CHAPTER 1 PRELIMINARIES

1.1 REAL NUMBERS AND THE REAL LINE

1. Executing long division,

"
9

2. Executing long division,

"
11

0.1,

2
9

0.2,

0.09,

2
11

3
9

0.3,

0.18,

3
11

8
9

0.8,

0.27,

9
11

9
9

0.9

0.81,

11
11

0.99

3. NT = necessarily true, NNT = Not necessarily true. Given: 2 < x < 6.

a) NNT. 5 is a counter example.
b) NT. 2 < x < 6 2
2 < x
2 < 6
2 0 < x
2 < 2.
c) NT. 2 < x < 6 2/2 < x/2 < 6/2 1 < x < 3.
d) NT. 2 < x < 6 1/2 > 1/x > 1/6 1/6 < 1/x < 1/2.
e) NT. 2 < x < 6 1/2 > 1/x > 1/6 1/6 < 1/x < 1/2 6(1/6) < 6(1/x) < 6(1/2) 1 < 6/x < 3.
f) NT. 2 < x < 6 x < 6 (x
4) < 2 and 2 < x < 6 x > 2
x <
2
x + 4 < 2
(x
4) < 2.
The pair of inequalities (x
4) < 2 and
(x
4) < 2 | x
4 | < 2.
g) NT. 2 < x < 6
2 >
x >
6
6 <
x <
2. But
2 < 2. So
6 <
x <
2 < 2 or
6 <
x < 2.
h) NT. 2 < x < 6
1(2) >
1(x) <
1(6)
6 <
x <
2
4. NT = necessarily true, NNT = Not necessarily true. Given:
1 < y
5 < 1.
a) NT.
1 < y
5 < 1
1 + 5 < y
5 + 5 < 1 + 5 4 < y < 6.
b) NNT. y = 5 is a counter example. (Actually, never true given that 4  y  6)
c) NT. From a),
1 < y
5 < 1, 4 < y < 6 y > 4.
d) NT. From a),
1 < y
5 < 1, 4 < y < 6 y < 6.
e) NT.
1 < y
5 < 1
1 + 1 < y
5 + 1 < 1 + 1 0 < y
4 < 2.
f) NT.
1 < y
5 < 1 (1/2)(
1 + 5) < (1/2)(y
5 + 5) < (1/2)(1 + 5) 2 < y/2 < 3.
g) NT. From a), 4 < y < 6 1/4 > 1/y > 1/6 1/6 < 1/y < 1/4.
h) NT.
1 < y
5 < 1 y
5 >
1 y > 4
y <
4
y + 5 < 1
(y
5) < 1.
Also,
1 < y
5 < 1 y
5 < 1. The pair of inequalities
(y
5) < 1 and (y
5) < 1 | y
5 | < 1.
5.
2x  4 x 
2
6. 8
3x 5
3x
3 x 1
7. 5x
$ (
3x 8x 10 x

qqqqqqqqp x
1
5
4

8. 3(2
x)  2(3  x) 6
3x  6  2x
0  5x 0  x
9. 2x

10.

"
#

"
5

6
x
4

7x 

10
6

3x
4
2

7
6

"#

x or

"
3

7
6

qqqqqqqqp x
0

5x

12
2x  12x
16

28  14x 2  x

qqqqqqqqq x
2

2
11.

Chapter 1 Preliminaries
4
5

"
3

(x
2) 

(x
6) 12(x
2)  5(x
6)

12x
24  5x
30 7x 
6 or x 
67
12.
x2 5

123x
4

(4x  20) 24  6x

44 10x
22
5 x

qqqqqqqqq x

22/5

13. y 3 or y
3
14. y
3 7 or y
3
7 y 10 or y
4
15. 2t  5 4 or 2t  &
4 2t
1 or 2t
9 t
"# or t
9#
16. 1
t 1 or 1
t
1
t ! or
t
2 t 0 or t 2
17. 8
3s
18.

