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34

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36

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40

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44

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46

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47

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48

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49

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50

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52

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54

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60

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62

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66

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68

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94

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96

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97

98

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100

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102

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104

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106

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108

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110

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111

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112

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114

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116

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118

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124

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Vertical Tab
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131

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From Feed
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132

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134

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136

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138

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141

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142

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144

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146

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147

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162

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164

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166

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168

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176

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178

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186

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188

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192

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194

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206

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207

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208

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210

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211

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212

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214

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216

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220

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226

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228

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234

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236

4.

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238

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29 . , , (). ,
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239

9 , ( MBR
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240

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. .
,
. , . (Microprogram
Counter ). ,
, .
MIR (Microinstruction Register ).
, , .

241

(rd, wr, fetch)

4
9

512x36

Addr | J | I ||

1-

. 4.5. Mic-1

MIR, 4 5, ,
4.4. Addr J ( , JAM)
ALU 8 ,

, 4 , ,
,
4 16 , 9
, 4
9 ,
, ,
,

242

4.

,
.
, . 4.5, . ( . 4.2) MIR
, . MIR ;,
(. . 4.2).
MIR,
. , ,
. .
Aw+Ax .
/ N Z
. N Z 1- .
, , , ,
. , . 3.
, , ,
, . (. . 4.2). 4 N Z. , ,
. , .
, , ,
. MIR. 9- NEXT_ADDRESS ( ). , JAM 000,
; NEXT_ADDRESS ,
.
JAM 1,
. JAMN 1, N
. JAMZ 1, Z
. 1,
,
N Z. , (
) ,
. N Z , , .
. 4.5 , ,
. :
F = (0AMZ Z) QAMN N)) NEXT_ADDRESS[8]

243

,
. :
1. NEXT_ADDRESS.
2. NEXT_ADDRESS ,
.
. NEXT_ADDRESS
1, JAMN JAMZ.
, JAM 0, 9- NEXT_ADDRESS- JAMN JAMZ 1,
: NEXT_
ADDRESS NEXT_ADDRESS, 0x100 (, NEXT_ADDRESS<OxFF). (, , ,
, ). . 4.6. 0x75
NEXT_ADDRESS=0x92, JAMZ 1. , Z, . Z 0,
0x92. Z 1, 0x192.
JAM JMPC. , 8 MBR
8 NEXT_
ADDRESS . .
. 4.5 ,
MBR NEXT_ADDRESS, JMPC 1,
NEXT_ADDRESS , JMPC 0. JMPC 1,
8 NEXT_ADDRESS 0. 0 1,
NEXT_ADDRESS 0x000 0x100. 0x000, 0x100, .

Add r

JAM

0x75

0x92

001

JAMZ
;

0x92
;
0x192

0x73

OTZ

. 4.6. JAMZ, 1,

MBR NEXT_ADDRESS . , , MBR,

256 . MBR ,
JMPC

244

4.

. ,
.
, , .
,
, , ,
N Z. . 4.2.
1, , ,
, MIR. 2 MIR
. 3 .
4 , . , N Z,
MBR MDR , ( ).
MBR , . -
,
MBR/MDR. ( )
.
, ,
MBR, N Z, . , , .
, . , , , , , ,
.
. 4.5.
, 9 . .
. ,
MIR, .
. , , . , :
. ,
.

: IJVM
, , IJVM (. . 4.5).
-

245

. IJVM

, . IJVM, .

,
. : ?
,
. ,
. 5.
, ,
, .
.
, ,
. - , , LV,
.
. 4.7, .
1,2 , ,
, LV. , SP,
. LV
100, 4 , SP 108.
LV. LV SP ( )
.
SP-LV -SP-~

LV -~
SP
LV

2
1

108
104
100

2
1

d
4

2
1

SP

LV

d5
d4
d3
d2
d1
a3
a2
a1

, 4.7. ();
(), ();
, D ()

, , , . 4
(, 2, , 4)? : , ,
. 4.7, 6. , LV . LV. -

246

4.

, LV SP , . 4.7, .
,
(. . 4.7, ), LV . ,
(. . 4.7, ). LV
, a SP .
, D,
5 . . 4.7, . D
.
. , .
,
.
. , :
1=2+
, 2 ,
. 4.8, . SP ,
(, 4), .
, . 4.8, . , ,
.
.
, , , ,
. 4.8, . 1, . 4.8, .
SP"

SP

LV

2
1

LV

2
1

SP-

LV

2+

2
1

SPLV

2
2+

. 4.8.

. , i x2+f(x),
(2) . 2, .
,
, .
, JVM IJVM .
5.

 : IJVM

247

IJVM
IJVM. , 4 294 967 296 (4 ),
1 073 741 824 , 4 .
, Java , , , . IJVM
.
:
1. . ,
, .
, ,
. (Constant Pool Pointer
),
.
2. . . . (
) . . .
,
. ,
. LV (Local
Variable ). .
3. . , Java.
,
. 4.9.
.
, . , LV
, .
4. . , , . , ,
.
, PC (Program Counter). ,
.
. , LV SP
, ,
. , LV, LV+1 LV+2 , a LV, LV+4 LV+8 , (16 ) .

248

4.
SP

3

LV

PC

. 4.9. IJVM

PC, , ,
, .
PC , Mic-1 PC. ,
. PC , . SP
, .

IJVM
IJVM . 4.2. (, ).
.
.
.
,
. (LDC_W), (ILOAD)
(BIPUSH). (ISTORE).
(IADD ISUB) (IAND I0R). , .
4 : (GOTO), (IFEQ, IFLT IF_ICMPEQ).
PC , . 16 . . (SWAP),
(DUP) (POP).

 : IJVM

249

4.2. IJVM. byte, const varnum 1 .

disp, index offset 2

0x10
0x59

BIPUSHbyfe
DUP

07

GOTO offset

0x60

IADD

0x7

IAND

;
( )

0x99

IFEQoffsef

0x9B

IFLT offset

0x9F

IFJCMPEQ offset

; ,

0x84

IINC varnum const

0x15

\LOAD varnum

0xB6

INVOKEVIRTUAL disp

0x80

IOR

;
{ )

OxAC
0x36

IRETURN
ISTORE varnum

( )

0x64

ISUB

0x13

LDCJN index

0x00

NOP

0x57

POP

0x5 F

SWAP

0xC4

WIDE

;
16-

,
. , JVM
, IJVM .
. ,
WIDE .
, (INVOKEVIRTUAL)
, . - . , , Java,
,
. Java,
, .
( - , . Java -

250

4.

, Pascal.) , JVM, , , CALL, , .

. , . . 4.10,
OBJREF. ( 1, 2
3). INVOKEVIRTUAL.

INVOKEVIRTUAL

INVOKEVIRTUAL

3
2
1
OBJREF

LV

PC

2
1

LV

PC

SP

INVOKEVIRTUAL

INVOKEVIRTUAL
LV

3
2
1

LV

PC

2
1

-SP

LV

. 4 . 1 0 . INVOKEVIRTUAL ();
()

INVOKEVIRTUAL (disp). .
, . 4
.
16- , ( ). OBJREF
: 0. 16- SP OBJREF. , LV OBJREF,

 : IJVM

251

. , LV, -
.
16-
, . ,
, ,
. ,
, .
, (.
. 4.10). , ,
( ).
.
, a LV OBJREF.
OBJREF , '.
.
( + ) , LV. ,
PC, , LV.
. SP
LV,
. , SP . ,
SP , , .
, INVOKEVIRTUAL ,
PC .
IRETURN INVOKEVIRTUAL (. 4.11). , .
, , : 1) OBJREF
; 2) , , OBJREF. , IRETURN
PC LV.
( , LV).
, OBJREF, OBJREF
, PC. ,
PC LV .
, ,
, OBJREF, SP
. ,
INVOKEVIRTUAL.
-.
. , Java,
, J V M -.
, - . ( J V M .)

252

4.

I RETURN

LV

PC

3
2
1

LV

PC

2
1

SP

IRETURN
IRETURN

LV

LV

PC

2
IRETURN
1

SP

LV

. 4 . 1 1 . IRETURN (a);
()

Java IJVM
, Java IJVM. 4.1
Java. Java IJVM.
4.2. 1 15 ,
// .
. Java
. 4.3. ( Java .) i 1, j 2, 3.
4 . 1 . Java
I3)
k-0:
else
J-J-l:

 IJVM

253

4.2. Java
1
ILOAD j
//i=J+k
2
ILOAD k
3
IADD
4
ISTORE l
5
I LOAD l
//if (13)
6
BIPUSH 3
7
IFJCMPEQ LI
8
ILOAD j
//J-J-l
9
BIPUSH 1
10
ISUB
11
ISTORE j
12
GOTO L2
13 LI BIPUSH 0
//k-0
14
ISTORE k
15 L2
4.3. IJVM
0x15
0x15
0x60
0x36
0x15
0x10
0x9F
0x15
0x10
0x64

0xA7
0x10
0x36

0x02
0x03
0x01
0x01
0x03
0x00 OxOD
0x02
0x01
0x02
0x00 0x07
0x00
0x03

. j , , i i 3
, L1,
0 ,
IF_ICMPEQ L2, el se
then
IJVM, 4.2,
. 4 12 , 0 I LOAD j ( 1 ) 1 ,
1 ILOAD , 2 IADD , j+k. i,

5 (ILOAD) if. i
3 ( 6) (7) 8 el se
12, L2.

254

4.

10

11

12

14

15

. 4.12.
, 4.2

, .
. , , , . , , .

, 36 .
, ,
. , , , , , , .
,
, .
, . , . , , , .
,
.
. , .
, ,
, . , .
. : , , . ,
.
, . ,

255

SP .
,
122. :
ReadRegister=SP, ALIMNC, WSP, Read, NEXT_ADDRESS=122

WSP SP. ,
.
:
SP-SP+1, rd

MAL (Micro Assembly Language ). - MAL ,

, . MAL , .
, .
. +1, 0, -1 . , , Java. ,
SP MDR, :
MDR=SP

, - , , :
MDR-H+SP

, SP MDR. ( , ),
:
MDR=SP+H

36- , , , .
. . 4.3, SOURCE MDR,
PC, MBR, MBRU, SP, LV, CPP, TOS (MBRU (MBR Unsigned) - MBR ). ( ).
DEST : MAR, MDR, PC, SP, LV,
CPP, TOS, .
, . ,
, . ,
MDR=SP+MDR

, ,
. 4.5, . ,
( 1)
. ,
H=H-MDR

256

4.

, ,
.
, , .

. , 1 SP SP MDR, :
SP=MDR=SP+1

4 rd wr.
1- fetch.
. ,
, .
, , Mic-1
. 4- AR/MDR. rd
wr . 1- PC/MBR. fetch.
.

.
MAR=SP. rd
MDR-H

MDR . MDR. , .
4.3. .
, <<8, 1 .
, H = M B R 8
DEST=H
DEST=SOURCE
DEST=H
DEST=SOURCE
DEST=H+SOURCE
DEST=H+SOURCE+1
DEST=H+1
DEST=SOURCE+1
DEST=SOURCE-H
DEST=SOURCE-1
DEST= -H
DEST=H SOURCE
DEST=H SOURCE
DEST=O
DESTM
DEST=-1

257

, ,
, , . ,
(
) NEXT_ADDRESS,
.
, . :
goto label

. , ,
goto Mainl

,
, goto.
NEXT_ADDRESS. goto ,
, ,
. goto, , , goto
.
, JAMN
JAMZ N Z . , , 0.
, . :
T0S=TOS

, ( Z TOS).
MAL,
N Z, . ,
Z=TOS

TOS , Z ( N),
.
Z N ,
(. . 4.4) 0.
, ,
. , ' N Z. , , . , ,
IBM PC 4,77 .

258

4.

JAMZ, :
if(Z) goto LI, else goto L2

, 8 , ,
. , L2 256
, .
. ,
Z=TOS. i f ( Z ) goto L I . else goto L2

MAL ,
TOS , ,
Z. Z
, L2, . , .
, , JMPC:
goto (MBR OR value)

, value () NEXT^ADDRESS JMPC, MBR NEXT_ADDRESS.

value 0, :
g o t o (MBR)

, 8 MBR
(. . 4.5), . , MBR, .

IJVM Mic-1
, .
. 4.4- ,
Mic-1 IJVM. 112 . . , ,
. , .
, . 4.1,
. (Constant Pool Pointer ),
LV (Local Variable pointer ) SP (Stack
Pointer ) ,
, PC
(Program Counter ) ,
. MBR (Memory Buffer Register
) 1- , , . TOS
. .

259

. . TOS (Top Of Stack register ) , SP. ,
, ,
.
TOS, , . ,
POP , , TOS.
. .
, , ,
PC , .
.
, , . ,
, , ( IJVM).
Mainl, (),
PC , .
, MBR.
, , PC , MBR.
,
.
Mic-1, . , , , , MBR.
, -, , , -, , , .
, . , ,
. , . 4.2 , ,
POP, 0x57, , DUP,
0x59. ( MAL , POP 0x57, . , - , .)
, , POP,
, ,
DUP.
, , , , , .

260

4.

,
, .
, , , MBR
0x60, IADO (. . 4.2). , , :
1. PC ,
.
2. MBR. IJVM,
( IADD,
).
3. , MBR Main 1. , . . , ,
, .
,
. , , ,
- , , .
4.4. Mic-1

Maini

PC=PC+1; fetch; goto(MBR) MBR ;

!
iaddi

goto Maini
MAR=SP=SP-1;rd
H=TOS

iadd2
iadd3

MDR=TOS=MDR+H;wr;
goto Main 1

isubi

MAR=SP=SP-1.rd
H=TOS
MDR=TOS=MDR-H;wr;
goto Maini

isub2
isub3
iandi
iand2
iand3
ior1

ior2
ior3
duol

;

,
=
;

,
=
;

MAR=SP=SP-1;rd
H=TOS

,
=

MDR=TOS=MDRHH,wr;
goto Maini

MAR=SP=SP-1;rd

H=TOS
0=5=;
wr;goto Maini
MAR=SP=SP+1

=
;
SP 1
MAR

dup2
1

261

MDR=TOS; wr; goto Maini

,
MAR=SP=SP-1;rd
,
TOS

TOS^MDR; goto Maini

TOS

swapi

MAR=SP=SP-1;rd

MAR SP-1;

swap2

MAR=SP

MAR

swap3

H=MDR; wr

TOS ;

swap4

MDR=TOS

TOS MDR

swap5

MAR=SP-1;wr

MAR SP-1;

swap6

TOS-H; goto Maini

TOS

bipushi

SP=MAR=SP+1

MBR = ,

bipush2

PC=PC+1; fetch

PC 1;

bipush3

iloadi

MDR=TOS=MBR;wr;
goto Maini
H=LV

iload2

MAR=MBRU+H;rd

MAR = ,

iload3

MAR=SP=SP+1

SP ;

iload4

PC=PC+1; fetch; wr

PC 1,
,

iload5

TOS=MDR;gotoMam1

TOS

istore 1

H=LV

MBR ;
LVBH

MBR ;
LVBH

istore2

MAR=MBRU+H

MAR = ,

istore3

MDR=TOS; wr

TOS MDR;

istore4

SP=MAR=SP-1;rd

istore5

PC=PC+1; fetch

PC 1;

istore6

TOS=MDR; goto Main 1

PC=PC+1;fetch,
goto(MBR 0x100)

TOS

widei
widejloadi

PC=PC+1;fetch

MBR ;

wide_iload2

H=MBRU8

= , 8

wide_iload3

= 16-

wide_iload4

MAR=LV+H; rd;
goto iload3

MAR = ,

262

4.

4.4 ()

widejstorei

PC=PC+1; fetch

MBR ;

wide_istore2

H=MBRU8

= ,
8

wide_istore3
wide_istore4

H=MBRU

= 16-

Idc_w1

PC=PC+1;fetch

MBR ;

Idc_w2

H=MBRU8

= ,
8

MAR=LV+H; rd; goto istore3 MAR = ,

Idc_w3

= 16-

Idc_w4

MAR=H+CPP; rd;
goto iload3

MAR =

iincl

H=LV

MBR ;
LVBH

iinc2

MAR=MBRU+H;rd

LV
MAR;

iinc3

PC=PC+1; fetch

iinc4

H=MDR

iinc5

PC=PC+1; fetch

iinc6

MDR=MBR+H;wr,
goto Maini

MDR;

gotoi

OPC=PC-1

goto2

PC=PC+1; fetch

MBR = ;

goto3

H=MBR8

goto4

H=MBRU

=16-

goto5

PC=OPC+H; fetch

goto6
if It 1

goto Maini

MAR=SP=SP-1;rd

iflt2

OPC=TOS

TOS

iflt3

TOS=MDR

TOS

mt4

N=OPC; if(N) goto T;

else goto F

ifeqi
ifeq2

MAR=SP=SP~1;rd

OPC=TOS

TOS

ifeq3
ifeq4

TOS=MDR

TOS

ZOPC;if(Z)gotoT;
else goto F

ifjcmpeqi

MAR=SP=SP-1;rd

if_icmpeq2

MAR=SP=SP-1

MAR

if icmpeq3

H=MDR; rd

if_icmpeq4
if_icmpeq5

OPC=TOS
TOS=MDR

263

TOS
TOS

Z=OPC-H, if(Z)gotoT,
else goto F

,
, ,
F

O P O P C - 1 ; fetch;
goto goto2

, gotoi,

PC=PC+1

F2

PC=PC+1; fetch

PC

F3

goto Mam1

invoke virtual!

