1.01.25
0.75
0.50
0 0.25
-0.25
-0.50
-0.75
-1.0
-1.25
Figure 2.8: The surface plot of x
2
for the 1r
0
1r
0
channel.
18
Chapter 2. 1r - 21r Reaction Channels 19
The Oset-Vicente-Vacas model was first used to obtain cross sections for the 1r-1r+
channel [OV85)[S090), and the results have been in very good agreement with exper-
iment [OV85)[S090)[S092). The processes contributing to this channel are shown in
Fig. 2.9. There are 33 diagrams, of which the first four do not vanish at threshold.
Similar to the previous channel, the N* mechanism makes an important contribution
to the cross section.
-

-
1\..,+/
'11
' ' 11
-
',11

I
11
'
11
I
-,
-"!
' >11
' '
fE: 1 '11 ' ---
I
' -
p n p n p
N"
n p
N"
n
-
n;//
+'
' - 11-,
+
'
+ /
'

'!'
11 '
',.,n 11 ,'
\\n
'
"'-";
-
/rr 11,--
/
I
//,
,
/
'
' '
" '
"
\
"
/
p n n p n n p p n p p n
\
/11-
+'
7\+/ 11-/
I
11/
.,
-
71/
\11
-
11/
\11 \11
\
'
'
' '
I
\
p n p n p n p n p
N"
p n
' 7lj nf/
1\ +.4, I
71-,
'

+
+'

I
'
11 '
11:
I
\11
I -

.
'
I
'I 71
'
;71
'
'
' '
I
' ' '
I
p
t/
p n p n
1:1
n p 1:1 ++ p n p n 1:1+ n
1'i+.t.l 11-' I
/11.
+
11-, 1T- 41 11 .. ;.,
'
11- I 71,
'
I -
\11
.
I - \

-
:
.
I <71
'
'
<11
' I I
\
I
'
I I
'
p
1:1'
p n p n 1:1- n p 1:1++ p n p n 1:1+ n
\
11,
I
11
-
\ I
11+' - '
+I
'
+I
1T -./
I
-
\
\71
/
\11
11,
1 11 ' 71 '
11,
171
I
'
I
' '
I I
' I
'
\
' '
I I
' '
I
p
1:1' 1:1
n p
1:1'
1:1+
n p
1:1++ 1:1+
n p
1:1'
1:1+
n
1T +/
I
71/
1T -1, I
11 +'
I - I -
I
'
,71
'
I ,11
' I I
' '
I
'
p
1:1' 1:1
n p 1:1++ 1:1+ n
\
11/
+' +I I
71-,
'
1\-,/
I
+ +I -I I
\

11/ 11 '
\11
-
\71
71/ 71_; 71,

-
'
I
' '
I I
' '
I I I I
'
p
1:1' N"
n p
N" 1:1
n p
1:1 ++
N"
n p
N"
1:1+
n
71 + ,,'
'
I
/11.
+
71-' 1T-41 1'i +J,, n-;
11 , 71, I -
\71
I \
-
I 71
'
71 \71 I
I I I I I
\
'
p
1:1' N"
n p
N" 1:1
n p 1:1 ++
N"
n p
N" 1:1+
n
Figure 2.9: Feynman diagrams for the
7r-7r+
channel.
Chapter 2. 1r - 27r Reaction Channels 20
Analysis of the Data for the 1r-1r+n Channel
For the 1r-p -----+ 1r-1r+n reaction, experimental data from [BA65],[BJ80] and [OM89a]
have been used. The threshold is at 172.4 MeV and measurements up to 230 MeV (i.e.
7 cross section measurements) were included in the analysis. At this energy, the pole,
contact and N* diagrams give,....., 85% of the cross section.
The results of the x
2
analysis are given in Tables 2.3-2.4. In Fig. 2.10 the surface
plot of x
2
is shown. For this channel too, the analysis does not result in a well-defined
minimum for x
2
However for both channels containing the N* mechanism, e = 0
yields a value for C consistent with C = ( -2.25 0. 75) f--
1
, obtained from the recent
calculation based on the branching ratio of N*-----+ N(1r1r)s-wave [S092].
2
c \ e
-1.25 -1.0 -0.75 -0.50 -0.25 0 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.0 1.25
0.6 9.58 13.98 18.06 23.78 30.14 37.03 42.99 50.17 55.82 64.00 70.18
0.8 5.01 5.94 9.11 12.28 17.49 21.52 28.33 34.18 41.21 48.45 54.86
1.0 7.74 5.36 4.68 5.37 8.46 11.47 15.59 20.93 26.63 32.90 39.12
1.2 19.82 13.54 8.55 5.70 5.04 5.12 7.43 10.70 13.66 18.86 25.12
1.4 47.36 31.95 22.50 14.77 10.24 5.71 5.07 5.12 6.49 9.17 12.95
1.6 86.87 63.81 48.87 35.08 24.88 16.80 11.52 7.16 5.02 5.08 5.73
1.8 138.18 120.99 89.77 69.21 51.94 39.28 26.13 20.37 11.67 9.00 5.74
2.0 228.01 176.25 151.61 127.35 95.93 76.46 55.72 43.30 32.20 21.59 15.35
Table 2.3: Results of the x
2
analysis for the 7r-7r+ channel.
c \ e
-1.25 -1.0 -0.75 -0.50 -0.25 0 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.0 1.25
0.6 0.51 0.52 0.55 0.59 0.66 0.64 0.61 0.63 0.61 0.59 0.56
0.8 0.38 0.43 0.49 0.47 0.52 0.61 0.59 0.66 0.67 0.65 0.62
1.0 0.50 0.31 0.33 0.40 0.50 0.51 0.53 0.54 0.59 0.59 0.67
1.2 1.14 0.79 0.56 0.32 0.33 0.38 0.46 0.50 0.53 0.58 0.58
1.4 2.22 1.66 1.21 0.89 0.64 0.37 0.31 0.35 0.42 0.48 0.50
1.6 3.26 2.66 2.21 1.77 1.33 0.98 0.71 0.44 0.26 0.33 0.37
1.8 4.67 4.63 3.42 2.97 2.35 1.95 1.38 1.20 0.72 0.58 0.32
2.0 7.28 5.49 5.32 4.62 3.60 3.18 2.49 2.08 1.72 1.18 1.00
Table 2.4: Errors in the x
2
analysis of the 1r- 1r+ channel.
In the next chapter it will be shown that the possible values that e can take on is
2
This value supercedes the the original value from branching ratio calculation which Oset Vicente-
Vacas had obtained [OV85].
Chapter 2. 1r - 27r Reaction Channels 21
constrained by further theoretical arguments as well as the consideration of the results
of the x
2
analyses of all channels; this will then be used to determine C.
228
2
X
2.0
1.8
1.6
c
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.75
0.50
0
o.25
-0.25
-0.50 t-
-0.75 ~
-1.0
-1.25
1.25
1.0
Figure 2.10: The surface plot of x
2
for the 1r-1r+ channel.
The third reaction channel to be investigated is the 7r+7r+ channel. The diagrams for
this reaction are shown in Fig. 2.11. All the amplitudes, except those corresponding to
the 3-point diagrams with N* and .6 intermediate states (which have not been included
in the present analysis) have been calculated in [OV91). For the 1r+p ~ 1r+1r+n channel,
charge conservation does not permit two-point diagrams with N* in the intermediate
state and N N*1r1r( E) coupling (N* has charge states similar to nucleon), thus at low
energies (where diagrams with .6 intermediate states do not contribute significantly) the
Chapter 2. 1r - 21r Reaction Channels 22
amplitudes from this model can be used in Olsson and Turner's formula (Eq. 1.17) to
obtain the scattering length (provided the effect of using different N N 1r1r Lagrangians is
not significant). For this channel, the contribution to the cross section at T1r = 200 MeV
(highest energy in Sevior's measurement), of three-point diagrams with only nucleon,
nucleon-.6. and two .6. intermediate states, is about 28% of the total cross section with
all the diagrams.
+
1T !7f 1t'+
------ -----.
p n
p n
I
1f'/ I
I \1\
I I
I I
p n p n
', + 1T ,/
\ 1t ,'
\ I
=
p !J." p
\
\ .
\1f
'
\
p
'.
11T
\
I
1T A
I
I
I
p !J." N"
1f'/
I
,'
n
+ I
1f/
I
n
', +
p
p
p
' 1f
.....................
p n
+ , \ + ,
7T 1 1T+ 1T l
I I I

n !J.'
+ ' I
1f A I
,' \1f
I '
+ I
1f,.
I
I
p !J.' !J.' n
+ I
1f I +
I \ 1('
I '
p N' !J.'
p
p
p
11" A
I
I
I
p n
!J.'
!J.' N" n
Figure 2.11: Feynman diagrams for the 7r+7r+ channel.
Analysis of the Data for the 1r+1r+n Channel
p
p
1f;
I
I
'
1f';
I
I
n
N'
1\'i
I
I
+
I \1f
I
!J.- n
+ ' I
1T I I
I \1f
I
The experimental data used for the analysis of the 7r+ p --+ 7r+ 7r+ p reaction is from
[KR78], [OM90] and [SE91] up to T1r 226 MeV at which the amplitudes from the pole
and contact diagrams make up ,..... 61% of the total cross section. There are discrepancies
Chapter 2. 1r - 271" Reaction Channels 23
in the data in the energy region 190-255 MeV; the model favours the measurements by
Sevior et al. and Kravtsov et al. over those by the OMICRON group. For this reason
the x
2
analysis was done with and without the OMICRON data. As can be seen in Fig.
2.12, excluding the OMICRON data results in a smaller value for x
2
, and the inclusion
20
n + p ~ n + n + n
15
2 D
X
8
D
8 D
10
D
8
D
g D
g
X
5
0
-1.0 -0.5
Figure 2.12:
D with OMICRON data
X without OMICRON data
*
l
D ;](
g
D
~
D
Do Cl
DoD
0
~ D
D
D
X
X
~
X
8
X
XX
g
Xx
X
0.0 0.5
~
x
2
analysis of the 71"+ 11"+ channel.
*
l
~
I
I
~
1.0
of the OMICRON data results in a widening out of the minimum region away from zero;
as will be shown in the Discussion, it is expected on theoretical grounds that the value
of e lie close to zero or be negative. Also the lower-energy OMICRON data is larger
than both Sevior's and Kravtsov's data, and the isospin 2 scattering length obtained
by the OMICRON group is inconsistent with both Ke
4
and chiral perturbation theory
values (see [SE91 ]). Consequently it is believed that the exclusion of their data (and
Chapter 2. 1r - 27r Reaction Channels 24
using the cross sections at the remaining 5 energies) yields a more accurate estimate
of the clliral symmetry breaking parameter.
3
The results of the x
2
analysis of data
from [KR78) and [SE91) are given in Table 2.2.3. It follows from the x
2
analysis that
e = o.15 o.1.
In Fig. 2.13 the world data has been compared with the theoretical cross sections
e
-1.0 -0.9 -0.8 -0.7 -0.6 -0.5 -0.4 -0.3
x2 11.89 10.83 9.48 8.41 6.91 5.62 4.57 3.54
8(x2) 0.19 0.18 0.18 0.16 0.16 0.15 0.15 0.13
e
-0.2 -0.1 -0.05 0 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.3
x2 2.60 2.01 1.66 1.39 1.22 1.04 1.04 1.62
8(x
2
) 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.11 0.11 0.10 0.11 0.16
e
0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
x2 2.33 3.54 4.97 7.64 9.81 12.69 17.11
8(x
2
) 0.17 0.23 0.30 0.43 0.49 0.57 0.76
Table 2.5: Results of the x
2
analysis for the 7r+7r+ channel, excluding the OMICRON
data.
for e = 0.15. There is good agreement with Sevior's and Kravtsov's data, as well as
with OMICRON's higher-energy results.
3
Also in the isospin amplitude analysis of Burkhardt and Lowe [BL91], data in this region for the
1r+ 1r+ channel from all experiments were excluded, in order to make all the available data from all
channels internally consistent below 284 MeV.
Chapter 2. 1r - 21r Reaction Channels 25
10
3
+ + +
11 11 n
10
2


x
J.:
10
1
x
l
10-
1
D [KR78]
X [OM90]
181 [SE91]
10-
2
model with


150 200 250 300 350 400
p1on lab kinetic energy (MeV)
Figure 2.13: World data for 7r+7r+ channel, and the theoretical prediction of the model
0.15.
Chapter 2. 1r - 27r Reaction Channels 26
The next reaction studied is the 7r-7ro channel. The Feynman diagrams contributing
are shown in Fig. 2.14 and the amplitudes are given in Appendix C. Diagramatically,
(1)
11T
1T 1T
------- T -,----
p
p
'

p
p
p
\
'1T
\
'1T
p
(3)
' - 0 ,
'!f 1r,/
' /
'/
n p
(9) 1Tol
I
.
I
I
N' n
( 19) t.
0
1TI
.
I
I
p
01
1TI

I
I
p
p
01

I
I
p

I

I
p 6(23) 6 p
p
p
TI 7 , _
f ., \ 1f
I I
I I I
t,o N'
(29) 0
.'1T
I
I
p
1TI
.
I
I
p
p
p
p
p
(2)
p
(4)
01 ' -,
'lti' \.zr- Jt ...
I ' /
I '
p
(7)
/1To
I
n n
(10)

I
I
I
N' p
(12)
p

.
I
I
p
01

I
p
jfi.,' \ - 7'\/
I "t1T I
I I I
p
p
(16)
-I
1T,
I
0
1TI
.
I
I I
n =-;;:=" p
(20)
0
1TI

I
I
p 60 t.
p
p
(24)
TI i \ o
' I - 1TII
I 1T
I I I
01
1T,
I
I
\
I -
,1T
\
p
0
1TI
/
I
p N'
p
p
p
1T:
I
I
(5)
p n
(27)
t,++ N'
(31) 0
I
I
p
0
1TI

I
I
p
1TI
I
I
/
N' p
(14)
p
01
1T,
I
I
I
P7
(22)
rio/ \ -
I 1T
I I
n
1TI
/
I
'
p
1T/
I
I
p t. 60 p
p
p
0
1TI
'
I
I
0
1T .I
I
I
(28)
-I
1T,
I
I
I
I -
1T
\
N' t.
(32)
p
\

1TI
/
\ I
Figure 2.14: Feynman diagrams for the 7r-7ro channel.
the notable difference between this channel and the 7r-7r+ and 1r
0
1r
0
ones is the absence
of two-point diagrams with N* intermediate state and E coupling. Figure 2.15 shows
Chapter 2. 1r - 27r Reaction Channels 27
that diagrams involving 6.'s contribute significantly. In fact, the pole and contact term
diagrams alone cannot reproduce the experimental cross sections even at low energies;
already at around 20 MeV above the threshold T7r of 164.8 MeV, all the other diagrams
combined give a cross section which is as much as 30% of the total cross section.
10
1
,...--.._
_o
:::t
..,__...
b
10
160
- - 0
n n p

X
200 240 280
-
--- ....---
[OM89b]
pole: ana .
contact d1agrams
and
diagrams
pole,contact,2-point,
and 3-point, diagrams
.with n or N
1ntermed1ate state
oole,Gontact2-point,
3-P,olnt gna
1-aelta diagrams
all diagrams
320
p10n lab kinetic energy (Mev)
360
Figure 2.15: The contribution of different groups of diagrams to the total cross section
for the 7r-7ro channel with e = 0.
Analysis of the Data for the 1r-1r
0
p Channel
The experimental data available for this channel is scarce, with few reliable measure-
ments at low energies, partly as a result of the large background, mostly elastic scat-
tering, which exists for this reaction (at around T7r = 190 MeV, where 1r-p -+ 1r-p
Chapter 2. 1r - 21r Reaction Channels 28
reaction peaks, the signal to noise ratio is as low as 10-
5
).
For the analysis in this section, only the data in [OM89b] were used, and the older
data which is for TK ;::: 275 MeV, were discarded (see Ref. [OM89b} for references to
these). However due to the large error bars in the OMICRON measurements at lower
energies, the complete set of data (a total of 9 cross sections) was used in the analysis,
even though at TK = 331.6 MeV (which is their highest energy) the contribution from
diagrams other than pole and contact term is very large ( ,..._, 85% ).
i
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
-1
The result of the analysis is shown in Fig. 2.16. x
2
is minimized somewhere
I
I
- - '
1f p->TI 1f p
I
I
I
I
0
(a)
1 2
t
3
10"
X [OM89b]
-model with

10-
2
-\-.,......,.-,-..,...,.-,-..,...,.--,-..---.-,--...,..-,...,-...,...,...,-.,-\-
150 200 250 300 350
pion lab kinetic energy (MeV)
Figure 2.16: (a) x
2
analysis of the 1r-1ro channel, (b) world data for the 1r-1ro channel,
and model's prediction for = 1.9.
= 1.2 and = 2.2. However, it is noted that since the pole term diagram's
contribution is significant (compared to other diagrams) only at low energies, () is not
very sensitive to the variations in at most of the energies used in the analysis, thus
making x
2
insensitive to Indeed, for = 0 one gets x
2
,....., 1, compared to x
2
,....., 0.6
Chapter 2. 1r - 27r Reaction Channels 29
obtained for e = 1.8. As can be seen from Fig 2.17, e E [-1, 3] gives decent fits to
OMICRON's data.
In order to do a more accurate and model-independent estimate of e, more
10
2
10
X [OM89b]
180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340
pion lab kinetic energy (MeV)
Figure 2.17: comparison of the cross sections given by the model for different values of
the chiral symmetry breaking parameter.
measurements with better statistics near threshold are required, so that the effect of
diagrams other than the pole and contact term will less dominate.
The last channel studied is the 7r+7r
0
channel. The Feynman diagrams are shown in Fig.
2.18 and the corresponding amplitudes are given in Appendix D. The analysis of this
reaction is the most model dependent among all channels, since already at '"" 5 MeV
Chapter 2. 7r - 2n Reaction Channels 30
above the threshold energy of 164.8 MeV, diagrams other than pole and contact make
up "' 35% of the cross section.
(1)
+
+ 17T 0
11 11
-------t;r----
p
p
0 I
11 I
I
'
/
1Toi
p
.
I
I
...
111
1
I
I
I
p
p n
\
I +
111
\
(3)
p
(6).
111
A
I
I
(13)

