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ZnS 67.1% 30
10
3.54.0 3.94.2
Smithsonite
::
ZnCO3ZnO64.90%CO235.10%
(Masua,Sardinia)
Laurium
Zambia South-WestAfrica Colorado Utah
Smithsonian James Smithson 1754::
ef v m
::
D63dR-3c
arh=5.67Å=4826
2.75(1)3.55(0.5)1.703(0.45)
::
4-5
4-4.5g/cm3
HCl
::
(-),Ne=1.625,No=1.85,bire=0.2250
hydrozincite
Zn5(CO3)2(OH)6
2.5 4
galena
galena
PbS 86.6
,, 2.5, 7.5
,
,
3000
,
anglesite
PbSO4
2.53 6.16.4
Cerussite
PbCO3PbO 83.53%CO2 16.47%CaSr Zn
PbSO4 ,
(Phoenixville,Pennsylvania) Bohemia
Mies Nerchinsk Sardina Tunis Tsumeb
NewSouthWales BrokenHill Hessen-Nassau Ems
Cerussite cerussa(Whitelead)
a=515pm;b=847pmc=611pm
3.593(1)3.498(0.5)2.487(0.32)
3.0-3.5
6.4-6.6g/cm3
-Np=1.804Nm=2.0782V=9
r>v.
9095 105
150
(1)
5
(2)
46 4.44.7
(3)
34 4.24.3
(4)
5.5 4.84
(5)
6 4.75.0
(6)
3.54.5 3.63.7
(7)
3.54 3.94.1
40
50
45007000
1774 ..
1875
1530 80 1890 1898
1939
1837
1884 4 t 1892
1928 20
1886
1890
1897 1907
1910
1913 1918 1937
1950
50
1996 6.8 190 m
6.48 t
1890
1908
1913 1914
1917 3 t
19161927 12
14.3 t 45
1949
1912
1945 33 140 t
3.3.5 4.2 t
7.43 t1927 6
135.8 t 96.8 65.4
Huebnerite
::
MnWO4,MnO 23.42%WO3 76.58%
(DragoonDistrict)
AdolphHuebner
::
ac nk
::
L2PC P2/c
a0=4.829 b0=5.759 c0=4.997 ,=9110
2.996(1)2.954(0.95)4.84(0.65)
::
4-4.5
7.12g/cm3
::
(+),Np=2.17-2.2,Nm=2.22,Ng=2.3-2.32,
=0.1200-0.1300,2V()=50-80,2V(
)=73
manganese dioxide
63.19
MnO 2
86.94
535 C
390 C
5.026 =1
, HCl
: MnO 2 +4HCl=MnCl 2 +C1 2 +2H 2 O
(K2MnO4) MnO
2
MnO2
Psilomelane massive
::
Saxony Schneeberg Romanechc
TekraSai
Psilomelane (Smooth)(Black)
::
::
C2/m
a0=9.56 b0=2.88 c0=13.85
::
4-6
4.71g/cm3
Manganite
::
MnOOH,MnO 40.4% MnO2 49.4% H2O 10.2% SiO2 Fe2O3
Al2O3CaO
4
Cornwall Cumbria ColoradoHarz IIfeldThuringia
Iimenau Cornwall NovaScOtia Michigan Negaunee
Manganite ;
::
c cd m
::
B21/d
a0=8.88 b0=5.25 c0=5.71 =90
3.4(1)2.64(0.6)2.28(0.5)
::
3.5-4
4.2-4.33g/cm3
::
(+),Np=2.25,Nm=2.25,Ng=2.53,
=0.2800
Manganite MnOOH
[] (wB%)
C2h-2/m(L2PC) c
cd m
[
]
3.5~4 4.2~4.33
( )2V Ng=2.53Nm=2.25Np=2.25(2.33)
[
[]
[]
Hausmannite
zn2+ Mn2+
8.6 Fe3+ Mn3+ 43
Mn2+
Hausmannite J.F.L.Hausmann
psef a
ao=5.76,co=9.44 ;z=4;
2.49(1)2.77(0.9)1.544(0.8)
6
4.8
No=2.46Ne=2.15
20 16.613
Rhodochrosite/Rodocrosita )
,
Mn[CO3]
[]
[]
(wB%) MnO 61.71CO2 38.29FeCO3CaCO3ZnCO3
Fe( 26.18%)Ca( 8%)Zn( 14.88 %)Mg( 12.98%)
CdCo
[]
[
]
Ca
Fe Mn 3.5~4.5
3.6~3.7
(-)No=1.816Ne=1.597 Ca
Fe
[]
[]
Mn
[]
Molybdenite
MoS2Mo 59.94%S 40.06%
Arizona(Mohaveco.)ColoradoUtah (King
Sgate)QuebecLyndoch Twp.,Ontario,