PC=PC+1, fetch

MBR = ; PC 1,

if_icmpeq6

invoke virtual

H=MBRU8

mvoke_virtual3

H=MBRU

invoke_virtual4

MAR=CPP+H, rd

mvoke_virtual5

OPC=PC+1

invoke_virtual6

PC=MDR, fetch

PC
PC ,

mvoke_virtual7

PC=PC+1; fetch

mvoke_virtual8

H=MBRU8

invoke_virtual9

H=MBRU

invoke_ virtual! 0

PC=PC+1, fetch

invoke_virtual11

TOS=SP-H

TOS = OBJREF-1

mvoke_virtual12

TOS=MAR=TOS+1

TOS = OBJREF { LV)

invoke virtual 13

PC=PC+1, fetch

mvoke_virtual14

H=MBRU<<8

invoke_virtual15
mvoke_virtual16

MDR=SP+H+1;wr

OBJREF

invoke_virtual17

MAR=SP=MDR

SP MAR ,
PC

invoke_virtual18

MDR=OPC, wr

PC

invoke_virtual 19

MAR=SP=SP+1

SP ,
LV

mvoke_virtual20

MDR=LV, wr

LV
PC

invoke_virtual21

PC=PC+1, fetch

invoke_virtual22

LV=TOS, gotoMami

LV

ireturni

MAR=SP=LV; rd

SP MAR

264

4.

4.4 {}

ireturn2
ireturn3

LV=MAR=MDR; rd

LV ;
PC

ireturn4

MAR=LV+1

MAR
LV

ireturn5

PC=MDR; rd; fetch

PC;

ireturn6

MAR=SP

MAR TOS

ireturn7

LV=MDR

LV

ireturn8

MDR=TOS; wr; goto Mainl

MBR 0 ( NOP), nopl, 0.

,
, , MBR.
, , . 4.4, Mainl
0 (
nopl). , NEX1VADDRESS.
, (, POP 0x57),
, .
IADD. iaddl.
:
1. TOS ,
.
2. TOS , .
3. , ,
TOS.
,
MAR. , . ,
, SP.
, SP MAR, SP 1
.
(i addl).
. , NEXT
ADDRESS iaddl. iadd2. iadd2 -

265

. ,
, TOS ,
,
(iadd3) MDR ,
. ,
MDR TOS. ,
, .
goto Mainl , ,

, MBR, 0x64 (ISUB),
Mainl 0x64 (1 subl) i sub2, i sub3, Mai nl

, isub3 MDR,

IAND IADD ISUB, ( ),
I0R
OUP, POP SWAP, DUP TOS, SP 1
SP TOS POP
SP 1,
TOS. ,
SWAP ,
TOS ,
() .
BIPUSH ,
, 4 13 , MBR
Mainl, 32 ( )
MDR. , SP 1 MAR,
. TOS , PC
1, Mainl .
BIPUSH
(0x10)

. 4.13. BIPUSH

ILOAD
(. 4.14, ), ( ),

266

4.

, , . 1 ,
28=256 , 256
. ILOAD (
), ( ).
, ,
MBR ( ), LV. MBR LV ,
LV ( iloadl), MBR.
MAR, ( iload2).
ILOAD
(0x15)

WIDE
(04)

ILOAD
(0x15)

1
2

. 4.14. ILOAD ();

WIDE ILOAD ()

MBR , BIPUSH,
. ,
( BIPUSH,
8- ).
MBR ,
. BIPUSH ( 8- )
MBR 24 . ILOAD
( 8- ) 24
. , (. . 4.5). MBR
( bipush3), a MBRU (
iload2).
( iload3),
SP 1 .
MAR ( ). PC 1, ( iload4). , MDR TOS,
( iload5).
ISTORE ILOAD ( ,
LV ).
, ILOAD (. 4.14, ), 0x15,
0x36. (
TOS), .
, , , ( ,
).

267

ILOAD ISTORE 256 . ,

,
. ,
IJVM , JVM:
WIDE ( ), ILOAD
ISTORE. , ILOAD
ISTORE , 8-, 16- ,
. 4,14, .
WIDE .
widel, WIDE. ,
, MBR, widel
, . ,
, WIDE.
WIDE ILOAD , ILOAD, WIDE ISTORE
, ISTORE, . ., .
wi del 100
, . WIDE
LOAD 0x115 ( 0x15), WIDE ISTORE
0x136 ( 0x36) . . , WIDE
, 256 ( 100) , .
ILOAD WIDE ILOAD . 4.15.
WIDE ILOAD ILOAD , . , 8 .
, MBRU (24 ). ( ,
0), , .
. ,
ILOAD.
ILOAD ( iload3 iload5), wide_iload4 iload3.
, PC 1 , . ILOAD ;
WIDE_ILOAD .
WIDEISTORE. ( wi de_i storel wi de_i store4) , ISTORE ,
wide_istore4 istore3.
LDC_W.
ILOAD. -, 16- (
ILOAD), -, ,

268

4.

LV, , . ( LDC,
IJVM,
, 3 2.)

0x1FF

0x115

wide iloadi

0x100

Maini

04

widei

0x15

iloadi

WIDE
ILOAD ILOAD
3

0x00
. 4.15. ILOAD WIDE ILOAD.

IINC ISTORE,
. ,
. 4.16.
1INC
(0x84)

. 4.16. IINC

,
. ,
( )
. , 8- -128 +127. JVM
, .
: GOTO.
PC , IJVM
, 16-
( ) GOTO. ,
, PC -

269

, ,
.
, . 4.17, . , Mainl. MBR, PC . . 4.17, 6 gotol. PC 1
MBR. (. 4.17, ) PC, , .
, , PC,
GOTO. .

-1 -

+3

+2 2

+1 1

GOTO (0xA7)

GOTO (0xA7)

GOTO (0xA7)

GOTO (0xA7)

+1

+1

+2

+2

GOTO (0xA7)

-1 PC

MBR

07

OFFSET 1 8

. 4.17. - Mainl (a); gotol ();

goto2 (); goto3 (); goto4 ()

goto2 ,
, . 4.17, ( goto3).
8 ,
goto4 (. . 4.17, ). , , , MBR,
. goto5
16- , PC. , goto4 MBR MBRU,
. 16-
( ) . -

270

4.

, Mainl , MBR , . ,
goto6, , MBR.
, goto, 16- -32768 +32767. , . , IJVM ( JVM). ,
, , JVM . , , ,
, :
Program is too big and hairy. You must rewrite it. Compilation aborted. (
. . .)
( ),
, el se then 32 , , , 50 Java.
: IFLT, IFEQ IFICMPEQ.
, 0 0 . IFICMPEQ
, . TOS.
. , TOS , , ,
. IFLT. ,
, TOS, IFLT , TOS. ifltl.
iflt2 , , , TOS, . iflt3 ,
MDR, TOS. , i f 114
( )
, N.
, , F.
, ,
GOTO, goto2. , (F, F2 F3),
(), Mainl .
IFEQ IFLT, Z.
, F .
IF_ICMPEQ IFLT, .
i f_i cmpeq3, . , TOS. ,
if_icmpeq6 ifeq4.

271

INVOKEVIRTUAL IRETURN.
IJVM, . INVOKEVIRTUAL 22 .
IJVM. . 4.10. 16-
, , .
. , 4 . 16- .
( OBJREF . . 4.10), ( ). 8-
, 16- .

PC. . , , PC , Mainl
.
IRETURN .
,
. SP, LV PC , . 4.11.

( ) . : , , , , , .

. ,
, , , .

. , :
1. , .
2. , .
3. .

272

4.

,
, , ( ) . , .
, ,
.
. , PC
( , , ),
, , . , . , PC 1, ,
, , .
, ,
, , PC 1. ,
. (8- PC MBR), . ,
. ,

.

(, ).
16 , ,
16 ,
32 .
. .
. . , . ,
.
, .
,
. ,
, . ,
,
. (, , ), , , . ,

273

. , .
, , ,
(, ).
.
, . , .
.
,
.
,
, , , .
,

. , - , .
.

,
. , ,
. ,
,
.
.
. 4.5. ,
, , ,
4 . , .
. , ,
. , . ,
. , , ,

. ,
. 5 ,
.
,
.
, .

274

4.

Mic-1 , .
,
. Mic-1
; 10 , (. . 3.18), 32 ,
, , .
5000 ,
() ().
, IJVM ,
.
. ,
( ), .

Mic-1 , IJVM.
. -
. , Mainl
MBR. ( ),
.
.
. . , Mainl.
(
), (
).
Mic-1 ,
.
. 4.5 POP.
,
POP. , 4 : POP
.
4 . 5 . POP

MAR=SP=SP-1; rd

Mainl

,
TOS

TOS=MDR; goto Mainl

PC=PC+1; fetch;
goto(MBR)

TOS
MBR ;
;

275

. 4.6 ,
< 2 . ,
, 3 . , , , IADD
. 250 ( 4 ) 333
( 3 ).
4.6. POP

MAR>SP=SP-1; rd

Maini pop

PC=PC+1; fetch

MBR ,

TOS=MDR, goto(MBR)

TOS;

POP , , , .
, , , . ,
- , Mai nl . . , :
.

, ?
, , , . (,
, )
. , . ,
, ILOAD (. 4 7).
4.7. ILOAD

iloadi
iload2

H=LV
MAR=MBRU+H, rd

MBR , LV

iload3

MAR=SP=SP+1

SP ,

iload4

PC=PC+1; fetch; wr

PC 1,
,

iload5

TOS=MDR;gotoMain1

TOS

Mam1

PC=PC+1; fetch;
goto(MBR)

MBR ;
,

MAR= ,

276

4.

, iloadl LV .
, MBRU iload2.

, . , . 4.8.
IL0AD, .
.
:
.
4 . 8 . ILOAD

Iloadl

MAR=MBRU+LV; rd

MAR= ,

Iload2

MAR=SP=SP+1

SP ;

Iloacl3

PC=PC+1; fetch; wr

PC 1;
;

!load4

TOS=MDR

TOS

lloadS

PC=PC+1; fetch;
goto(MBR)

MBR ;

, , . - : . , :
1. PC 1.
2. PC .
3. .
4. .
5. , .
( ),
. , .
PC ,
. , .
- ,
. ,
. ,

 .
, ,
. , , TOS MDR
MDR TOS,
.
Mic-1 ,
. ,
, PC 1 , .
, , . .
8- 16- , , . , , :
1. , , , , .
2. 8-
16- , .
,
.

. 4.18. -1

. 4.18 . 8-
MBR ( ) MBR: 8- MBR1 16- MBR2. , .

278

4.

, MBR, Mic-1,
,
, MBR1.
Mic-1, : MBR1 MBR1U.
32 , .
MBR2 , 2 .
: MBR2 MBR2U, , 32 .
. 4- , 4- ,
, .
MBR1 MBR2.
MBR1 , a MBR2
2 ( ), 16- (. . 4.14, ). MBR2
, IJVM .
, MBR1,
1 . , MBR2, 2 . MBR1
MBR2 .
, ,
. , MBR, , .

( ), . 4.19.
( ) (
).
, . ,
, . 4.18. , ( 0 6 ).
, . .
MBR1. , , (
1). MBR2. , 2 (, 2 0 5 3). MBR1 MBR2. 0,1
2, , (-

279

, ).
4.
, , - ,
(, MBR2,
1 , ).
, , . , , PC, . .
.

MBR2

MBR2
MBR2

MBR2

MBR1: MBR1
MBR2: MBR2
:
4
. 4.19.

(IMAR), ,
. ,
1 PC .
,
PC PC IMAR.
PC ,

.
PC ,
.
, INVOKEVIRTUAL IRETURN.
PC
, PC .
? , , , MBR1 MBR2 (

280

4.

) . PC ,
1 2 , . , PC
. MBR
.
, , . PC 1 2.
AR 1 ( 4 ). MAR, IMAR , 0 IMAR 2 . . ( ), .
, PC , , , PC, . , .
. , :

.

: Mic-2
.
-, ,
. -,
PC. -, , 16- ,
16-
32- , . . 4.20 Mic-2,
Mic-1, ,
. 4.18.
. 4.9.
, Mic-2, IADD.
, ,
Mainl , PC .
, iadd3 MBR1,
MBR1 MBR2.
, 1 .
2,
. .
. IADD
.

281

. 4.20. -2
4.9. Mic-2

goto (MBR)

MAR=SP=SP-1; rd

H=TOS

H =

iadd2

&

282

4.

4.9 {}

iadd3
isubi

MDR=TOS=MDR+H;
wr;goto(MBR1)
MAR=SP=SP-I;rd

;

,

isub2

H=TOS

isub3

MDR=TOS=MDR-H;
wr; goto(MBRI)

TOS TOS-1

MAR=SP=SP-1;rd

iandi
Iand2

H=TOS

iand3

MDR=TOS=MDRHH;
wr;goto{MBR1)

TOS-1
TOS ( )

ior1

MAR=SP=SP-1;rd
H=TOS

MDR=TOS=MDRHnM
H;wr;goto(MBR1)

TOS-1
TOS ( )

dup1

MAR=SP=SP+1

SP 1
MAR

dup2

MDR=TOS; wr;
goto (MBR1)

pop1

MAR=SP=SP-1;rd

ior2
ior3

pop2

TOS=MDR;goto(MBR1)

TOS

swapi

MAR=SP-1;rd

;
MAR SP

swap2

MAR=SP

swap3

H-MDR; wr

TOS;

swap4
swap5

MDR=TOS
MAR=SP-1;wr

swap6

TOS=H;goto(MBR1)

TOS

bipush!

SP=MAR=SP+1

MAR

bipush2

MDR=TOS=MBR1;
wr;goto(MBR1)

TOS

iloadi

MAR=LV+MBR1U;rd

LV
MAR;

iload2

MAR=SP=SP+1

SP 1;
SP MAR

iload3

TOS=MDR;wr;
goto{MBR1)

TOS

i store 1

MAR=LV+MBR1U

MAR LV+

istore2

MDR=TOS;wr

TOS

istore3

MAR=SP=SP-1;rd

SP 1; TOS

istore4
istore5

TOS MDR
TOS

TOS=MDR:aoto(MBR1l

TOS

283

widei
widejloadi

goto{MBR1 0x100) 0x100

MAR=LV+MBR2U, rd,
, iloadi, 2-
goto iload2

widejstorei

MAR=LV+MBR2U,
goto istore2

, istorei, 2-

tdc_w1

MAR=CPP+MBR2U,
rd, goto iload2

, widejload 1,

iind

MAR=LV+MBR1U,rd

nnc2

H=MBR1

MDR=MDR+H,wr,
goto(MBRI)

MAR LV+,

gotoi

H=PC-1
PC=H+MBR2

goto2
goto3

PC
PC
,

goto4

goto(MBRI)

rflti

MAR=SP=SP-1,rd

rflt2

OPC=TOS

TOS

iflt3

TOS=MDR

TOS

iflt4

N=OPC,if(N)gotoT,
else goto F

MAR=SP=SP-1,rd

ifeqi
ifeq2

OPC=TOS

TOS

ifeq3

TOS=MDR

TOS

ifeq4

Z=OPC, if{Z)gotoT;
else goto F

ifjcmpeql

MAR=SP=SP-1,rd

if_icmpeq2

MAR=SP=SP-1

MAR

if_icmpeq3

H=MDR, rd

if_icmpeq4

OPC=TOS

TOS

if_icmpeq5

TOS=MDR

TOS

if_icmpeq6

Z=H-OPC,if(Z)gotoT,
else goto F

,
, ,
F

H=PC-1,gotogoto2

, !

H=MBR2

, MBR2

F2

goto(MBRI)

invoke_virtuaM

MAR=CPP+MBR2U, rd

MAR

invoke_virtua!2

OPC=PC

PC

invoke_virtual3

PC=MDR

PC

invoke_virtual4

TOS=SP-MBR2U

TOS = OBJREF-1

invoke virtual5

TOS=MAR=H=TOS+1

TOS = OBJREF
^

284

4.

4.9 ()

invoke_virtual6
invoke_virtual7

MDR=SP+MBR2U+1;wr OBJREF
MAR=SP=MDR
SP MAR ,
PC

invoke_virtual8

MDR-OPC; wr

PC

invoke virtua!9

MAR=SP=SP+1

SP 1; SP ,
LV

invoke_virtual10

MDR=LV; wr

LV

invoke_virtual11

LV=TOS; goto (MBR1)

LV

ireturni

MAR=SP=LV;rd

SP MAR

ireturn2
ireturn3

LV=MAR=MDR; rd

LV MAR
; PC

ireturn4

MAR=LV+1

MAR LV;
LV

ireturn5

PC-MDR; rd

PC

ireturn6

MAR=SP

ireturn7

LV=MDR

LV

ireturn8

MDR-TOS; wr;
goto(MBRI)

Mic-2 , . LDC_W 9 3 , , . - SWAP: 8 , 6.