111
:
I
n
t:,'
I
I +

I
I
p
p
p
p
+
111
/
I
p /:,.++ p
(21)
p
I
\ +
\11
p
p
\
t:, ++ N'
(27)
+. 0
11/ 11/
I
I

0
111
/
I
I
p
.I
111
I
I
p
p
+I
111
/
I
'
p
(2)
(4)
n
(7)
p
rt;
111
I
I +

I
p
p
p
'
.
I
I
\ +
111
\
p
p
p
p
:
I
I
n n p
(10)
(14)
I
I +
\11
I
n p
.I

I
p
t:," t:," p
(24)
N p
(28)
+' I
11 I I
/
I I
p
(5)
'',,n ,/;,..
\ I
p
p
p
\ I
+
111
I
I
I
I
.
11i
1
I
I
'
n
p
p
(11)
t:,'
(15)
p
p
p
1fi nJ \ +
I I ...lr
p f--yl n I
p
p
p
p

I
I
I

111
1
I
I
11+,
I
I
I
I
(19)
I +

I
(25)
+
111
1
I
I
N' t:,
(29)

111
I
I
N'
+
11 I
/
I
I
I
I +
'111
I
p
p
p
Figure 2.18: Feynman diagrams for the n+n channel.
p
p
p
p
(12)
I Ol
\ + 1T./
11 I
n l'r==;:=/ P
(16)
(20)
111 111
I I
I I
I
(26)
I +
11
I
'
.I
111
I
I
p
p
" 11f
I
I
p
.
111
I
I
I
p
Chapter 2. 1r - 27r Reaction Channels 31
Analysis of the Data for the 1r+1r
0
p Channel
Few measurements have been done for this channel [BA 75] [AR 72] [DE66] [BA63] and the
existing data points are far from the threshold energy of 164.8 MeV, the lowest energy
measurement being at TJr = 230 MeV where pole and contact diagrams together give a
cross section which is only rv 20% of the total cross section. This, as well as the fact
that both energies and cross sections have large error bars, prevent the determination
of e using x
2
analysis. Figure 2.19 shows the x
2
analysis of this channel using all the
world data; in can be seen that x
2
does not have a minimum in the interval [-2,2]; this
can be misleading, since the comparison of the cross sections for different values of e (in
the lower part of the figure) shows that only at energies sufficiently close to threshold
will the model become sensitive enough to distinguish between different values in
that interval; in fact, excluding the measurement by Barnes et al. which was done
using hydrogen bubble chamber at CERN in 1963, the model's prediction goes through
the error bars for any value of between -2 and 2. As a result, until more precise
measurements at lower energies are done, we cannot use this channel to unambiguously
derive a value for the chiral symmetry breaking parameter. However, it should be noted
that = 0 still a good fit to the data.
Chapter 2. 1r - 21r Reaction Channels 32
.95
+ + 0
n p ~ n n p
.85
! f !
2 .75
1 ! ! ! !
X
! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!!
.65
.55
-2 -1 0 2
~
+ + 0
n p ~ n n p
10
1
,.--..._
...0
::t
"---"'
b
X [BA75]
10
o [AR72]
Ell [BA63]
p1on kinetic energy (MeV)
Figure 2.19: x
2
analysis of the 1r+1r
0
channel, and comparison of the model's prediction
for different values of e.
Chapter 3
Discussion and Conclusion
In the analysis of the previous chapter it was shown that, given the present status of
the world data for the five 1r- 27r reaction channels, only the 7r+7r+ channel unambigu-
ously yields a value for the chiral symmetry breaking parameter e. This channel gives
e = 0.15 0.1, which is consistent with the Weinberg value of e = 0.
In the case of the 7r-7ro and 7r+ 1r
0
channels, data with better statistics near thresh-
old are needed. Significantly, however, for the channels in which theN* ---+ N( 7r7r )s-wave
mechanism makes a significant contribution to the cross section, i.e. the 7r-7r+ and 1r
0
1r
0
channels, it was seen that the x
2
analysis of the world data does not give unique values
for both c and e; together they can vary over a large range of values to minimize the
x
2
However, e can only take on certain values, as presently will be shown, and this
greatly restricts the range of values that C can have.
Weinberg has provided us with a way of directly relating the chiral symmetry
breaking parameter, to the transformation properties of the term in the Lagrangian
which breaks the symmetry. He uses a nonlinear method in which the Lagrangian is so
contructed as to be invariant under chiral transformations expressed in terms of isospin
matrices and the pion field. He then assumes that ~ / j , the symmetry breaking term
in .Cn, transforms according to the (N/2,N/2) representation of SU(2) X SU(2) and
obtains the following for the term in ~ ~ which contributes to the 27r ---+ 27r process
(WE68]
SB 1 2 2 { 1 ( ( ) j 1 } 2
.Cn ,.._, -2,1-l 1- 5 N N + 2 + 2
4
J;
(3.1)
33
Chapter 3. Discussion and Conclusion 34
N = 1 in Eq. (3.1) give the symmetry breaking term in the Weinberg Lagrangian (Eq.
1.6). Weinberg also derived relations, similar to those which Olsson and Turner had
derived, for the scattering lengths
3
= 5"L[N(N + 2) + 2)
6L
where L = s:!!H; explicitly these give
L
a
0
-
4
[ N (N + 2) + 4]
L
a2 -
10
[N(N + 2)- 8]
from a comparison of these equations and Eqs. (1.19)-(1.20), one obtains
2
e = 5"[3- N(N + 2)]
(3.2)
(3.3)
(3.4)
(3.5)
(3.6)
the importance of this relation is that it gives the chiral symmetry breaking parameter
in terms of the tensor rank N, which only takes on positive integer values; then the
corresponding values fore will be
N=1 ---+ e=o
N = 2 ---+ e = -2
N = 3 ---+ e = -4.8
(3.7)
therefore consistency between Weinberg's formulation of the problem and that of Olsson
and Turner, requires that e ::::; 0.
1
Therefore concentrating on the zero and negative
values for e, the OMICRON's measurement for the 1r-1ro channel seems to rule out
1
note that Eq. (3.6) does not give e = 1 (Schwinger's value) for the chiral symmetry breaking
parameter.
Chapter 3. Discussion and Conclusion 35
e < -1. this can be seen from the lower energy data in Fig. 2.17. More significantly,
however, as seen from the figure below, e = -2 does not reproduce the low energy
experimental data for the 7r+7r+ channel adequately.
- - model with ~ = - 2
-- model with ~ = 0
150 200 250 300 350 400
pion lab kinetic energy (MeV)
Figure 3.1: Comparison of model's prediction for the 1r+1r+ channel with e = 0 and
e = -2.
Indeed the theoretical curve fore= -2 does not go through any of Sevior's error bars.
So e = 0 seems to be a good candidate. For the 7r+7rO channel this value reproduces
the few data available finely, except the last data point, which however seems to be
somewhat anomalous.
This brings us back to the two channels in which the value of e depends on the
Chapter 3. Discussion and Conclusion 36
value of C. Figure 3.2 shows the contour plots of the results of the x
2
analyses of the
previous chapter for the ?T-?T+ and 1r
0
1r
0
channels (see Figs. 2.10 and 2.8). A 100 x 100
grid has been used to interpolate the values listed in Tables 2.3 and 2.1; only the
contours which, according to the errors listed in Tables 2.4 and 2.2, reasonably can
represent the minima for the x
2
have been shown. The analysis was done over the
range 0.6 :::::; c :::::; 2.0 (or, since C = -c x 1.52 1-r\ -0.91 f-l-l :::::; C :::::; -3.04 f-l-
1
) and
-1.25 :::::; :::::; 1.25 ; in both channels for any value of in this range, and probably
beyond, C can be chosen to minimize the x
2
However if, with regard to the discussion
of the previous 0 be taken for the chiral symmetry breaking paremeter,
the value of c, and therefore C, can be determined. From the top contour plot in Fig.
3.2, = 0 gives "' 4.4 (contour 1) and the corresponding error from Table 2.4 is
8(x
2
) "' 0.4, so 4.4 :::::; :::::; 5.2, i.e. contours labeled 1-9 which give 1.20 :::::; c :::::; 1.38
or c = 1.29 0.09. Similarly from the lower contour plot, = 0 gives "' 2.4
(contour 4) and the error from Table 2.2 is 8(x
2
) "' 0.2, therefore 2.4 :::::; :::::; 2.8,
which corresponds to contours labeled 4-8, giving 1.20 :::::; c :::::; 1.46 or c = 1.33 0.13.
Denoting the first value of c by c
1
and the other by c
2
, the weighted average of c obtained
from ?T-?T+ and 1r
0
1r
0
channels and its uncertainty is then obtained using c =
and 8c = 'E
1
;/sc;)
2
, where i = 1, 2 and 8ci and 8c are the uncertainties in Ci and c, resp.
This procedure results inc= 1.30 0.07, which gives for C the following
c = ( -1.97 0.11) f-l-
1
(3.8)
The value of C given in Eq. (3.8) is to be compared with C = ( -2.07 0.04) f-l-
1
from
x
2
analysis of the ?T-?T+ channel alone and C = ( -2.25 0.75) f-l-
1
from branching
ratio calculations [8092].
In Figs. 3.3 and 3.4 the world data at lower energies for all the reaction channels
are shown, along with what the model gives using C = -1.97 f-l-
1
and = 0.
Chapter 3. Discussion and Conclusion
c
c
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
x'
J
<;- o"'
0
o"S'
,}P G --4
-+---'---'----'-----'---L-L_L__L_j____j__j__l_l___l_j_j_jL_l_L_L_L_J.__j__L__l__j_--L_L___L_-+- 1: :: m ~ ~
3= 4. 60E+OO
4= 4. 70E+OO
5"' 4, BOE+OD
6= 4, 90E+OO
7 5. OOE+OO
8= 5. I OE+OO
9 5. 20E+OO
-1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5
-+---'----'---L-L-1-1_.JL-l_L_L_J.__L__j_--L_L___L__L__L_j____j__l___l_jL-L_L__j__L__j_--L+- ~ = ;: ~ ~ ~ : ~ ~
-1.5 -1.0 -0.5
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5
3 .. 2.3DE+OO
4 2. 4DE+OO
5,. 2. SDE+OO
6- 2. 6DE+OO
7 ~ 2. 70+00
8- 2. BOE+OO
g .. 2. SOE+OO
Figure 3.2: The contour plots of x
2
for the 7r+7r- and 1r
0
1r
0
channels.
37
Chapter 3. Discussion and Conclusion
........_
__Q
:::i.
'--"'
b
....--....
__Q
::::i_
'--"'
b
10
4
71-p-?71 -71 + n
10'
10
2
10
1
10
[BA65)
X (BJBO)
D [OMB9a)
10-1
-model with
C=1.97 Jl.-, ~ = 0
10-2
150 200 250 300 350 400
pion lab kinetic energy (MeV)
10'
0 0
71 p-?71 71 n
~
10
2
ii
ii
!
ii
~
10
1
X
[L091]
10
-model with
C=1.97 Jl.-'l=O
160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300
pion lab kinetic energy (MeV)
38
10'
+ + +
71 p-?71 71 n
10
2
~
10
1
i
,..-....
__Q
:::i.
10
'--"'
b
10-
1 D [KR7B)
X [OM90]
II [SE91]
10-2
- model with t=O
10-3
150 200 250 300 350 400
pion lab kinetic energy (MeV)
10'
0
71 p-?71 71 p
10
2
10
1
1--f---1
I
,..........
__Q
10 ::::i_
'--"
b
10-1
X [OMB9b]
- model with (=0
10-2
10-J
150 200 250 300 350
pion lab kinetic energy (MeV)
Figure 3.3: World data for the 7r+7r-, 7r+7r+, 1r
0
1r
0
and 7r-7ro channels, and model's
prediction for c = -1.97 /1-l' e = 0.
Chapter 3. Discussion and Conclusion 39
10. -JwllllllJiliLwCJJ.J.J..!Jll.U!J.u.iJ..ulWll.l.tw..t.l.ll.l.hlWll.u.iJ..ulWll.l.tw..tJ.U4-
10'
,..-,..
_o
3
b
10

[BA75]
0 [AR72]
10-'
X [BA63]
-model with ~ = 0
160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320
pion lab kinetic energy (MeV)
Figure 3.4: World data for the 7r+7r
0
channel, and model's prediction for e = 0.
For the 1r-p ---+ 7r-7r+n reaction, the experimental data from [BA65], [BJ80] and
[OM89a] are shown; there is good agreement even at T1r as high as 350 MeV. Very
clearly, e = 0 provides adequate fits to data for this channel at all energies.
For the 1r+1r+ channel, e = 0 gives a very good fit to Sevior's and Kravtsov's
data, as it does to OMICRON's at higher energies. As discussed in the analysis of Sec.
2.2.3, there is reason to believe that the error bars in OMICRON's measurement in the
region 190-250 MeV have been underestimated, not the least of which is the fact that
the results are inconsistent with the data from both of the other groups.
For the 1r
0
1r
0
channel above 220 MeV the model does not provide as good a fit as
Chapter 3. Discussion and Conclusion 40
it does at lower energies. Considering that below this energy the model fits the data
finely, and the effect of the phenomenological Lagrangians (i.e. those involving the ~ )
in this channel is still small compared to the pole, contact and 2-point N* diagrams,
it is expected that the theoretical predictions of the cross section for this channel at
higher energies, if anything, should be more accurate than the other channels. Future
measurements for 1r
0
1r
0
will settle this matter.
For the other two channels too, the model's cross sections fore= 0 is in agreement
with the available data. The 7r+7r
0
channel at present only allows a consistency check
on the results obtained from other channels. Upcoming measurements for this channel
[EF92] will test the results so far obtained.
In conclusion, analysis of the world data provides strong support for existence
of the N* --+ N 1r1r( E) mechanism in the 1r N --+ 1r1r N reaction, as well as establish the
value of e = 0 for the chiral symmetry breaking parameter.
Appendix A
Derivation of the Amplitudes
In this part an exposition of the Oset-Vicente-Vacas model is given and the model
is used to derive the amplitudes for representative diagrams of the 1r - 27r reaction
channels. A complete list of amplitudes for the 1r
0
1r
0
, 1r-1ro and 1r+1r
0
channels can be
found in Appendices B-D.
A.l The Oset and Vicente-Vacas Model
The interaction Lagrangian used by Olsson and Turner [OT68], includes terms which
lead to diagrams for pole and contact terms, as well as to two-point diagrams for the
1r N s-wave amplitude. To this, Oset and Vicenta-Vacas [OV85] have added pieces
to account for 1) 1r1r N N coupling through p-wave p-exchange with nucleon or b. in
the intermediate state, 2) three-point diagrams with two-nucleon, nucleon-b. or b. -
b. intermediate states, and 3) two-point diagrams with N* intermediate states and
N N*( 7r7r )s-wave coupling through the exchange of the scalar meson E. The contribution
of the diagrams containing the p meson has been found to be negligible [S090]. Instead
diagrams involving the N* ---+ N( 1r1r )p-wave decay were conside:red important and so
were added to the original model [S090]; hence an improved version of the Oset-Vicente-
Vacas model. The components of the interaction Lagrangian, in the nonrelativistic
approximation, are [OV85][S090]:
(A.1)
41
Appendix A. Derivation of the Amplitudes 42
.c1r1r -
_f__l (2( a" )2 - !(1 - !o/12( 2)2]
(A.2)
!14!; 2 2
NN1r1r1r - - !_ '1/J t (7i( OicP )c/J
2
T1/J
(A.3)
f1 1r
LNN1r1r
t ,\1 ,\2
(A.4) - -47r'l/J [-. + 2T( X Ot)]'1/J
f1 f1
LNt:;.1r - f* 'l/J1S!(ai/')Tt>.'l/JN + h.c.
f1
(A.5)
LNt:;.L:;. - jt:;. 'l/J1St:;. i( (A.6)
f1 '
LNN*1r1r - -C'l/JfvcPcP'l/JN + h.c.
(A.7)
LNN1r - l'l/Jfv(7i(oic/J)T'IjJ + h.c.
f1
(A.8)
LNL:i1r 9N*t:;.1r1/; 1s! ( aicf>.)Tt>.'l/J N + h.c. (A.9)
where h.c. stands for Hermitian conjugate.
In equations (A.l) to (A.4), '1/J and are the nucleon and pion fields, resp., (7i the
Pauli spin matrices, T the nucleon isospin operator and J1r the pion decay constant U1r
87, 93,95 MeV, from the Goldberger-Treiman relation, pion decay and 1r N scattering
lengths, resp.; J1r = 93 MeV used here); 11 is the pion mass and t = -f!, where g1r is the
N N 1r coupling constant (g1r=13.5); e in .Cn is the chiral symmetry breaking parameter;
in (A.4), ..\
1
and ..\
2
are related to the s-wave 1r N scattering lengths and have the values
In (A.5) and (A.6), '1/Jt:;,. is the L\ particle field, S and T transition spin and isospin
matrices, resp. (see Sec. A.2), and St:;. and Tt:;. are ordinary spin and isospin matrices
for the L\; f* and jt:;. are related to theN L\1r and N L\L\ coupling constants, resp. with
numerical values given by f*
2
/47r = 0.36 and jt:;. = 0.8f.
In the Lagrangians involving the N*, 1/;N is the field operator for the N* particle
and the value of], related to the N* N 1r coupling constant, is given by P /47r = 0.02.
The constant C in (A. 7) is related to the N* N 1r1r vertex; its value was calculated in
Appendix A. Derivation of the Amplitudes 43
[OV85], using the branching ratio for N* -+ N( 7r7r )s-wave ("' 5 - 20% [PDG90]) and
the Lagrangian in (A.7), to be C = ( -0.91 0.20)J-l-
1
. The recent calculation by Sossi
et al. [S092] gives the more accurate value of C = ( -2.25 0.75)!-l-
1
; this contains
the large uncertainties in the N* N E and E7r7r coupling, as well as the uncertainty in
the mass of E, the s-wave two-pion resonance. The calculation based on x
2
analysis of
the 7r-7r+ data [S092] has given C = ( -2.07 0.04 )J-l-
1
, while the x
2
analysis of the
7r-7r+ and 1r
0
1r
0
channels in the present work gives C = (-1.970.1l)J-l-
1
. The N*!:i1r
coupling constant, gN*t;.1r, has also been estimated to be gN*t11r = (1.305 0.225)!-l-
1
[S090]; the model is not very sensitive to the variation of this constant.
A.2 Expansion of the Lagrangians
Using the relations
(A.10)
and
(A.ll)
which give the charged pion fields in terms of their Cartesian components, LNN1r, Ln,
LNNn and LNNnJr can be expressed in terms of the charged pion field operators >_,
cP+ and o, which explicitly are
cP- = J d3q[a_(q)e-ig.x +
(A.12)
cPo = j d
3
q[ao(q)e-ig.x + ah(q)eig.x]
(A.13)
the operators and a! are, in the language of second quantization, the annihilation
and creation operators for pion states of charge K, (ti,=-1,+1,0) and 4-momentum q; the
pion states have the normalization
(A.14)
Appendix A. Derivation of the Amplitudes 44
T+ and T _ are the nucleon isospin raising and lowering operators, resp. Equations
(A.1)-(A.4) and (A.7)-(A.8) then can be rewritten as
LNN7r - L'ljJtCTi(TtOd)t + +
fJ,
- + +
fJ,
1r1r -
1
1
2
+ +