Molybdenite
c(0001) c(0001)
m(10-10)
s(10-15)
2H D46hP63/mmc3R C5R3m
a0=3.15 co=12.30 2H z=2,a0=3.16 ,c0=18.33 3R
1-1.5,
5.05g/cm3
(0001)
Ro-
Re-
(C.W.Scheele)
1781 ( )
tung( )
sten() tungsten
(1)
1.310-6
1.510-6
0.6810-10mW6+
WO42-Fe2+Mn2+Ca2+
320
240 300200
WO3
(2)
WO4 2-
Ca2+Fe2+Mn2+Pb2+ Cu2+Zn2+Al3+Fe3+Y3+
20 ()
(
)
20
(FeMn)WO4WO3 76% CaWO4WO3 80.6%
(3)
60%
376 t 71%
90%
( )
(WO3%)
(WO3%)(m) (m)
GB2825-81
1783 200
1907
1915 1916 ( 1996 )
1
1916
() 20 ()
(1943)
1935 1938
5 t1937
3040
1943
( ) (
1943.)1947
(19531957 )
6080
5070 20
80 870 t
45 t(WO3
)
252
(WO3)637.5
tA+B+C
232 t36.4%
1996
49.3 t) 3 (
35.5 t)
21
20 t 8 179.89 t
110.09 t 62.85 t 34.92 t 30.67 t 23.02 t
22.29 t 21.66 t
58.2% 28%
4.3% 4.1% 3.2% 2.2%
17.1% 75.1%
7.8% 3.12.1 3.12.4
Wolframite
(Mn,Fe)WO4
FeMnWO4
7.2-7.5 4-4.5
[]
MgCaNbTaScYSn
NbTaSc
[ ] Z=2 a0=0.4829nmb0=0.5759 nmc0=0.4997nm=9110'
90 26'
a0=0.4753nmb0=0.5709nmc0=0.4964nm=90[(Mn,Fe)O6] c
[WO6] 4
[(Mn,Fe)O6](100)
C2h-2/m(L2PC)100
c
a b d c
n w k( 4-2-9)
(100)(023)
] FeMn Fe
4~5.5 7.18~7.51
Fe Fe
36'(
) Ng=(
) Ng=2.42~2.46Nm=2.32Np=2.26~2.312V=78
Ng=2.30~2.32Nm=2.22Np=2.17~2.202V73 2.414Nm=2.305Np=2.2552V=68
[
[]
[]
Scheelite
Ca[WO4]WO380.6
4.5 5 6.1
1781
CaWO4,CaO19.47%WO380.53%
Saxony Bohemia Cornwall
NewSouthWales Queensland Nevada Arizona California
BritishColumbiaYukon NorthwestTerritories
18 K.W.Scheele(1742-1786)
e p
e 110
4/m
a0=5.25Åc=11.40Å
3.1(1)4.76(0.55)3.072(0.3)
4.5
6.1g/cm3
,UV .
(+),No=1.918-1.92,Ne=1.934-1.937,
=0.0160-0.0170
::
::
L2PC P2/c
a0=4.733 b0=5.709 c0=4.964 =90
2.941(1)4.75(0.45)3.752(0.35)
::
4~4.5
7.51g/cm3
(010)
::
(+),Np=2.255,Nm=2.305,Ng=2.414,
=0.1590,2V()=72,2V(
)=68.
H2WO4
1-2 5.5
Bismuthinite
::
Bi2S3Bi 81.3%S18.7%; PbCuSbFe Pb2+ Bi3+
Cu+
KOH ()
;
;
()( )
::
c(010)a(100)
m(110)h(310)n(021)l(101)z(301)p(501) s(111)w(121)
::
Pbnm
a0=11.13 b0=11.27 c0=3.97
3.569(1)3.118(0.8)3.53(0.6)
::
2-2.5
6.8g/cm3
(010)
::
Rp 41.46 40.8639.60
Rm 48.548.1740.86Rg 54.5153.0049.18c
a
Stibnite
::
Sb2S3,Sb 71.4%28.6%;
AsPbAgCuFe;
KOH
stimmistibi
,;
::
c m(110) b(010)
s(111)
::
Pbnm
a0=11.20 b0=11.28 c0=3.83
2.764(1)3.053(0.95)3.556(0.7)
::
2
4.6g/cm3
(010)
::
Rp 44 3633.5Rg 30.52524.5
=3.194=4.046=4.303
Argentite
::
Ag2S,Ag 87.06%S 12.94%;
PbFeCu
;
;
;
179
British ColumbiaOntario CornwallSaxony
Attica Ilimaussaq GuanajustoCalifornia
Afgentite Argentum(Silver);
::
a(110) o(111) d(110)
n(211)
::
Im3m
a0=48.9
1.819(1)2.24(1)3.17(1)
::
2-2.5
7.2-7.4g/cm3
(100)(110)
::
,
R:30.43(),27.20(),24.48().