. ILOAD ( 6, 3), IADD ( 4,
3) IFJCMPEQ ( 13, 10 , ; 10, 8
, ). , , ,
, .

: Mic-3
, Mic-2 Mic-1. ,
, , ,
. ,
Mic-2 .
, .
, ? . ,
. , , ,

285

, ( ,
). , .
. Mic-2 . , ,
, .
,
. .
, , . . 4.2 .
:
1. ,
.
2. , .
3. , .
. 4.21
(), . .
, . Mic-3.
? :
, ,
- . ,
? (: ). :
1. ,
.
2. .
, .
, , . ( ,
,
.)
,
- , , , . , ,
.

286

'


'

I
. 4 . 2 1 , Mic-3

, Mic-2
, ,

, Mic-. ,
-

287

, , . 4.10 Mic-2 ( SWAP).

4 . 1 0 . Mic-2 SWAP

swapi
swap2

MAR=SP-1;rd
MAR=SP

; MAR SP

swap3

H=MDR;wr

TOS;

swap4

MDR=TOS

TOS MDR

swap 5

MAR=SP-1;wr

TOS

swap6

TOS=H;goto(IV

Mic-. ,
:
, . .
SWAP Mic- . 4.11. 1 swapl, SP .
, , 1 , ENA ( ) (. . 4.1).
, . 2 . 3 MAR, ,
, .
, . MDR 4. MDR
.
4 . 1 1 . SWAP Mic-
Swapl

Swap2

MAR=SP-1;rd MAR=SP
1

B=SP

=-1

B=SP

MAR=C; rd

C=B

MDR=Mem

MAR=C

Swap3

Swap4

Swap5

H=MDR,wr

MDR-TOS

MAR-SP-1 ;wr TOS=H;goto(MBR1)

B=MDR

C=B

B=TOS

H=C; wr

C=B

B=SP

Mem=MDR

MDR=C

Swap6

C=B-1

B=H

MAR=C; wr

C=B

10

Mem=MDR

TOS-C

11

goto(MBRI)

288

4.

2. swap2 . 2 SP ,
3 , , MAR 4. . ,
, . ,
Mic- , Mic-2.
.
, 3. swap3, MDR
, MDR 5. ,
, , RAW- (Read After Write
). ,
.
swap3 , MDR , . . ,
, : swap6 ,
swap3.
swap5,
.
Mic- , Mic-2, . Mic-
, SWAP Mic- 11 ,
Mic-2 6 , 18 . , ,
- .
, . . 4.22
, . 4.21.
, 1, 2 . . (, ). 1 1 ,
1. 2 ,
1, ,
2.
.
3 1 ,
2, 3 . , 4
4 . 1, 2, 3, 4 .

* Reg

Reg

Reg

= :
|=5

289

Req

. 4.22.

5 , ,
4: .
4 : , , .
, . 2.3, , (). , 4 ,
.
. 4.22 ( ), ( ). 1 1
. 2 .
. , 4 . , 4

290

4.

, , .
.
, ,
,
. ,
, .
( 1 ) . , .
. , .

7 : Mic-4
,
.
, , swap6, , , .
.
( ) Mic-4. . 4.23, ,
. Mic-, ,
MBR.

. , IJVM. () :
IJVM .
IJVM , , ,
. 1 (,
POP), ,
. 2 ,
, ,
. WIDE, , , WIDE+ILOAD WIDE_ILOAD.
,
, , .
:
. , IJVM , -

291

. , , ,
wide_iload2 iload2, Mic-2,
.
, .

ILVM

, .
IADD
ISUB
ILOAD
IFLT

4 || | JA|

MIR1

MIR2

||||

MIR3

7 ||

||||

MIR4

. 4.23. Mic-4

(. . 4.4),
NEXT_ADDRESS JAM
. :
(Final bit) (Goto bit).
(
). , . . JAM . , - ,
(, iflt4), .

292

4.

.
. .
, .
, .
.
, . , IJVM.
, IJVM
.
MIR, .
, :
. ,
, ,
.
, 4 MIR . 4.23. ( . 4.2 Aw)
MIR3 MIR4, MIR2
MIR3, MIR1 MIR2, MIR1
. MIR , . MIR1
, ,
MIR1 .
MIR2,
. .
. MIR4
, MAR ( MDR ).
Mic-4: .
IJVM ,
N. , . .
, . ,
.
, IJVM, , , , .
,
, . . ,
GOTO Statement Considered Harmful ( GOTO ), .

293

Mic-1 , , Mic-4. Mic-i

,
.
Mic-4 . . 4.24.
. 4.23. Mic-4 ,
IJVM, .
,
. ,
,
IJVM .

. 4.24. Mic-4

MIR , ,
, MIR1. MIR , . MIR
, , .
.
, . , , (CISC). ,
Pentium II Mic-4, .

,
. ( ), . ,
, , . , ,
, .
, , : .

294

4.

, , .
, ,
. , , ,
, .
, 80386 80486, Pentium,
Pentium Pro, Pentium II .
. , ,
, ,
. , , .
,
. RISC 80- , .
(Intel IA-64) 5.
.
, , . -, , , .

-

, , .
, ,
. .
,
. , , .

( ), ( , ). , .
.
, , Mic-, ,

295

, . , , Mic-,
.
,
.
-.
- 2, -
, . -, .
-. ( -).
- . -, -, . Mic-1 : -. ,
- .
.
- -
. , -,
. . 4.25 -.
- - , 16 64 . - , , .
. - . 512 1 . -
, ,
, , . -
- , -
- .
. -
. ,
,
. - , .
, . , , , . ,

296

4.

- -. ,
.

(
)

-
( )

. 4.25. -

- .
, . - ( 4 64). , 0, 32 , 0 0 31, 1 32 63
. . -. , - ,
-. , ,
. - , -
, - .
, -
, - .

-
- - . - . 4.26, . - 2048 . ()
. - 32

297

( ), - 64 . :
1. , .
, .
2. 16- ,
, .
3. .
- 32 .

65504-65535, 131040-131072,...

20477
'-

7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0

96-127, 65632-65663, 131068-131099

64-95, 65600-65631, 131036-131067,...
32-63, 65568-65599, 131004-131035,...
0-31, 65536-65567, 131072-131003,...

16

11

. 4.26. - (); 32- ()

- . , -
. , , . -
4 , . 4.26, :
1. , .
2. , - , -.
3. , .
4. , ,
, . -, 32- , 0.

298

4.

,
11
- 2048 . , -.
, , - , .
: -. -, . - .
. - () , .
-. 32-
-13 -, ,
. - ,
, .
, 1 . , ,
'. -. , , ( ), - ,
, .
1 -. - 64 . ,
64 (65, 536 ) ,
> - ( ). , X, , + 65,
536 ( ), 1 -. ,
. , - ,
-, , .
- , , ,
, 1 . ,
. , ,
,
> -. ,
- :
' .
- TOI ,
. ,
. . . .

299

-
,
-. , , . 4.26, , 0 65 536,

- -.
, , - . -
n- -. - . 4.27.

2047

',

7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0

. 4.27. -

- , - , -
,
-, , . , -
,
.
-
. -,
? LRU (Least Recenly Used
).
, . ,
, , .
- , ,
, ,
.

300

4.

2048- -,
2048 . , 2048 -. , -
.
0,
. , - , 2048 .
,
LRU . (, .) , - - ,
. .
, - .
, -, , ,
, -.
-. ?
, - LRU.
, .
. , , ,
, . , ,
.
: ,
- , -? - ? . , ,
-.
(write allocation). , ,
, - ,
.
,
-.

. ,
. 4.25, ; .
, ,
, .

301

, . .
. 4.4.
i 0 (,
). , ,
.
4.4.
i f (10)

-1,
else
=2:

4.5. , ,
,
4.5, . i 0. Else, i 0.
1 .
. Next.
2 .
4.5. 4.4
1. . i
Else,
BNE Else
Then
MOV k. 1
1
Next
BR Next
2
MOV 2
Else
Next

, . ,
, BNE, (, , ,
). . .
, , BR Next 4.5, . ,
, .
( , )?
. . 4.23, , , . , , , , .
, ,
,
.
(, UltraSPARC II) ,
, ,

302

4.

. . Pentium II
( , 4.5) ,
. -
, ,
, NOP.
, .
. -, , -, ,
, .
, , . , 20% ,
.
,
, , . , , , ,
. ,
, .
, .
.

(, ). ,
. ,
, , , . , .
, .
. ,
. , , . , , .
. , ,
, (, ). ,
, () ,
, , , . , , , (,
),
.
.
, ,
, .

303

, , . ,
(, [32,70,108,125,138,163]). ( ),
, ,
, .
. 4.28, . . , ,
, , . , ,
. ,
.

/
1
1

II.

*
J

6
5
4
3
2
1
0

. 4.28. 1 - (),
2- (),
()

. -,

304

4.

32- , , 00. 2
(). +2
. n-
, , , , . -,
+2 , ( ). , . , , .
/.
, , 4096 , 0, 16384, 32768,... ;
-. : , , n- .
-, - .

.
. ,
, , , , , .
, ,
. , .
,
.
: ,
, , . . 4.28, 6.
(. 4.29).
00 , . , 01, . ,
, 11 . , ,
, ( ). 2 , 4, 8 .
, . . 4.19
. ,
, , .
.

305

. 4.29.

, .
, ( ),
( , ). ,
, , . , . 4.29, , , .
, , . 4.28, . ,
, ,
516, 4000,
, 4000.
, , ,
[108]. k- , , - , , . , .

, , , .
, . ,
, .
. ,
for (1=0 1 < 1000000, 1++) {

306

4.

, .
,
.
'
( ), , UltraSPARC II,
( ). , , . , , . ,
,
.
,
[37]. ,
, ,
. ,
. , , , .

, . 2.5. ,
, . , , . ,
.
, , , (,
). - . , , ,
. . , .
,
() . , , , , . , .
, , , , ,
, . .

307

8 , , R0
R7. :
, Mic-4. ,
, +1.
, , +2.
, ,
n+ , . 4 6 .
. 4.12. , , . , (
). , , , ,
, +1
, +1
, .
16 .
4.12.

#
1
2

1
2
3
4

R3=R0*R1 1
R4=R0+R2 2
R5=R0+R1 3
R6=R1+R4 -

3
4

5
6
7
8
9

1
2
3

1
2
3
3
3
2
1

4
5 R7=R1'R2 5
6 R1=R0-R2 -

1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1

1
1
1
1

R1=R4+R4

1
1
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1

2
8

1
1
1
1
1

1 1
1 1
1

6
7

1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1

2 1
1 1
1
1
1

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

1
1
1
1
1

6
R3=R3*R1 -

10
11
12

1
1
2
2
2
1
1

2 1
4
5

13
14
15
16
17
18

-
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

1
1

308

4.

, .
. , , ,
, ,
.
(scoreboard), CDC 6600. , ,
,
, .
15 , 4- . , , , 1. ,
1.
, .
, . 16 . 4.12
.
, , . ,
,
.
. 4.12 1,
R0 1,113.
, , , R0 R1 , R3 .

R3 , 1. , 4. , ,
, . 0.
,
,
1. R0 R2, R4. , , :
1. - , (RAW).
2. , (WAR).
3. , (WAW).
RAW-, , ,

309

. . , . WAR- (Write After Read )

, . WAW- (Write After Write ) WAR-. , - (, ).
,
. 2 R0, , , 2 . 3 2.
4, R4. , , R4
(. 3 ). RAW-, , R4 . .
, .
, , 5,
. ,
, .
, 3. ,
( ), 3.
R4 ( 4). ?
. ? ,
R4 ?
. , .
, . , , - , .

[99]. ,
.
.
, 5 4,
5. , , ,
, .
6 , R1, R1 . 9.
8 , 15 -
,

310

4.

.
. 4.12 ,
.
: .
. . 4.13
,
.
3. , 4 , 5,
.
. , 5 , 4.
.
, , . , , , ,
( ). , ,
, , .
4.13.

#

1 R3=R0*R1
2 R4=R0+R2

1
2

1 1
2 1 1

1
1 1

3 R5^R0+R1 3
4 R6=R1+R4 5 R7^R1*R2 5
6 S1=R0-R2 6

3 2 1
3 2 1

1 1 1
1 1 1

3 3 2
4 3 3
3 3 2

1 1 1
1 1 1
1
1

1
3

3
3
3
2
1

4
7 R3=R3*S1
8 S2=R4+R4

4
8

5
6

-
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

7
4
5
8

4
4
4
3
2

2
2
2
2
2

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

1
1
3
3
3

2 1

3
2 1 1 3
1 1 1 2
1 2
1

1
1
1

1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1

1 1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1

1
1
1

1 1
1

6, 7 8 . 4.12. , 6 R1, -

311

7. , ,
8 R1. R1 6. ,
R1 , ,
, .
4.12 :
. R1 6 ( 3) 7 ( 4) S1, .
6 5. ,
. WAR- WAW-.
8 . R1
S2, ,
R1 , 6. ,
R1, S2
. , ,
, , , . 8 ,
( ) . ,
. , R0, 0 . R0
, R0 .
, .
. 4.12. ,
.
: , .

. .
. .
,

. (, i f whi I e),
. .

312

4.

, . 4.30. - evensum oddsum
( 4.6). ,
, .
4.6.
evesum=0,
oddsum-O;
i=0;
while (I<limit) {
k-i*i*i.

evens um=evensunH-k;
else
oddsum=oddsum+k;
i-i+l:

,
. , ,

. ,
. LOAD,
. .
evensum = 0;
oddsum = 0;
= 0;
while (i < limit) {

evensum = 0;
oddsum = 0;
= 0;
\
while (i < limit)

k = i * i * i;
if ((1/2)* 2) ==0)

k = i * i * i;
if((i/2)*2)= = 0)

evensum = evensum + k;
else

evensum = evensum + k;

oddsum = oddsum + k;

oddsum = oddsum + k;
1 = 1 + 1;

.*i+1;
i

. 4.30. , 4.6

. 4.30. , , evensum oddsum (- ).

LOAD ,

313

,
, . , , LOAD , - , . , ,
, .
, , , . ,
.
. , , , ,
,
4.6 . 4 30. , ( if),
. , , , () , .
, ,
.
, , (exception)?
LOAD, - - (, 256 ) ,
, .
LOAD ,
, -, ,
,
, , , ,
. , , .
( , 6,
LOAD , )
. SPECULATIVE-LOAD, -, , .
, , ,
. ,
, .

314

4.

:
if (x>0) z-y/x;
, z . ,
( )
i f. , 0,
0. , . ,
, ,
.
,
(exceptions). ,
(poison bit). , trap (), .
, trap (
). , .

, . , ,
. , ;
Pentium II, UltraSPARC II picojava .

Pentium II
Pentium II Intel. 32-
, 64- , 8-
16- , . 64 64 . Pentium II
. 3.47.
. 3.40, (SEC) Pentium II : ( ) - . . 4.31
: /, / , .
. , ROB
(ReOrder Buffer ). ,

315

/
ROB. ROB .
. ROB , , .
,
PCI

\7

\7

. 4 . 3 1 . Pentium

( - , ). -
, ,
-. Pentium II
- MESI, , UMA SMP 8.

/
/ ( ). . 4.32 IFU0,..., ROB.
/ ,
12. IFUO (IFU
Instruction Fetch Unit ), 32- . , ,
-. NEXT IP (NEXT Instruction
Pointer ) .

316

4.
-


IFU0

Next IP

IFU1

IFU2

ID0

m : ^

RAT
ROB

ROB

. 4.32. / ( )

Intel, IA-32 (32- Intel), , , IFU1, ,

. IFU1
30 IA-32 . ,
4 5 , ,
. IFU2 , .
0 (Instruction Decoding ). Pentium II IA-32 , Mic-4. , ,
. . .
ID0 .
, . .
, .
ID1. , . 4.23. -

317

( , ).
, ,
, , , , . 4 29, , . ,
12 , , .
, .
WAR WAW, Pentium II (), . 4.13. IA-32 40 , ROB.
RAT.
, ROB . , .
,
, . ROB, .

/
/, . 4.33.
, .
( ID0), , . , . ,
. , , .
, , ,
ROB , , , , , ,
, .
/ ,
20 , . , .
. , .

. , ,
.

318

4.

ROB/
ROB

. 4.33. /

, ,
ROB, .
/, . / , , . , , ,
.
Pentium II , ,
.
. , -
, ,

319

. . ,
, , .

UltraSPARC II
UltraSPARC, Sun, 9 SPARC. . , ,
UltraSPARC II , .
UltraSPARC II 64- 64-
64- , 8
( 32-) 32- , , 32- SPARC,
. 64 , 128 , Pentium II
32- 64- . UltraSPARC II . 3.44.
SPARC RISC. ,
. CISC RISC, Pentium II, .
UltraSPARC II , 4 . , . (
, , ).

PREFETCH, . . ,
PREFETCH , , , ,
, -,

UltraSPARC II
UltraSPARC II . 4.34.
.
- , . 16 -, 32 .
- (16 ) , . - 16 - .
32- , 2 16 .