4 1r
1( 1 2 2 2 2 4]
2 1-20ft + +
.CNN1r1r1r ,....., _[_
1
1
2
'1/JtCTi( + + x
fJ, 4 1r
+
At A2 rn
LNNn ""' -47r'I/Jt + + 2[v 2ir_( +
fJ, fJ,
(A.15)
(A.16)
(A.17)
J2ir+( + ir0( - (A. IS)
LNNn ""' + + h.c.
LNN1r - l'I/Jt.CTi( + + + h.c.
fJ,
(A.19)
(A.20)
where ,....., is used to indicate that the effect of normal ordering in perturbation theory
expansion has already been considered in writing the Lagrangians. In order to put
the other Lagrangians in a convenient form, the spin-isospin transition matrices are
transformed from Cartesian to the spherical coordinates, defined by
- 3
T
0
=T (A.21)
where the - sign is used for the spherical components; the sums over A in Eqs. (2.5)-
(2. 7) can now be written as
-T+t + 'f_t +
-t -t -t
- + +
- + +
Appendix A. Derivation of the Amplitudes
using these, the expressions for N6.1r, 1r6.6. become
t t -t -t -t
'1/Jt:;.Si ( -T+IfJicP+ + T_
1
8;c/J_ + T
0
8;c/Jo)'I/JN}
LNt:;.t:;. = t:- 'I/J1St:;.,i( -Tt:;.,+IfJicP+ + Tt:;.,-I8icP- + Tt:;.,o8;c/Jo)'I/Jt:;.
similarly, N*6.1r becomes
- - - t
LNt:;.1r = 9Nt:;.1r{ '1/Jt:;.S;( -T+If)icP+ + T_lf)icP- + To8;c/Jo)'I/JN +
t t -t -t -t
'1/Jt:;.S; ( -T+IfJicP+ + T_If}ic/J- + To8icPo)'I/JN }
45
(A.22)
(A.23)
(A.24)
T is the transition isospin operator for objects with isospins i and ~ ' and 'ft
its Hermitian conjugate. Their matrix element between isospin states lj, m > and
1/, m' > is obtained by making use of the Wigner-Eckart theorem, according to which
the matrix element of a tensor operator ' f ~ J ) between angular momentum eigenstates
may be written as
(A.25)
here< j,m!J,K;/,m' >is a Clebsch-Gordan coefficient and the symbol< ji!TJI!j' >
which is defined by (A.25), denotes a quantity which depends on j, j', J and the nature
of the tensor operator TF) and is called the reduced matrix element (see [B086]).
Tt:;. is isospin operator for particles of isospin ~ particles, and similar to T its value
when sandwiched between two isospin states can be obtained using the Wigner-Eckart
theorem. T and Tt:;. both are objects of angular momentum 1, and here a normalization
has been used according to which the reduced matrix elements ofT, 'ft and Tt:;. have
the values -J2, 1 and vp, resp.; so for future reference
< j,m!TK!/,m' >= -J2 < j,mi1,K;/,m' > (A.26)
Appendix A. Derivation of the Amplitudes 46
< j, miT11J', m
1
>=< j, mjl, ,..;;j', m
1
> (A.27)
. IT- I ,I I J15 . I ,I I
< ],m .6.,;;, J ,m >= -
2
- < J,m l,K;J ,m > (A.28)
A.3 Recipe for Obtaining the Amplitudes
Instead of explicitly deriving the Feynman rules and listing them, as a theorist would,
one can give a practical recipe for calculating the amplitude.
The S matrix element between the initial and final state is defined as
sji = < JISii > < JIT{exp [-i 1: dtH
1
(t)]} li >
- -i(27r )
4
8(PJ- Pi)T (A.29)
where ji > and If > are the initial and final states, resp., Tis the time ordering opera-
tor and H
1
the interaction Hamiltonian. Pi and P
1
are the initial and final 4-momenta,
resp. and Tis the total amplitude for the process.
The total amplitude is the sum of amplitudes corresponding to the Feynman di-
agrams. Each such amplitude is calculated by multiplying together the contributions
from all fundamental processes occuring at vertices of a given diagram. The contri-
bution of each vertex is calculated by finding the part of the interaction Lagrangian
which can create the process at that vertex; to this end, the interaction Lagrangians
given in this appendix are to be used, in conjunction with Eqs. (A.l2) and (A.13). The
resulting expression will then be sandwiched between the in- and out-states for that
vertex.
Depending on the vertex, the in-state can be the intial or an intermediate state
and the out-state can be the final or an intermediate state. The field operators have the
task of creating and annihilating the particles at each vertex, and in the cases where the
part of Lagrangian used contains derivatives, the exponentials in Eqs. (A.l2)-(A.13)
Appendix A. Derivation of the Amplitudes 47
will contribute iq or iq
0
To each intermediate state in a diagram, corresponds a
propagator factor E ; ~ E n , where Ei is the total energy of the initial state and En the
total energy of the intermediate state; to each vertex a factor of i is then associated
(this is the i in the exponent of Eq. A.29).
Finally for a given diagram, the amplitudes from all its vertices are multiplied
with the propagators, giving that diagrams contribution to the total amplitude.
Appendix A. Derivation of the Amplitudes 48
A.4 Calculation of Some of the Amplitudes for the Three Channels
In the following section some of the diagrams for each channel are explicitly calculated
with the rest of the amplitudes being given in Appendices B,C and D. It should be
noted that in order to obtain the amplitudes given in the FORTRAN code at the end
of each appendix, Eqs. (A.37)-(A.39) and (A.41) of Sec. A.5 in conjunction with Eqs.
(A.26)-(A.28) of Sec. A.2 are to be used.
1. Pole diagrams
1T
0
(Ps)
1T-(p,) I 1T"(p.)
--->----t __ .,. __ _
- NN7r vertex: J2iu.p
J.t
1T+(p)
n(p,)
using itaiJ2r_8icP-1/J in (A.15)
J.t
- 71'7!' vertex: -

{ 4[ -(PIPs + PsP6 + P6Pl) + !-l


2
] - 4(1 - te)f-l
2
}
using -
4
}; { (2rjJ_rjJ+( 8J.tr/Jo)
2
+ 28J.trjJ_8J.trjJ+r/J5)- t(l - t0f-l
2
4( rP-rP+rP5)}
in (A.16)
- propagator: =
so overall it becomes
Appendix A. Derivation of the Amplitudes
I 11-(p.)
11-(p1) 1 11(p.)
- - - > - - - - t - - ~ - - -
p(p.)
- NNrr vertex: iu.p
/./,
~ 11o(p)
using i1j; t O'iTo8ic/Jo'lj; in ( A.15)
/./,
p(p,)
- 7r7r vertex: -
4
~ i { 4[ -(PlPs - PsP6 - P6Pl) + /1
2
] - 4(1 - !011
2
}
using same parts of (A.16) as in the rr
0
rr
0
channel
- propagator: - ~ - - = _i-
E;-En p2-p,2
so overall it becomes
49
Appendix A. Derivation of the Amplitudes
l7\+(ps)
7\ +(p,) ~ 11(p.)
--->----t--""---
~ 7\o(p)
p(p.)
- NN7r vertex: ilT.p
J1
using i1jJt(J'iToOi</Jo7/J in (A.15)
J1
- 71'71' vertex: -
4
~ ; { 4[(P1Ps + PsP6 - P6Pl) + !1
2
] - 4(1 - t011
2
}
using same parts of (A.16) as in the 71'
0
71'
0
channel
t
i i
- propaga or: -E E = _2_2
,- n p -Jl
so overall it becomes
_ Tl,p _ f_ _2._ P1Ps + PsP6 - P6Pl + te11
2
~ - f2 (1'. p 02 2 2
11 7r p -p -!1
50
Appendix A. Derivation of the Amplitudes
2. Contact diagrams
There's only the contribution from N N 7r7r7r vertex
'' 11-(p,)
'
"-\
'
'
p(p.)
(1) (2)
11(p.) //
'
11-(p.) //
'
./ 11o(p.)
' 11-(p,)
.., / 11"(p.)
/
\'
/
/
'
/
/ ,.-:r
'
/ ,.-:r
' /... ...........
,,:, '
/ /
,:,"
n(p,) p(p.)
p(p,)
1r-p ---t 7r
0
1r
0
n (first diagram above)
using

in (A.17), gives
J1 71"
lc vf2,J 1
-zT ' = ---O'.pl
2 f-L J;
1r-p ----* 1r-1rop (second diagram)
using

in (A.17), gives
-iTl,c =
2 f-L J;
1r+p ----* 7r+1r
0
p (third diagram)
using -t
4
}#7j;ta-i(r08i</>o).24>-4>+'1j; in (A.17), gives
. lc lj 1
-zT ' = ----O'.p6
2 f-L J;
51
(3)
'
11 /
' ' 11(p,)
..f /11"(p.)
"-\ /
'
/
'
/ ,.-:r
'
/ /
.v"
p(p.) p(p,)
Appendix A. Derivation of the Amplitudes
3. Two-point diagram with N* intermediate state
p(p.)
N* N 1r vertex: _ly'2u.p
1
11-
n(p,)
using lJv.O'i( v'2r-8i<f)_)7J; in (A.20)
11-
N N*1r1r vertex: -i.2C
using -C7j;Jv>5N in (A.19)
propagator: E i E = vs M ~ + 1 T*
,- n s- 2t
where r* is the width of the N*, to be obtained from
r* = r*(E) = q
3
(E) r(M*)
q3(M*)
withE= Ei- En- ~ i r * + M*, r(M*) = 235 MeV and
( q is the momentum of the pion from N* -+ N 1r decay)
so overall one gets
. zN* rnf u.p1
-zTa' =-2v2-C r:; M
1
.r
f-l v s - * + 2z *
52
(A.30)
Appendix A. Derivation of the Amplitudes
4. Two-point diagram with nucleon intermediate state
\ 1\ -(p,)
\
\
\
\
\
p(p2)
using (A.15)
N N 1r1r vertex; -47r( i2-;-)
using -47r1f) t-;- <P& in (A .18)
propagator: - ~ - - = _i-
E;-En vs-m
so overall it becomes
11( Ps) 11(Ps)
\
I
\
\
I
I
\
I
\ I
n n(pJ)
53
Appendix A. Derivation of the Amplitudes
5. Three-point diagram with nucleon and/or N* intermediate states
using (A.15)
I
I
I o( ) I
A 71 p. I
111-(p,)
I
p(p,) n
first N N 1r vertex: -v'2Lu.p
1
"
second NN1r vertex:-tu.p
5
"
first propagator: E iE = r..i
,- n ys-m
I o
I 71 (p,)
I
n n(p,)
second propagator: E iE =
0
a ~ 2
12 1
- n s-p
5
-
5
m-m
54
so overall, taking into account the identical particle nature of the outgoing
pions, one gets
for diagrams with both nucleon and N* intermediate states, the result is similar
with appropriate changes to account for N N*1r coupling constant, addition of the
N* width and replacement of nucleon with N* mass in the propagator.
Appendix A. Derivation of the Amplitudes
6. Three-point diagram with b. and nucleon (or N*) intermediate state
p(p.) t: n n(p
3
)
first N b.1r vertex: -f; )3St.p
1
using

in (A.22)
second N b.1r vertex: f;J'fS.p
5
using E__1/Jt!..SiTo8dJo1/J1 in (A.22)
J.L
NN1r vertex: _tu.p
6
, using (A.15)
J.L
first propagator: E iE = vs i 1 T
,- n
where r is the width of the b. particle and is obtained using
1 1 1 (f*)
2
m 3
-r(E) = -- - -q
2 347r E
where E = Ei- En- + mt!.. and q is as in Eq. (A.30)
second propagator: _,_ - - i
E;-En -
so overall one gets
55
In the case of three-point diagrams with b. and N* intermediate states, the cal-
culation is similar, with changes to the coupling constants, addition of N* width
in the propagator and replacement of the nucleon with theN* mass.
Appendix A. Derivation of the Amplitudes
7. Three-point diagram with two .6. intermediate states
p(p.) t,
first N .6..?T vertex: -1(; )3St.p
1
using f;1s!'i'!
1
8ir/Y-1/w in (A.22)
N .6...6.. vertex:
using J;- in (A.23)
first propagator: E iE = vs i + 1 T
,- n s-mt:::,. 2't
second propagator: _t_ - - i
E;-En - V$-pg-pU2m-m.t.+tir
so overall one gets
56
1
2
1
- 3-j2-; f; y8- + tir y8- pV2m- + tir
+(5 6)
A.5 Taking Care of Spin
The amplitudes from the Feynman diagrams contain combinations of spin and transi-
tion spin matrices. Generally one has to deal with objects of the form
(1)uA
(2) uA u B uC
Appendix A. Derivation of the Amplitudes
(3) uA S B st.c
(4)
s. A st.B uC
57
which can be reduced to expressions having the general form Ia + u b, in which I is
the 2 X 2 unit matrix, a is a scalar and b is a 3-component vector; in fact the total
amplitude T has just such a form
T = Ia + ub (A.31)
Since cross section is proportional to the square of the amplitude, it is sufficient to
calculate \T\
2

For an unpolarized target, one has to average over the spin states of the proton in
the initial state; and since the polarization of the final state nucleon is not measured,
the spin state of the final state nucleon is the sum of the two spin states; so IT\
2
will
have the general form
(A.32)
here I i> and ll> are the up and down nucleon spin states with respect to the z axis.
Writing the components of the Pauli matrices in terms of the raising and lowering
operators, one will obtain, after some algebra
(A.33)
For polarized targets, the initial and final nucleon states will have the same spin;
using an expression similar to (A.32), but with initial and final states both up or both
down, one gets [8090)
(A.34)
where c = a*b
3
+ b;a +