Skutterudite
::
CoAs2-3
;
SouthLorrain
::
a(100)o(111)d(110)n(211)
::
; 4L33L23PC; Im3
a0=8.19
::
5.5-6.0
6.8g/cm3
(100)(111)
::
Perovskite CaTiO3
: CaO 41.24%TiO2 58.76% NaCeFe Nb
:
m3m, Pm3m;600
mmm, Pcmm
: ao=3.85 ,Z=1;600 ao=5.37 bo=7.64 ,co=5.44 ,Z=4
:
12 -
12 6 6
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perovskite
: 5.5-6
: 3.97-4.04
:
:
:
:
:
: N=2.34-2.38
[] FeAgAuHgBiSbVGe Fe 2.5% Ag
Au
2~3%
[ ] Oh5-Fm3ma0=0.361nmZ=4
Oh-m3m (3L44L36L29PC)
a
d o h 111
CuFeS2( ) 4O2 ; CuSO4 FeSO4
2CuSO4 2FeSO4 H2O ; Cu2O( ) Fe2(SO4)3 H2SO4
Cu2O H2SO4 ; CuSO4 H2O Cu()
(Cu2O) (CuO)
[] 2.5~3
8.4~8.95
R 61()83()89()
[]
Cu
[]
0.2
2567ZnPbNiAlTi
1083.4
( ) Chalcopyrite(Sperrylite bearing)
::
CuFeS2,Cu 34.56%Fe30.52%S34.92%
;
6-6.5 2.5-3
(Fool's Gold);
;
Cornwall Falun Schemnitz
Saxony Freiberg RioTintoMontana ButteUtah BinghamTennessee
Ducktown
s,(brass)
::
c(001) m(110)
::
I4-2m
3-4
4.1-4.3g/cm3
(112)(101)
::
41.5 40.540
N. Covelli
Cu 66.48%S 33.52% FeAgSe
- -
P63/mmc
:a0=3.792c0=16.344
1.5-2
4.67g/cm3
Azurite
Cu3[CO3]2(OH)2
[] (wB%)
3.5~4 3.7~3.9
Ng=1.838Nm=1.758Np= 1.730(+)2V=68
[] HCl
bornite
Bornite bearing Palladium and Platinum
::
Cu5FeS4 63.3
3 4.95.0
Cu5FeS4,Cu63.33%,Fe11.12%,S25.55%
;
>400
;
;
;
;
::
::
, D42dP421c
a0=1.095
1.937(1)3.18(0.6)2.74(0.5)
::
3
4.9-5.3g/cm3
111
::
18.5 1921
[] (wB%)
[ ] a0=1.093nmZ=8
8
6
24
Cu Fe 3/4
Oh-m3m(3L44L36L29PC)
[
]
3 4.9~5.3
[
] Cu-Ni
[]
[]
3,
Ag
;
BristolConnecticutButteMontanaMorenciandBisbeeArizonaBinghamCanyonUtahDuckt
ownTennesseeCornwal Tsumeb Tuscany RioTinto
RioTinto Nevada Ely Arizone MorenciMiami Clifton Montana
Butte
chalkos
CopperGlance;
::
c(001)b(010) m(110)g(011)d(021)e(023)
p(111)v(112)
::
Abm2
a0=11.92 b0=27.33 c0=13.44
1.88(1)1.9746(0.7)2.403(0.7)
::
2.5-3
7.2-7.4g/cm3
(110)
Tetrahedrite
18
Cu12Sb4S13 (tetrahedron),
Cu12As4S13
34 4.6 5.0
3.5 4
Cu2[CO3](OH)2 CuO 71.9% CO2 19.9% H2O
8.15%
1.661.91
CuCO3Cu(OH)2
473K(200)
CuCO3Cu(OH)2=2CuO+CO2+H2O
CuCO3Cu(OH)2+4H=2Cu2+CO2+3H2O
Malachite Mallache
Cu2[CO3](OH)2CuO71.9%CO219.9% H2O8.15%
1.661.91
1.57
4000
( )
Turquoise
CuAl6(PO4)4(OH)85H2O
5~6 2.6~2.9
1.62
turquoise
5-6
276(+014-036)gcm3
1610-1650 161
420nm432nm460nm
; ;
;
()
: 5.5~6
: 4.5~5.5
: 4.5
""
:
" "
2
3
1
A-
B
C
2
A
B
C
4 ,,
0.6
1200 82
29 66
""
" " " " "
"""
1927
:"( )
"
""
""
"
"" "
65004400 28 5000
Zer 1900
; ; ""
" "
()
1
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
2
(1)
(2)
(3)
3
4
(1)
(2)
()
1
(1)
(2)
(3)
2
(1)
(2)
cuprite
Cu2O
88.82
8 12
3.54.0 6.14
88.8%
Crocoite
PbCrO4 1797
*
*
2.5-3
6.0
Hematite
Fe2O3
50
2530
70%
1961
19
5.5-6.55.0-5.3
[] TiAlMnFe2 CaMg GaCo
SiO2Al2O3
r
u e
n
(0001)
[
5~6 5.0~5.3
(-)No=2.988Ne=2.759
[
[]
[]
TiGaCo
Fe2O3nH2O
siderite
Fe[CO3]
4 3.74.0
Mn Mg
0.04
()
E1ba St.Gotthard
Cumberland MinasGexais
Hematite haimatites(Bl00d);
::
::
R3-c
a0=5.029 c0=13.73
2.69(1)1.69(0.6)2.51(0.5)
::
5.5-6
5.0-5.3g/cm3
::
-No=3.22Ne=2.94
No-
Ne-
28.70 26.1525.03Ro=27.8Re=24.9
Ro= Re-
goethite
hematite-Fe2O3 J.W. von Goethe1749-1832 1806
[lepidocrocite-FeO(OH)]
Bog Iron Ore
1806
limonite
X
1.
Negaunee ,MichiganU.S.