 4.

320

/
-

. 4.34. UltraSPARC II

- . , . - (- )
.
UltraSPARC II.
/ Pentium II
(. . 4.31). ,
,
. - ,
- .
.
, - , , .
, .

321

2- , , . 4.29. , UltraSPARC II ,
,
. 12 , .
,
. , 4 ,
. ,
. . , , .
, , .
,
. , .
, - , , Pentium II.
/ LOAD STORE. - , . -
( LOAD) (
STORE). - write-al locate,
- ( STORE) - . ,
,
- , . - - ,
/ LOAD STORE,
,
.

UltraSPARC II
UltraSPARC II 9 .
(. 4.35). - (
). ( , , ,
. .) 4 .
. (, ).

322

4.

*-

**

N1

N2

. .

3 ^

. 4.35. UltraSPARC II

, . . 4 .
, .
. 4 . STORE
LOAD .
Ni N2 ,
.
, ,
.
4 .
.
. , ( 12 ) (
22 ),
.
N3, ,
, . ,
.
Pentium II , , .

picoJava II
picoJava II JVM
. JVM . 30 JVM . picoJava II traps ().
JVM, , .

323

picoJava II
picoJava II . 4.36.
- . - . 1 , 2 , 4 , 8
16 . - .
16 . - ,
1 , 2 , 4 , 8 16 .
-. 16 .
. -
32- . microjava 701 - , 16 .
picoJava II.
-

' 32

'32
-'
-

(0-16 )
'32

;,

(0-16 )

' 32

'2x32

i
f

'3x32

64 32-
64
. 4.36. picoJava II -
. microJava 701

- ,
8 . , ,
( ). 32 . (IEEE 754).
. 4.36 , 64
32- . 64
JVM, . ,

324

4.

,
( ,
- ).

96 . 2 32- 32- .
, , ,
62 . , . , , . ,
, , ,
, . , , , , .
, .
, .

picoJava
picoJava II . . 4.37.
-
8 . 16 . .
,
( ). picoJava II Pentium II:
CISC, RISC. , Pentium II, picoJava II

, . -,
, .

*-

. 4.37. picoJava II

( ), .
. - (, ). , .

325

, . , , :
(I)JVM :
ILOAD 7
IL0AD 1
IADD

ISTORE 3,

, k, m 7,1 3 .
. 4,38, .

SP-

SP *-

6
5
4

2
1
0

SP-*

k+m

k+m

k+m

ILOAD k
ILOAD m
IADD
ISTORE n

. 4.38.
n=k+m (); , ()

, , , , . ILOAD 7 ,
, 1. ILOAD 1 . IADD
, ISTORE . .
picojava II .
.
: ADD. , JVM, 9 ,

326

4.

, . 4.38,6. CISC , . , picojava II

Java, JVM,
, RISC.
, JVM
. , , . (. 4.14).
, . . IJVM , ILOAD,
a JVM . , ISTORE. .
, , .
4.14. JVM
^~-

NF

GOTO

LV

ILOAD

MEM

ISTORE

BG1

IFEQ

BG2

IF^CMPEQ

OP

IADD

74- ( ).
.
JVM ,
. , ,
JVM .
. , , .
. 4.15 JVM,
.
, , .
, ADD, . 4.38. ,
, .

327

4.15. JVM,


MEM

ILOAD, ILOAD, IADD, ISTORE

LV
LV

LV
LV

OP
OP

LV

LV

BG2

LV

ILOAD, IFEQ

LV

BG1
BG2

LV

MEM

ILOAD, ISTORE

MEM

IADD, ISTORE

ILOAD, ILOAD, IADD

ILOAD, ILOAD, IF_CMPEQ
ILOAD, IF_CMPEQ

,
JVM , RISC. , picojava II Java , Pentium,
, 15 , Pentium.
picojava II : , .
,
.
(6 12, Pentium II) .

Pentium, UltraSPARC picojava

, , - , . Pentium II CISC, Intel -,
. UltraSPARC II
RISC. Picojava II
, . '
,
. ,
, . .
. - , 16 .
, .
Mic- Mic-4, , , -

328

4.

, . 4.22 .
.
Pentium II, UltraSPARC II picojava II
. Pentium II
CISC, , . . 4.32
. picojava II
, . .
UltraSPARC II , .
RISC, , ,
- (,
Java ).
, Mic-4,
. Mic-4 Pentium II.
,
RISC. , . . Mic-4
,
, a Pentium II ,
, . ,
Pentium II, , . 4.32, Mic-4.
Mic-4 picojava . ,

, . ,
. Mic-4
IJVM ,
a picojava II () IJVM . i=j+k 14 Mic-4
1 picojava II. 14 . ,
, .
Mic-4 UltraSPARC II , UltraSPARC II RISC ( ).
, . , , .
. Pentium II 12 , UltraSPARC II 9 , picojava II 6 , Mic-4 7 . Pentium II , .
UltraSPARC II , ,
2 , -

329

,
. :
, . Mic-4
, ( , ,
RISC).

. , , , , .
.
.
,
. , . , ,
. ,
( ).
IJVM 1- , ,
(, )
Mic-1.
, ,
,

1 , ,
Mic-1 , . Mic-4, , .
.
-. -
-
, . , ( , ), .
, Pentium II, UltraSPARC II picojava II, , .

330

4.

Pentium II CISC , , . UltraSPARC II

64- RISC.
, . Picojavall , , , .
J VM
, RISC.
, , .

1. . 4.1
. .
2. Mic-1 1 MIR, 1
, 3
1 .
2 .
100 ? 150 ?
3. . 4.5 4- , . ?
4. . 4.5 . .
5. JMPC, MBR
NEXT_ADDRESS, . ,
JMPC, NEXT_ADDRESS OxlFF?
6. , , 4.1, i-0:
. ? , .
7. IJVM
Java: i=j+k+4;
8. Java , IJVM:
ILOAD j
ILOAD k
ISUB
BIPUSH 6
ISUB
DUP
IADD
ISTORE i

331

9. ,
if goto LI; else goto L2

L2 256 . L1, , 0x40,

a L2 0x140? , .
10. Mic-1 if__cmpeq3
MDR ,
TOS. , :
if_cmpeq3 Z-MDR-TOS. rd

11.

12.

13.

14.

?
Mic-1,
200 , Java: i=j+k;
.
, , Mic-2
200 . , ,
Mic-2,
Mic-1 100 ?
JVM 1-
0 3, IL0AD. IJVM,
?
ISHR ( ) JVM, IJVM.
().
, . 0
31 ,
( 27 ).
, .
ISHR 122 (0x7).

1. 2?
2. , IJVM.
15. ISHR ( ) JVM,
IJVM. (). ,
. 0 31 , ( 2 ).
, . ISHL 120 (0x78).
1. 2?
2. , IJVM.
16. INVOKEVIRTUAL JVM , . ?

332

4.

17. Mic-1, JVM

POPTWO. .
18. JVM DLOAD Mic-2. 1-6~
, ,
. .
19. .
. , 4 2 ,
. (0, 0), ,
. (1,0). , . (0,0) (1,0) .
(0,1), , ,
(0, 1) , , .
20. . , , ? , ?
21. , , , . 4.29. .
22. , . 4.18,
6 .
5- ? 4-?
23. .
. - ,
, , 12 ? , ? , ?
24. Mic-2 if_icmpeq6
, Z 1.
, gotol. gotol ,
?
25. Mic-4
IJVM , . ,
IJVM . IJVM
, , Mic-1.
?
26. -. , 80%
- ,
15% - , 5% .
5 , 15 60 , ,
, (, -
, npoMLx -
). ?

333

27. - , ,
-. ,
?
28. . 4.27 4- - 3- -.
, , ,
. , 4- -. ? .
29. .
, 20% ?
.
30. , 20 . 4
, 90%. , ?
31. , ,
. 4.12, 16 8.
6, R8 . , 6?
32. . - WAW-, ? ?
33 Mic-1 , LV , .
34. - .
. .

.
, 1.2. . , ( )
:
. ,
,
, , C++, FORTRAN 90
, . . , , , .
, , ,
, ,
( ).
. , , . . 5.1 ,
.
, , , , . -
, , .
, - ,
, , ,
.
, ,
. , ,
?. :

335

? :

? - , , .
.

FORTRAN 90

FORTRAN 90,

. 5 . 1 .

, , . .
, .
,
, - ,
.
, , ,
. ,
. 1 , .
, . ,

25%. ,
( ) .
, (,
)
. , .

336

? . -, ,
,
.
. . , ,
, . ,
,
,
.
-,
. , .
, ,

. ,
, , .

, . ,
.
. , .

, . , .
, (
). , , , , . .
.
,
, ,
. ., , .

337

, , . , , , back-to-back
, ,
. , . , ,
.
,
, .
, V9 SPARC (Version 9 SPARC) JVM [156, 85]. ,

,
SPARC , SPARC, . , , SPARC (
). , , ,
, . ., ,
.
,
, , ,
, . . , , :

, , ,
, .
:
.
, - , . ,
.
, V9 SPARC ,
: , V9 SPARC .
JVM: ( , picojava II)
JVM. Pentium II , Intel , Pentium II. Intel
,
.

338

5.

, , , .
. . . (, ,
-). .

, .
8 , 1 60 (. . 2.1).
8 . 8- : ASCII 7 , ASCII
.
UNICODE, , , 16-. , 24 , 23, 4 , 3 .
4- (32-) 8- (64-) . , . ,
, 4- 0,4,8 . .,
1 2. 8 0,8 16,
4 6. 8- . 5.2.

15 14 13 12 11 10

24
16
8

8-
8

-*

8 -

Ij
19 18 ! 17 ! 16
15 14 13 12

! I

24
16
8

8-
12

. 5.2. 8 : (); ().

,

339

,
. , Pentium II,
8 , 36- ,
33 , . 3.41. , Pentium II
,
. 0,
8 .

. Pentium II , , 8088 1 , ,
8- . Pentium II 4- 7,
, 0- 7-, ,
8- 15-. 4 16 , ,
, 4- .

, . , , .
: 8088, ? :
.
,
0 - , 232 24 .

, 8
8 .
, , .
-, 232 232 , 32- . -,
, , ,
.
,
, - .
,
, : . -
, -
.
. ,
LOAD, STORE
, . ,
4, .

340

5.

, ,
, . ,
, .

. , , , . ,
( ).
, . , SYNC, ,
. ,
, ,
, .
, (, , RAW- WAR-),
.
( , ),
. , , , - . . .

, . , ,
, . , , TOS MAR
(. . 4.1), . , , . ,
, ,
.
: .
, .

. ,
( ). RISC ( ) 32
, .

341

. ,
R1, R25.
.
. , Pentium II EDX, ,
.
, ,
. , ,
. R1, , R1 , , , R1 .
- ,
, .
, ,
, . -,
, -
. , .
, - . , PSW (Program State
Word . ,
. .
. :

N , (Negative);
Z , 0 (Zero);
V , (oVerflow);
,
(Carry out);

, 3 (Auxiliary
carry );
, (Parity).
,
. ,
.

342

5.

, 0 Z. BEQ (Branch Equal )

Z , .
. . (, ), (
), , . ,
(, , ).

, , . . LOAD STORE ( )
MOVE
.
. (. . 4.2.).
.

Pentium II
: IA-32 Intel ( Pentium II), Version 9 SPARC (
SPARC) JVM ( picojavall).
.
, . Pentium II.
Pentium II . , 1.
, 8086 8088 ( ),
8080 8- , 70- . 8080, , 8008, 4004
(4- , ).
, 8086 8088
16- ( 8088 8- ). 80286 16-. ,
, 16 384 64 , 224- .

343

80386 32- ,
Intel. (80486, Pentium, Pentium Pro, Pentium II,
Celeron ) 32- , IA-32, . 80386 Pentium
Pentium II .
Pentium II 3 ,
8086. ,
8088, , Pentium II 8088. , . Intel ,
, ( , ,
..).
8086,
, 8088, . 8088,
, 8088, ,
, .
WINDOWS MS-DOS, "", , 8086, WINDOWS MS-DOS.
, Pentium II
Pentium II, 8088. 4 , . 0 .
. 3
. , -
. 1 2 . Pentium II
. 16 384 , 0 2 3 J -1. ( UNIX WINDOWS)
,
232 , . .
32 . (
).
Pentium II . 5.3.
, , EDX 32-. , .
; ( ); ; EDX

344

5.

64- .
16- 16 8-
8 . 16- 8- . 8088 80286
8- 16- . 32-
80386 (Extended ).
,
. ESI EDI , , ESI , a EDI . .
, LV IJVM.
. , ESP .
-*-

16-

DH

X
X

-
D X

AL

BL

CL

DL

EDX

ESI
EDI

ESP

CS
SS
DS
ES
FS
GS

EIP

EFLAGS
. 5.3. Pentium

345

CS GS . , 8088,
22 , 16- . ,
Pentium II 32-
, . EIP (Extended Instruction Pointer ).
EFLAGS .

UltraSPARC II
SPARC 1987 Sun Microsystems.

RISC. , 80-
[110,113]. SPARC 32- , UltraSPARC II 64- , Version 9,
.
UltraSPARC II,
UltraSPARC .
UltraSPARC II :
2 . ,
(18 446 744 073 709 551 616 ), . , (2 UltraSPARC II), . ,
, .
, , ! , , -, ,
.
, . , : ,
. - ,
, - 32-
4 .
SPARC ,
, .
, ,
.
UltraSPARC II : 32 64- 32 . R0-R31,
. . 5.1.

346

5.

5 . 1 . UltraSPARC II

RO

GO

0. , ,

R1-R7

G1-G7

R8-R13

0-5

R14

SP

R15

07

R16-R23

L0-L7

R24-R29

I0-I5

R30

FP

R31

17

64-. , R0, 0,
. , . 5.1, , ,
. , , SPARC.
, . ,
,
, , , ,
.
,
, , , .
1 , . , .
. FP SP
. , LV
. 4.9. ,
. FP
. R31.
.
UltraSPARC II 32
, 32 .
, , . . 5.4. , .
,

347

. 32 .
CWP (Current Window Pointer ) ,
.
R0
R1

GO
G1

R0
R1

GO
G1

0
1

R7

G7

R7

G7

R8

R13 0 1
R14 SP
R15 07

R8

R13

OS

R14

SP

R15

07

R16

L0

R16

L0

R23

L7 7

R24

10

R29

15
FP
17

R30
R31

R23

L7 7

R24

R29

15
FP
17

R30
R31

CWP

. 5.4. UltraSPARC II

CWP ,
.
, . : R8 R15 ,

348

5.

R24 R31. . .
, ( , ), ,
.
, . .
, , . , .
UltraSPARC II 32 ,
32- ( ), 64- (
) . ,
128- .
UltraSPARC II /. ,
,
LOAD () STORE (),
. ( ),
( ).

Java
JVM , .
JVM. JVM
, IJVM, 4 (. . 4.9), , . .
4 : , , . , Mic-x
IJVM LV, SP, PC .
;
. JVM
, ( ) .

. Java: ,
- ,
. , .
, , IJVM,
.
64 . , , 64 . 64 . JVM : 16 .

349

, 64 .
, 64 .
, . JVM
, , , . Java
:
int a[]-new -int[4096]

,
. ,
JVM, .
,
. ,
, ( ), . .
, . . ; .
JVM ,
. .
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351

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352

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353

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354

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358

5.

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359

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R/M

. 5.9. Pentium II

, , ,
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, 11
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4 , . , , ,
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360

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361

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362

5.

, . 8
WIDE GOTO WIDE JSR,
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Java switch. , JVM,
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32-

=,

SH0RT=HHfl6KC,

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. 5 . 1 1 . JVM

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256 , ,
IJVM.
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363

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65 536
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256 ,
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256 2- ,
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256 4 , 3.
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364

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0ESTINATI0N=S0URSEl+S0URSE2.

REGISER2-REGISTER2+S0URSE1.

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365

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366

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R1. - , R2,
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. , +4096.
, , 5.1.

367

5 . 1 .
MOV Rl.#0
R1. 0
MOV R2,#A
;R2=aflpec
MOV R3,#A+4096
;R3=aflpec
LOOP: ADD R1.(R2)
R2
ADD R2,#4
R2 (4)
CMP R2.R3
;
BLT LOOP
: R2<R3.

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368

5.

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1024 , , , .
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5 . 2 .
(Ai Bi) 1024
MOV Rl,#0
; R1.
MOV R2.#0
:R2= A [ i ] B [ i ]
MOV R3.#4096 ;R3=nepBoe
LOOP:

MOV R4.A(R2) ;R4-A[i]

AND R4,B(R2) ;R4=A[l] B [ i ]
OR R1.R4
ADO R2.#4
-1+4
CMP R2.R3
; ?
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; R2<R3,

4 :
1. R1 .
2. R2 i, .
3. R3 4096. i, .
4. R4 .
.
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. (R2) ( )
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.
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MOV

R4

R2

124300

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369

R2 0 ( ),
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AND R4,(R2+R6)

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8- 16- .

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370

5.

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371

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1

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5.5.

AxB+CxD

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A B+CxD+ E F + G +/

. . , . . 5.5
.