- b;b
1
) and the plus and minus signs are for the up and
down polarization, resp.
Appendix A. Derivation of the Amplitudes 58
The form uA uB uC can be reduced to the form Ia + ub by writing it using
implicit summation notation as AiBjCk O'iCJjO'k and then using
(A.35)
or directly by using
uAuB = AB + iu(A x B) (A.36)
either way the result will be
uA uB uC = (B C)uA- (A C)uB +(A B)uC + iA (B x C) (A.37)
In order to simplify the forms (3) and ( 4), closure relations will be used [OV85].
The forms uA s. B st.c and s. A st.B UC become
2 1 1 i
uA S B st C = -(B C)uA + -(C A)uB- -(A B)uC- -A (B x C) (A.38)
3 3 3 3
2 1 1 i
S A st B uC =-(A B)uC + -(C A)uB- -(B C)uA- -A (B x C) (A.39)
3 3 3 3
using the relation
t I: t 2 i
SB = S.IMs >< MsiS = -8- -E .. kO'k
z J z J 3 ZJ 3 ZJ
Ms
(A.40)
where Ms is the spin of the ~ intermediate state.
Finally the form S A S .6. B S t C becomes
2 1 1 5.
SA S.6.B gt.c = -(C A)uB- -(A B)uC- -(B C)uA + -zA (B x C) (A.41)
3 6 6 6
using the relation
(A.42)
Appendix B
The amplitudes in this part correspond to diagrams in chapter (2.2) with same the
number. All quantities are centre of momentum values; p
1
is the 4-momentum of
the incident pion, p
5
and p
6
are the 4-momenta of the identical outgoing pions, and
p = Ps + p
6
- p
1
the 4-momentum of the off-shell exchange pion.
-iT2,N*
a
rn2,N*
-ub
-iT2,s
a
f 1 1
- yi2- j2 u. p 02 2 2 X
f-l 11" p -p -J-l
[-PtPs- PsP6- P6Pl + e f - l
2
)
v'2J 1
- ---u.pl
2 f-l J;
l 1
-2V2 -C u.p
1
..fi M* + 1 T*
11 s -
2
z
1
59
(B.1)
(B.2)
(B.3)
(B.4)
(B.5)
Appendix B. Amplitudes for the 1r-p --t 1r
0
1r
0
n reaction 60
.,..,2 s
-Z.L b '
-iT2,s
c
r2,s
-z d
-iT3,N
a
rrt3N
-Z.Lb'
-iT3,N
c
In f 1 ,\2 ( 0 0)
4v L:7r-u.ps r::
0 0
( )
2
/
2
2
Pt + P6
f-l v s - m - P1 - Ps - Pt + Ps m f-l
+ (5 f--+ 6) (B.6)
1 At
Vs- m- P ~ - P ~ - P ~ - (Pt + Ps + P6)
2
/2m f-l
(
!)
3
1 1
V2 - u.p6u.psUPt Vs Vs
0 2
/
J-l s - m s - p
5
- p
5
2m - m
+ (5 f--+ 6)
- v'2 (t)
3
u.p1u.p6 u.p5 x
1
Vs- P ~ - P ~ - m- (Pt + Ps)
2
/2m x
1
Vs- P ~ - P ~ - P ~ - m- (Pt + Ps + P6)
2
/2m
+ (5 f--+ 6)
-v'2 (t)
3
u.p6 u.p1u.p5 x
1
Vs- p ~ - P ~ - m - (Pt + Ps)
2
/2m x
1
Vs- p ~ - m - pgj2m
+ (5 f--+ 6)
(B.7)
(B.8)
(B.9)
(B.10)
(B.ll)
Appendix B. Amplitudes for the 1r-p --+ rr
0
rr
0
n reaction 61
-iT3,N,N*
f (f)'
h; -;;, u.p6UPsUPl X
1 1
y's - M* + !ir* y's - - pV2m - m
+ (5 f-+ 6) (B.12)
-iT
3
t:.
,f'iJ er
- --- - u.p6S.p5st.pl X
a
3 1-l 1-l
1 1
y's- + !ir y's- - m - PV2m
+ (5 f-+ 6) (B.13)
-r?t:. V2J (r)'
b' -- - S.p
6
St.p
1
u.ps x
3 1-l 1-l
1
Vs- m- (Pt + Ps)2/2m
X
1
y's- - - + !ir
+ (5 f-+ 6) (B.14)
-iT
3
t:.
c ,f'iJ er
-- - u.p6S.p
1
St.ps x
3 1-l 1-l
1
y's- (Pt + Ps)
2
- + !ir x
1
y's - - m - pgj2m
+ (5 f-+ 6) (B.15)
Appendix B. Amplitudes for the 1r- p ----. 1r
0
1r
0
n reaction 62
-iT
3
'.c:,. ../2!(1')'
- --- - s.pist.p
6
u.ps x
d
3 f1 f1
1
Vs- m- P ~ - P ~ - (PI+ ps)2 /2m
X
1
Vs- P ~ - p - P ~ - (PI + Ps + P6)2 /2m.c:,. - me:,. + tir
+ (5 H 6) (B.16)
-iT
3
'.c:,.
2
../2! er
- --- - u.piS.p6stPs X
e
3 f1 f1
1
Vs- P ~ - P ~ - (PI+ Ps)
2
/2m.c:,.- me:,.+ tir x
1
Vs - m - P ~ - P ~ - p - (PI + Ps + P6)
2
/2m
+ (5 H 6) (B.17)
-iT
3
'.c:,. 2../2 f (!')'
--- - S.p6st.psuPI x
f
3 f1 f1
1 1
yfs- m vs- p ~ - pgf2m.c:,. - me:,. + tir
+ (5 H 6) (B.18)
-iT.c:,.,.c:,.
I fA(!')'
- y'2- - S.p
6
S.c:,..psstPI x
a
3 2 f1 f1
1 1
vs - me:,. + tir vs -p ~ - me:,. - PV2m.c:,. + tir
+ (5 H 6) (B.19)
Appendix B. Amplitudes for the 1r- p ----+ 1r
0
1r
0
n reaction
.,.,f:i !:1
-Z.Lb '
X
.JS- P ~ - pg- (Pl + PsP /2m!:i - m!:i + i r
1
.JS - P ~ - pg - P ~ - (Pl + Ps + P6)2 /2m!:i - m!:i + i r
63
+ (5 +--t 6) (B.20)
-iT3,N*,!:i
a
,.,3,N* ,!:1
-l_Lb
.JS- p ~ - pg- (Pl + Ps)
2
/2m!:i- m!:i + i r x
1
.JS- pg - PV2m!:i - m!:i + i r
+ (5 f--t 6)
V'il (I*) t
- --- - 9N*!:i1r u.p
6
S.p
5
S .p
1
x
3 fl fl
1 1
..;s- m!:i + i r ..;s- p ~ - M* - PU2M* + i r
+ (5 f--t 6)
.JS- M* - P ~ - pg - (Pl + PsP /2M* + i r x
1
.JS - p ~ - PV2m!:i - m!:i + i r
+ (5 f--t 6)
(B.21)
(B.22)
(B.23)
Appendix B. Amplitudes for the 1r- p -+ 1r
0
1r
0
n reaction 64
-iT3,N*,A
c
T3,N*,il
-'t d
-iT3,N* ,.6.
e
T3,N*,il
-'t f
Vs- P ~ - P ~ - (PI+ Ps)
2
/2mil X
1
Vs - p ~ - M* - pgj2M* + !ir*
+ (5 f-+ 6)
Vs- M*- P ~ - P ~ - (PI+ Ps)2/2M* + !ir* x
1
Vs- P ~ - P ~ - P ~ - (PI+ Ps + P6)
2
/2mil- mil+ !ir
(B.24)
+ (5 f-+ 6) (B.25)
Vs- P ~ - P ~ - (PI + Ps)
2
/2mil -mil+ !ir X
1
Vs- M*- P ~ - p ~ - p ~ - (PI+ Ps + P6)2/2M* + ~ i r *
+ (5 f-+ 6) (B.26)
vs- M* + ~ i r * vs- p ~ - pU2mLl - mil + ~ i r
+(5f-+6) (B.27)
Appendix B. Amplitudes for the 1r-p -+ 1r
0
1r
0
n reaction 65
What follows is the portion of the Monte Carlo code in which the amplitudes , with
the spin taken care of, are given.
SUBROUTINE BOBA(SRA,ID)
IMPLICIT COMPLEX (U)
LOGICAL LOSOL
DIMENSION ID( 48),XID( 48)
COMMON /MOMEN /P1( 4),P5( 4),P6( 4),P5MOD,P6MOD,P5M02,P6M02,P 1M02
COMMON/ AMPLI/U1P( 4 ),U1 C( 4 ), U2A( 4 ),U2B( 4), U2C( 4), U2D( 4),
F U3A( 4), U3B( 4), U3C( 4),U3DA( 4), U3DB( 4),U3DC( 4), U3DD( 4),
F U3DE( 4), U3DF( 4), U3DDA( 4), U3DDB( 4),
F U3DDC(4),U2NA(4),U2NB(4),
F UTOT( 4),P( 4),U3DNA( 4),U3DNB( 4),U3DNC( 4),U3DND( 4),U3DNE( 4),
F U3DNF(4),U3NA(4)
COMMON/CONSTO/HB,PI,XMN,XMU,XMU2,XMD,XMNS,FN,FP2,XL1,XL2
F ,FD,FDD,WR,CNS,FNS,CHI,XLAM,SQ2,FND
COMMON /MANIP /TPI,EPILAB ,ETOT ,PPILAB ,S2 ,S ,EPICM,ENUCM,PPICM
F ,XL,EREM,PLIM,AT,BT,FI5,FI6,C05,C06,XMAX,XMIN
COMMON/CASO/ICASO,LOSOL,IPOL,JPOL,MPOL
C SOME COUP. CONSTANTS FN,FD,FDD,FNS INCLUDE /MASS PION
C UNITS ARE FM
IF(LOSOL)THEN
UY=(O.,l.)
Pll=ESC(P1,P1)
P15=ESC(P1,P5)
P16=ESC(P1,P6)
P55=ESC(P5,P5)
P56=ESC(P5,P6)
P66=ESC(P6,P6)
DO Il=1,4
P(Il)=P5(Il)+P6(Il)-P 1(Il)
END DO
P2=P( 4 )**2-P(1 )** 2-P(2 )**2- P( 3 )**2
FORM=(XLAM**2-XMU2)/(XLAM**2-P2)
D 0 395 I=1 ,48
395 XID(I)=FLOAT(ID(I))
DO 1=1,3
U1P(I)=FN* S Q2/(P2-XM U2)/( 4*FP2)*(- 4. )*(P 5( 4 )*P 1( 4 )-P 15+
F P6( 4)"P 5( 4)-P56+P 1( 4)*P6( 4)- P16-.5*CHI*XMU2)"(P5(I)
F +P6(l)-P1(I))*FORM
U1 C(I)=2. *FN*SQ2/ ( 4. *FP2)*P 1(1)
U2A(I) =- FN*SQ2/( SRA-XM N)*4. *PI*(2. *XL1/ XMU)*P 1( I)
U2B(l)=FN*SQ2*4.*PI*XL2/XMU2*
Appendix B. Amplitudes for the 1r-p ---+ 1r
0
1r
0
n reaction
F ((P1( 4)+P6( 4))*P5(I)/(SRA- XMN-P1( 4 )-P5( 4)
F -(P11+P55+2. *P15 )/(2. *XMN))+(P 1( 4)+P5( 4))*P 6(!)/(SRA-XMN-
F P1( 4)-P 6( 4)-(P11+P66+2.*P16)/(2.*XMN)))
U2C(I)=-FN*SQ2/(SRA-XMN- P1( 4)-P5( 4 )-P6( 4)-(P 11+P5S+P 66+2. *P15
F +2. *P16+ 2. *P 56 )/(2. *XMN) )*4. *PI*(2. *XL1/XMU)*P1(I)
U2D(I)=-FN*S Q 2*4. *PI*(XL2/XMU2)*( (P1( 4)+ P6( 4) )*P 5(!)/ (SRA-P6( 4 )-
F XMN-P66/(2. *XMN))+(P1( 4)+P5( 4 ))*P6(I)/(SRA-P 5( 4)-XMN
F -P55/ (2. *XMN)))
U3AFA Cl=FN**3*S Q2/ ( SRA-XMN)/( SRA- P 5( 4 )-XMN -P 55/(2. *XMN))
U3AFAC2=FN**3*SQ2/ (SRA-XMN)f(SRA- P6( 4 )-XMN -P66/(2. *XMN))
U3A(I)= U 3AFAC1 *(P 56*P1(I)+P 15*P6(I)-P 16*P 5(!) )+
F U3AFAC2*(P 56*P 1(I)+P16*P 5(I)-P15*P6(I))
U3N AFAC1=FN*FNS**2*SQ2/(SRA-XMNS + UY*G DELS(SRA)/2.)
F /(SRA-P5(4)-XMN-P55/(2.*XMN))
U3N AFAC2=FN*FNS**2*S Q2/(SRA-XMNS+ UY*G DELS(SRA)/2.)
F /(SRA-P6(4)-XMN-P66/(2.*XMN))
U3N A( I)= U3N AFAC1 *(P 56*P1(I)+ P15*P6(I)- P16*P5(I) )+
F U3N AFAC2*(P56*P 1(I)+P 16*P 5(!)-P 15*P6(I))
U3BFAC1 =FN**3*SQ2/(P 11/(2. *XMN)- P 5( 4 )-(P11+P 55+
F 2. *P15 )/(2. *XMN))/(P11/(2. *XMN)-P 5( 4)-P6( 4)-(Pll+P55+
F P66+ 2.*P15+2. *P 16+2.*P56)/(2. *XMN))
U3BFAC2=FN**3*SQ2/(P 11/(2. *XMN)-P6( 4)-(P1l+P66+
F 2. *P16 )/(2. *XMN))/(P11/(2.*XMN)-P 5( 4)-P6( 4)- (Pll+P55+
F P66+2.*P15+2.*P 16+2.*P56)/(2 .*XMN))
U3B(I)= U 3BFAC1 *(P 16*P 5 (I)+P 56*P1 (I)-P15*P6(I) )+
F U3BFAC2*(P15*P6(I)+ P 56*P1(I)- P16*P 5(!))
F
F
F
U3CFA Cl=-FN**3*SQ2/ (SRA-P1( 4)-P 5( 4 )-XMN- (P11+P 55 +P15 )/(2. *XMN) )/
(SRA-P5(4)-XMN-P55/(2*XMN))
U3CFAC2=-FN**3*SQ2/ (SRA-P1( 4 )-P 6( 4 )-XMN- (P11+P66 +P 16)/(2. *XMN))f
(SRA-P6(4)-XMN-P66/(2*XMN))
U3C(I)= U3CFAC1 *(P16*P 5(I)+P 15*P6(I)-P 56*P1(I))+
U3 CFA C2*(P 15*P6(I)+ P 16 *P 5(!)- P 56*P 1 (I))
U3DAFA Cl=-FN*FD**2*S Q2/ 3. /(SRA-XMD+ UY* GDEL( SRA )/2. )/
F (SRA-P5(4)-XMN-P55/2./XMN)
U3DAFA C2=-FN*FD**2*SQ2/ 3. /(SRA-XMD+ UY* GDEL( SRA )/2. )/
F (SRA-P6(4)-XMN-P66/2./XMN)
U3DA(I)=
F U3DAFAC1 *(2-/3. *P15*P6(I)+ 1./3. *P16*P5(I)-1./3. *P56*P 1(!))+
F U3DAFAC2*(2. /3. *P 16*P5(I)+ 1. /3. *P 15*P6 (I)-1./3. *P 56*P 1(I))
DN3A1 = SRA-P 5( 4 )-P 55/2. /XMNS
DN3A2=SRA-P6( 4)-P 66/2./XMNS
U3DNAFAC1=-FNS*FD*FND*SQ2/3./
F (SRA-XMD+ U Y*GDEL(SRA)/2. )/(DN3A 1-XMNS+ UY*GDELS(DN3A1)/2.)
U3DNAFAC2=-FNS*FD*FND*SQ2/3.f
66
Appendix B. Amplitudes for the 7r p ---+ 1r
0
1r
0
n reaction
F (SRA-XMD+ UY*GDEL(SRA)I2. )I(DN3A2-XMNS+ UY*GDELS(DN3A2)1 2.)
U3DNA(1)=
F U3DN AFAC1 *(2.1 3. *P15*P 6(1)+1.13. *P16 *P 5(1)-1.13. *P 56*P1(1))+
F U3DN AFAC2*(2.I3. *P 16*P 5(1)+1.I3.*P 15 *P6(1)-1.I3. *P 56*P1(1))
D3B1=SRA- P 5( 4 )-P 5512. IX MD
D3B2=SRA- P6( 4)-P66 12. IX MD
U3DBFA C1=FN*FD**2*SQ2I3.I(D3B1- XMD + UY*G DEL(D3B1 )12. )I
F (SRA-XMN-P 1( 4)-P5( 4)-(Pll+P55+2.*P15)I2.IXMN)
U3DBFA C2 =FN*FD **2*S Q2 I 3. I (D3B2- XMD + u y *G DEL(D3B2) 12.) I
F ( SRA-XMN-P 1( 4)-P6( 4)-(P1HP66+2.*P16)I2.IXMN)
U3DB(1)=
F U3DBFAC1 *(2. I 3. *P16*P5(1)+ 1. 13. *P 56*Pl (1)-1. 13. *P 15*P6(1) )+
F U3DBFAC2*(2. 13. *P15*P6(1)+ 1.13. *P 56*Pl (1)-1.13. *P16*P5(1))
D3NBI=SRA-P1( 4)-P5( 4)-(Pll+P 55+2.*P15 )I2.IXMNS
D3NB2=SRA-P 1( 4)-P6( 4)-(P ll+P 66+2.*P16)1 2.IXMNS
U3DNBFA c 1 =FNS*FD *FN D *S Q2 I 3. I (D3B 1-XMD + u Y*G DEL(D3B 1) I 2.) I
F (D3NB1-XMNS+ UY*GDELS(D3NB1)12.)
U3DNBFAC2=FNS*FD*FND*SQ2I3.I(D3B2-XMD+ UY*GDEL(D3B2 )I 2. )I
F (D3NB2-XMNS+ UY*GDELS(D3NB2)12.)
U3DNB(1)=
F U3DNBFAC1*(2.I3.*P16*P 5(1)+1.1 3.*P56*P 1(1)-LI3.*P15*P6(1))+