s
#

9
2

or 8
3s
#9
3s
7# or
3s
25
# s

1 1 or

s
#

1
1

s
#

2 or

s
#

7
6

or s

25
6

! s 4 or s 0

19.
2  x  2; solution interval (
2 2)

20.
2 x 2; solution interval [
2 2]

qqqqqqqqp x

2
2

21.
3 t
1 3
2 t 4; solution interval [
2 4]

22.
1  t  2  1
3  t 
1;
solution interval (
3
1)

qqqqqqqqp t

3

1

23.
%  3y
7  4 3  3y  11 1  y 
solution interval 1

11
3

11
3

24.
1  2y  5  "
6  2y 
4
3  y 
2;

solution interval (
3
2)
25.
1

z
5

11 0

z
5

qqqqqqqqp y

3

2

2 0 z 10;

solution interval [0 10]

26.
2

1 2
1
solution interval

23 2
3z
#

27.
"#  3

2
7

28.
3 

"
x

x
2
x

2
5

"
#

2
7

3
32 z 2;
qqqqqqqqp z
2

2/3

7# 
x" 
5#

7
#

"
x

5
#

; solution interval 27 25

43 1

2x

3z
#

2
7

2
x

( 1

x
#

"
7

 x  2; solution interval 27 2

qqqqqqqqp x
2
2/7

Section 1.1 Real Numbers and the Real Line

29. 2s 4 or
2s 4 s 2 or s
2;
solution intervals (
_
2]  [2 _)
30. s  3

"
#

or
(s  3)

"
#

s
5# or
s

7
#

s
5# or s
7# ;
solution intervals
_
7# 

5# _

qqqqqq s

7/2

5/2

31. 1
x  1 or
("
x)  1
x  0 or x  2
x  0 or x  2; solution intervals (
_ !)  (2 _)
32. 2
3x  5 or
(2
3x)  5
3x  3 or 3x  7
x 
1 or x  73 ;
solution intervals (
_
1)  73 _
33.

r"
#

qqqqqq x

1
7/3

1 or
r# 1 1 r  1 2 or r  1
2

r 1 or r
3; solution intervals (
_
3]  [1 _)

34.

3r
5

"

or
3r5
" 

2
5

or
3r5 
53 r  37 or r  1
solution intervals (
_ ")  73 _
3r
5

2
5
7
5

qqqqqq r

1
7/3

35. x#  # kxk  2
2  x  2 ;
solution interval
2 2

qqqqqqqqqqqqp x
#

#

36. 4 x# 2 kxk x 2 or x
2;

solution interval (
_
2]  [2 _)

qqqqqq r

2
2

37. 4  x#  9 2  kxk  3 2  x  3 or 2 
x  3
2  x  3 or
3  x 
2;
solution intervals (
3
2)  (2 3)
38.

"
9

 x# 

x

"
#

"
3

 kxk 

"
#

"
3

x

or
#"  x 
3" ;
solution intervals
"#
3"  3" #"

"
3

"
4

"
#

or

"
3


x 

39. (x
1)#  4 kx
1k  2
2  x
1  2

1  x  3; solution interval (
" $)

qqqqqqqqqqqp x

3

2
2
3
"
#

qqqqqqqqqqqp x

1/2
1/3
1/3
1/2

qqqqqqqqqqp x

1
3

40. (x  3)#  # kx  3k  2

2  x  3  2 or
3
2  x 
3  2 ;
solution interval
3
2
3  2

qqqqqqqqqqp x

3
#

3  #

Chapter 1 Preliminaries

41. x#
x  0 x#
x +

1
4

<

1
4

2
x
12 <

1
4

x

1
2

<

12 < x

1
2

1
2

<

1
2

0 < x < 1.

So the solution is the interval (0 1)

42. x#
x
2 0 x#
x +

1
4

9
4

x

1
2

3
2

x

1
2

3
2

or
x
12

3
2

x 2 or x
1.