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372

5.

.
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373

5.6.

1
2

825+132+4-/
25+132+4-/

BIPUSH 8
BIPUSH 2

8
8,2

5+132+4-/

BIPUSH 5

8,2,5

+132+4-/

IMUL

8,10

+132+4-/

IADD

18

6
7

132+4-/
32+4-/

BIPUSH 1

18,1

BIPUSH 3

18,1,3

2+4-/

BIPUSH 2

18,1,3,2

+ 4-/

IMUL

18,1,6

10

+ 4-/

IADD

18,7

11

4-/

BIPUSH 4

18,7,4

12

-/
/

ISUB

18,3

IDIV

13

,
, .
.
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32- (. 5.16).
256 . 1
.
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.
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32 . LOAD

374

5.

STORE, 3.
(, R0 ), .

. 5.16.

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32-
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8- , 12
12 .
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375

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96 , ,
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32- , i HJ
16 . 16
32- . 8- 4- ,
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,
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Pentium II
Pentium II
, 16- 32-. 16- . 32-. , ,
,
. ,

. .
MODE . 5.9 .
MOD R/M.
REG. 5.7
32 2- MOD 3- R/M. ,
0, ,
.
01 10 ,
8- 32- , . 8- , 32-
. , ADD R/M=011, MOD=01
, 6, 6,
.
.

 5.

376

5.7. 32- Pentium II.

[]
MOD
R/M

00

01

10

11

000
001

[]
[]

[+ 8]

[+ 32]

AL

[+ 8]

[+ 32]

CL

010

M[EDX]

MtEDX+ 8]

[+ 32]

EDX DL

011

[]

[+8]

[+32]

BL

100

SIB

SIB 8

SIB 32

ESP

101

[+8]

[+32]

110

M[ESI]

M[ESI+CMEU4EHME8]

[1+32]

ESI DH

111

M[EDI]

M[EDI+CMEU4EHHE 8]

MtEDI+ 32]

EDI

MOD=11 . , . ,
. ,
ESP.
MODE SIB (Scale, Index,
Base , , ) (. . 5.9). SIB
. SIB, 1, 2, 4 8 (
SCALE), , , 8- 32- , MOD. , .
SIB . Java:
for (i=0; i<n; i++) a[i]=0;

4- , .
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SIB, 4, 8.
a[i] .
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377

, . ,
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20 ,
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[0]

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[4*++8]

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. 5.18. a[i]

UltraSPARC II
UltraSPARC , ,
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: (LOAD),
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LOAD STORE . '
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JVM
JVM , , , (
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378

5.

. LOAD,
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.

.
Pentium II, UltraSPARC II JVM . 5.8. , .
5.8.

Pentium II

UltraSPARC II

JVM

X
X

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X

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379

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4 , 4 . LOAD , STORE
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380

5.

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( ), . ,
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, .
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8- . ,
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:
10110111 10111100 11011011 10001011
00000000 11111111 00000000 00000000 ()
00000000 10111100 00000000 00000000
16 , .
.
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, , :
10110111 10111100 11011011 10001011
11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000 ()
10110111 10111100 00000000
00000000 00000000 00000000 01010111
10110111 10111100 01010111 ()

381

,
, . , , . , , .
,
.
, . 2 :
, . , IEEE 754.
.

. ,
, , .
.
. ,
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00000000 00000000 00000000 01110011
00000000 00000000 00000000 00011100 2
11000000 00000000 00000000 00011100 2
. -
, ,
n-k .
. ,
, , (0 1), . ,
, .
2 :
1111111 11111111 11111111 11110000
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1111111 11111111 11111111 11111100
2. ,
, 2.
, , 2.

382

5.

. 18, . 18xn=16xn+2xn. 16xn

4 . 2 , 1 .
18. , , , ,
. ,
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. , , -1 .
1 -3. 1
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11111111 11111111 11111111 11111110 -1
11111111 11111111 11111111 11111100 -1 1 (-3)
11111111 11111111 11111111 11111000 -1 2(-7)
2. .
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6 - 1 , , -1/64 0:
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11111111 11111111 11111111 11111111 -1, 6 ,

-1

, .
2.
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1 ,
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383

NEG.
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384

5.

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000
100 ( )
001
101
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011
111
100
000
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010
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385

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386

5.

, . 5.3. ( Java,
goto.)
, <0.
, .

. ,
, . ,
, .
, 0, ,
.
5.4 ,
<0. ,
, ,
.
5.3.
i=l:
L1:
:

:
1-1+1:
if (i<n) goto LI:

5.4.
i=l:
LI:
if(i>n) goto L2:
:
:
i=i+l:
goto LI:

L2:
, :
for (i=0; i<n: 1++) {}

,
, 5.4, <0. , >0 (, , ), , 5.3. - FORTRAN ,
. ( 5.3).
1977 ,
FORTRAN ,
, .

-
, -. -:
1. - .
2. - .
3. - .

387

.
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,
( , ).
.
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.
.
1- , . 5.19. :
.
: .
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4 , .
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. 5.19.

2 , , 6 , . 1 , .
1 6, .
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CHARACTER AVAILABLE ( ) 0.
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388

5.

,
1. , .
, , 0. ,
, READY 1 .
- ,
Java ( 5.5). : , , , ( 1 ). ,
.
, , ,
.
in out , , , . 128 7 , READY 0.
5.5. -
public static void output_buffer(int buf[]. int count) {
//
int status, i. ready;
for (i=0; i<count; i++) {
do {
status=in(display_status_reg); //

ready=(status7)&0x01:
//

} while (ready==l);
out(display_buffer_reg, buf[i]);
- ,
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( ). - , , , -.
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389

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32

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32 100 (, 4), 32,100 4
(, 1) ,

390

5.

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1 1.
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Pentium II
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, 8088. 5.21 , . ,
, ,
(, 8- ). ,
Pentium .
Pentium II , , . , ADD

391

, INC 1. . ,
, , .
.
5.21 SRC (SOURCE).
. DST (DESTINATION).
. , , , , .
: 8-, 16- 32- . / . . 5.21 32- .
. , : , . . 64-
: ( ) EDX ( ).
- .
4- . 1 ( 0 9). 1010 1111 .
, 16- 0
9999. ,
, .
- . COBOL.

. .

. EFLAGS. Jxx
, ( EFLAGS).
Pentium II , , ,
.
REP (repetition ), , (, ,
1 , 0). , (, . .)
.
, . , , .

392

5.

MOV DST, SRC

SRC DST

PUSH SRC

SRC

POP DST

DST

XCHGDS1.DS2

DS1 DS2

LEA DST, SRC

SRC DST

CMOV DST, SRC

ADD DST, SRC

SRC DST

SUB DST, SRC

SRC DST

MUL SRC

EAX SRC ( )

IMUL SRC

SRC ( )

DIV SRC

EDX:EAX SRC ( )

IDV SRC

EDX:EAX SRC ( )

ADC DST, SRC

SRC DST

SBB DST, SRC

DST SRC

INC DST

1 DST

DEC DST

1 DST

NEG DST

DST ( DST 0)
-

DAA

DAS

ASCII

AAS

ASCII

ASCII

AAD

ASCII

AND DST, SRC

SRC DST

OR DST, SRC

SRC DST

XOR DST, SRC

SRC DST

NOT DST

DST 1
/

SAL/SAR DST, #

DST / #

SHL/SHR DST, #

DST / #

ROL/ROR DST, #

DST / #

ROL/ROR DST, #

DST #
/

TSTSRC1.SRC2

CMPSRC1.SRC2

SRC1-SRC2

. 5 . 2 1 . Pentium ()

393

JMPADDR

Jxx ADDR

CALL ADDR

RET

IRET

LOOPxx

INT ADDR

INTO

LODS

STOS

MOVS

CMPS

SCAS

STC

EFLAGS

CLC

EFLAGS

CMC

EFLAGS

STD

EFLAGS

CLD

EFLAGS

STI

EFLAGS

CLI

EFLAGS

PUSHFD

EFLAGS

POPFD

EFLAGS

LAHF

EFLAGS

SAHF

EFLAGS

SWAP DST

DST

CWQ

EDX:EAX

SWDE

16-

ENTER SIZE, LV

LEAVE

, ENTER

NOP

HLT
IN AL, PORT

OUT PORT, AL

WAIT

SRC = (source);
DST = (destination);

# = ;
LV = #

. 5 . 2 1 . Pentium II ()

394

5.

Pentium II . (REP) . , ( WIDE IJVM). REP , , , 0,

. REPZ REPNZ
, Z 1 0 .
LOCK , . ,
16- 32- .
, .

UltraSPARC II
UltraSPARC II . 5.22. , (, -, ), , , ,
. : UltraSPARC II
RISC.
LOAD STORE .
1, 2,4 8 . 64- 64 , , . .
. .
CISC , RISC
,
, . ... ... ,
, , , . , , ,
. , .
, 30- .
, Smalltalk Prolog,
.
ADD, ,
ADD ADD .

. : 32- 64-.
. CISC
, .

LDSB ADDR, DST

LDUB ADDR, DST
LDSH ADDR, DST
LDUH ADDR, DST
LDSW ADDR, DST
LDUW ADDR, DST
LDX ADDR, DST

(8 )
(8 )
(8 )
(16 )
(32 )
(32 )
(64 )

STB SRC, ADDR

STH SRC, ADDR
STW SRC, ADDR
STX SRC, ADDR

(8 )
(16 )
(32 )
(64 )

ADDR1.S2, DST
ADDCC
ADDC
ADDCCC
SUBR1.S2, DST
SUBCC
SUBC
SUBCCC
MULXR1.S2, DST
SDIVXR1.S2, DST
UDIVXR1.S2, DST
TADCCR1.S2, DST
SLLR1.S2, DST
SLLXR1.S2, DST
SRLR1.S2, DST
SRLXR1.S2, DST
SRAR1.S2, DST
SRAXR1.S2, DST

/
(32 )
(64 )
(32 )
(64 )
(32 )
(64 )

ANDR1.S2, DST"
ANDCC "
ANDN "
ANDNCC"
ORR1.S2, DST"
ORCC"
ORN"
ORNCC"
XORR1.S2, DST"
XORCC"
XNOR"
XNORCC"

-
-


-
-


-
-

. 5.22. UltraSPARC II ()

395

396

5.

ADDR

BPr SRC, ADDR

CALL ADDR

RETURN ADDR

JMPL ADDR, DST

SAVER1.S2, DST

RESTORE "

, TRAP#

PREFETCH FNC

LDSTUB ADDR, R

MEMBAR MASK

SETHI CON, DST

10 13

MOVcc CC, S2, DST

MOVr, R1.S2, DST

NOP

POPCS1.DST

RDCCR V, DST

WRCCR, R1.S2, V

RDPC V, DST

SRC =
(source register);
DST =
(destination redister);
R1 = ;
S2 = : ;

;
ADDR = ;

TRAP# =
;
FCN = ;
MASK = ;
CON = ;
V = ;

= ;
R = ;
= ;
= LZ, LEZ, 2, NZ, GZ, GEZ

. 5.22. UltraSPARC II ()

. AND (), ((), EXCLUSIVE OR ( ), ANDN (-),

ORN (-) XNOR ( -).
,
, . RISC .
. ,
. , .

397

. CALL
4 (. . 5.10) 30- .
, 2 . CALL R15,
R31.
JMPL,
1 lb, .
,
.
SAVE RESTORE . , () .
, .
SETHI , 32- . SETHI 10
31, , .
1 .
.
CISC, , , GO, -
( lb). . 5.9. UltraSPARC II . , GO 0
.

picoJava II
picoJava II.
JVM (226 ), 115 ,
, C++ . JVM, Java
. JVM , , , . ( picoJava II 64 , .)
JVM , , , . JVM
picoJava II, , .
, ,
, , JVM, .
, ,
-, ( ).

398

5.

5.9. UltraSPARC II

MOV SRC, DST

OR SRC GO DST

CMP SRC1, SRC2 SRC2 SRC1 ( SUBCC) GO

TST SRC
NOT DST
NEG DST
INC DST

ORCC SRC GO GO
XNOR DST GO
SRC2 SRC1 ( SUBCC) GO
1 DST ( ) ADD

DEC DST

1 DST ( ) SUB

CLR DST

OR GO GO DST

NOP

SETHI GO

RET

JMPL%l7+8, %G0

JVM .
JVM ( , ) . 5.23.
JVM . . , ILOAD
32- , ALOAD 32- . , 32 , ,
32- .
,
, - (,
,
).
JVM. typeLOAD IND8.
, . JVM , ,
.
type : I, L, F D, integer ( ), long, float (32- )
double (64- ) . ,
4 (ILOAD, LLOAD, FLOAD DLOAD),
8- IND8 .
ILOAD,
, , .
typeALOAD.
. .
, ,
, .
, . , .

399

typeLOAD IND8
typeALOAD
BALOAD
SALOAD
CALOAD
AALOAD

short integer

typeSTORE IND8
typeASTORE
BASTORE
SASTORE
CASTORE
AASTORE

short

BIPUSH CON8
SIPUSHCON16
LDC IND8
typeCONST_*
ACONS_NULL

16-

typeADD
typeSUB
typeMUL
typeDIV
typeREM
typeNEG

HAND
NOR
ilXOR
ilSHL
lISHR
ilUSHR

i2c
i2b

DUPxx
POP
2
SWAP

. 5.23. ()

400

5.

IF ICMPrel 0FFSET16
IF ACMPEQ 0FFSET16
IF ACMPNE0FFSET16
IFrel 0FFSET16
IFNULLOFFSET16
IFNONNULLOFFSET16
LCMP
FCMPL
FCMPG
DCMPL
DCMPG

, 0
, 0
long
<
>
double <
double >

INVOKEVIRTUAL IND16

INVOKESTATIC IND16
INVOKEINTRFACE
INVOKESPECIAL IND16
JSROFFSET16
tipeRETURN
ARETURN
RETURN
RET IND8
G 0 T 0 0FFSET16

ANEWARRAYIND16
NEWARRAY ATYPE
MULTINEWARRAY 1N16, D
ARRAYLENGTH

IINCIND8, CON16
WIDE
NOP
GETFIELDIND16
PUTFIELD IND16
GETSTATIC IND16
NEWIND16
INSTANCEOF 0FFSET16
CHECKCASTIND16
ATHROW
LOOKUPSWITCH...
TABLESWITCH...
MONITORENTER
MONITOREXIT
IND 8/16 =
;
CON 8/16, D, ATYPE = ;

type, , = I, L, F, D;
OFFSET 16

. 5.23. JVM ()

401

, . byte ( 8 ), short (16 ), char ( 16 ) pointer ( 32 ).

, 12 LOAD.
typeSTORE typeLOAD.
.
(ISTORE) , IJVM. . . , .
.
PUSH . I PUSH . SIPUSH , 16- .
LDC .
(integer, long,
float double). , . , ICONST0 (
0x03) 32- 0.
BIPUSH, . JVM . : Integers ( ) - 1 , 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5; longs 0 1; floats ( ) 0,0, 1,0 2,0
doubles 0,0 1,0. CONST_NULL . 1 - ,
Java .
.
4 . long. AND
JVM. 2 4x4 . (
), 12 . I2F, .
, (
).
.

. , , . ,
. rel : LT, LE, EQ,
NE, GE GT. , . .
. IJVM INVOKEVIRTUAL IRETURN. ,

402

5.

, .
. . [85].
4 . JVM
( ),
.
. , -
Java. .
picojava II. ( ,
). 32 , 8,16 64 .
IJVM ( JVM ).
picojava II Java, C++.
C++, ,
C++ picojava . C++ JVM, ,
4, C++.
C++ picojava II,
115 .

JVM (OxFE OxFF), ,
.
picojava II, JVM.
picojava II 25 32- .
PC, LV, SP IJVM.
OPLIM SP. SP OPLIM, .
, . FRAME
, .
, , 64- , , . , 4 4
C++. picojava II
, ,
C++, . 5 .
.
. .
, -

403

, . ., . Java, C++.
C++, JVM. , ,
-. ,
. , , JVM.

. Pentium II
32- CISC.
, , , . UltraSPARC II
64- RISC /,
. JVM
, , .
Pentium II :
1. .
2. .
3. .
.
. -
,
, . Intel Pentium II
, . ,
4,
, picojava II, ,
UltraSPARC II.
UltraSPARC II. 64- ( 128 ). , ,
LOAD STORE. , -
. UltraSPARC II,
.
JVM .
,
. .
(

404

5.

1,8 ). ,
JVM
, .
64
RISC picojava II
.
/ RISC. UltraSPARC II
. Pentium II
RISC, CISC
RISC. picojava II RISC, RISC.

,
, . .
,
, .
. .
(traps) . .

. , .
, . , . , ,
, . 5.24, .
,
.
,
. 5.24, . . ,
, . [31]
GOTO ,
goto. ,
goto , while. , -

405

,
, if, while
.

. 5.24. ():
(); ()

. , , , , , .
, .
, .
, , ,
.
. ,
,
. ,
. .
,
. .
64 , .
. .
3 , . , , . , -

406

5.

, 64, , ,
. , 64 , . 5.25 ,
() 5.
1

. 5.25.