F U3DNBFAC2*(2. 13. *P 15*P 6(1)+1. 13. *P 56* P 1(!)-1.13. *P16*P 5(1))
D3C1=SRA-Pl( 4)-P5( 4)-(P ll+P55+2.*P15 )I2.IXMD
D3C2=SRA-P1( 4)-P6( 4)-(P ll+P66+ 2. *P16)I2.IXMD
U3DCFAC1=FN*FD**2*SQ2I31
F (D3C1-XMD + UY*GDEL(D3C1)12.JI(SRA-P5( 4)-XMN-P55I2.IXMN)
U3DCFAC2=FN*FD**2*SQ2I3.I
F (D3C2-XMD+ UY*GDEL(D3C2)12. JI(SRA-P6( 4)-XMN-P66I2.IXMN)
U3DC(1)=
F U3DCFAC1 *(2 .I3.*P15*P 6(1)+1.13. *P 56*P1(1)-1.I3.*P16*P 5(1) )+
F U3DCFAC2*(2 .13. *P16*P 5(1)+I.I3.*P56*P1(I)-1.I3. *P15*P6(I))
D3NC1=SRA-P5(4)-P55I2.IXMNS
D3NC2=SRA-P6( 4)-P66I2.IXMNS
U3DNCFAC1=FNS*FD*FND*SQ2I3.1
F (D3C1-XMD+ UY*GDEL(D3C1)12.)I(D3NC1-XMNS+ UY*GDELS(D3NC1)12.)
U3DNCFAC2=FNS*FD*FND*SQ2I3.1
F (D3C2-XMD + UY*GDEL(D3C2JI2. )I(D3NC2-XMNS+ UY*GDELS(D 3N C2JI2.)
U3DNC(I)=
F U3DNCFAC1*(2.I3. *P15*P6(1)+ 1.13. *P56*P 1(I)-l.l3. *P16*P5(I)J+
F U3DNCFAC2*(2.I3. *P16*P5(I)+ 1.I3.*P56*P 1(!)-1.13. *P15*P6(I))
D3D=SRA-P5( 4)-P6( 4)-P 1( 4)-(Pll+P55+P66 +2.*P15+2.*P 16+2.*P56 )I
F 2.IXMD
U3DDFA Cl =-FN*FD**2*SQ2I3. I(D3D-X MD+ UY*GDEL(D3D )12. )I
F (SRA-XMN-Pl( 4)-P5( 4)-(Pll+P 55+2.*P15 )I 2.IXMN)
U3DDFA C2=-FN*FD**2*SQ2I3. I(D3D-X MD+ UY*GDEL(D3D )12. )I
F (SRA-XMN- PI( 4)-P6( 4)-(PII+P66+2.*PI6)I2.IXMN)
67
Appendix B. Amplitudes for the 1r- p ---+ 1r
0
1r
0
n reaction
U3DD(I)=
F U3DDFACI *(2 .13. *PI6*P 5(I)+I.I 3. *PI5*P6(I)-I.I3. *P 5 6*P I(I) )+
F U3DDFA C2*(2.l3. *P IS*P 6(1) +I.I3.*P I6*P 5(1)-1.1 3.*P5 6*PI(I))
D3NDI=SRA-P 5( 4 )-PI( 4)- (Pll+P 5 5+2. *PIS )12 .IXMNS
D3ND2=SRA-P 6( 4 )-PI( 4)-(P11+P66+2. *PI6)I2 .IXMNS
U3DNDFACI=-FNS*FD*FND*SQ2I3.I(D3D-XMD + UY *GDEL(D3D )12. )I
F (D3NDI-XMNS+ UY*GDELS(D3NDI))
U3DN D FA C2=-FNS*FD*FN D *S Q2 I 3. I ( D3D -XMD + u y "G DEL( D3D) 12.) I
F (D3ND2-XMNS+ UY*GDELS(D3ND2))
U3DND(I)=
F U3DNDFACI *(2 .I3.*P I6*PS(I)+I.I3. *PIS*P 6(I)-I.I3. *P 56*P I(I) )+
F U3DNDFAC2*( 2.1 3. *PIS*P 6(!)+1.1 3.*P I6*P 5(!)-1.1 3. *P 56*P I(I))
D3EI=SRA- PI( 4)-P 5( 4)-(P ll+P 55+2. *PIS )I 2 .IXMD
D3E2=SRA-PI( 4 )-P6( 4)-(P11+P 66+2. *PI6 )I 2.IXMD
U3DEFACI=FN*FD**2*2. *SQ2I3.I(D3El-XMD+ UY* GDEL(D3EI )12. )I
F (SRA-XMN- P 1( 4)-P 5( 4 )-P6( 4)-(P 11+P 55+P 66+2. *P I6 +2. *P 56+2. *P I5 )I
F 2.IXMN)
U3DEFAC2=FN*FD**2*2. *SQ2I3. I(D3E2-XMD+ UY* GDEL(D3E2 )12. )I
F (SRA-XMN-Pl( 4)-P5( 4)-P6( 4)-(Pll+P55+P66+2.*PI6+2.*P56+2. *P I5 )I
F 2.IXMN)
U3DE(I)=
F U3DEFACI *(2. 13. *P 56*P I (I)+I.I3. *P I5*P 6(!)-1. 13. *P I6*P5(I) )+
F U3DEFAC2*(2.I3. *P 56*PI (I)+I.I3. *PI6*P 5(I)-I.I3. *PI5*P6(I))
DNE3=(SRA-PI( 4)-P5( 4)-P6( 4)-(P ll+P55+P66+2. *PI5+2. *PI6+2. *P56)1
F 2.IXMNS)
U3DNEFACI =FNS*FD*FND*2. *SQ2I3.1
F (D3EI-XMD+ UY*GDEL(D3EI)I2.)I(DNE3-XMNS+ UY*GDELS(DNE3 )12.)
U3DNEFAC2=FNS*FD*FND*2. *SQ2I3I
F (D3E2-XMD+ UY*GDEL(D3E2)12.)I(DNE3-XMNS+ UY*GDELS(DNE3 )12.)
U3DNE(I)=
F U3DNEFAC1 *(2.13. *P56*P I(I)+l.l3. *P15*P6(I)-l.l3. *P I6*P5(I))+
F U3DNEFAC2*(2.I3.*P56*P I(I)+I.I3.*PI6*P5(I)-I.I3.*P I5*P6(I))
D3FI=SRA-P5(4)-P55I2.IXMD
D3F2=SRA-P6( 4 )-P66I2.IXMD
U3DFFACI=FN*FD**2*2.*SQ2I3.1
F (D3FI-XMD+ UY*GDEL(D3FI)I2. JI(SRA-XMN)
U3DFFA C2=FN*FD**2*2. *SQ2I3.1
F (D3F2-XMD+UY*GDEL(D3F2)12.)I(SRA-XMN)
U3DF(I)=
F U3DFFACI *(2. 13. *P 56*P I (I)+ I. I 3. *PI6*P 5(!)-I. 13. *P I5 *P6(I) )+
F U3DFFA C2*(2.l3. *P 56*P I (I)+ I.l3. *P I5*P 6(I)-I.I3. *PI6 *P 5(1))
U3DNFFACI=FNS*FD*FND*2.*SQ2I3.1
F (D3FI-XMD+UY*GDEL(D3FI)I2.JI(SRA-XMNS+UY*GDELS(SRA)I2.)
U3DNFFAC2=FNS*FD*FND*2.*SQ2I3.1
F (D3F2-XMD+ UY*GDEL(D3F2)12. )I(SRA-XMN S+ UY*GDELS(SRA)I2.)
U3DNF(I)=
F U3DN FFA C I *(2.1 3. *P 56* P 1 (I)+ 1.1 3. *P 16*P 5(!)-I.I 3. *P I5* P 6(1) )+
68
Appendix B. Amplitudes for the 7r p --t 1r
0
1r
0
n reaction
F U3DNFFAC2*(2. 13. *P 56*P 1 (I)+ 1. 13. *P 15*P 6(1)-1. 13. *P16*P 5(1))
DDA3=SRA
DDA4=SRA-P5( 4)-P55I2./XMD
DDA5=SRA-P6( 4)-P66I2./XMD
u D DAFA c 1 =-FDD*FD **2 I ( 3. *S Q 2) I (DD A3-XMD + UY* G DEL(D D A3) I 2.) I
F (DDA4-XMD+ UY*GDEL(DDA4)12.)
UDDAFAC2=-FDD*FD**2I(3. *SQ2)I(DDA3-XMD+ UY* GDEL(DDA3 )12. )I
F (DDA5-XMD+UY*GDEL(DDA5)I2.)
U3DDA(l)=
F UDDAFAC1 *(-l.I6.*P56*P1(I)+2.I3. *P16*P5(I)-1.I6.*P 15*P6(I))+
F UDDAFAC2*( -1.16. *P56*P1(I)+2. 13. *P15*P6(I)-1.I6. *P 16*P5(I))
DDB2=SRA-P 1( 4)-P5( 4)-(Pll+P55+2. *P15)I2-IXMD
DDB3=SRA-P 1( 4)-P6( 4)-(Pll+P66+ 2.*P16)I2-IXMD
DDB4=SRA-P 1( 4)-P5( 4)-P6( 4)-
F (Pll+P55+P66+2.*P 15+2.*P16+ 2. *P56)I2-IXMD
UDDBFAC1=-FDD*FD**2I(3. *SQ 2)I(DDB2-XMD + UY *GDEL(DDB2)12. )I
F (DDB4-XMD+ UY*G DEL(DDB4)12.)
UDDBFAC2=-FDD*FD**2I(3.*SQ2)I(DDB3-XMD+UY*GDEL(DDB3)I2.)1
F (DDB4-XMD+UY*GDEL(DDB4)12.)
U3DDB(I)=
F UDDBFAC1*( -1. 16. *P16*P 5(1)+2.13. *P15*P6(I)-l.l6. *P56*P 1(I) )+
F UDDBFA C2*( -1. 16. *P 15*P 6(1)+2.1 3. *P16*P 5(1)-1. 16. *P5 6*P1(I))
DDC1=SRA-P1( 4)-P5( 4)-(P11+P55+2.*P 15)12-IXMD
DD C2=SRA-P1( 4 )- P6( 4)-(P 11+P66+2. *P 16)12. IX MD
DD C3=SRA-P 5( 4 )-P55I2 .IXMD
DDC4=SRA-P6( 4 )- P66l2. IX MD
UDD CFAC1=FDD*FD**2*2. *SQ2I3.I(DDC1-XMD+ UY* GDEL(DD C1 )12. )I
F (DDC3-XMD+ UY*GDEL(DDC3)I2-)
UDD CFAC2=FDD*FD**2*2. *SQ2I3. I(DDC2-XMD + UY* GDEL(DDC2)12. )I
F (DDC4-XMD+UY*GDEL(DDC4)12.)
U3DDC(I)=
F UDDCFAC1*( -1./6. *P16*P 5(1)+2. 13. *P 56*P1(I)-1.I6. *P15*P6(I) )+
F UDD CFAC2*( -1. 16. *P15*P6(I)+2. 13. *P 56*P1(I)-1. 16. *P16*P 5(I))
U2N A(I)=-CNS*2. *SQ2*FNS I(SRA-XMNS + UY*G DELS( SRA )12. )*P 1(1)
DNS1=SRA-P 1( 4)-P5( 4)-P6( 4)-(Pll +P55+P66+2. *P15+2.*
F P16+2.*P56)I2-IXMNS
U2NB(I)=-CNS*2. *SQ2*FNS I(DNS1-X MNS+ UY*G DELS(DNS1 )12. )*P1(I)
UTOT(I)=XID(21 )*(U 1P(I)+ U1C(I))+
F XID(17)*U2A(I)+XID(18)*U2B(I)+
F XID(19)*U2C(I)+XID(20)*U2D(I)+
F XID(22)*U3A(I)+XID{ 1 )*(U3B (I)+ U3C(I) )+
F XID(2)*U3DA{I)+XID(3)*U3DB(I)+
F XID( 4)*U3DC(I)+XID(5 )*U3DD(I)+
F XID(6)*U3DE(I)+XID(7)*U3DF(I)
UTOT(I)=UTOT(I)+
F XID(10)*U3DDA(I)+XID( 11 )*U3DDB(I)+XID(12)*U 3DDC(I)+
69
Appendix B. Amplitudes for the 1r- p ----+ nnn reaction
F XID(16)*(U2NA(I)+U2NB(I))+
F XID(23)*U3DNA(I)+XID(24)*U3DNB(I)+XID(25)*U3DNC(I)+
F XID(26)*U3DND(I)+XID(27)*U3DNE(I)+XID(28)*U3DNF(I)+
F XID(31)*U3NA(I)
END DO
UJAC=UY*XMIXT(Pl,P5,P6)
U3A(4)=U JAC*(-U3AFAC1+ U3AFAC2)
U3NA(4)=UJAC*(-U3NAFAC1+U3NAFAC2)
U3B(4)=U JAC*(-U3BFACl+U3BFAC2)
U3C( 4)= U JAC*(U3CFAC1- U3CFAC2)
U3DA( 4 )=( -1./3. )*U J AC*(- U3DAFAC1 + U3DAFAC2)
U3DB( 4)=( -1./3.)*U JAC*(U3DBFAC1-U3DBFAC2)
U3DC( 4)=(-1./3. )*U JAC*(U3DCFAC1- U3DCFAC2)
U3DD( 4)=(-1./3. )*U JAC*(- U3DDFAC1+ U3DDFAC2)
U3DE( 4)=( -1./3. )*U JA C*(- U3DEFAC1+ U3DEFAC2)
U3DF( 4)=( -1./3.)*U JAC*( -U3DFFAC1+ U3DFFAC2)
U3DNA(4)=(-l.f3.)*UJAC*(-U3DNAFAC1+U3DNAFAC2)
U3DNB( 4)=(-1./3.)*U JAC*(U3DNBFAC1- U3DNBFAC2)
U3DNC( 4)=( -1./3. )*U JAC*(U3DNCFAC1- U3DNCFA C2)
U3DND( 4)=( -l./3.)*UJAC*(- U3DNDFAC1+ U3DNDFAC2)
U3DNE( 4)=(-1./3.)*U JAC*(- U3DNEFAC1+ U3DNEFAC2)
U3DNF( 4)=(-1./3.)*U JAC*(- U3DNFFAC1+ U3DNFFAC2)
U3DDA(4)=5.f6.*UJAC*(-UDDAFACI+UDDAFAC2)
U3DDB( 4)=5.f6.*U JAC*( -UDDBFACl+ UDDBFAC2)
U3DDC(4)=5.f6.*UJAC*(UDDCFAC1-UDDCFAC2)
UTOT( 4 )=XID(22)*U 3A( 4)+XID(l )*(U 3B( 4)+ U3C( 4) )+
F XID(2)*U3DA( 4)+XID(3)*U3DB(4)+
F XID( 4)*U3DC( 4)+XID(5 )*U3DD( 4)+
F XID(6)*U3DE(4)+XID(7)*U3DF(4)+
F XID(lO)*U3DDA( 4)+XID(ll)*U3DDB( 4)+XID(l2)*U3DDC( 4)+
F XID(23)*U3DN A( 4)+XID(24)*U3DNB( 4)+XID(25)*U3DNC( 4)+
F XID(26)*U3DND( 4)+XID(27)*U3DNE( 4)+XID(28)*U3DNF( 4)+
F XID(31)*U3NA(4)
RETURN
ELSE
UTOT(l)=O.
UTOT(2)=0.
UTOT(3)=0.
UTOT(4)=SQRT(SIGMA(PPILAB,TPI,-1))
RETURN
END IF
END
70
Appendix C
The amplitudes in this part correspond to diagrams in chapter (2.3) with same the
number. All quantities are centre of momentum values; PI is the 4-momentum of the
incident pion, ps and p
6
are the 4-momenta of the neutral and negative outgoing pions,
resp. and p = Ps + p
6
- PI the 4-momentum of the off-shell exchange pion.
-iTI,p
f 1 1
- j2 lT. p 02 2 2 X
f-l 1r p -p -f-l
[-PIPs + PsP6 + P6PI + e f - 1
2
]
(C.1)
-iTI,c
1 f 1
(C.2) ----u.ps
2 f-l J;
-iT2,s
f 1 ).2 ( 0 0)
(C.3)
a
81r-u.pi Vs
2
Ps- P6
f-l s-mf-L
T,2,s
f 1
-z b
47r-U.ps Vs o o ( ) I X
f-l s - m - PI - Ps - PI + Ps
2
2m
[2,\I ).2 ( 0 0)]
---p+p
f-l f-12 I 6
(C.4)
-iT2,s
f 1 2>.1 ).2 0 0
(C.5)
c
- 47r-U.ps Vs o 2
12
[- - -----z(Pl + P6)]
f-l s - m - P6 - P6 m f-l f-l
-iT3,N
er I I (C.6)
2 - u.psu.p6UPl Vs Vs o 2 I a
f-L s - m s - p
6
- p
6
2m - m
71
Appendix C. Amplitudes for the 1r-p ---+ 7r-7r
0
p reaction 72
-iT:3,N
er I I
(C.7)
b -2 - O".p60"PsO"PI Vs Vs o 2/2
f1 s - m s - p
5
- p
5
m - m
-iT3,N
- 2 (t)
3
u.p
6
u.p
1
u.p
5
x
c
1
yS- p ~ - p ~ - m - (PI + Ps)2 /2m
X
1
(C.8)
y8- p ~ - m - pgf2m
-iT3,N,N*
f (f)'
a
- 2ft p O".psO"P60"PI X
1 1
(C.9)
y8 - M* + i r * y8 - p ~ - pV2m - m
y:3,N,N*
-z b - f (f)' -2; ; O".p60"P50"PI X
1 1
(C.10)
y8 - M* + i r * y8 - p ~ - pgf2m - m
-iT
3
.6.
a
If (!')' -- - O".psS.p
6
St.pi x
3 f1 f1
1 1
(C.ll)
y8 - m.6. + i r y8 - p ~ - m - pV2m
y:3,.6.
-z b -
f cr
; j; S.p
6
St.piO".ps x
1
yS- m - p ~ - p ~ - (PI + Ps)2 /2m
X
1
(C.12)
vs- p ~ - PV2m.6. - m.6. + i r
Appendix C. Amplitudes for the 1r-p ---+ 1r-1rop reaction
73
-iT
3
t:J.
I (I}
c
- f; p u.psS.p
1
st.p6 X
1
Vs- P ~ - P ~ - ffit:J.- (Pl + P6)
2
/2mt:J. +!if x
1
(C.13)
Vs- p ~ - m - PV2m
T3t:J.
-z a' !(!')' f; p S.p
1
St.p
6
u.p5 X
1
Vs- m - P ~ - P ~ - (Pl + Ps)
2
/2m
X
1
(C.14)
Vs- P ~ - P ~ - p ~ - (Pl + Ps + P6)
2
/2mt:J.- mt:J. + !ir
-iT
3
t:J. 2!(1')' --- - S.p
6
St.p
5
u.p1 x
e
3 f-1, f-1,
1 1
(C.15)
vs- m vs- p ~ - PV2mt:J. - mt:J. + !ir
T3,t:J.
-z f 2f er t --- - S.p5S P6UPl X
3 f-1, f-1,
1 1
(C.16)
vs- m vs- p ~ - PU2mt:J. - mt:J. + tir
-iT
3
t:J.
2f er t
-- - u.p
6
S.p
5
S .p
1
x
g
3 f-1, f-1,
1 1
(C.17)
vs- mt:J. + !ir vs- p ~ - m - pV2m
Appendix C. Amplitudes for the 1r-p ---+ 1f-7r
0
p reaction