-FeOOH
c b
Pbnm a4.64b=10.0c0=3.03 4.18(1) 2.69(0.3)
2.452(0.25)
55.5
4.38
[010]
/
/
:
-Np=2.260Nm=2.393Ng=2.398Na2V Np- Nm-
Ng- r>vNp//bBm//cNg//a
17.5 14
13
80%
(Mg,Fe)Cr2O4 Cr2O3Al2O3Fe2O3FeOMgO
NewCaledonia Rhodesia
Chromitim Chroma
magnetite
Fe3O4
5.5-6 4.8-5.3
""
[] (wB%)
Ti4 Fe3
TiO2<TiO2 Mg2
[ ] a0=0.8396nmZ=8 1/2 Fe3 Fe2
Oh-m3m(3L44L36L29PC)
]
111 5.5~6
4.9~5.2 Tc578
[
]
; ;;
[]
[]
TiVNiCo
46.67%53.33%
FeS2 NaCl
6-6.5 4.95.2
15.618.3 4.95.2
18371901
(wB%)
[ ] a0=0.5417nmZ=4 Fe
S [S2]2- [S2]2- 1/8
S-S 0.210nm
0.35nm
Th-m3(3L24L33PC)
a e o
(110)(111)(110)
6~6.5 4.9~5.2
Co3 Ni3 Fe2 [As]3 [AsS]3
[S2]2- n p
(jarositeKFe3[SO4]2(OH)6)
AuCoNi
( )
Pyrrhotite
phrrhotes
40%
FeS
SS
39-40%
Ni Co
Fe.
- -
320 P63/mmc320
C2/c
: a0=0.343nm c0=0.569nm
a0=0.686nmb0=1.190nmc0=1.285nm
4.6-4.7g/cm3
Pyrrhotite
Fe1-XS
[] (wB%)
Fe2 Fe1-XS x Fe
x=0~0.223
NiCoMnCu FeZnAgInBiGa
[ ] a0=0.349nmc0=0.569nmZ=2
D6h-6/mmm(L66L27PC)
r u s
[
3.5~4.5
4.60~4.70
[
] Cu-Ni
[]
[]
CuNi
, ,
3940
Marcasite
FeS2,Fe 46.55%S 53.45%
; FeS2
350
OklahomaMissouriWisconsin Illinois
Bohemia Caisbad Saxony
Doyer
Folkestone
Marcasite
010 b010
m110e101
:
D122hPmnn
a0=4.0445 b0=5.425 c0=3.388
2.71(1)1.76(0.63)3.44(0.4)
6-6.5
4.85-4.9g/cm3
101
52 45.544.5 a
b c
Ilmenite
FeTiO3
[]
FeTiO3TiO2 52.66
56 4.74.78
[]
(wB%) FeO 47.36TiO 52.64Fe2 Mg2 Mn2
FeTiO3-MgTiO3 FeTiO3-MnTiO3 FeO MgO MnO
NbTa
>960FeTiO3-Fe2O3 600FeTiO3Fe2O3 (0001)
MgO
NbTa
MnO
NbTa FeOMnO
NbTa
[]
R3
FeTi FeTiO3-Fe2O3
Fe3 2-xFex2 Tix4 O3(x ) R3c
R3
[]
5~ 5.5 4.0~5.0
(-)
N=2.7
[]
[]
[]
anataseoctahedrite
( )
FeSnNbTa Y
UTh
5.5~6.5
3.82~ 3.97
(-) 2V
No=2.561~2.562Ne=2.488~2.489
(-)
a0=0.918nmb0=0.545nmc0=0.515nm
strontianite
:
(SrCO3)
(Celestite)
Westphalia
Strrontianite Argyllshire Strontian
bc m 110
D162hPmcn
a0=5.128Åb0=8.421Åc0=6.094Åz=4
3.535(1) 3.45(0.7) 2.053(0.5)
3.5-4
3.6-3.8g/cm3
=0.1480-0.1500, 2V()=12-8,
2V(
)=7. , r < v.
native gold
200
10
Au 10
2.53 15.619.3
Au 20
10
1872 214.318 1986
4804 2.53 19.3
1062 1 2
10
AuCuHg
- -
Fm3m
:a0=0.4077nm
2.5
10.5g/cm3
proustite
Ag3AsS3
J.L. (J.-L.Proust)
22.5 5.575.64
Apatite
Ca5[PO4]3(F,OH)
TR Sr
Ca
ClOH F
5%
fluorapatite Ca5[PO4]3F
chlorapatite Ca5[PO4]3Cl
hydroxylapatite Ca5[PO4]3(OH)
carbonate-apatiteCa5[PO4,CO3(OH)]3(F,OH)
[CO3]2- [PO4]3-
[CO3]2- OH- F-
1 [CO3]2- 1 [PO4]3-
0.4
[CO3]2-OH- F- Ca2- K+Na+
[ ] a0=0.943~0.938nm c0=0.688~0.686nm Z=2
Ca-O
c [PO4] c
Cl-F-OH- -
FCa
Ca
4 [PO4]6 O2-
C6h-6/m(L6PC) m h
x s u
c
[
]
5 3.18~3.21
(-) No=1.633Ne=1.629
OHCl
No=1.667Ne=1.665 No=1.651Ne=1.647
[
[]
[]
xenotime
Y[PO4]
61.40
45 4.4
5.1g/cm3
0.050.1 50
70 /
1.
2.
3.