The solution interval is (
_
1]  [2 _)

43. True if a 0; False if a  0.
44. kx
1k 1
x k
(x
1)k 1
x 1
x 0 x 1
45. (1) ka  bk (a  b) or ka  bk
(a  b);
both squared equal (a  b)#
(2) ab kabk kak kbk
(3) kak a or kak
a, so kak# a# ; likewise, kbk# b#
(4) x# y# implies x# y# or x y for all nonnegative real numbers x and y. Let x ka  bk and
y kak  kbk so that ka  bk# akak  kbkb# ka  bk kak  kbk .
46. If a 0 and b 0, then ab 0 and kabk ab kak kbk .
If a  0 and b  0, then ab  0 and kabk ab (
a)(
b) kak kbk .
If a 0 and b  0, then ab 0 and kabk
(ab) (a)(
b) kak kbk .
If a  0 and b 0, then ab 0 and kabk
(ab) (
a)(b) kak kbk .
47.
3 x 3 and x 
"#

"
#

 x 3.

48. Graph of kxk  kyk 1 is the interior

of diamond-shaped" region.

49. Let $ be a real number > 0 and f(x) = 2x + 1. Suppose that | x
1 | < $ . Then | x
1 | < $ 2| x
1 | < 2$
| 2x
# | < 2$ | (2x + 1)
3 | < 2$ | f(x)
f(1) | < 2$
50. Let % > 0 be any positive number and f(x) = 2x + 3. Suppose that | x
0 | < % /2. Then 2| x
0 | < % and
| 2x + 3
3 | < %. But f(x) = 2x + 3 and f(0) = 3. Thus | f(x)
f(0) | < %.
51. Consider: i) a > 0; ii) a < 0; iii) a = 0.
i) For a > 0, | a | a by definition. Now, a > 0
a < 0. Let
a = b. By definition, | b |
b. Since b =
a,
|
a |
(
a) a and | a | |
a | a.
ii) For a < 0, | a |
a. Now, a < 0
a > 0. Let
a b. By definition, | b | b and thus |
a|
a. So again
| a | |
a|.
iii) By definition | 0 | 0 and since
0 0, |
0 | 0. Thus, by i), ii), and iii) | a | |
a | for any real number.

Section 1.2 Lines, Circles and Parabolas

Prove | x | > 0 x > a or x <
a for any positive number, a.
For x 0, | x | x. | x | > a x > a.
For x < 0, | x |
x. | x | > a
x > a x <
a.
ii) Prove x > a or x <
a | x | > 0 for any positive number, a.
a > 0 and x > a | x | x. So x > a | x | > a.
For a > 0,
a < 0 and x <
a x < 0 | x |
x. So x <
a
x > a | x | > a.

52. i)

53. a)

1=1 |1|=1 b

b)

lal
lbl

"
b

"b

"
b

l bl
lbl

l bl
"

b"

lbl
lbl

b "b
b

b b

b" "

lal
lbl

54. Prove Sn kan k kakn for any real number a and any positive integer n.
ka" k kak " a, so S" is true. Now, assume that Sk ak kak k is true form some positive integer 5 .
Since ka" k kak " and ak kak k , we have ak" ak a" ak ka" k kak k kak " kak k+" . Thus,
Sk" ak" kak k+" is also true. Thus by the Principle of Mathematical Induction, Sn l an l l a ln
is true for all n positive integers.
1.2 LINES, CIRCLES, AND PARABOLAS
1. ?x
1
(
3) 2, ?y
2
2
4; d (?x)#  (?y)# 4  16 25
2. ?x
$
(
1)
2, ?y 2
(
2) 4; d (
2)#  4# 25
3. ?x
8.1
(
3.2)
4.9, ?y
2
(
2) 0; d (
4.9)#  0# 4.9
#

4. ?x 0
2
2, ?y 1.5
4
2.5; d
2  (
2.5)# 8.25

5. Circle with center (! !) and radius 1.

6. Circle with center (! !) and radius 2.

7. Disk (i.e., circle together with its interior points) with center (! !) and radius 3.
8. The origin (a single point).
9. m

