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5' cap
a methylated guanine nucleotide added to the 5' endof eukaryotic mRNA. The cap is necessary to initiatetranslation of mRNA 
 A band
The band of the sarcomere that extends the fulllength of the thick filament. The A band includesregions of thick and thin filament overlap, as well asa region of thick filament only. A bands alternate with I bands to give skeletal and cardiac muscle astriated apperance. The A band does not shortenduring muscle contraction.
 Absolute refractory period
 A period of time following an action potential during which no additional action potential can be evokedregardless of the level of stimulation. (usually  because Na+ channel closed whle K+ efflux)
 Accessory glands
The three glands in the male reproductive systemthat reproduce semen: the seminal vesicles, theprostate, and the
 Accessory organs
(1) In the GI tract, organs that play a role indigestion but not directly part of the alimentary canal. These include the liver, the gallbladder, thepancreas, adn the salivary glands.
 
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 Acetylcholine (Ach)
The neurotransmitter used throughout theparasympathetic nervous system as well as theneuromuscular junction.
 Acetylcholinesterase (AChE)
The enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine in thesynaptic cleft.
 Acetyl-CoA 
The first substrate in teh Krebs cycle, producedprimarily from the oxidation of pyruvate by thepyruvate dehydrogenase complex, howeveracetyl-CoA is also produced during fatty acidoxidation and protein catabolism.
 Acid hydrolases
Enzymes that degrade various macromolecules andthat require an acidic pH to function properly. Acidhydrolases are found within the lysosomes of cells.
 Acinar cells
Cells that make up exocrine galnds, adn that secretetheir products into ducts. For example, in thepancreas, acinar cells secrete digestive enzyme; inthe salivary glands, acinar cells secrete saliva.
 
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 Acrosome
 A region at the head of a sperm cell that containsdigestive enzyems which, when released during theacrosome reaction, can facilitate penetration of thecorona radiata of the egg, and subsequently,fertilization
 Actin
 A contractile protein. In skeletal and cardiac muscle,actin polymerizes (along with other proteins) to formthe thin filaments. Actin is involved in many contractile activities, such as cyotkinesis, pseudopodformation, and muscle contraction.
 Action potential
 A localized change in a neruon's or musce cell'smembrane potential that can propogate itself away from its point of origin. Action potentials are anall-or-none process mediated by the opening of  voltage-gated Na+ and K+ channels when themembrane is brought to the threshold potential;opening of the Na+ channels causes a characteristicdepolarization, while opening of the K+ channelsrepolarizes the membrane.
 Activation energy (Ea)
The amount of energy required to produce thetransition state of a chemical reaction. If theactivation energy for a reaction is very high, thereaction occurs very slowly. Enzymes (and othercatalysts) increase reaction rates by reducingactivation energy.
 Active site
The 3D site of an enzyme where substrates(reactants) bind and a chemical reaction isfacilitated.
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