1 3, -1 1 2, 1
3, -1 2 3.
. 5.26.
, i ]. ,
towers (n I j)

. , .
, : i j.
1, , ,
.
5.6.
towers (3. 1 3)

towers (2 1 2)
towers (I 1.3)
towers (2, 2 3)
,
.
5.6.
public void towers (int n. int l. int j)
int k.
if (n==l)
System out ' " + i + "" + j ) . else
k=6-i-j.
towers(n-l. l, k)
towers ( 1 . i . j ) .
towers (n-1. k. j ) .

407

1
2

1
3

2
3

. 5.26.

, , IJVM.
.
, .
, IJVM.
, ,
(FP Frame Pointer),

408

5.

. , IJVM,
. . 5.27
32- . towers n, i j, CALL,
, 1012. FP (1000)
1016, . 32-
(k) SP (Stack Pointer ) 4 1020.
. 5.27, .
, , , FP (, ), SP FP , ,
, , FP .
FP , IJVM LV . , , ,
, . 5.27. . 5.27
. 4.12, . .
.
, , ,
, .
, .
. , . ENTER LEAVE
Pentium II , . , , , .
. ,
. , .
towers (3. 1, 3)
. 5.27, .
, , , =3,
towers (2. 1. 2)
. 5.27, .
(
). =1 ,

towers (1. 1, 3)

409

SP

-->

SP -->

J=3

j=2

1056

i=1

i=1

1052

n=1

1048
1044

=1024

FP - >

1060

k=3

k=3

FP
=1000

- FP
=1000

FP
=1000

j=2

j=2

j=2

j=2

1032

i=1

i=1

i=1

i=1

1028

n=2

n=2

n=2

n=2

1024

k=2

k=2

k=2

k=2

1020

FP

FP

FP

FP

FP

1016

1012

j=3

j=3

J=3

j=3

j=3

1008

i=1

i=1

i=1

i=1

i=1

1004

n=3

n=3

n=3

n=3

n=3

1000

FP
=1000

FP " >

FP-K

n=1

1064

k=3

SP -->

SP-^

->

1068

- FP
=1024

- FP

FP

k=3

>

. 5.27. 5.6

1040
1036

410

5.

. 5.27, .
. ,
. .
, FP SP (. . 5.27, ). :
towers (1. 1. 2)
(. . 5.27, ). . . ,
, . 5.27, , .
, ,

towers (3. 1. 3)

. , (. 5.28).
- , .
, , , . , . (
, .) ,
( ), (
).
, ,
; , ,
. ,
, , ,
. , , .
.
, ,
( , )
, , .
, .
,
, .
, , . 5.29. -

411

, . ,
( ), ,
. , ,
.

. 5.28.

, .
, . . , .

412

5.

. 5.29. ,
,

CALL RETURN ,
, , , ,
,
. , . ,
, ,
.
, , .
,
.

(trap) ,
. , . . , -

413

, . ,
- , .
( ), - , . , .
, - ,
. .
1- , , . , ,
. .
.
, ( ). ,
. , , .
,
, - . , , ,
, , .
, ,
, , , , ,
-,
0.

, , - -. ,

, . ,

, - .
.
, , .
, ( ,
) .

414

5.

: , .
, ,
, . ,
, .
, , : .
, , ptr, , count,
, . ,
, , (, , . 5.30). -, - .
.
. ( ).
:
1.
.
2. , .
3. , , ,
( , ). 1.
4.
.
5.
.
6.
,
. , , 4 ,
4.
,
.
(,
).
1

: . . , , , . ,
, , . . . .

415

:
1. , , , .
.
2. ,
, . , -
.
3. , .
4. -, .
5. ptr count .
1, , 1,
, 1 . count ,
, . , ptr, .
6. ,
, .
7. .
8. RETURN FROM INTERRUPT ( ): ,
. , .
.
, - - , , , . ,
, .
-, , .
-, , , . ,
- .
. ( )
. , ,
. ,
9600 1042 .
, ,
.
-, , -

416

5.

. , . , .
, ,

. , , , .
,
,
. . -: , RS232 2,4 5 . (t=0; t ) . t= 10 .
, . 5.30.
,
2
RS232,

RS232,
5

,
2

10
I

15

20

25

RS232

[!

35

40

[!"

. 5.30. .

t=15 RS232 . RS232

(5), (2), .
, , , RS232.
, t=20, . (4)
, -

417

(5), , . t=25 RS232,

,
RS232, ,
2.
2, , 4
.
. , t=40
,
.
8088 Intel () : .
, . -
.
- ,
256 ,
. 8- .
. .

,

.
Intel (, 8259). (, ) .
, .
, . , -
.
,
.

, , . ( ) . 5.6
Java. .
, Java, Pentium II UltraSPARC II ,

418

5.

- Java. Java printf

printfC" %6 %d\r\", i,j)
printf ( *d , ). , : .
Pentium II UltraSPARC II, - Java , .
JVM Java. : .

Pentium II
5.7
Pentium . . , ( N, )
+8, i j +12 +16 . +20.
5.7. Pentium II

.586
; Pentium
.MODEL FLAT
PUBLIC _towers
; 'towers'
EXTERN _printf:NEAR
; printf
.CODE
_towers: PUSH EBP
( )
MOV EBP. ESP
[ ESP
CMP[EBP+8].l
;if(n==l)
JNE LI
;, ?1
MOV EAX. [EBP+16] ;printf("...". i. j);
PUSH EAX
; i. j
MOV EAX. [+12] ;
PUSH EAX
; .
PUSH OFFSET FLAT:format : OFFSET FLAT -
CALL _printf
; printf
ADD ESP. 12
:
JMP Done
;
MOV EAX.6
; k=6-i-j
SUB EAX. [EBP+12] :EAX=6-i
SUB EAX. [EBP+16] ;EAX-6-i-j
MOV [EBP+20], EAX ;k=EAX
PUSH EAX
; towers(n-l, . )
MOV EAX. [EBP+12] ;EAX=i
PUSH EAX
; i
MOV EAX. [EBP+8] ;EAX=n
DEC EAX;EAX=n-l
PUSH EAX
; n-1
CALL _towers
; towers(n-1. i, 6-i-j)

Done:

ADD ESP. 12
MOV EAX. [EBP+16]
PUSH EAX
MOV EAX, [EBP+12]
PUSH EAX
PUSH 1
CALL towers
ADD ESP. 12
MOV EAX. [EBP+12]
PUSH EAX
MOV EAX, [EBP+20]
PUSH EAX
MOV EAX. [EBP+8]
DEC EAX:!-n-l
PUSH EAX
CALL towers
ADD ESP. 12
LEAVE
RET 0

419

:
towers (1, i, j)
: j
:EAX=i
: i
1
; towersCl, t, j)
:
. towers(n-l. 6-i-j. i)
. i
:EAX=k
:
: =
; -1
: towersn-1, 6-i-j. i)
:
;
.

.DATA
format
DB " %d d\n" [
END
.
ESP .
1, >1, el se. then : , i j, .
,
.
. printf ,
, , .
ESP 12, . , () ESP .
else L1. 6-i-j, . .
, . .
.
. ,
.

UltraSPARC II
UltraSPARC . 5.8. UltraSPARC II
, ,

420

5.

. , ( ).
, Pentium II (
, ).
5.8. UltraSPARC II

/* N - 0 */
N iO
/* I - 1 */
Mil
J i2
/* J - 2 */
10
/* - 0 */
ParamO SoO /* ParamO - 0 */
Paraml Xol /* Paraml - 1 */
Param2 2 /* Param2 - 2 */
Scratch XII /*.: */
.proc 04
.global towers
towers: save *sp.-112. *sp
cmp N, 1
if(n= 1)
bne Else
if (n != 1) goto Else
sethi hi(format). ParamO
printf(" %d %d\n". i, j)
or ParamO. Xlo(format). ParamO
ParamO =
mov I. Paraml
Paraml = i
call printf
printf 2 (j)
mov J. Param2
2
b Done

#define
#define
#define
#define
#define
#define
Idefine
#define

Else:

mov 6.
sub K.J.K
sub K.I,

= -i-j
k-6-j

add N, -1. Scratch

mov Scratch, ParamO
mov I. Paraml
call towers
mov K, Param2
mov 1, ParamO
mov I. Paraml
call towers
mov J. Param2

towers(n-l. i. k)
Scratch = n-1
1 - i
towers 2 (k)

2
!
!
!
!

towersd. i. j)
1=1
towers 2 (j)
2 = j

mov Scratch. ParamO ! towers(n-l. k. j)

mov K. Paraml
! 1
call towers
! towers 2 (j)
mov J. Param2
! 2 = j
ret
!
Done:
restore
! ret
format:
.asciz " %d %\"
UltraSPARC Pentium II. , >1, el se.

421

UltraSPARC II .
UlraSPARC II printf,
, , 32-
. : SETHI OR.
,
RESTORE . .
NOP, Done. . ,
. , UltraSPARC II , , , .
RISC!
.
towers else. -1 %, a i %ol,
towers ,
. Pentium II ,
. , , . , , CALL,
(- ). , ?
, .
, Done. RET
.
RESTORE, 1 CWP,
.

JVM
5.9. ,
-. Java, . JVM ,
i j 0, 1 2 .
3. 1- , ILOAD0. JVM (
67 ).

422

5.

5.9. JVM
IL0ADJ)
ICONST_1
IFJCMPNE L I

GETSTATIC #13
NEW #7
DUP
LDC #2
INVOKESPECIAL #10
ILOAD_1
INVOKEVIRTUAL #11
LDC #1
INVOKEVIRTUAL #12
ILOAD_2
INVOKEVIRTUAL #11
INVOKEVIRTUAL #15
INVOKEVIRTUAL #14
RETURN
LI: BIPUSH6
ILOAD_1
ISUB
IL0AD_2
ISUB
ISTORE_3
IL0ADJ)
ICONST_1
ISUB
ILOAD_1
IL0AD_3
INVOKESTATIC #16
ICONST_1
ILOAD_1
IL0AD_2
INVOKESTATIC #16
ILOAD_0 "
ICONSTJ.
ISUB
IL0AD_3
IL0AD_2
INVOKESTATIC #16
RETURN

// . 0 = ;
// 1
//if(n!-l)gotoLl

//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//

1: pnntln
,

" "

i
i
""

j
j

println
towers
Else: k = 6-i-j
. 1 = i; i
= 6-i
. 2= j; j
= 6-i-j
. . 3 - k = 6-i-j:
towers(n-l.i. k);
1
= -1
i

towers(-1. i. )
j) 1
towersQ,
i
j
towersd. i. j)
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CMP R1.0
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Intel IA-64

429

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433

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6.

6 . 1 .
public class m {
final public s t a t i c i n t BUF_SIZE = 100;
final public static long MAX_PRIME=100000000000L;
public static i n t in = 0, out = 0.
public static long buffer[ ] - new long[BUF_SIZE];
public static producer p.
public static consumer c;

// 0 99
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//

public static void mam(Stnng args[ ] ) {

p = new producer );
= new consumer ),
p startO:
startO.

// m out
public static i n t next(int k) { i f (k < BUF_SIZE - 1) return(k+l). else return(O):
//
//
//

class producer extends Thread {

public void runO {
long prime = 2;
while (prime < m.MAX_PRIME) {
prime = next_pnme(pnme):
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m buffer[m. i n ] = prime;
m in = m.next(m i n ) .
if (m next(m out) = m in) m c.resumeO.

private long next_pnme(long pnme){ ..}

// 1
// 2
//
// 4
// 5

//,

class consumer extends Thread {

//
public void run() {
//
long emirp = 2;
//
while (emirp < m MAX_PRIME) {
if (m in == m out) suspendO:
// 1
emirp = m buffer[m.out]:
// 2
m.out = m next(m out);
//
if (m.out m.next(m next(m.in))) m p.resumeO; // 4
System out print!n(emirp).
// 5

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475

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public class m {
final public static int BUF_SIZE = 100.
// 0 99
final public static long MAX_PRIME=100000000000L.
//
public static int in = 0. out = 0.
//
public static long buffer[ ] = new long[BUF_SIZE]. //
public static producer p
public static consumer
public static int filled = 0, available = 100.

// /
//
//

public static vend mainCStnng args[ ]) {

p = new producerO;
= new consumerO;
p.startO:
startO:

479

//
//
//
//
//

// in out
public static int nextdnt k) {if (k < BUF_SIZE - 1) return(k+l): else return(O).
class producer extends Thread {
native void updnt s); native void downdnt s);
public void run() {
long prime - 2;
while (prime < m.MAX_PRIME) {
prime = next_pnme(pnme):
downtm.available);
m buffer[m in] = prime;
m.in = m next(m.in);
up(m.filled);

//
//
//
//
// 1
// 2
//
// 4
// 5

private long next_pnme(long pnme){ ...}

//,

class consumer extends Thread {

native void updnt s); native void downdnt s);
public void runC) {
long emirp = 2,

//
//
//
//

while (emirp < m MAX_PRIME) {

down(m. filled),
emirp = m.buffer[m.out];
m.out = m next(m out);
up(m. available):
System.out.print!n(emirp);

// 1
// 2
//
// 4
// 5

Pentium II Ultra SPARC . , .
Pentium II Windows NT (
NT); UltraSPARC II UNIX. UNIX, NT. , UNIX NT,
.

480

6.

(UNIX NT).
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483

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MS-DOS ,
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Windows 95, MS-DOS Windows , , . ,
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484

6.

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485

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488

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489

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6.

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6.

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VirtualAlloc

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494

6.

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(, 1 )

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495

read : , . .
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496

6.

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, ( )
, .
,
.
2 . , 2 . , , 0 1 1 . 267 15 . ,
, .
NTFS ,
. [137].

504

6.

NT UNIX , ,
, .
, .
, .

UNIX
UNIX , . fork. ,
. , fork,
. .
, exec, ,
exec. , xyz, () fork,
. exec,
xyz.
, - ,
, .
wait waitpid, , exit.
fork ,
. . 6.29. fork , . fork , .
, .

,

. 6.29. UNIX

UNIX , . -

505

, ,
.
, . .
, 4 128 ,
512 , ,
.
System V Solaris . .

msgget. msgsnd, msgrecv. , , ,
. -, , . -, , . -, , msgrecv , .
. UNIX
.
, ,
.
. , , ( shmat shmop).
System V Solaris .
, .
UNIX
. .
, ,
( ,
. .). ,
. (, -),
. ,
- -,
, , , .
. ., .
? World Wide
Web.
web-. -, . , . ,
( 20 ),
, web-
-.

506

6.

, - web-. , . .
, ,
, .
UNIX pthreads. POSIX (P1003.1C) . , , .
. 6.13.
6.13. , POSIX

pthread_create

pthread_exit

pthreadjoin

pthread_mutex_init

pthread_mutex_destroy

pthread_mutex_lock

pthread_mutex_unlock

pthread_cond_init

pthread_cond_destroy

pthread_cond_wait
pthread_cond_signal

. , pthread_create,
.
. , , pthread_exit.
, , pthreadjoin. ,
pthreadjoin .
,
. - (, , ). ,
. ,
. ( , : 0 1). (mutexes),
-
(MUTual Exclusion - ).

507

pthread jnutexjnit
pthread_mutex_destroy .
: . , pthread'_mutex_lock, . ,
, . ,
, , pthread_mutex_unlock.
(,
). (, , ).
(condition
variables). pthread_
cond_init pthread_cond__destroy .

, , , , , , pthread_cond_wait
. , , (
), pthread_cond_signal,
, .
, . (condition
variables) , . , ,
.

Windows NT
NT , . , , , (fiber) (
). ,
, .
API CreateProcess. 10 , . ,
UNIX, fork , a exec : ,
,
. 10 CreateProcess:
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
5. , ,
(handles) .
6. (, , , , ).
7. .

508

6.

8. .
9. , .
10. , 18 .
NT .
. 18 , , (handle) (
), ,
. ,
, ,
.
NT ,
. , , CreateThread 6 10: , , , ,
( ) .
( , ).
, , , . ,
, , . , . , ,
. .
NT , , . , NT (fibers), , , .
, ,
, , .
, ,
, . ,
. , , , , , NT.
:
, , , (sockets), . : . .
, UNIX. , 128 128 ( 512 , ).
, , .
, .

509

NT ( UNIX ).
, . -, ,
. , .
, ,
.
, . .
, .

. .
, .
, . , ,
. , , - -.
NT (, , ). ,
, , .
API CreateSemaphore,
. , (handles). DuplicateHandle ,
. up down, : ReleaseSemaphore (up)
WaitForSingleObject (down). WaitForSingleObject
,
, 0.
, , . , ,
API (WaitForSingleObject) (ReleaseMutex).
, , ,
.
,
,
. , (handles)
. EnterCriticalSection Leave CriticalSection . API ,
, .

510

6.

, . - ,
WaitForSingleObject.
SetEvent PulseEvent.
, .
, . ,
. ,
, .

, . , - .
, , ,
.
, .
.
, . .
- . Pentium II UltraSPARC II , .
- .
, , ,
-. , . . , .
. , .
.
.
. , . .
UNIX NT . .

511

, ,
. , .