SnO2 Fe Ta Nb ,
Nb5+Ta5+ Sn4+ ,
67 6.87.1
78.6
Cassiterite
SnO2
[] FeNbTa
MnScTiZrW InGaGe
Nb5 Ta5
Sn4
[ ] a0=0.4737nmc0=0.3185nmZ=2 Zr Sn
D4h-4/mmm(L44L25PC)
se ma r z (011)
wood-tin
[
] Fe NbTa
6~7 6.8~7.0
( )
No=1.9836~2.0475Ne=2.0818~2.1397(
)2V=0~38
[
]
SnF4SnCl4
SnF4 2H2O2SnO2 4HF
LiRbCsBe
[]
[]
wB% Sn 0.1~0.2
Sn 0.2~0.4 Sn 0.2
Sn 0.4
SnO2
6.0-7.0
6.8-7.1
()
( )
67
6.87.1
Cu2FeSnS4 27.5
34 4.34.5
90%
r-Al2O3 3%5%Al2O3
1995 3.29kg
60%
258
43
AlO(OH) Al2O3H2O
TiO2 SiO2 Fe2O3 Ga2O3 Nb2O5 Ta2O5 TR2O3
AlO(OH) Al2O3H2O
Fe2O3TiO2Cr2OGa2O3
Al(OH) Al2O33H2O
TiO2SiO2Fe2O3Nb2O5Ta2O5Ga2O3
1002h
Al2O3SiO2Fe2O3TiO2H2O 95%
98% S CaO MgO K2O Na2O CO2 MnO2
GaGeNbTaTRCoZrVPCrNi
Al2O3
( )
Al2O3 SiO2
1 Al2O340%Al/Si1.82.6
() ( ) -
- -- ( )-
()
(
CO2
()
CO2MgOP2O5
1994
(YS/T78-94)
LK12-70 LK8-65 LK5-60 LK3-53 LK15-60 LK11-55 LK850LK7-50LK3-40
7% 8%
150mm
1)
Al2O365%Al2O3/SiO27
3)
Al2O360%Al2O3/SiO2 57Fe2O310%
Al2O3
Al2O370%Fe2O35%TiO24.5%CaO+MgO1.0%Al2O3/SiO212
Fe2O3 2.5%,TiO2 3.5%,R2O( ) 1.0%,MgO
1.0%
1825
H.C. (H.C.Oersted)
1854 H. (H.Sainte Claire Diwill)
1865 H.H. (..) 1855
(1821 )
1873 1894
1t
1900 9 t
1950
151 t1996 2092 t
1924
1940
19421945
19531955
(
)
(
)
19601962
1958
1911
19251941 AG
19411943
1954
1958
501502503
80 1983
1954
2000t
187 t
Al2[SiO4](FOH)2
Topaz""
TOPUS ""
Al2[SiO4](FOH)2 F (OH)
1.619-1.627
0.008-0.010
0.014 8 3.49-3.57 /
Co60
3.49 2.65
""""
""
1
2
3
calcite
calcite
Ca CO3
3 2.6
2.9
Calcite
.
::
CaCO3CaO56.03%CO243.97%
3 HCl
29-5
LakeSuperior
SaxonyHarz Ardreasberg CumberlandDerbyshireDurhamCornwall Lancaster
Guanajuato
::
R3c
a0=6.37Å
3.035(1)2.095(0.18)2.285(0.18)
::
3
2.715g/cm3
::
- 2V=5-10No=1.658Ne=1.486MnFe
N
:
:
1.
"".
2. ().
3.
.
4. .
5. , .
11 3.40
142A
, 687.11
639.93
.
12 35
1923 3000
Si02A1203Fe0CaOP2O5Cu0
CO2H2CH4N2
1
01
60
65 8098
23 10025
3
1
6080 90
1 385050
4250
2000
2
3
4
5
6
graphein
A. G. Werner 1789
- -P63/mmm
:a0=0.246nmc0=0.670nm
1-2
2.21-2.26g/cm3
Ticonderoga Ceylon
Diamond
X
1000
1977
3100 1 =200
106.55
50
c
54 44 8
1905
3106.3 9
1
2 8 C
620 (124 )
10 (Cullinan) 3106 (621.35 )56.510
1905
158.786 1977
1971 50 100
[1]1971 9 25 5271
[2]1977 12 21 1 158.786
[3]1981 8 15 12427
[4]1982 9
9694
[5]1983 5
9286
[6]1983 11 14 11901
1987
4
40
() 4
98%
28mg
10.915mg22%60%
1
10
2
3
4
100
.
c
13
13
13
3
1
2
3
10 15
Calamine
::
Zn4(H2O)[Si2O7](OH)2ZnO67.49SiO225.01H2O7.50 PbFeCa
500ºC
250C Zn2[SiO4]
(England)
::
bmc
::
C202vImm2
a0=8.38Åb0=10.70Åc0=5.11Å
3.104(1)6.6(0.86)3.288(0.75)
::
5
3.40-3.50g/cm3
110 101
001
001
::
(+),Np=1.614,Nm=1.617,Ng=1.636,
=0.0220,2V()=44,2V(
)=46..
Y3[Z4O10](OH)2Y3(OH)6
Y Mg2+Fe2+Al3+ Fe3+Z Si Al
Fe3+ B3+
2-
2.5 2.6-3.3
epidote
epidote
Ca2FeAl2[SIO4][SI2O7]O(OH )
...
epidote
Ca2FeAl2[SIO4][SI2O7]O(OH )
66.5 3.38
3.49
1967
Epidote Ca2(Fe3+,Al)3[SiO4][Si2O7]O(OH)
: Al3+
Fe3+
: (epidote)
epidosis
:
2/m P21/m
:
ao=8.98 bo=5.64 co=10.22 Z=2b=115.25
:
b
[SiO4]4-[[[Si]]2O7]6
Fe3+
Ca2+
b 100001
/
: 66.5
: 3.383.49
: (001)
:
:
:
:
:
montmorillonite
montmorillonite
(NaCa) 0.33 ( AlMg)2[Si4O10](OH)2nH2O
0.21
22.5 22.7
kaolinite
kaoliniteAl4Si4O10OH )8
11 ...