h,

a

b ,

c

d,
Vs- (Pl + + x
1
X
Js- (Pl +

+
1
Js- (p1 + + x
1
74
(C.18)
(C.19)
(C.20)
(C.21)
(C.22)
Appendix C. Amplitudes for the 1r-p ---+ 1r-1r
0
p reaction

-z f'

a

-ZJ.b

c
X
Vs- (PI+ +
1
Vs- (PI +

- + X
1
r:: a 2; I r x
v"' - Ps - Ps - + 2z
1
Vs- (PI+

+ X
1
75
(C.24)
(C.25)
(C.26)
(C.27)
Appendix C. Amplitudes for the 1r-p -t 7r-1r
0
p reaction 76

-t d - f(r) --;;, -;

X
1
Vs- (Pl + P5 + P6)2 - + x
1
(C.28)
Vs- M* - (p1 + P5)
2
/2M* +

-121 t
e
-
-3--;;, -; S.p6S P5UPl X
1 1
(C.29)
Js- - - + Js- M* +

-t J -
21(!')
-3--;;, -; s.p5st.p6uPl x
1 1
(C.30)
Vs - - - + Vs - M* +

g
21(r)
3--;;, -; X
1 1
(C.31)
yls- + Js- - M* - pgj2M* +

21(r)
-t h - --- -



X
3 f1 f1
1
Vs- (PI+

+ x
1
(C.32)
Js- - M* - PU2M* +
Appendix C. Amplitudes for the 1r p -+ 1r-1r
0
p reaction 77
What follows is the portion of the Monte Carlo code in which the amplitudes , with
the spin taken care of, are given.
SUBROUTINE BOBA(SRA,ID)
IMPLICIT COMPLEX (U)
LOGICAL LOSOL
DIMENSION ID(48),XID(48)
COMMON /MOMEN /Pl( 4),P5( 4),P6( 4),P5MOD,P6MOD,P5M02,P6M02,P 1M02
COMMON/ AMPLI/UlP( 4), UlC( 4), U2A( 4),U2B( 4), U2C( 4),
F U3A( 4), U3N A( 4),U3B( 4), U3NB( 4),U3C( 4), U3DA( 4),U3DB( 4),
F U3DC(4),U3DD(4),
F U3DE(4),U3DF(4),U3DG(4),U3DH(4),U3DDA(4),U3DDB(4),
F U3DDC(4),U3DDD(4),U3DDE( 4),U3DDF(4),
F UTOT( 4),P( 4), U3DNA( 4), U3DNB( 4), U3DNC( 4), U3DND( 4), U3DNE( 4),
F U3DNF(4),U3DNG( 4),U3DNH( 4)
COMMON/ CONSTO/HB ,PI,XMN ,XMU ,XMU2,XMD ,XMNS,FN ,FP2,XL1 ,XL2
F ,FD,FDD,WR,CNS,FNS,CHI,XLAM,SQ2,FND
COMMON /MANIP /TPI,EPILAB ,ETOT,PPILAB ,S2, S ,EPICM,ENUCM,PPICM
F ,XL,EREM,PLIM5,PLIM6,AT,BT,FI5,FI6,C05,C06,XMAX,XMIN
COMMON/CASO/ICASO,LOSOL,IPOL,JPOL,MPOL
C SOME COUP. CONSTANTS FN,FD,FDD,FNS INCLUDE /MASS PION
C UNITS ARE FM
IF(LOSOL)THEN
UY=(O.,l.)
Pll=ESC(Pl,Pl)
P15=ESC(Pl,P5)
P16=ESC(P1,P6)
P55=ESC(P5,P5)
P56=ESC(P5,P6)
P66=ESC(P6,P6)
DO 11=1,4
P(Il )=P 5(!1 )+P6(ll )-P 1(!1)
END DO
P2=P( 4 )**2-P(1 )** 2-P(2)**2- P(3 )**2
FORM=(XLAM**2-XMU2)/(XLAM**2-P2)
DO 395 1=1,48
395 XID(I)=FLOAT(!D(I))
DO I=1,3
U1P(I)=FN/FP2/(P2-XMU2)*(-P1(4)*P5(4)+P15 + P5(4)*P6(4)-P56 +
F Pl(4)*P6(4)-P16 + .5*CHI*XMU2)*(P5(I)+P6(I)-Pl(l))*FORM
U1C(I)=-.5*FN /FP2*P5(I)
U2A(I)=8. *PI*FN*P l(I)*XL2/XMU2*(P 5( 4 )-P6( 4) )/(SRA-XMN)
U2B(I)=4 .*PI*FN*P5(I)*(2*XL1/XMU - XL2/XMU2*(P1( 4)+P6( 4)))/
Appendix C. Amplitudes for the 1r-p ---+ 1r-1rop reaction
F (SRA-XMN-PI( 4)-PS( 4)-(Pll+P SS+2.*P 15)/(2.*XMN))
U2C(I):4.*PI*FN*PS(I)*(2. *XLl/XMU - XL2/XMU2*(PI( 4)+P6( 4)))/
F (SRA-P6(4)-XMN-P66/(2.*XMN))
U3AFAC:2.*FN**3/
F (SRA-XMN)/
F (SRA-XMN-P6(4)-P66/(2.*XMN))
U3A(I) = U 3AFA C*(P S6*P I(I)+P 16*P S(I)-P I S*P 6(I))
U3NAFAC=2.*FN*FNS**2/
F (SRA-XMNS+ UY*GDELS(SRA)/2.)/
F (SRA-XMN-P6(4)-P66/(2.*XMN))
U3N A( I)= U3N AFAC*(P 56*PI(I)+ Pl6*P S(I)- PlS*P6(I))
U3BFAC=-2. *FN**3/
F (SRA-XMN)/
F (SRA-XMN-PS(4)-PSS/(2.*XMN))
U3B(I)= U 3BFAC*(P 56*PI(I)+ PIS*P6(I)- P16*P S(I))
U3NBFAC=-2. *FN*FNS**2/
F (SRA-XMNS+ UY*GDELS(SRA)/2.)/
F (SRA-XMN-PS(4)-PSS/(2.*XMN))
U3NB(I)= U3NBFA C*(P 56*PI(I)+P IS*P6(I)-P 16*P S(I))
U3CFAC=2.*FN**3/
F (SRA-XMN-PI( 4)-PS( 4)-(Pll+P 55+2. *PIS)/ (2. *XMN))/
F (SRA-XMN-PS( 4)-PSS/(2.*XMN))
U3C( I)= U 3CFA C*( P 16* P 5( I)+ PIS* P 6( I)- P 56* PI( I))
U3DAFAC=I.f3.*FN*FD**2/
F (SRA-XMD+UY*GDEL(SRA)/2.)/
F (SRA-P6(4)-XMN-P66/2./XMN)
U3DA(I)=U3DAFAC*
F (2./3. *P16*PS(I)+l.f3.*P IS*P6(I)-I./3.*PS6*Pl(I))
DN3A=SRA-P6( 4)-P66/2./XMNS
U3DN AFAC=l./3. *FNS*FD*FND /
F (SRA-XMD+UY*GDEL(SRA)/2.)/
F (DN3A-XMNS+UY*GDELS(DN3A)/2.)
U3DNA(I)= U3DNAFAC*
F (2./3. *P16*P S(I)+l./3. *P IS*P6(I)-1./3. *PS 6*P I(I))
D3B=SRA-P 5( 4)-P55/2./XMD
U3DBFAC=FN*FD**2/
F (SRA-XMN-PI( 4)-P 5( 4)-(Pll+ PSS+2.*PI 5 )/2./XMN)/
F (D3B-XMD+UY*GDEL(D3B)/2.)
U3DB(I)=U3DBFAC*
F (2./3.*PI6*Ps(I)+l./3.*P S6*PI(I)-!.f3.*PlS*P6(I))
D3NB=SRA- P !( 4 )-P 5( 4 )-(P II+P 55+2. *PIS )/2 ./XMNS
U3DNBFAC=FNS*FD*FND/
78
Appendix C. Amplitudes for the 1r-p ---+ 1r-1rop reaction
F (D3NB-XMNS+UY*GDELS(D3NB)I2.)1
F (D3B-XMD+ UY*GDEL(D3B)I2.)
U3DNB(I)=U3DNBFAC*
F (2. I 3. *P 16*P 5(1)+ 1. 13. *P 56*P 1(1)-1. I 3. *Pl5*P6(1))
D3C=SRA-Pl( 4 )-P6( 4)-(P 1HP66+2-*Pl6)I2.IXMD
U3DCFAC=FN*FD**21
F (D3C-XMD+UY*GDEL(D3C)I2.)1
F (SRA-P6(4)-XMN-P66I2.IXMN)
U3DC(I)=U3DCFAC*
F (2.13. *Pl6*P5(1)+1.I3.*P 56*Pl(l)-l.l3. *Pl5*P6(1))
D3NC=SRA-P 6( 4 )-P66I2. IXMNS
U3DNCFAC=FNS*FD*FNDI
F (D3C-XMD+UY*GDEL(D3C)I2.)1
F (D3NC-XMNS+UY*GDELS(D3NC)I2.)
U3DNC(I)=U3DNCFAC*
F (2.13. *P 16*P 5(1)+1. 13. *P 56* Pl(l)-1. 13. *Pl5*P6(1))
DD3=SRA-Pl( 4 )-P 5( 4)-P 6( 4)-(P 11+ P 55+P66 +2. *(P15+P 16+P56 ))12 .IXMD
U3DDFAC=FN*FD**21
F (SRA-XMN-Pl( 4)-P 5( 4)-(Pll+P55+2.*Pl5)I2-IXMN)I
F (DD3-XMD+UY*GDEL(DD3)I2.)
U3DD(I)=U3DDFAC*
F (2.13. *Pl6*P5(1)+1.I3.*P 15*P6(1)-l.l3. *P56*Pl(l))
D3ND =SRA-P 5( 4 )-P 1( 4)- (Pll +P 55 +2. *P15 )12. IXMNS
U3DNDFAC=FNS*FD*FNDI
F (D3ND-XMNS+UY*GDELS(D3ND)I2.)1
F (DD3-XMD+UY*GDEL(DD3)I2.)
U3DND(I)=U3DNDFAC*
F (2. 13. *Pl6*P 5(1)+1. 13. *P15*P6(1)-l.l3. *P 5 6*Pl(l))
D3E=SRA-P5( 4)-P55 12-IXMD
U3DEFA C =- S Q21 3. *FN*FD**21
F (SRA-XMN)I
F (D3E-XMD+UY*GDEL(D3E)I2.)
U3DE(I)=U3DEFAC*
F (2./3. *P56*Pl(I)+LI3. *P 16*P5(!)-l.l3. *Pl5*P6(1))
U3DNEFAC=- SQ2I3. *FNS*FD*FND I
F (SRA-XMNS+UY*GDELS(SRA)I2.)1
F (D3E-XMD+UY*GDEL(D3E)I2.)
U3DNE(I)= U3DNEFAC*
F (2. I 3. *P 56*P 1(1)+ 1. 13. *P 16*P5(1)-LI 3. *P 15*P6(1))
D3F=SRA-P6( 4 )-P66I2-IXMD
U3DFFA C=-2. 13- *FN*FD**21
F (SRA-XMN)I
F (D3F-XMD+UY*GDEL(D3F)I2-)
U3DF(I)= U3DFFAC*
F (2.f3.*P56*Pl(I)+LI3.*P 15*P6(1)-l.I3-*P16*P5(!))
79
Appendix C. Amplitudes for the 1r-p --t 1r-1r
0
p reaction
U3DNFFAC=-2./3.*FNS*FD*FND/
F (SRA-XMNS+UY*GDELS(SRA)/2.)/
F (D3F-XMD+UY*GDEL(D3F)/2.)
U3DNF(I):U3DNFFAC*
F (2./3. *P 56*P 1(I)+1./3.*P 15* P6(I)-1./3. *P 16*P 5(!))
U3DGFAC=2.f3.*FN*FD**2/
F (SRA-XMD+UY*GDEL(SRA)/2.)/
F (SRA-XMN-P5( 4)-P 55/2./XMN)
U3DG(I)=U3DGFAC*
F (2.f3.*P15*P6(I)+1.f3.*P 16*P5(I)-1./3*P56*P1(I))
DN3G:SRA-P5(4)-P55/2./XMNS
U3DNGFAC=2.f3. *FNS*FD*FND I
F (SRA-XMD+UY*GDEL(SRA)/2.)/
F (DN3G-XMNS+UY*GDELS(DN3G )/2.)
U3DNG(l)= U3DNGFAC*
F (2./3. *P15*P 6(!)+1./3. *P 16* P 5(!)-1. /3. *P 5 6*P1(I))
D3H:SRA-P 1( 4)-P5( 4)-(Pll+P55+2*P15 )/2 .fXMD
U3DHFAC=-2.f3.*FN*FD**2/
F (D3H-XMD+ UY*GDEL(D3H)/2.)/
F (SRA-P5(4)-XMN-P55/2./XMN)
U3DH(I):U3DHFAC*
F (2./3. *P15*P6(I)+l. /3. *P 56*P1(I)-1./ 3. *P16*P5(I))
DN3H=SRA- P 5( 4)-P 55/2. /XMNS
U3DNHFAC=-2.f3.*FNS*FD*FND/
F (D3H-XMD+UY*GDEL(D3H)/2.)/
F (DN3H-XMNS+UY*GDELS(DN3H)/2.)
U3DNH(I)= U3DNHFAC*
F (2./3. *P15*P 6(!)+1. /3. *P 56* P 1(!)-1./ 3. *P 16*P 5(!))
DDA=SRA-P5( 4)-P 55/2./XMD
U3DDAFA C =-1./6. *FDD*FD**2/
F (SRA-XMD+ UY*GDEL(SRA)/2.)/
F (DDA-XMD+UY*GDEL(DDA)/2.)
U3DDA(I)=U3DDAFAC*
F (-1./6. *P56*P1(I)+2.f3. *P16*P5(I)-1./6. *P 15*P6(I))
DDB:SRA-P6( 4)-P66/2./XMD
U3DDBFAC=2./3.*FDD*FD**2/
F (SRA-XMD+UY*GDEL(SRA)/2.)/
F (DDB-XMD+UY*GDEL(DDB)/2.)
U3DDB(I)=U3DDBFAC*
F ( -1. /6. *P 56*P 1(!)+2. /3. *P 15*P6(I)-1. /6. *P 16*P 5(!))
DDC1 :SRA-P1( 4)-P5( 4)-(P1l+P55+2.*P 15 )/2./XMD
DDC2:SRA-P1( 4)-P5( 4)-P6( 4)-(Pll+P 55+P66+2. *(P15+P16+P56))/2./XMD
U3DDCFAC=-FDD*FD**2/
F (DDC1-XMD+ UY*GDEL(DDCI)/2.)/
80
Appendix C. Amplitudes for the 1r p ---t 1r-1rop reaction
F (DDC2-XMD+ UY*GDEL(DDC2)/2.)
U3DDC(I)= U3DDCFAC*
F ( -1./6. *P16*P5(I)+2 ./3. *P15*P6(I)-1.f6. *P 56*P 1(I))
DDD1=SRA-Pl ( 4 )-P 5( 4)-(P11+P 55+2. *P15 )/2./XMD
DDD2=SRA-P 5( 4 )-P 55/2./XMD
U3DDDFAC=2.f3.*FDD*FD**2/
F (DDD1-XMD+UY*GDEL(DDD1)/2.)/
F (DDD2-XMD+ UY*GDEL(DDD2)/2.)
U3DDD(I)= U3DDDFAC*
F ( -1./6. *P16*P 5(1)+2./3. *P 56*P1(I)-1./6. *P 15*P6(I))
DDE1 =SRA-P 1( 4 )-P6( 4)- (P11+P66 +2.*P 16)/2./XMD
DDE2=SRA-P 1( 4)-P 5( 4)- P6( 4 )-(P11 +P 55+P66+2. *(P15+ P16+P 56) )/2./XMD
U3DDEFAC=3.f2. *FDD*FD**2/
F (DDE1-XMD+UY*GDEL(DDE1)/2.)/
F (DDE2-XMD+ UY*GDEL(DDE2)/2.)
U3DDE(I)=U3DDEFAC*
F ( -1./6. *P15*P6(I)+2./3. *P16*P 5(!)-1./6. *P 56*P 1(I))
DDF1=SRA-P1( 4)-P6( 4)-(P11 +P66+2.*P 16)/2./XMD
DDF2=SRA-P6(4)-P66/2./XMD
U3DDFFAC=-FDD*FD**2/
F (DDF1-XMD+UY*GDEL(DDF1)/2.)/
F (DDF2-XMD+UY*GDEL(DDF2)/2.)
U3DDF(I)=U3DDFFAC*
F (-1./6. *P15*P6(I)+2.f3. *P56*P1(I)-1./6.*P 16*P5(I))
UTOT(I)=XID(1)*U1P(I)+XID(2)*U1C(I)+XID(3)*U2A(I)+
F XID(4)*U2B(I)+XID(5)*U2C(I)+XID(6)*U3A(I)+
F XID(7)*U3B(I)+XID(8)*U3C(I)+
F XID(9)*U3NA(I)+XID(10)*U3NB(I)+
F XID( 11 )*U 3DA(I)+XID( 12)*U3DB(I)+XID( 13 )*U3DC(I)+
F XID(14)*U3DD(I)+XID(15)*U3DE(I)+XID(16)*U3DF(I)+
F XID(17)*U3DG(I)+XID(18)*U3DH(I)
UTOT(I)=UTOT(I)+
F XID(19)*U3DDA(I)+XID(20)*U3DDB(I)+XID(21)*U3DDC(I)+
F XID(22)*U3DDD(I)+XID(23)*U3DDE(I)+XID(24)*U3DDF(I)+
F XID(25)*U3DNA(I)+XID(26)*U3DNB(I)+XID(27)*U3DNC(I)+
F XID(28)*U3DND(I)+XID(29)*U3DNE(I)+XID(30)*U3DNF(I)+
F XID(31)*U3DNG(I)+XID(32)*U3DNH(I)
END DO
U JAC= UY*XMIXT(P1,P 5,P6)
U3A(4)=U JAC*U3AFAC
U3NA(4)=UJAC*U3NAFAC
U3B( 4)=- UJAC*U3BFAC
U3NB(4)=- UJAC*U3NBFAC
U3C( 4)=UJAC*U3CFAC
U3DA( 4 )=( -1./3. )*U JAC*U3DAFAC
U3DB( 4)=( -1./3. )*U JAC*U3DBFAC
81
Appendix C. Amplitudes for the 1r-p -+ 7r-1r
0
p reaction
U3DC( 4)=(1./3. )*U JAC*U3D CFAC
U3DD( 4)=(1./3.)*U JAC*U3DDFAC
U3DE( 4)=(1./3. )*U JAC*U3DEFAC
U3DF(4)=(1.f3.)*U JAC*U3DFFAC
U3DG( 4)=(1./3.)*U JAC*U3DGFAC
U3DH( 4)=(-1./3. )*U JAC*U3DHFAC
U3DN A( 4)= ( -1./3. )*U JAC*U3DN AFAC
U3DNB( 4)=( -1./3. )*U JAC*U3DNBFAC
U3DNC( 4)=(1./3. )*U JAC*U3DNCFAC
U3DND(4)=(1./3.)*U JAC*U3DNDFAC
U3DNE( 4)= (1./3. )*U JAC*U3DNEFAC
U3DNF( 4)=(-1./3. )*U JAC*U3DNFFA
U3DNG( 4 )= ( 1./3. )*U JAC*U3DNGFAC
U3DNH( 4 )= ( -1./3. )*U JAC*U3DNHFAC
U3DDA( 4 )=-5./6. *U JAC*UDDAFAC
U3DDB( 4)=5./6. *U JAC*UDDBFAC
U3DD C( 4 )=-5./6. *U JAC*UDDCFAC
U3DDD( 4)=5.f6.*U JAC*UDDDFAC
U3DDE( 4)=5./6.*U JAC*UDDEFAC
U3DDF( 4)=-5./6. *U JAC*UDDFFAC
UTOT( 4)=XID(22)*U3A( 4)+XID(1)*(U 3B( 4)+ U3C( 4))+
F XID(2)*U3DA( 4)+XID(3)*U3DB( 4)+XID( 4)*U 3DC( 4)+
F XID(5)*U3DD( 4)+XID(6)*U3DE( 4)+XID(7)*U3DF( 4)+
F XID(B)*U3DG(4)+XID(9)*U3DH(4)+
F XID(10)*U3DDA( 4)+XID(ll)*U3DDB( 4)+XID(12)*U3DDC( 4)+
F XID(13)*U3DDD( 4)+XID(14)*U3DDE( 4)+XID(15)*U3DDF( 4)+
F XID(23)*U3DN A( 4)+XID(24)*U 3DNB( 4 )+XID(25 )*U 3DNC( 4)+
F XID(26 )*U3DND( 4 )+XID(27)*U3DNE( 4 )+XID(28 )*U3DNF( 4)+
F XID(29)*U3DNG( 4)+XID(30)*U3DNH( 4)+
F XID(16)*U3NA(4)+XID(20)*U3NB(4)
RETURN
ELSE
UTOT(1)=0.
UTOT(2)=0.
UTOT(3)=0.
UTOT( 4 )=SQR T( SIGMA(PP ILAB, TPI,-1))
RETURN
END IF
END
82
Appendix D
The amplitudes in this part correspond to diagrams in chapter (2.4) with same the
number. All quantities are centre of momentum values; p
1
is the 4-momentum of the
incident pion, ps and p
6
are the 4-momenta of the positive and neutral outgoing pions,
resp. and p = p
5
+ p
6
- p
1
the 4-momentum of the off-shell exchange pion.
-iT2,s
a
fTl2,s
-Z.Lb
-iT2,s
c
f 1 1
- --u.p x
f.-l r; p02 _ p2 _ f.-l2
[ptPs + PsP6- P6Pt +