?y
?x

1
2

2
(
1)

perpendicular slope
"3

10. m

?y
?x

#
"
2
(
2)

34

perpendicular slope

4
3

Chapter 1 Preliminaries

11. m

?y
?x

3
3

1
2

12. m

14. (a) x 2

(b) y

#
0

#
(
#)

; no slope

15. (a) x 0

16. (a) x
1

(b) y
2

(b) y
1.3

4
3

perpendicular slope 0

perpendicular slope does not exist

13. (a) x
1

?y
?x

(b) y 0

17. P(
1 1), m
1 y
1
1ax
(
1)b y
x

18. P(2
3), m

"
#

y
(
3)

19. P(3 4), Q(
2 5) m

?y
?x

20. P(
8 0), Q(
1 3) m

?y
?x

"
#

(x
2) y

5
4

2
3

"
#

x
4

"5 y
4
"5 (x
3) y
"5 x 

3
0

1
(
8)

3
7

y
0

3
7

ax
(
8)b y

3
7

23
5

21. m
54 , b 6 y
54 x  6

22. m "# , b
3 y

"
#

23. m 0, P(
12
9) y
9

24. No slope, P "3 % x

24
7

x
3
"
3

25. a
1, b 4 (0 4) and (
" 0) are on the line m

?y
?x

0
4

1
0

4 y 4x  4

26. a 2, b
6 (2 0) and (!
6) are on the line m

?y
?x

6
0
0
2

3 y 3x
6

27. P(5
1), L: 2x  5y 15 mL
25 parallel line is y
(
1)
25 (x
5) y
25 x  1

28. P
2 2 , L: 2x  5y 3 mL
52 parallel line is y
2
52 x

2 y
52 x 

8
5

29. P(4 10), L: 6x
3y 5 mL 2 m
"# perpendicular line is y
10
"# (x
4) y
"# x  12

30. P(! 1), L: 8x
13y 13 mL

8
13

13
m
13
8 perpendicular line is y
8 x  1

Section 1.2 Lines, Circles and Parabolas

31. x-intercept 4, y-intercept 3

32. x-intercept
4, y-intercept
2

33. x-intercept 3, y-intercept
2

34. x-intercept
2, y-intercept 3

35. Ax  By C" y
AB x 

C"
B

and Bx
Ay C# y

B
A

x

C#
A.

Since
AB AB
1 is the

product of the slopes, the lines are perpendicular.

36. Ax  By C" y
AB x 
slope

AB ,

C"
B

and Ax  By C# y
AB x 

C#
B.

Since the lines have the same

they are parallel.

37. New position axold  ?x yold  ?yb (
#  & 3  (
6)) ($
3).
38. New position axold  ?x yold  ?yb (6  (
6) 0  0) (0 0).
39. ?x 5, ?y 6, B(3
3). Let A (x y). Then ?x x#
x" 5 3
x x
2 and
?y y#
y" 6
3
y y
9. Therefore, A (
#
9).
40. ?x "
" !, ?y !
! !

Chapter 1 Preliminaries

41. C(! 2), a 2 x#  (y
2)# 4

42. C(
$ 0), a 3 (x  3)#  y# 9

43. C(
1 5), a 10 (x  1)#  (y
5)# 10

44. C(" "), a 2 (x
1)#  (y
1)# 2

x 0 (0
1)#  (y
1)# 2 (y
1)# 1
y
1 1 y 0 or y 2.
Similarly, y 0 x 0 or x 2

45. C
3
2 , a 2 x  3  (y  2)# 4,
#

x 0 0  3  (y  2)# 4 (y  2)# 1
y  2 1 y
1 or y
3. Also, y 0
#

x  3  (0  2)# 4 x  3 0
x
3
#
46. C 3 "# , a 5 (x
3)#  y
"# 25, so
#
x 0 (0
3)#  y
"# 25
#
y
"# 16 y

"
#

4 y

9
#

#
or y
7# . Also, y 0 (x
3)#  0
"# 25

(x
3)#
x3

99
4
311
#

x
3

311
#

Section 1.2 Lines, Circles and Parabolas

47. x#  y#  4x
4y  % 0
x#  %B  y#
4y
4
x#  4x  4  y#
4y  4 4
(x  2)#  (y
2)# 4 C (
2 2), a 2.