1.
,
( )?
2. 32- . 8 . ?
3. 8 4 . 1024 . :

1. , - .
2. 0, 3728, 1023, 1024,1025, 7800 4096?
4. 16 4 . .
:
0,7,2,7,5,8,9,2,4
. LRU?
. FIFO?
5. FIFO. . : ,
.
6. ,
, , - , , , .

512

6.

(, ).
, ,
? ?
7. ,
, . - , ,
. ,
, , ,
, ?
8. . 2- , 2- 11- .
32 , 2 . , , , , . :
0

1 2 3

0
1

12

15

//

0
1

14
1

. , , .

1
1.
1
1
2.
10
3
3.
2047
1
4.
4
1
5.
2
0
6.
14
3
7.
100
2
8.
50
0
9.
5
0
10.
60

513

9. - . , .
- ,
? .
10. ,
, , .
, 4 , ,
4096, 5000.
?
11. Pentium II , . , Intel ?
12. Pentium II 10
8000. BASE 10 10000.
Pentium II? ? ?
13. .
14. . , ?
15. , . ,
. , , - , .
: LRU FIFO. ?
16. - , ( , 100 )?
17. ,
open?
18.
. 800 , 5
32 . , (
) , ? , 32- .
19. , . , N 1 .
,
, . . ,

514

6.

,
i 2''.
?
20. , , , . ,
? .
21. . , up
down ( ),
, . , .
. , :
. , 100 ?
. , ?
22. , ,
, . , ( ).
, , peek.
, . , ,
down. , ? ?
23. , 0 1000 , PI, P2 , . up down
. up,
, 1
2 . . , 1.
t=100 P1 down.
t=200 PI down.
t=300 PI up.
t=400 PI down.
t=500 PI down.
t=600 PI up.
t=700 PI down.
t=800 PI up.
t=900 PI up.

515

24. , ,
. , ,
.
, ,
(, ).
25. , , . TSL X X. 0, 1
, .
, TSL .
TSL, lock unlock :
lock{x) , . , ; unlock .
, , ,
.
,
, . lock
unlock .
26. in out 65 ? in out 0.
. 22 ;
. 9 ;
. 40 ;
. 17 ;
. 12 ;
. 45 ;
. 8 ;
. 11 .
27. , UNIX 2
512 (
, ). ? , 64 .
28. , UNIX
unlink("/usr/ast/bin/game3")
. 6.27. ,
.
29. , UNIX , .
, ,

516

30.

31.

32.

33.

6.

. pipe, . - -?
? .
UNIX, ,
,
. , - . ,
,
, , . , , , ,
.
?
NT , ,
. ?
-
-
NT. ,
.
. ,
, 64 1 . 64 , .
, . , ,
. , . , , , ( , ),
. .
, , : LRU FIFO.
, 4 , . .

34. UNIX NT,

. ,
,
. , .
().

, ,
.
, .
. , ,
.
, ,
- , , .
, , ,
, , .
. , , , .
, .
,
, ( ). , ,
,
.
1. .
, , ,
. :
1. .
2. .
.
. :
. ,
(, Java) .
, (
) . ,
, . . . .

518

7.

:
, .
,
: ,
( ). . , , , , .
, ,
( ), , , , .

. , , .
(, Java ),
, ,
.

?
, . ,

.
,
.
,
( ), . . , (add), (subtract), (multiply)
(divide) ADD, SUB, MUL DIV, , .
,
.
.
,
. . ,
,
.

519

,
. -, ( ). -, , .
. ,
, , Java .
, . , , ,
, , , . ( ) . ,
.
, , , , .
.

?
.
, . , .
?
: . -,
, , ,
. . , , , , BIOS
.
-,
, .
, , .
( )
, .
. 1% 50% ,
10% 90% .
, 10 - 100 ,

520

7.

. (
, , . .).
50 -.
33 ,
( ). . 7.1.
, .
. , , .
.
, ,
. .
, 10% 90% .
, 100 90 10%, 10 90% . 10% , . (tuning).
. 7.1.
5 , 90 30 .
7 . 1 .
( )
-,

50

33

10

100

10%

90%

90
10

10

100

10%

30

90%

10

15

40

, ,
, , (. 7.1). 20%
(33 40 ), (50 - 15). , :
, , .

521

, 1 ,
,
, 4:1 .
, , , ,
. , , , , .
,
MULTICS. [49] PL/I, , 26 50 , . PL/L, 20
40 , , . [27] PL/I, 50 000
1000 , 65 000 30 000
8 4 . ,
,
, .
, , 4
. -,
, , -
2 3 .
-,
- . , , , . . ,
, , . , , , .
-, , , . ,
, . , -
.
, . , , ,
.

,
, -

522

7.

. 7.2-7.4
Pentium II, Motorola 680x0 (Ultra)SPARC. N=I+J. . I, J N.
.
7.2. N=l+J Pentium II

FORMULA:

MOV
ADD

EAX.I

; =1

EAX.J

; EAX=I+J

MOV

N.EAX

; N=l+J
; 4 3

DW

DW

; 4 4

DW

; 4

7.3. N=l+J Motorola 680x0

FORMULA:

MOVE.L

I,DO

; D0=l

ADD.L

J,D0

; D0=l+J

MOVE.L

D0,N

; N=l+J

DC.L

; 4 3

J
N

DC.L

; 4 4

DC.L

; 4 0

7.4. N=l+J SPARC

%HI(I),%R1
[%R1+%LO(I)],%R1

! R1 = I
! R1=l

SETHI

%HI(J),%R2

! R2 = J

LD

[%R2+%LO(J)],%R2

!R2=J

%R1,%R2,%R2

!R2=R1+R2
! R1 = N

FORMULA: SETHI
LD

NOP
ADD

! J

SETHI

%HI(N),%R1

ST

%R2, [%R1+%LO(N)]

1:

.WORD3

! 4 . 3

J:

.WORD 4

! 4 . 4

N:

.WORD 0

! 4 . 0

523

Intel ,
.
Microsoft MASM. Pentium II, ,
, 386,486, Pentium Pentium
Pro. SPARC Sun.
32- . ,
Pentium II, , Sun,
.
: ,
, . ,
. ,
.
,
, . , 1.
4 : FORMULA, I, J N. ,
SPARC ,
Motorola . Intel
, . . .
.
, , 1. :

.
6 8 . .
.
,
. Pentium II , , . . Motorola DO, Dl, D2. SPARC . %R1 %R2.

( ), . ,
-.
Intel MOV
, . Motorola
MOVE . SPARC
LD ST . , .
,
SPARC,
32- ( SPARC Version 8) 44- ( SPARC

524

7.

Version 9), 22 . ,
, .

.
32 10 64- R1,
22 32- I R1
10 31.
+.
R1 10 I (
I), R1.
Pentium, 680x0 SPARC
( byte (), word () long).
, ? . Pentium II . , 32- ,
16- , 8- AL . Motorola
.L long, .W
word . byte. SPARC (, , (halfword)
64- LDSB, LDSH LDSW ). , .
, , . Intel DW (Define Word ).
.WORD. Motorola DC (Define Constant ). SPARC .WORD.
.
, . , .
, . ,
, . .
. ,
, , . ( ). . .
SETHI

,
, , (, - ).
-

525

. DW (. . 7.2). . 7.5
(). MASM Intel.
7.5. MASM

SEGMENT (, ..)
ENDS

ALIGN

EQU

DB

DD

16-

DW

32-

DQ

64-

PROC

ENDP

MACRO

ENDM

PUBLIC

EXTERN

INCLUDE

IF

ELSE

, IF

ENDIF

COMMENT
PAGE
END

SEGMENT , ENDS .
, ,
. .
ALIGN ( ) , . ,
61 , ALIGN 4 64.
EQU . ,
BASE EQU 1000

BASE 1000. , EQU,

,
, :
LIMIT EQU 4 * BASE + 2000

, MASM, ,
.

526

7.

, v^ . 1, 2,4 8 . ,
TABLE D8 1 1 . 2 3 . 49

3 11, 23
49 . , , TABLE,
, 11.
PROC ENDP . ,
. MACRO ENDM
. .
PUBLIC EXTERN. . , , , . , (),
,
PUBLIC. ,
, (EXTERN),
, - . ,
, . F00
, ,
.
INCLUDE
. , , .
, MASM, . ,
WORDSIZE EQU 16
IF WORDSIZE GT 16
WSIZE: DW32
ELSE
WSIZE: DW 16
ENDIF
32- WSIZE.
: 32, 16 WORDSIZE
( 16).
16- ( 8088) 32- ( Pentium II).
IF ENDIF,
, WORDSIZE,
. ,
. , WORDSIZE, ,
.
.
COMMENT
- . PAGE . , END .

527

MASM . Pentium II
,
, .

.
, .
, .
. ,

. (, ), ,
.
.

,

.
, .
, . 7.1 Pentium II, q.
( 7.2). SWAP :
MOV EAX.P
MOV EBX.Q
MOV Q.EAX
MOV P.EBX
SWAP .
, :
1. , .
2. , .
3. , (, ENDM).
, . ,
(
SWAP), . ,
.

528

7.

7 . 1 . , q
( )

MOV
MOV
MOV
MOV

EAX.P
EBX.Q
Q.EAX
.

MOV
MOV
MOV
MOV

EAX.P
EBX.Q
Q.EAX
P.EBX

7.2.
SWAP

MACRO

MOV EAX.P
MOV EBX.Q
MOV Q.EAX
MOV P.EBX
ENDM
SWAP

SWAP
, . . ,
7.1 7.2, .
, . . .
.
,
. ,
, . . 7.6 .
7.6.

, ?

,
?

529

, .
, . .
, ,
, . .
, .
, , , ( ). . .

, , ,
. , ( 7.3).
Q, R S.
7.3.

MOV
MOV
MOV
MOV

EAX.P
EBX.Q
Q.EAX
P.EBX

MOV
MOV
MOV
MOV

EAX.R
EBX.S
S.EAX
R.EBX

7.4.
CHANGE

MACRO P1.P2
MOV EAX.P1
MOV EBX.P2
MOV P2.EAX
MOV Pl.EBX
ENDM
CHANGE P.Q
CHANGE R.S

, , , . , , ,
.
. 7.4. 7.3, . 1

530

7.

2 .
1 ,
2 .
CHANGE P.Q

, a Q .
, 7.3 7.4 .

,
.
MASM.
: . , , .
, , .
. ( MASM) (LOCAL),
. .
MASM
.
. IF:
Ml

MACRO

IF WORDSIZE GT 16 M2

MACRO

ENDM
ELSE
M2 MACRO
ENDM
ENDIF
tNDM
2 > , ,
: 16- 32-.
Ml , 2 .
, , .
, ,
, , , . .

: . .

531

,
,
. , ,
, .
, , , .
. . ,
, .
CHANGE. ,
.
MOV EAX.&P1;MOV EBX.&P2:M0V &P2EAX;M0V &P1.EBX:

.
,
. , , .
. , ,
, .
.

, . , , .

,
, ,
, , , . , .
, , .
, L. , L. L
- , ,
.

532

7.

, L , (
, ).
. -, . , ,
, . ,
. , , ,
. , .
,
. , , . ( ) , ,
-. , , . , , .
. ,
, .

, . , ,
:
BUFSIZE EQU 8192
,
, .
(ILC Instruction Location Counter) ( ).
0
(. 7.7.).
Pentium . SPARC Motorola,
. , SPARC .

3 : , .
. , . 7.8.
,
(, EQU).

533

( ),
. :
1. , .
2. ( , , , ).
3. , .
7.7. .
MARIA 100

MARIA:

MOV
MOV

EAX, I
EBX, J

EAX=I
EBX=J

5
6

100
105

ROBERTA:

MARILYN:

MOV

ECX,

ECX=K

111

IMUL

EAX, EAX

EAX=I*I

117

IMUL

EBX, EBX

EBX=J*J

119

IMUL

ECX, ECX

ECX=K*K

122

ADD

EAX, EBX

EAX=I*I+J*J

125

ADD

EAX, ECX

EAX=I*I+J*J+K*K 2

127

DONE

DONE 5

129

STEPHANY: JMP

7.8. . 7.7.

MARIA

100

ROBERTA

111

MARILYN

125

STEPHANY

129

(. 7.9).
, , , , , ( ).
7.9. Pentium II

37

ADD

EAX

immed32

05

ADD

reg

reg

01

19

AND

EAX

immed32

25

AND

reg

reg

21

19

534

7.

ADD. ADD
, 32-
(immed32), 0x05, 5 . ADD ,
2 , 0x01. , ,
19 , ADD
. ,
.
,
.
.
, .
, IBM 3090 .
L 14.=F'5'

14 5 . ,
, , 5, , L.
, , . ,
. , . , ,
, . , . , ,
. ,
,
, . .
7.5 ,
. ,
. 7.5 .
, , ,
,
.
7.5.

public static void pass_one() {

// -
boolean more_input=true;
//,
String line, symbol, literal, opcode;
//
int location_counter, length, value, type; //
final int END STATEMENT = -2;
//


location_counter = 0;
imtialize_tables(),

535

// 0
//

while (more_input) {
line = read_next_line();
length =0;
type =0.

//more_input END
//
//#
//

if (line_isjiot_coniment(line)) {
symbol = check_for_symbol(line), // ?
if (symbol !- null)
// ,
enter_new_symbol(symbol. 1ocation_counter),
literal = check_for_literal(line). // ?
if (literal != null)
// ,
enter_new_literal(1itera1);
// .
//-1 .
opcode = extract_opcode(line).
//
type =search_opcode_table(opcode). // , . OP REG1.REG2
if (type < 0)
// ,
// ?
type = search_pseudo_table(opcode).
switch(type) {
//
case l.length=get_length_of_typel (line), break,
case 2 Iength=get_length_of_type2(line); break.
//
}

}
wnte_temp_file(type, opcode, length, line), //
location_counter = location_counter + length, //
if (type == END_STATEMENT) {
// ?
morejinput - false.
// . rewind_temp_for_pass_two().
//
sort_literal_table().
//
remove_redundant_literals();
//

, check_jor_symbol,
,
, , . ,
get_length_of_type1 get_length_ofjtype2, . ,
, , , , ,
.

. , .
read_next_line.
(, - ), , passjone .
, (, ADD),

536

7.

( ) . , ,
.
-. -, ,
- , ,
. ,
, , . ,
.
END .
, . .

( ). , , ,
, . 7.6 .
7.6.
public static void pass_two() {
// -
boolean morejnput = true:
//,
String line, opcode;
//
int location_counter, length, type: //
final int END_STATEMENT = -2:
//
final int MAX_CODE =16;
//
byte code[] = new byte[MAX_CODE]; //
location_counter = 0;
while (morejnput) {
type = readj:ype():
opcode = read_opcode();
length = readJengthO;
line = readJineO;
if (type != 0) {
switch(type) {

// 0
//morejnput END
//
//
//
//
// 0
//

case l:evalj:ypel(opcode, length, line, code): break;

case 2: eval_type2(opcode, length, line, code); break;
//
}
}
write_output(code):
//
writejisting(code. line);
//
location_counter = location_counter + length; //
if (type == END_STATEMENT) {
// ?


more_input = false;
finishjjpO;

537

// ,
//

: .
, (
), , ,
. eval_type1, eval_type2 . . (, -). code.
. , write_code
, .
() , ( ), , . .
,
. , -
- , , . :
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
5. .
6. 8 9.
7. (, ).
8. END.
. - .
, , .
. ,
,
.

. ,
. . .

538

7.

, ( , ). .
, ( ), (
). - , , . , , .

. .
, ,
. , , . , .
, ,
. , .
. , . , lo&n . , ,
, .
-.
-, ()
0 -1. ASCII
. ASCII , . ,
.
, , 0
-1. ( , ), i, , i -. ,
n/k. , , . , . - . 7.1.

.
. -

539

. , . , , -: ,
.
, . 7.2:
1. .
2. .
Andy
Anton
Cathy
Dick
Erik
Frances
Frank
Gerrit
Hans
Henri
Jan
Jaco
Maarten
Reind
Roel
Willem
Wiebern

Andy

Reind | 63453

Henri

0
4
5
0
6
3
3
4
4
2

5
6
0
1
7
6
1

14025
31253
65254
54185
47357
56445
14332
32334
44546
75544
17097
64533
23267
63453
76764
34544
34344

14025 |

4+-|

Dick

| 54185~

Wiebern | 34344

75544

Frances | 56445 |
Hans

- Maarten | 23267 |

->\ Frank | 14332

44546

Jan

17097

Jaco

64533

Roel

76764

Gerrit

*^H

32334

Anton

31253

Erjk

"r7357

Cathy | 65254
Willem

34544

. 7 . 1 . -: , -,
(); - 8
()

, .

540

7.

, . ,

. , , ,
. MS-DOS, Windows 95/98 NT .obj, .. UNIX ., .

. 7.2.

. .

,
.
, . 7.2,
,
. , , ( ) .
, .

0. ,
0. . 7.3 4 .
BRANCH MOVE .
, , (. 7.4, ).
-

541

. , .
, , , , ,
, .
100.