kaolinite
Al4Si4O10OH )8
11
22.5 2.602.63
Zoisite
60
1
Ca2Al3(SiO4)(Si2O7)O(OH)
2
c
3
5
6
7
1.691~1.7000.0050.009~0.010 0.021
8
9
10 6~7
11 3.35
12
pyroxene
:
: W1-p(X,Y)1+pZ2O6 W=Ca2+
Na+
X=Mg2+Fe2+Mn2+Ni2+Li+Y=Al3+Fe3+Cr3+Ti3+Z=Si4+Al3+
p1 Al3+Fe3+
Z Si4+
p 0 1X Y W XY
Si4+ Al3+
Mg2[Si2O6]
Fe2[Si2O6]
Fe2[Si2O6]10% 10%~30%
30%~50% 50%
:
: enstatite enstates
hedenbergite Hedenberg 19
augite auge
rhodonite rhodon
: 3L23PC Pbca
: ao=18.228 bo=8.805 co=5.185
ao=18.433 bo=9.060 co=5.258
c (100)210010001110211
: 56
: Fe 3.15
3.33.6
3.9
: 210
: Fe
:
Diopside
CaMg[Si2O6]
(diopside)
,dis opsis
: 2/mC2/c
: 16622'
: 5.5~6.5
: 3.3-3.5
: (110) 87
:
:
:
:
:
OH
gedrite); enigmatite) rhoenite)
OH
5~ 6 124 56 3.0~3.5
A0-1B2C5T8O22(OH,F,Cl)2
A=Na K
B(M4)=NaLiCaMnFe2+MgC(M1-3)=MgFe2+MnAlFe3+CrTiLiT=SiAlFe3+Ti
: 2/m; C2/m
: 5~6
: 3.0~3.4
: 56 124
:
:
: - -
:
:
Ca2(Mg,Fe2+)5Si8O22(OH),CaO13.8%,MgO24.6%,SiO258.8,H2O2.8%,FeO
3% NaKMn CaFCl (OH)
Ticino
Tyroi Piedmont Tyrol Zillerthal
Appalachian NewZealandMexico
m(110)
r(011) b(010)
C2/m
a0=9.84 b0=10.05 c0=5.275 z=2;
3.12(1)8.38(1)2.71(0.9)
5-6
3.02-3.44g/cm3
100 56 100
UV= UV=
HCl
- Np=1.599-1.612,Nm=1.613-1.626,Ng=1.625-1.637, =0.0250-0.0260,2V
=82-84,2V=88-80.
r<v.
Actinolite
Tremolite
2%
kyanite
Al2[SIO4]O
4.5 63.533.65
1300
(Kyanite) Al2[SiO4]O
kyanite kyanos,
: 1 P1
(100)
: 5.5~7
: 3.53~3.64
: (100)(010)
:
:
:
:
:
Al 2 SiO 5 Cr Fe Ca Mg Ti
C 4 5 C 6 7
1
1.5
1670-
, ,
Cross Stone
Fe2Al9[SiO4]4O7(OH)2
a=0.781nmb=0.1662nmc=0.565nmZ=2
010
100010
7.5
3.743.83 3.74~3.83
Sillimanite Al[AlSiO4]O
: Fe3+ Ca KNa
:
: ; Pbnm
: ao=7.43 ,bo=7.58 ,co=5.74 ,Z=4
: [SiO4][AlO4] c [AlSiO5]
[AlO6]
[AlO6]
001
Al Al-O(4)=1.77 ,Si-O(4)=1.61
c (010)
a(100)b(010)m(110)h(230)
[001]
()
: 7
: 3.23~3.27
: 010
:
:
: Ng=1.673-1.683,Nm=1.658-1.662,Np=1.654-1.661
1545
900
(iolite)
(2MgO2Al2O35SiO2)
:7.5-8
:2.57-2.61
:1.542-1.551
:0.009
:
water
sapphire
:
1. :
2. :
3.
:
? ()
()
Lapis Lazuli Lapis Lazuli
NaCa4-8AlSiO46 (SO4SCl)12
1.5 0.010 56 2.38-2.45g/cm3
2.72.9g/cm3
5.56 2.152.35 1.4831.487
2.442.5g/cm3 1.491.504 3.5
4 1.731.83
6.5 7 1.541.55
8 1.711.72
2.54
1.561.57
5.5 2.7- 2.9
1520mm
6?/FONT>40 1520mm
550-8500 100-55
3-40 1520mm 8-70
6000
5 6
the moon
god sin
,
badakshan
Andalusite
::
Al2[SiO4]OAl2O363.1%SiO236.9% Fe3+ NaK
Andalusia Tyrol MinasGerais
Andalucia Andalusite
Andalusia
::
mn c
::
D122hPnnm;
a0=7.78Åb0=7.92Åc0=5.57Åz=4
5.54(1)2.77(0.9)4.53(0.9)
::
6.5-7.5
3.13-3.16g/cm3
::
- Np=1.629-1.640 Nm=1.6331.644 Np=1.639-1.651 2V=-86 Np- Nm Ng- //
010Np//cNm//bNg//a
Rutile in Amphibole
95
::
TiO2,Ti60% FeNbTaCrSn
(cassitoritc)
Binnental
Campolungo
Kfagero Limoges Yrieix Tyr01
GeorgiaNorthCarolifonia Arkansas
NewSouthWales Queensland
Florida
Rutlle Rutilus (Red) ;
::
ma s
::
P42/mmm
a0=4.59 c0=2.96
3.245(1)1.687(0.5)2.489(0.41)
::
6
4.2-4.3g/cm3
::
(+),No=2.621,Ne=2.908,=0.2870
PeridotOlivine
1500
8
---
65-7 1.6541.690(0.020)
0.0350.038 3.34(+0.14-0.07)g/cm3
6 7
(Fluorite)
CaF2
4 8
4
3.18( 0.07 0.18)g/cm 3
1.434( 0.001)
300
(Silica)
(Barium)(Lanthanum)
1300
30
1986
35%.