48. x#  y#
8x  4y  16 0
x#
8x  y#  4y
16
x#
8x  16  y#  4y  4 4
(x
4)#  (y  2)# 4
C (%
2), a 2.

49. x#  y#
3y
4 0 x#  y#
3y 4
x#  y#
3y  94 25
4
#
x#  y
3#

25
4

C 0 3# ,

a 5# .

50. x#  y#
4x

#

9
4
#

x
4x  y

9
4
#

x#
4x  4  y
(x
2)#  y#

25
4

25
4

C (2 0), a 5# .

51. x#  y#
4x  4y 0
x#
4x  y#  4y 0
x#
4x  4  y#  4y  4 8
(x
2)#  (y  2)# 8
C(2
2), a 8.

10

Chapter 1 Preliminaries

52. x#  y#  2x 3
x#  2x  1  y# 4
(x  1)#  y# 4
C (
1 0), a 2.

2
53. x
#ba
2(1)
1

y (1)#
2(1)
3
4
V ("
4). If x 0 then y
3.
Also, y 0 x#
2x
3 0
(x
3)(x  1) 0 x 3 or
x
1. Axis of parabola is x 1.

4
54. x
#ba
2(1)

2

y (
2)#  4(
2)  3
1
V (
2
1). If x 0 then y 3.
Also, y 0 x#  4x  3 0
(x  1)(x  3) 0 x
1 or
x
3. Axis of parabola is x
2.

55. x
#ba
2(
4 1) 2

y
(2)#  4(2) 4
V (2 4). If x 0 then y 0.
Also, y 0
x#  4x 0

x(x
4) 0 x 4 or x 0.
Axis of parabola is x 2.

56. x
#ba
2(
4 1) 2

y
(2)#  4(2)
5
1
V (2
1). If x 0 then y
5.
Also, y 0
x#  4x
5 0
x#
4x  5 0 x

4
4
#

no x intercepts. Axis of parabola is x 2.

Section 1.2 Lines, Circles and Parabolas

57. x
#ba
2(

61)
3
y
(
3)#
6(
3)
5 4
V (
3 %). If x 0 then y
5.
Also, y 0
x#
6x
5 0
(x  5)(x  1) 0 x
5 or
x
1. Axis of parabola is x
3.

1
58. x
#ba
2(2)

"
4

y 2 "4
4"  3 23
8

V "4 23
.
If
x

0
then
y 3.
8

Also, y 0 2x#
x  3 0
x

1
23
4

no x intercepts.

Axis of parabola is x "4 .

1
59. x
#ba
2(1/2)

1
"
#

(
1)#  (
1)  4 72
V
" 72 . If x 0 then y 4.
y

Also, y 0
x

1
7
1

"
#

x#  x  4 0
no x intercepts.

Axis of parabola is x
1.

60. x
#ba
2(
21/4) 4
y
"4 (4)#  2(4)  4 8
V (4 8) . If x 0 then y 4.
Also, y 0
"4 x#  2x  4 0
x

2 8

1/2

4 42.

Axis of parabola is x 4.

61. The points that lie outside the circle with center (! 0) and radius 7.
62. The points that lie inside the circle with center (! 0) and radius 5.
63. The points that lie on or inside the circle with center (" 0) and radius 2.
64. The points lying on or outside the circle with center (! 2) and radius 2.
65. The points lying outside the circle with center (! 0) and radius 1, but inside the circle with center (! 0),
and radius 2 (i.e., a washer).

11