1 f 1
- ----u.p6
21-lR
f 1
4?T-u.p6 In o o ( )2/ x
f.-l v s - m - Pt - P6 - Pt + P6 2m
[
2..\1 Az ( 0 0 )]
- + 2 Pt +Ps
f.-l f.-l
f 1
4?T-u.p6 r;:
0 2
/ X
f.-l v s - m - Ps - Ps 2m
[
2..\1 Az ( o 0 )]
-+2Pt+Ps
f.-l f.-l
83
(D.1)
(D.2)
(D.3)
(D.4)
(D.5)
Appendix D. Amplitudes for the rr+p --+ rr+rr
0
p reaction 84
-iT3,N
a
2 (t)
3
u.p
1
u.p
5
u.p
6
x
1
Vs- m- P ~ - P ~ - (PI+ P6)
2
/2m
X
1
(D.6)
Vs- P ~ - P ~ - P ~ - m - (PI + Ps + P6)
2
/2m
T3,N
-z b -2 ()
3
u.pJu.p,u.p, X
1
Vs- m - P ~ - P ~ - (PI + Ps )
2
/2m
X
1
(D.7)
Vs- P ~ - P ~ - P ~ - m- (PI+ Ps + P6)
2
/2m
-iT3,N
c
2 ()' u.p6u.p1u.p5 X
1
Vs- m- P ~ - P ~ - (PI+ Ps)
2
/2m
X
1
(D.8)
Vs- p ~ - m - pgj2m
-iT3,Ll
a
f (!')' --;;, -; lT.p
6
S.p
5
St PI X
1 1
(D.9)
.fi- p ~ - m - pU2m .fi- mtl + tir
T3 Ll
-z b,
I (I')' --;;, -; s.p
5
st.pilTP6 x
1
Vs - m - P ~ - P ~ - (PI + P6 )
2
/2m
X
1
(D.10)
.fi- p ~ - PU2mfl - mfl + tir
Appendix D. Amplitudes for the 1r+p ----+ 1r+1r
0
p reaction 85
-iT
3
t:i
I (r)'
c
- --;;, -;; S.piStPsUP6 X
1
Vs - m - P ~ - p - (PI + P6)
2
/2m
X
1
(D.ll)
Js- P ~ - p- P ~ - (PI+ Ps + PB)
2
/2mt:l- mt:l + tir
'T3 t:l
-z d' -
2fe-r -
3
--;;, -;; s.p
6
st.piuPs x
1
Vs- m - P ~ - P ~ - (PI + Ps)
2
/2m
X
1
(D.12)
Js- p ~ - PU2mt:l - mt:l + ~ i r
-iT
3
t:i 2f(I}
e
-
3
--;;, -;; s.pist.p6uPs x
1
Js- m - P ~ - P ~ - (PI + Ps)
2
/2m
X
1
(D.13)
Js- p ~ - p- p ~ - (PI+ Ps + P6)
2
/2mt:l- mt:l + tir
'T3,t:l
-z f
2f er -3--;;, -;; u.piS.p
5
St.p
6
X
1
Vs- P ~ - pg - (PI + P6)
2
/2mt:l - mt:l + ~ i f X
1
(D.14)
Vs- m - P ~ - P ~ - p - (PI + Ps + P6)2 /2m
iT
3
t:i
g
2f(I')'
3P, -;; u.pi S.p
6
St.p
5
X
1
Vs- P ~ - P ~ - mt:l- (PI+ Ps)
2
/2mt:l + tir x
1
(D.15)
Vs- m - P ~ - P ~ - p - (PI + Ps + P6)
2
/2m
Appendix D. Amplitudes for the 1r+p ----+ 1r+1r
0
p reaction
. ,.,11,11
-Z.Lb
Vs- P ~ - P ~ - m11 - (Pl + Ps)
2
/2mb. + !if X
1
Vs- p ~ - m - pgf2m
X
Vs- P ~ - P ~ - (Pl + P6)2 /2mb. - m11 + !if
1
X
Vs - P ~ - P ~ - (p1 + P6)
2
/2mb. - m11 + !if
1
86
(D.16)
(D.17)
(D.18)
(D.19)
(D.20)
Appendix D. Amplitudes for the 1r+p -t 1r+1r
0
p reaction 87
-iT
11