500

CALL

400

400

300

CALL

200

MOVE P X

MOVE Q X

200
100

100
0

300

BRANCH TO 200

BRANCH TO 300

500
400

CALLD
D
300

300

200

MOVE R X

200

MOVE S X

100

100
BRANCH TO 200

BRANCH TO 200

. 7.3.
,

. 7.4, . , . ,
, .
MOVE, 300.
.

542

7.
1900

1900
1800

MOVE S X

1800

MOVE S X

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1700
1600

BRANCH TO 200

1600

BRANCH 1800

1500

CALLD

1500

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1400
1300

MOVE R X

1200
1100

1400
1 3 0 0

MOVE R TO X

V
/

1200
BRANCH TO 200

1100

1000

BRANCH TO 1300

1000
CALL

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900
800

/" D

900
MOVE Q X

i
/

800

700

700

600

600
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MOVE Q TO X

v
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500

500

400

CALL

300

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400

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300

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200
BRANCH TO 200

100

100

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. 7.4. ,
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543

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544

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546

7.
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MOVE S X

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1700
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MOVE R TO X

1500
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BRANCH TO 1300

1300

CALL 1100

1200
1100

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900
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700

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600

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. 7.6. . 7.4, , 300 .

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547

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548

7.

. , , ,
.

CALL EARTH
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. 7.7. : EARTH (a);

EARTH ()

, -

549

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550

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552

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553

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554

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558

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559

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560

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561

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562

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563

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564

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566

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567

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568

8.

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569

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570

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572

8.

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573

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574

8.

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575

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20

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40

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Speedup n /d+(n-l)f)

f=0 , f>0 , . .

576

8.

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578

8.

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579

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.

580

8.

, .
, .
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.
LOAD THE TEMPERATURE FOR 1 A.M. INTO REGISTER Rl
( 1 R1),
, R1. ,

ADD THE TEMPERATURE FOR 2 A.M. TO REGISTER Rl
( 2 R1),
, .

.
. , ,
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581

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,

582

8.

, , , . , . 8.11, , , ,
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LOAD STORE.

583

,
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, . ,
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.

584

8.

,
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585

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.

SISD

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MISD

MIMD

( )

/
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NUMA

CC-NUMA

NC-NUMA

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. 8.12.

586

8.

MIMD
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 SIMD

587

SIMD, MIMD MIMD. , ,

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588

8.

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 SIMD

589

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590

8.

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 SIMD

591

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592

8.

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594

8.

. , 1
100 , 1 2 200 .
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100'
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8.18.3 .
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R4=200

R4=200

8.2. . 8.15 ()
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R3=100
W200

R4=200
R3=200
R4=200
8 . 3 . . 8.15 ()

W200
R4=200
W100
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628

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632

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BGA, Ball Grid Array, 205

BIOS, -, 91
BIPUSH, IJVM, 248, 265
Burroughs B5000, 37

CC-NUMA, 607
CD-ROM XA, 103
CDC 6600, 68, 308, 578
CDC-6600, 36
Celeron, 47
CISC,
, 63
COLOSSUS, 31
, 586,619
Control Data Corporation, 36
COW, , 44,
586,626
, , 247, 258
, 623
-1, 588
CRC, , 218
CYMK, 124

Digital Equipment Corporation, 35, 61

DIMM, 84
DIP, , 150
DLL,
, 549
DMA, , 109
dpi, 122
DSM
, 608
DSM,
, 562, 636
DUP, IJVM, 248, 265
DVD-, 105

-, 623
eagle, , 625
EDVAC, 33
EIDE-, 92
EISA, ISA, 110
ENIAC, 33
ENIGMA, 32
EPIC, 425
Ethernet, 628

, 630
excess,
, 672
-, 540

FAT
DAS, 627
DASH, 611

. , 499
FIFO, , 447
FMS, FORTRAN Monitor System, 26
FORTRAN, 26

686

GDT,
, 455
Gigaplahe-XB, 604
GigaRing, 624
Globe, 642
GOTO, IJVM, 248, 268
goto, , 257

H , 233

I
IA-32, 316,343
IA-64, 425
IADD, !JVM, 248,260,264
IAND, IJVM, 248, 265
IAS, 33
IBM PC, , 39
IBM PS/2, 206
IBM, , 35
IBM-1401, 36
IBM-360, 38
IBM-701, 35
IBM-704, 35
IBM-709, 26
IBM-7094, 36, 38
IBM-801, 62
-, 91
IFJCMPEQ, IJVM, 248, 270
IFEQ, IJVM, 248,270
IFLT, IJVM, 248, 270
IINC, IJVM, 249, 268
IJVM, 230, 244
Java, 252
, 248
Mic-2, 280
ILC, , 532
ILLIAC, 33
ILLIACIV, 585
ILLIAC IV, 70
ILOAD, IJVM, 248,265
Intel 8255A, 219
Intel 8259A, 192
Intel Pentium, 46

Intel, , 45
lntel-4004, 45
lntel-8008, 45
lntel-80286, 46
lntel-80386, 46
lntel-80486, 46
lntel-8080, 45
lntel-8086, 45
lntel-8088, 45
INVOKEVIRTUAL, IJVM, 249, 271
IOR, IJVM, 248, 265
IQ-Link, , 616
IRETURN, IJVM, 251, 271
ISA,
, 110
ISDN, 128
ISTORE, IJVM, 248
ISUB, IJVM, 248, 265
IU,
, 50

-, 51
JOHNIAC, 33
JVM, Java, 51

kestrel, , 625

Latin-1, 132
LBA, 92
LDC_W, IJVM, 248, 268
LDT,
, 455
Linda, 638
Ipi, 124
LRU,, 299,446
LV, , 245, 247, 250, 258

M
MAL, , 255
MAR,
, 236


MBR, , 236,
258, 266, 277
MDR,
, 236
Merced, 425
MESI, , 601
MFT, , 502
Mic-1, 240
Mic-2, 280
, 280
Mic-3, 285
Mic-4, 290
microJava II 701,
, 204
MicroJava, , 52
Microsoft, 40
MIMD, 585
MIPS
, 62

, 64
MIR, , 240
MISD, 585
MMU,
, 442
, 47
Motif, 483
Motorola 68000, 62
, , 240
MPI,
, 634
,
, 586, 622
MULTICS, 454, 521
Myrinet, 631

N
NaN, 682
NC-NUMA, 607
NIC, , 625
NOR IJVM, 249, 264
NORMA, 586

NOW, , 44, 586, 626

NTFS
.
Windows NT, 499
NUMA, 586,607
NUMA-Q, 615

687

OC-12, 630
omega, , 605
Omnibus, 35
OPC, , 259
Option Blue, 625
Option Red, 625
Option White, 625
Orca, 640

PC
, 251, 258
, 247
PCI, 110
PDP-1, 35
PDP-8, 35
Pentium II

, 318
/, 315
/, 317
8086, 343
, 194
, 198
, 343
, 343

, 197
, 195
Pentium II
, 47
, 194
picoJava I, 51
picoJava II
, 324
, 323
picoJava II
, 204
picoJava II, , 51
, -, 219
poison bit, 314
POP, IJVM, 248, 259, 265
POSIX, 480
POSIX, Windows NT, 487
PSW, , 341
pthreads, 506
PVM,
, 633

688

quard board, , 615

RAID, 94
RAW-, 288
replicated worker, , 582, 639
RISC,
, 40, 63
, 64
ROB,
, 314
RS-232-C, , 117

SCI,
, 615
SCSI, 92
SEC, Single Edge Cartridge, 194
Sequent NUMA-Q, 615
SIB, , , , 359, 376
SID, , 502
SIMD, 585, 587
SIMM, 84
Single Edge Cartridge, 194
SISD, 584
SLED, 94
SMR
, 593
SO-DIMM, 85
SP, , 231, 245, 251, 258
SPARC, 49
SPMD, 581
Sun Enterprise 10000, 604
Sun Microsystems, 48
SWAP, I JVM, 248, 265, 287

TAT-12/13, 42
TLB,
, 460
TOS, , 259
TSB,
, 462
-0, 35

-, 68
UART,
, 118,219
UDB II, UltraSPARC II Data Buffer II, 202
UltraSPARC I, 50
UltraSPARC II, 50
, 321
UltraSPARC II
, 200
UMA, 586
UNICODE, 132
UNIX, 480
Berkeley, 480
Solaris, 481
System V, 480
UPA,
, 201
USART, 219

v-, 68
VAX, 61,63
VIS, 50
VTOC, , 104

w
WAR-, 309
WAW-, 309
WEIZAC, 33
Whirlwind, 34
WIDE, I JVM, 249, 267
Win32 API, 488
Win32, Windows NT, 487
Windows, 483
Windows 95, 483
Windows 98, 483
Windows NT, 484
wormhole routing, , 571

X Windows, 483
, 47

z
Zilog Z8000,, 62

, 278
, 304

, 627
, 469
, 383
, 74
, 353
JVM, 377
Pentium II, 375
UltraSPARC II, 377
, 367
, 372
, 366
, 365
, 369
, 366
, 366
, 365
, 369
, 439
, , 32
, 34, 59, 365
, 388
, 115
, 142
, 24
, -
, 22, 57, 159, 231
, 575
, 30
, 24
, 109
, 188
- ,
22,57, 159,231
, 24, 60
/, 348
, 24
, 630
, 23, 518
, 537
, 454, 538
, , 32
, 116
-, 89

689

, 140
-, 91
, 311
, 75, 338
, 584,635
, , 48
, 550
, 551
, 380

, 565
, 73, 667
, 78
, 443
, 351

, 277
, 290
, 290

, 498
, 498

, 498
, 570
, 607
, 128
, 44
, 142
, , 142

, 66
, 314

, 460
, 461

, 570
, 570
, 570

, 236, 258, 266, 277

, 171
, 171
,, 30

690

-
, 221
, 588
, 414
, 193

, 70, 588
, 71
, 21, 139
, 583
, 571
-, 116
, 115
, 88

, 633
, 635
, 19
Java, 51
, 439
Pentium II, 455
UltraSPARC II, 460

, 440
, 244
, 544
, 543
, , 39
, 667
, 98
, 295

, 88
, 161
, 545
, 517
, 571
-, 59
-, , 231
, 491
, 445
, 27
, 380

, 201

, 517
, 39

, 84
, 567
, 551
, 502
, 455
, 124

, 483
, 116

, 667
- , 73
, 538
, 567
, 150
, 532
, 583
, 146
, 153
, 223
, 153
, 567
, 502
, 493
, , 39
, , 48
, 565
, 127

, 549
, 547
, 525
, 469
, 86
, 90
,
Windows NT, 487
-,
Windows NT, 486
-, Windows NT, 486
, Windows NT, 486


,
Windows NT, 487
, 272
, 274

, 672
, 672
, 87
, Windows NT, 486
, 181
, 324
, 676
, 128

, 100
, 113

, 180
, 151
, 41
, 666
, 110
, , 601
, 73

, 166
, 166
, 491
, 390

SR-, 163

D-, 165
SR-, 164
, 567
, 101
, 237
, 629
, , 31

, 488
, 502
, 85

691

, 141
, 141
, 466
, 117
, 497
, 149

, 37
, 77
, 19,60
, 19

, 634
,
Windows NT, 487
, 369
, 616
, 236
, , 149

, 310
, 517
, 540
, Windows NT, 486

, UNIX, 504
, 630
, 187
, 112
, 586, 626
, 40
, 466

, 231
, 87
, 77
, 129
, 359
, 341
, 79
, 77
, 132
, 140
, 472
, 567

-, 386
, 379

692

()
, 384
, 383
, 151
, 634

, 570
, 569
, 569
-, 98
CD-R, 102
CD-ReWritable, 105
CD-RW, 105
, 103
, 104
, 100
, 100
, 154
, 24,518
, 539

, 556
, 63
,
40,63
, 24
, 66,581
Pentium, 68
(Mic-3), 285
, 665
, 278
, 543
, 461
, 108
, 91
, 240
, 442
, 520
, 603
, 495
, 638
() , 558
, , 48

, 565
, 83
, 98
, , 36
, 509

, 567
, 626
, 349
-, 46, 82, 295
-, 299
, 295
, 300
, 300
, 296
, 84, 295
, 599
, 300
, 84
, 482

, 456
, 534
, , 30
, 412
, 465
, 637
, 455

, 87
, , 48
, 245
, 527
, 527
, 527
, 527
, 529
, 529
, 676
, 501

, 572
, 571
, 572
, 572
, 380
- ,
70,587
, , , 359, 376

, 615


, 108
, 18
, 87
--, 142
, 255
, 62
, 291
, 22
, 22
, 240
, 149
, 177
, Windows NT, 486
, , 42
, 578
, 605

, 18
, 118

, Windows NT, 486
, 127
, 127
, 127
, 127
, 112
, 181
, , 32
, 583
, 72, 560, 586, 621
, 561
, 151
, 38
, 71,559,586
, 609
, , 41, 45
, 119
, 506

, IJVM, 247
, 520
, 469
, 603
, 149
, 681
()
, 558

693

, 365
, 598
, 127
, 507, 508
, , 37, 45
, 679

, IJVM, 247
, 483,623
, 123

, 413
, 369
, 335
, 517
, 540, 543
, 438
, 104
, 161
, 117
, 678
, , 35
, 26,437
(), 640
, 532
, 453
, 98
, 103
, 667
, 181
, 678
, 302
, 505

- , 677
, 677
- , 445

, 564
, 639
, 28
, 73, 163
EDO, 175
FPM, 174

694

{)
, 174
, 174
, 175
,
, 174
,
, 175
, 175

, 175
, 176
, 174
-, 176
, 581

, 580
, 65
, 558
, 558
, 65
-, 219
, , 29
, 115
, , 389

, 632
, 632
, 632
, 183
, 507

, 543
, , 278
, 184
, 123
, 116

( ), 628
, 98
, 311
, 385
,
Windows NT, 487
, 180
, 149
-
, 547

, 88
, 452
, 567
, 145
, 391
, 128
, 338
, 504
, 504

, 188
, 369
, 473, 482, 581
UNIX, 505
, 404
(), 472
, 509
, 87
, 426

, 676
, 109,413
, 309
, 309
, 394
, 267, 359
, 497
, 338
, 181
, 181
, 121
, 122
, 121
, 126
, 125
, 122
, 82
, 447
, 18
, 413
, 109
, 349

, 155
-, 387
, 24
, 415
(), 472


, 408
TLB, 461
-, 298

, 67
, 288
, 302
, 295
, 638

, 598
, 601
, 602
, 601
, 532
, 385, 405
, 405

,
586,622

, 50
, 109, 389
, 524
, 495
, 495
, 495
, 425

, 445

, 26
, , 582
, 448
, 566
, 94
, 30

, 562, 636
, 607
, 112
, 569

, 356
, 237
ISA, 110

695

, 576
, 288
, 21, 168
, 236
, 56
, 240
, 340
, 346
, 539
, 385
, 567

, 367
,
, 39
,
, 349
, 173
, 325
, 120
, 491

, 550
, 551
, 539
, 495

, 305
, 450
, 547
, 87
, 476
-, 104

, 625
, 629
, 567

, 564
, 586,626
, 44
, 236
, 115
, 128
, 183

696

,
, 560

, 559
, Windows NT, 487

, 27
, 23
, 437
, 487
, 28
, 599
, 114
, 75
, 341

Pentium II, 458
, 510

, 593

, 593
, 595
, 596
, 596
, 593
, 603
, 481
, 411

, 231
, 278
, 476
, 429
, 313
, 502
, 467
, 66
, 495

, 110
, 495
, 495

IJVM, 245
, 246, 253
IJVM, 247
, 565
, 558

, , 32
, 440
, 440

, 608
, 441
, 165
-, 83, 296
, 126

, 574

, 158
, 158
, 159
, 158
, 36, 44
, 68
, 440
, 157

, 56, 247
, 308
, 532

, 616
, 142
, 499
, 532
, 440, 457
, 161
, 606
, 495
, 111

, 351
, 350
, 567
, 565
, 544
, 22,57
IJVM, 231
Mic-3, 286
, 198
, 35
, 142
, -, 142


, 462
, 517
, 19
, 165
, -
, 142

-, 298
, , 61
, 366
, 344
, 132
, 381
, 194

, 219
-
, 219

, 118
, 240
, 578
, 20
, 485

, 334
, 23
, 22, 230
, 271
, 23, 437
, 21,140
, 21
, 517
, 427
, 173
, 598
, 171

, 464
, 503
Windows NT, 499
, Windows NT, 486
, 440
, 495
, 341

, 584
, , 33
-
, 34, 57

, 452
, 448
, 245
IJVM, 247

, 629
, 216
, 405,417
-, 538

, 117
, 124
, 551
, 56

, 58
, 183
, 88
, 177

, 127
, 571

, 125
, 125

, 670
, 350

, 639

, 667
, 35,56, 109, 179
EISA, 207
IBM PC, 206

697

698

()
ISA, 207
PCI, 208
, 210
, 210
, 211
, 210
Sbus, 201
USB,
, 216
, 183, 186
, 183
, 180
, 183
, 179
, 182
, 583

, 145
, . , 33
, 676
- , 112
, 140
, 408
, - , 142
, , 39
, 41

, 518
, 24
, 74

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