CaF2
250
CaF2 + H2SO4 2 HF + CaSO4
H2SO4
1 CN99114389
10.512 0.51.5kgt
2
3
%%
%%
4
5
6
zeolite
m n
x Al y Si (y/x)15
(x+y)
30
2.02.3 2.52.8
36
1756 Cronstedt
zeolitzeolithos
1932 McBain
NaCa SrBaKMg
1
100
5%
Be3Al2(SiO3)6 BeO 14.1%
Al2O319% SiO266.9%
5 18
7.5-8 2.63-2.80
beryllos
20
5.5 1.2 18
A3B2[SiO4]3
A B
6.5-7.5
3.32-4.19
-
Tourmaline
Na(Li,Al)3Al6(BO)3Si6O18(OH)4
7.5
3.06
1.62-1.64
Tourmaline() Turmali
1703
1768
36 8
5092g
75
C
GIAGemological Institute of American
(Rubellite) (Verdelite)
(Indicolite)
(Schorl)
(Siberite)
(Achroite)(Bi-Colored)
(Watermelon)
(Cats eye)
(Dravite)
(Color-change)
(Liddicoatite) (Chrome)
(Paraiba)
1768
15
^^
1989 Paraiba
Sao Jose de Batalha
2
40 Parelhas
,
B Ca K Na
(AlFeLiMgMn)3AlCrFeV
6BO33Si6O18 OHF4
--
1
27-8
3 3.060.20-0.60
1-
2
3
0.018
0.039
4
5
1
2
1.( )
(1).
(2).
(3).
2. ( )
(1).
(2).
3. ( )
(1).
(2).
(3).
(4).
4.
( )
(1).
(2).
(3).
(4).
5.
()
(1).
(2).
(3).
1703
Tufamall
1. Achroite
2. Rubellite
3.
Dravite
4. Verdelite
5. Indigolite
lndicolite
6.
Siberite
7.
Schorl
Uni-colored
water-melon tourmaline
Chatoyancy
Buergerite Dravite
1.
2.
3.
7-7.5 2.9-3.2 1.6241.644
---
---
3000
Zircon
Zr[SiO4]
7.5-8 4.4-4.8
(wB%)
ZrO2
67.1
SiO2
32.9
MnOCaOMgOFe2O3Al2O3TR2O3ThO2U3O8TiO2P2O5Nb2O5Ta2O5H2O
H2OTR2O3U3O8(Nb,Ta)2O5P2O5HfO2 ZrO2SiO2
TR2O3
10.93%P2O5 17.7%TR2O3 5.3%P2O5 7.6%TR2O3 9.12%(Nb,Ta)2O5 7.69%
U Th TR2O3 U3O8
a0=0.662nmc0=0.602nmZ=4 Zr Si c
[SiO4][ZrO8] [ZrO8] b
D4h-4/mmmL44L25PC
ma pu x
7.5~8 4.4~4.8
X
No=1.91~1.96Ne=1.957~2.04
N=1.60~1.83
2340~2550 1300~1500 1550~1750 ZrO2 106/200~1000 CaOSiO2CAl2O3
SiO2 5.0
[]
[] ZrHf
;;;
UTh
Sphene
CaTi[SIO4]O
53.453.55
1 CaTiSiO5
2
3
4
5
6 5.5
7 3.53
8 1.89-2.02
9 0.13010
10
11
12
13 0.051
14
15
16
1 RI1.89-2.02,
2 0.051
3 DR 0.130
4
plagioclase
NaAlSi3O8Ab-CaAl2Si2O8An 6
An0-10Ab100-90 An10-30Ab90-70 An30-50Ab70-50
An50-70Ab50-30 An70-90Ab30-10 An90-100Ab10-0
8624 6-6.52.6-2.76
KAlSi3O8
90 62.56-2.58900
Albite
(NaAlSi3O8)
(
)
( 1,1002,000)
Na2O.Al2O3.6SiO2
2.605g/cm 3, 6, , 1100 o C
SiO2 Al2O3
K2O Na2O CaO 50%
60% 30% 10%
SiO2 Al2O3 K2O Na2O CaO 50%
60% 30% 10%
Amazonite
K[AlSi3O862.532.561.521.57
Realgar
Rabiagar
As2S3
As70.1%
1.52, 3.5
3.6g/cm3
As4S4
REALGAR
As2S3
D
1 10mg 2ml,
2ml,
2 0.2g
0.1g 250ml 1g 2g 8ml,
50ml 35 2 40100
0.25mol/L 5g
0.1mol/L 2ml, 1ml
0.1mol/L 5.348mg As2S3
As2S3 90.0
: As2S3
: Orpimentum
:
:
:
:
1.523.43.5 .