11
e
-iT
11
'
11
f
-iT3,N*,!1
a
fT13,N* ,11
-ZJ.b
-iT3,N*,11
c
-
-
-
- ~ - s.p6St.Plst.ps x
2f (!')'
3 J1 J1
1
yiS- p ~ - p ~ - (Pt + PsP /2mt. - m11 + i r x
1
Vs- p ~ - PU2mt. - mt. + i r
If er
-
6
: -; s.p
1
St.P6st.ps x
1
Vs - P ~ - P ~ - (Pt + Ps)
2
/2mt. - m 11 + i r x
1
Vs- P ~ - P ~ - p ~ - (Pt + Ps + P6)
2
/2mt.- mt. + i r
f(r) -;;, -;; gN*I11r u.p
5
S.p
6
St.p1 X
1 1
Vs - p ~ - M* - PU2M* + i r Vs - mt. + i r
Vs- M*- P ~ - P ~ - (Pt + P6)2/2M* + i r x
1
(D.21)
(D.22)
(D.23)
(D.24)
Vs- M*- P ~ - P ~ - (Pt + P6)2/2M* + i r x
1
(D.25)
Vs- P ~ - P ~ - p ~ - (Pt + Ps + P6)2/2mt.- m11 + i r
Appendix D. Amplitudes for the n+p ---+ n+np reaction 88
r3,N*,ll.
-z d
21(r)
3 ~ -; 9N*ll.7r S.p6st.plu.ps x
1
Vs - M* - p ~ - p ~ - (Pt + Ps)2 /2M* + i r
X
1
(D.26)
.fi- p ~ - pgf2m.tJ. - m.tJ. + i r
-iT3,N* ,ll.
2/ (r)
-- - 9N*ll.7rS.p
1
St.p
6
u.ps X
e
3p p
1
Vs - M* - p ~ - p ~ - (Pt + Ps)
2
/2M* + i r
X
1
(D.27)
Vs - P ~ - P ~ - P ~ - (Pt + Ps + P6)
2
/2m.tJ. - m.tJ. + i r
r3,N*,ll.
-z f - --- - 9N*ll.7r u.p1S.p
5
St.p
6
X
21 (r)
3p p
1
Vs- p ~ - p ~ - (Pt + P6)
2
/2m.tJ.- mll. + i r x
1
(D.28)
Vs- M* - p ~ - p ~ - p ~ - (Pt + Ps + P6)
2
/2M* + tir
-iT3,N*,ll.
21(r)
- -- - 9N*ll.7r u.p1S.p
6
St.p
5
X
g
3p p
1
Vs- P ~ - P ~ - (Pt + Ps)2/2m.tJ.- m.tJ. + tir x
1
(D.29)
Vs- M*- p ~ - p ~ - p ~ - (Pt + Ps + P6)2/2M* + tir
r3,N* ,ll.
!/(!')
-z h - -- - 9N*ll.7r u.p6S.p
1
st.p
5
X
3p p
1
Vs- P ~ - P ~ - (Pt + Ps)
2
/2m.tJ.- m.tJ. + tir x
1
(D.30)
y'S- p ~ - M*- pgf2M* + tir
Appendix D. Amplitudes for the 1r+p -+ 1r+1r
0
p reaction 89
What follows is the portion of the Monte Carlo code in which the amplitudes , with
the spin taken care of, are given.
SUBROUTINE BOBA(SRA,ID)
IMPLICIT COMPLEX (U)
LOGICAL LOSOL
DIMENSION ID( 48),XID(48)
COMMON /MOMEN /P1( 4),P5( 4),P6( 4),P5MOD,P6MOD,P5M02,P6M02,P 1M02
COMMON/ AMPLI/U1P( 4),U1C( 4), U2A( 4),U2B( 4), U2C(4),
F U3A( 4),U3B( 4), U3C( 4),U3DA( 4), U3DB( 4),U3DC( 4),U3DD( 4),
F U3DE( 4), U3DF( 4), U3DG( 4),U3DH( 4), U3DDA( 4), U3DDB( 4),
F U3DDC( 4),U3DDD( 4),U3DDE( 4),U3DDF( 4),
F UTOT( 4),P( 4),U3DNA( 4 ),U3DNB( 4),U3DNC( 4), U3DND( 4),U3DNE( 4),
F U3DNF(4),U3DNG(4),U3DNH(4)
COMMON/CONSTO/HB,PI,XMN,XMU,XMU2,XMD,XMNS,FN,FP2,XL1,XL2
F ,FD,FDD,WR,CNS,FNS,CHI,XLAM,SQ2,FND
COMMON /MANIP /TPI,EPILAB ,ETOT,PPILAB,S2, S,EPICM,ENUCM,PPICM
F ,XL,EREM,PLIM5,PLIM6,AT,BT,FI5,FI6,C05,C06,XMAX,XMIN
COMMON /CASO /ICASO,LOSOL,IPOL,JPOL,MPOL
C SOME COUP. CONSTANTS FN,FD,FDD,FNS INCLUDE /MASS PION
C UNITS ARE FM
IF(LOSOL)THEN
UY=(O.,l.)
Pll=ESC(P1,P1)
P15=ESC(P1,P5)
P16=ESC(P1,P6)
P55=ESC(P5,P5)
P56=ESC(P5,P6)
P66=ESC(P6,P6)
DO 11=1,4
P(Il )=P5 (Il )+P6(Il )-P 1(11)
END DO
P2=P( 4 )**2-P(1)**2-P(2)**2-P(3)**2
FORM=(XLAM**2-XMU2)/(XLAM**2-P2)
DO 395 1=1,48
395 XID(l)=FLOAT(ID(I))
DO 1=1,3
U1P(I)=FN/FP2/(P2-XMU2)*(P1(4)*P5(4)-P15 + P5(4)*P6(4)-P56-
F P1(4)*P6( 4)+P16 + .5*CHI*XMU2)*(P5(I)+P6(I)-P1(I))*FORM
U1 C(l)=- .5*FN / FP2 *P6( I)
U2A(1)=4 .*PI*FN*P6(!)*(2. *XL1/XMU + XL2/XMU2*(P1( 4)+P5( 4 )))/
F (SRA-XMN-P1( 4)-P6( 4)-(P11+P66+2.*P16)/ (2.*XMN))
U2B(I)=- 8. *PI*FN*P5(I)*XL2/XMU2*(P 1( 4)+P6( 4))/
Appendix D. Amplitudes for the 1r+p -t 1r+1r
0
p reaction
F (SRA-XMN- P1( 4)-PS( 4)-(Pll+P 55+2. *P15)/ (2. *XMN))
U2C(1)=4.*P1*FN*P6(1)*(2.*XL1/XMU + XL2/XMU2*(P1( 4)+P5( 4)))/
F (SRA-P5(4)-XMN-P55/(2.*XMN))
U3AFAC=2.*FN**3/
F (SRA-XMN-P1( 4)-P6( 4)-(Pll+P66+2. *P16)/ (2. *XMN))/
F (SRA-XMN-P1(4)-P5(4)-P6(4)-
F (P11+P55+P66+2.*(P 16+P15+P56))/(2.*XMN))
U3A(1) = U 3AFAC*(P15*P6(I)+P 56*P 1(1)-P 16*P 5(1))
U3BFAC=-2. *FN**3/
F (SRA-XMN-P1( 4)-PS( 4)-(Pll+P 55+2.*P15)/ (2. *XMN))/
F (SRA-XMN-P1( 4)-P5(4)-P6( 4)-
F (Pll+P55 +P66+2.*(P 15+P16+P56))/(2.*XMN))
U3B(1)= U 3BFAC*(P 16*P5(I)+ P 56*P1(I)-P15*P6(I))
U3CFAC=2. *FN**3/
F (SRA-XMN-P1( 4)-PS( 4)-(Pll+P 55+2. *P56)/ (2.*XMN))/
F (SRA-XMN-P5(4)-P55/(2.*XMN))
U3C(I)= U3CFAC*(P16*P5(I)+ P15*P6(I)-P 56*P 1(1))
U3DAFAC=FN*FD**2/
F (SRA-XMD+ UY*GDEL(SRA)/2.)/
F (SRA-P5( 4)-XMN-PSS/2./XMN)
U3DA(I)= U3DAFAC*
F (2.f3.*P15*P6(I)+1.f3.*P 16*P5(I)-1./3.*P56*P1(I))
DN3A=SRA-P5( 4)-P55f2./XMNS
U3DNAFAC=FNS*FD*FND I
F (SRA-XMD+UY*GDEL(SRA)/2.)/
F (DN3A-XMNS+UY*GDELS(DN3A)/2.)
U3DNA(1)=U3DNAFAC*
F (2./ 3. *P15*P 6(!)+1./3. *P16* P 5(1)-1./3. *P56*P1(I))
D3B=SRA-P 6( 4)-P66/2./XMD
U3DBFAC=FN*FD**2/
F (SRA-XMN-P1( 4)-P 6( 4)-(Pll+ P66+2. *P16)/2./XMN)/
F (D3B-XMD+UY*GDEL(D3B)/2.)
U3DB(I)=U3DBFAC*
F (2./3. *P15*P6(I)+l.f3.*P 56*P1(I)-1.f3. *P16*P5(I))
D3NB=SRA- P 1( 4 )-P6( 4 )-(P 11 +P 66+2. *P16)/2 .fXMNS
U3DNBFAC=FNS*FD*FND/
F (D3NB-XMNS+UY*GDELS(D3NB)/2.)/
F (D3B-XMD+UY*GDEL(D3B)/2.)
U3DNB(I)=U3DNBFAC*
F (2. f3. *P 15*P 6(I)+ 1. /3. *P 56* P1(I)-1.f3. *P 16*P 5(1))
D3C=SRA-P1( 4 )-P5( 4)-P 6( 4)-(P11+P 66+P55+ 2. *(P16+P15+P56))/2./XMD
U3DCFAC=FN*FD**2/
F ( SRA-P 1 ( 4)-P6( 4)-XMN -(P11+P66+2*P 16)/2./XMN)/
90
Appendix D. Amplitudes for the 1r+p ----+ 1r+1r
0
p reaction
F (D3C-XMD+ UY*GDEL(D3C))
U3DC(1)=U3DCFAC*
F (2./3*Pl5*P6(I)+Lf3. *P 16*P5(I)-1./3*P56*P1(I))
D3NC=SRA-P 1( 4 )-P6( 4)-(P66+Pll+ 2. *P16 )/2 .fX MNS
U3DNCFAC=FNS*FD*FND/
F (D3NC-XMNS+UY*GDELS(D3NC)/2.)/
F (D3C-XMD+UY*GDEL(D3C)/2.)
U3DNC(1)=U3DNCFAC*
F (2./3. *P15*P 6(1)+1./3. *Pl6*P 5(1)-1./3. *P 56*P 1(1))
DD3=SRA-P 5 ( 4 )-P 55/2 .fX MD
U3DDFAC=-2./3.*FN*FD**2/
F (SRA-XMN-P1( 4)-PS( 4)-(P1HP55+2. *PIS )/2./XMN)/
F (DD3-XMD+UY*GDEL(DD3)/2.)
U3DD(I)= U3DDFAC*
F (2./3. *Pl6*P5(1)+1./3. *P 56*Pl(1)-l.f3. *P15*P6(1))
D3ND=SRA-P 5( 4)-P1( 4)-(Pll+PS5+2.*P15)/2./XMNS
U3DNDFAC=-2./3.*FNS*FD*FND/
F (D3ND-XMNS+UY*GDELS(D3ND)/2.)/
F (DD3-XMD+ UY*GDEL(DD3)/2.)
U3DND(I)= U3DNDFAC*
F (2./3. *P16*P 5(1)+1./3. *P56*P1(I)-1./3. *P15*P6(I))
D3E=SRA- Pl( 4 )-P 5( 4 )-P6( 4 )-(P11 +P66+P 55+2. *(P16+ P15+P56 ))/2./XMD
U3DEFAC=2.f3. *FN*FD**2/
F (SRA-XMN-P1( 4)-P 5( 4)-(Pll+PSS+2.*P15 )/2./XMN)/
F (D3E-XMD+ UY*GDEL(D3E)/2.)
U3DE(1)=U3DEFAC*
F (2.f3.*P16*P5(1)+1.f3.*P 15*P6(1)-1.f3.*P56*Pl(1))
DN3E=SRA-Pl( 4)-PS( 4)-(Pll+P SS+2.*P15 )/2./XMNS
V3DNEFAC=2.f3. *FNS*FD*FND I
F (DN3E-XMNS+UY*GDELS(DN3E)/2.)/
F (D3E-XMD+UY*GDEL(D3E)/2.)
U3DNE(I)= U3DNEFAC*
F (2.f3.*P16*P 5(I)+1.f3.*P15*P6(I)-1./3.*P56*P1(I))
D3F=SRA-P1( 4)-P6( 4)+(Pll+P66+2.*P 16)/2./XMD
U3DFFAC=-2.f3.*FN*FD**2/
F (D3F-XMD+UY*GDEL(D3F)f2.)/
F (SRA-XMN-P1( 4)-PS( 4)-P6( 4)-
F (Pll+P66+PSS+2.*(P 16+P1S+P56))/2./XMN)
U3DF(1)=U3DFFAC*
F (2./3. *P 56 *Pl(I)+l./3. *P 16*PS(I)-1./3. *P 15*P6(1))
DN3F=SRA-Pl ( 4)-PS( 4)-P 6( 4)-(Pll+P66+PSS+2*(P16+P 1S+PS6))/2 .fXMNS
U3DNFFAC=-2.f3.*FNS*FD*FND/
F (D3F-XMD+UY*GDEL(D3F)/2.)/
F (DN3F-XMNS+UY*GDELS(DN3F)/2.)
U3DNF(I)=U3DNFFAC*
91
Appendix D. Amplitudes for the 1r+p --t 7r+7r
0
p reaction
F (2./3. *P 56*P I(I)+l./3. *P I6*P 5(!)-1./3. *P I5*P6(I))
D3G=SRA-PI( 4)-PS( 4 )-(Pll+PS5+2. *PIS )/2./XMD
U3D GFA C=2.f 3. *FN*FD**2/
F (D3G-XMD+UY*GDEL(D3G )/2.)/
F (SRA-XMN -PI( 4 )-P 5( 4 )-P6( 4)-
F (Pll +P 55+ P66+2. *PIS+2. *PI6+ 2. *P 56)/2./XMN)
U3DG(I)=U3DGFAC*
F (2.{3. *P56*PI(I)+l./3. *P IS*P6(I)-I./3. *PI6*PS(I))
DN3G=SRA-P I( 4)-P 5( 4 )-P6( 4 )-(P 11 +PSS+ P66+2. *(PIS+PI6+P 56) )/2./XMNS
U3DNGFAC=2.{3.*FNS*FD*FND/
F (D3G-XMD+UY*GDEL(D3G)/2.)/
F (DN3G-XMNS+ UY*GDELS(DN3G )/2.)
U3DNG(I)= U3DNGFAC*
F (2.{3. *P56*P I(I)+I./3. *PIS* P6(I)-I./3.*P I6*PS(I))
D3H=SRA-P I( 4)-PS( 4)-(Pll+PSS+2. *PIS)/2./XMD
U3DHFA C=l./3. *FN*FD**2/
F (D3H-XMD+ UY*GDEL(D3H)/2. )/
F (SRA-PS( 4)-XMN-PSS/2./XMN)
U3DH(I)=U3DHFAC*
F (2.{3-*PIS *P6(I)+l./3. *P 56*PI(I)-I.f3. *P I6*P S(I))
DN3H=SRA-P5( 4)-PSS/2./XMNS
U3DNHFAC=l./3.*FNS*FD*FND/
F (D3H-XMD+ UY*GDEL(D3H)/2. )/
F (DN3H-XMNS+UY*GDELS(DN3H)/2.)
U3DNH(I)= U3DNHFAC*
F (2.{3. *P IS*P 6(!)+1./3. *P 56*Pl(I)-1.{3. *P16*P 5(!))
DDA=SRA-P6( 4)-P66f2./XMD
U3DDAFAC=3.{2.*FDD*FD**2/
F (SRA-XMD+ UY*GDEL(SRA)/2.)/
F (DDA-XMD+ UY*GDEL(DDA)/2.)
U3DDA(I)=U3DDAFAC*
F (-1.{6. *P56*PI(I)+2.{3. *P15*P6(I)-l./6. *P I6*P5(I))
DDB=SRA-PS( 4)-PSS/2./XMD
U3DDBFAC=-FDD*FD**2/
F (SRA-XMD+UY*GDEL(SRA)/2.)/
F (DDB-XMD+UY*GDEL(DDB)/2.)
U3DDB(I)=U3DDBFAC*
F (-I.f6. *P56*PI(I)+2.{3. *P16*P5(I)-l.f6. *P I5*P6(!))
DDCI=SRA-PI( 4)- P6( 4)-(P II+P66+2.*P I6)/2./XMD
DDC2=SRA-P6( 4)- P66/2./XMD
U3DDCFAC=FDD*FD**2/
F (DDCI-XMD+UY*GDEL(DDCI)/2.)/
F (DDC2-XMD+ UY*GDEL(DDC2)/2.)
U3DDC(l)=U3DDCFAC*
F (-1./6. *PIS*P6(!)+2./3. *P56*PI(l)-1.{6. *P !6*P5(I))
92
Appendix D. Amplitudes for the 1r+p -+ 1r+1r
0
p reaction
DDD1=SRA-P1( 4 )-P6( 4 )(P11 +P66+2. *P 16)/2./XMD
DDD2=SRA-P1( 4 )-P 5( 4 )-P 6( 4)-(Pll +P 55+P66+ 2. *(P 15+P16+P 56) )/2./X MD
U3DDDFAC=-FDD*FD**2/
F (DDD1-XMD+UY*GDEL(DDD1)/2.)/
F (DDD2-XMD+UY*GDEL(DDD2)/2.)
U3DDD(I)=U3DDDFAC*
F ( -1.{6. *P15*P6(I)+2.f3. *P16*P5(I)-1./6. *P 56*P1(I))
DDE1=SRA-P 1( 4)-PS( 4)-(Pll+P55+2.*P15 )/2./XMD
DDE2=SRA-P 5( 4)-P55/2./XMD
U3DDEFAC=2.{3. *FDD*FD**2/
F (DDE1-XMD+UY*GDEL(DDE1)/2.)/
F (DDE2-XMD+ UY*GDEL(DDE2)/2.)
U3DDE(I)= U3DDEFAC*
F ( -1./6. *P16* P5(I)+2.f3. *P5 6*P 1(!)-1./6. *P 15*P6(I))
DDF1=SRA-P1( 4)-P5( 4)-(Pll +PS5+2. *P 15)/2./XMD
DDF2=SRA-P1( 4 )- P 5( 4 )-P6( 4 )-(P ll+P 55+P66+2. *(P 15+P56 +P16) )/2./XMD
U3DDFFAC=-1./6. *FDD*FD**2/
F (DDF1-XMD+ UY*GDEL(DDF1)/2.)/
F (DDF2-XMD+UY*GDEL(DDF2)/2.)
U3DDF(I)= U3DDFFAC*
F ( -1./6. *P16*P5(I)+2.f3. *P15*P6(I)-1./6. *P 56*P1(I))
UTOT(I)=XID(21 )*(U 1P(I)+ U1C(I) )+XID( 17)*U2A(I)+
F XID(18)*U2B(I)+XID(19)*U2C(I)+
F XID(22)*U 3A(I)+XID(1 )*(U3 B(I)+ U3C(I) )+XID(2)*U3DA(I)+
F XID(3)*U3DB(I)+XID( 4)*U3DC(I)+XID(5 )*U3DD(I)+
F XID(6)*U3DE(I)+XID(7)*U3DF(I)+XID(B)*U3DG(I)+
F XID(9)*U3DH(I)
UTOT(I)=UTOT(I)+
F XID(10)*U3DDA(I)+XID(11)*U3DDB(I)+XID(12)*U3DDC(I)+
F XID(13)*U3DDD(I)+XID(14)*U3DDE(I)+XID(15)*U3DDF(I)+
F XID(23)*U3DNA(I)+XID(24)*U3DNB(I)+XID(25)*U3DNC(I)+
F XID(26)*U3DND(I)+XID(27)*U3DNE(I)+XID(28)*U3DNF(I)+
F XID(29)*U3DNG(I)+XID(30)*U3DNH(I)
END DO
U JAC=UY*XMIXT(P1,P 5,P6)
U3A(4)=U JAC*U3AFAC
U3B( 4)=- U JAC*U3BFAC
U3C( 4)= U JAC*U3CFAC
U3DA( 4)=(1./3. )*U JAC*U3DAFAC
U3DB( 4)=(1./3. )*U JAC*U3DBFAC
U3DC( 4)=(-1.f3.)*U JAC*U3DCFAC
U3DD( 4)=(- 1./3.)*UJAC*U3DDFAC
U3DE( 4)=(1./3 .)*U JAC*U3DEFAC
U3DF(4)=(-1./3.)*U JAC*U3DFFAC
U3DG( 4)=(1./3. )*U JAC*U3DGFAC
U3DH( 4)=(-1./3. )*U JAC*U3DHFAC
93
Appendix D. Amplitudes for the 1r+p -+ 1r+1r
0
p reaction
U3DN A( 4)=(1./3.)*U JAC*U3DN AFAC
U3DNB( 4)=(1.f3.)*U JAC*U3DNBFAC
U3DNC( 4)=( -1./3.)*U JAC*U3DNCFAC
U3DND( 4)=( -1./3. )*U JAC*U3DNDFA C
U3DNE( 4)= ( 1. /3. )*U JAC*U3DNEFAC
U3DNF( 4)=( -1./3. )*U JAC*U3DNFFAC
U3DNG( 4 )= (1./3. )*U JAC*U3DNGFAC
U3DNH( 4)=(-1./3. )*U JAC*U3DNHFAC
U3DDA( 4)=5./6. *U JAC*UDDAFAC
U3DDB( 4)=5./6. *U JAC*UDDBFAC
U3DD C( 4)=5./6. *U JAC*UDD CFAC
U3DDD( 4):5. /6. *U JAC*UDDDFAC
U3DDE(4)=5./6.*U JAC*UDDEFAC
U3DDF( 4 )=5./6. *U JAC*UDDFFAC
UTOT( 4)=XID(22)*U3A( 4)+XID(1)*(U3B( 4)+ U3C( 4))+
F XID(2)*U3DA(4)+XID(3)*U3DB( 4)
F +XID( 4)*U3DC( 4)+XID(5)*U3DD( 4)+XID(6)*U3DE( 4)+
F XID(7)*U3DF(4)
F +XID( 8 )*U3D G( 4)+XID(9 )*U3DH( 4 )+XID(10)*U3DDA( 4 )+
F XID(ll)*
F U3DDB( 4)+XID(12)*U 3D DC( 4)+XID(13)*U3DDD( 4)+
F XID(14)*U3DDE( 4)
F +XID(15)*U3DDF(4)
F +XID(23)*U3DNA( 4)+XID(24)*U3DNB( 4)+XID(25 )*U3DNC( 4)
F +XID(26)*U 3DND( 4)+XID(27)*U 3DNE( 4 )+XID(28 )*U3DNF( 4)
F +XID(29)*U3DNG(4)+X!D(30)*U3DNH( 4)
RETURN
ELSE
UTOT(1)=0.
UTOT(2)=0.
UTOT(3)=0.
UTOT(4)=SQRT(SIGMA(PPILAB,TPI,1))
RETURN
END IF
END
94
Appendix E
World Data for 1r - 21r Channels
The world data at lower energies are given below. Where the original data was given
in terms of the incident pion's lab momentum and rms beam momentum spread (p
0
and the pion lab kinetic energy and its error, Tn: and were calculated using
Tn: = )P6 + f-l
2
- f-l and =

)P6 + f-l
2
The errors in cross section include
both statistical and systematic errors, unless separate entries given, in which case the
total error has been calculated using =

+


Tn:(MeV) cr(f-l b)
2107 153
2225 275
2337 5313
2466 12528
26412 16060
28812 38090
Table E.1: Batusov's 7r-7r+ data [BA65].
95
Appendix E. World Data for 1r - 21r Channels 96
T1r(MeV) a(fib)
203 13.81.5
230 60.33.2
255 1666
279 37415
292 54631
331 116052
357 188077
Table E.2: Bjork's 1r-1r+ data [BJ80].
Po l:ipo T1r a l:iastat l:iasyst l:iatotal
(MeV /c) (MeV) (fib) (fib) (fib) (fib)
2959 186.88.1 5.1 1.1 0.5 1.2
31510 205.09.1 20 2.4 1.8 3.0
33410 222.49.2 51 10 6 12
35410 240.99.3 118 15 13 20
37511 260.510.3 211 27 24 36
39410 278.49.4 327 18 37 41
41310 296.49.5 477 17 53 56
43211 314.410.5 785 55 88 104
45012 331.611.5 1052 42 118 125
Table E.3: OMICRON's 1r-1r+ data [OM89a].
Appendix E. World Data for 7r - 27r Channels 97
T1r(MeV) a(lb)
226 9.42.3
250 25.05.3
312 5710
357 10021
Table E.4: Kravtsov's 7r+7r+ data [KR78].
Po
T1r a boa stat boasyst boa total
(MeV /c) (MeV) (!b) (lb) (lb) (lb)
297 188.6 1.8 0.2 0.3 0.4
317 206.8 8.0 1.3 1.2 1.8
338 226.1 21.7 3.0 3.3 4.5
358 244.7 27.4 3.2 4.1 5.2
378 263.4 39.0 4.4 5.5 7.0
398 282.2 45.1 5.2 8.9 10.3
418 301.1 65.0 4.7 12.7 13.5
439 321.1 74.0 5.3 14.4 15.3
459 340.2 83.0 7.3 16.2 17.8
480 360.3 94.0 8.0 18.4 20.1
Table E.5: OMICRON's 1r+1r+ data [OM90].
T1r a
(MeV) (!b)
180 0.110.03
184 0.280.05
190 0.600.10
200 1.460.22
Table E.6: Sevior's 7r+7r+ data [SE91].
Appendix E. World Data for 1r - 271' Channels 98
Beam momentum T1r
(J
I::!. a-stat I::!. a-syst !::!.a-total
(MeV /c) (MeV) (f-lb) (J-lb) (f-lb) (f-lb)
272.5 166.59 0.382 0.096 0.023 0.099
275.5 169.45 0.59 0.14 0.04 0.14
279.7 173.02 1.18 0.22 0.07 0.23
283.9 176.78 2.06 0.35 0.12 0.37
285.7 178.40 2.31 0.65 0.14 0.66
286.9 179.48 3.33 0.64 0.20 0.67
291.0 183.40 3.81 0.81 0.23 0.84
292.6 184.61 8.1 1.3 0.5 1.4
297.7 189.22 8.5 1.0 0.5 1.1
304.7 195.58 17.1 1.9 1.0 2.2
313.8 203.87 21.9 2.0 1.3 2.4
322.5 211.84 30.3 3.0 1.8 3.5
330.5 219.15 59.8 6.4 3.6 7.3
339.4 227.41 75.2 7.3 4.5 8.6
349.4 236.68 98.1 9.3 5.9 11.0
359.1 245.68 118 11 7 13
389.6 274.28 388 46 23 52
399.9 283.99 479 49 29 57
Table E.7: Lowe's 1r
0
1r
0
data [1091).
Appendix E. World Data for ?T - 2?T Channels 99
Po !:lpo T1r
(J
/j.(J stat /:lr:J syst flr:Jtotal
(MeV /c) (MeV) (fib) (fib) (fib) (fib)
2959 186.88.1 0.75 0.3 0.3 0.4
31510 204.99.1 2.2 0.6 0.4 0.7
33410 222.49.2 8.5 1.4 0.8 1.6
35410 240.99.3 20 3 4 5
37511 260.510.3 27 4 4 6
39410 278.49.4 50 4 12 13
41311 296.410.4 73 4 14 15
43211 314.410.5 119 8 18 20
45012 331.611.5 157 9 36 37
Table E.8: OMICRON's ?T-?To data [OM89b].
T7r(MeV) r:J(fib) source
23013
18+12
-9
[BA75]
27515
48+34
-25
[BA75]
2944 120 50 [AR72]
300 110 40 [BA63]
Table E.9: World data for ?T+?TO at lower energies.
[AR72]
[BA63]
[BA65]
[BA 75]
[BJ80]
[BL91]
[B086]
[DE66]
[EW88]
[EF92]
[GL83]
[KR78]
[L091]
[MM84)
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