:
FeAsS
5.5-6.06.2
46%
Cinnabar
22.5
8.098.2
[
]
[]
[ ]
(HgS) 95
HgS
1972
HgS
Fe
23.5 2.73.5
112
1952
1958
80
20 50 70
1978
1 7002 500t1978
1
5070% 10%
2
()
KAl2AlSi3O10OH2 SiO2 45.2%Al2O3 38.5%K2O 11.8%H2O
4.5% NaCaMgTiCrMnFe F
KMg3AlSi3O10FOH2 K2O 710.3%MgO 21.429.4%Al2O3
10.817%SiO2 38.745%H2O 0.34.5%FeTiMnNa F
a
b
10 5 10
c
71.787.5% 025.2%
d
22.5 2.78 2.85 (1475.9 2092.710
Pa(1505021340kg/cm )(1394.51874.05)106Pa(1422019110kg/cm2)
20
184 88 67% 27 11.4%
15 8.6% 54 13%
1
(1)
60100cm
(2)
K (Fe Mg)(Fe3+Al)Si AlO (OH)
(3)
- -
(4) -
-
1
56m
(1)
1.6m 5668% 10mm 5mm
(2)
(3)
1416%
4cm
kg/m3
1(1)
4cm2
10
510
22.5 2.37
2.782.85
1534621760bar 1450019480bar
(2)
0.015mm 2.0
5.7kV 133407kV/mm (3) 100600
700800 1050
700 (4)
166700
1
4cm2
(kg/m3)
4cm2
4cm2
(1)
a
b
1350mm 1000mm
C
(2)
a
14
B
2
(1)
9.1kg/m3 44% 1
100mm+100mm
XB602
20mm;2020mm 3 20mm
4cm2 20mm 20mm
4cm2 20mm
10t/h 100% 92%
(2)
5668% 10%
2
800
30.25mm
1
(1)
30
(2)
40%
b
10 100
6 30
(3)
2
4.6%
1.5%
----
(1) 1987
920 10 5 460
1000
500 2500 1987 1
2030%
(2) 1.5 14 2000
Muscovite
KAl2[Si3AlO10](OH,F)2, Al Fe 3+
Mg Fe 2+ Mn Cr V
2-3, 4
2.76-3.10g/cm 3
, 110 010
[]
Biotite
K(Mg,Fe2+)3(Al,Fe3+)Si3O10(OH,F)2,
, FeO MgO
MgO FeO MgO Fe2O3
233.023.12
[]
2-3
3.02-3.12g/cm 3
nepheline; nephelite
KNa3[AlSiO4]4
5.5-62.55-2.66
Monazite
Ce,Y,La,ThPO4
-232 -233-233 1940 239-239
(Ce,La,Y,Th)[PO4] 5068
YThCa[SiO4][SO4] H3PO4HClO4H2SO4
(EPMA)
La Ce , SmGdYTh
LaCe GdThY
(0.18mm) La Ce Nd P Th Si Ca U 8 10
5.05.5 4.95.5 X
/ Brucite Mg(OH)2
: 3m, R3m
: ao=3.125 co=4.72 Z=1
nemalite
: 2.5
: 2.3-2.6
: (0001)
:
:
:
:
:
60
(0001)
[] (wB%) MgO 69.12H2O 30.88 FeMnZnNi MnO
18% FeO 10% ZnO 4% (FeO10%) (MnO18%)
(ZnO4%) MnO 18.11%ZnO 3.67% NiO4%
[ ] a0=0.313nmc0=0.474nmZ=1
(OH)- Mg2 Mg 6 OH
OH 3 Mg[Mg(OH)6]
Mg-OH c 0.247nm 0.211nm
D3d-3mL33L33PC c
m rq
[] FeMn
2.5 2.3~2.6
95%
(
Ne=1.5705~1.5861No=1.5612 ~1.570 Ne No 25<)
2V
902MPa 13800MPa
50.4~260.5 2.39
10-6cm3/g 300500600
700 106
4.7~5.41MHz 50Hz
0.105 54% 2.7
36.3mV pH 12.5
[ ]
20cm
30~40%
1~9%
[]
[]
Mg MgO Mg MgO MgO
Mg MgO
MgO
1/2 >3.55 g/cm3(>2800)
MgO
2~3
MgCl2MgSO4Mg(NO3)2
8~10%
[]
[ ]
[]
[]
[]
[]
[
]
Gypsum
Ca[SO4]2H2O
[]
O2-
a0=0.568nmb0=1.518nmc0=0.629nm=118
C2h-2/mL2PC bp
ml 100
101
[]
66 114 1.5~2 2.3
(+)2V=58Ng=1.530Nm=1.523Np=1.521 2V
90 2V
3 105~180 1
Ca[SO4]0.5H2O200~220
Ca[SO4]H2O(0.06<<0.11) 350 Ca[SO4] 1120
1450
[]
CaSO4+2H2O CaSO42H2O 30%
[]
[]
100200C
600
800C
9001000C
925 750850 /3
812
10
60100 3040 600600 60100
1947
1
2~2.5 1~2.2g/cm3
1500~1700
2
(1)
(2)2-2.5
(3)1-2.3
(4) 350 1500-1700
(5) 150
3
130
180% 2200 (
)3800-850 41.5%