H IU HNH

Gio vin: Tun Anh B mn Khoa hc My tnh Khoa Cng ngh Thng tin HBK H Ni anhdt@it-hut.edu.vn 0989095167
1

MC CH YU CU
z

L gio trnh c s chuyn ngnh:

z z z

Xt cc vn HH bt k phi gii quyt, Phng thc gii quyt cc vn . H tr cho cc mn khc trong vic xy dng c s cho Tin hc. Nhng v/ xem xt s khng lc hu trong tng lai.

MC CH YU CU
z

Mang yu t chuyn :
z z

Minh ho cho cc v/ l thuyt, Khong cch gia v thc t cng ngh Tin hc ni chung v HH ni ring gn nh bng 0.

Nh vy: y l mt gio trnh kh, kh nng n.

TI LIU
z z z z

A.Tanenbaum Design and Implementation operating system. A. Tanenbaum Advanced Concepts to Operating Systems. Microsoft Press Inside to WINDOWS 2000. Nguyn l h iu hnh:
z z

TS.H Quang Thy NXB Khoa hc k thut

H iu hnh: Tc gi: Ths.Nguyn Thanh Tng

4

Thi gian biu

Chng 0: Gii thiu H iu hnh

z

1. Gii thiu v HH
z

1.1 Phn cng v phn mm

z

Phn cng:

Ngn ng my Chng trnh vi iu khin iu khin trc tip cc thit b Thit b in t Chng trnh h thng: qun l hot ng ca my tnh Chng trnh ng dng: gii quyt cc bi ton ca ngi dng.

Phn mm

Phn mm to nn mi trng ca h thng gi l H iu hnh. H iu hnh iu khin v qun l ti nguyn v to mi trng cho cc chng trnh ng dng thc hin thao tc vi ti nguyn. H iu hnh thc hin ch c quyn Trnh dch thc hin ch khng c quyn
7

1.2 nil mmH i u trnh hnh z HKhi iu hnh t ch ng hay mt

h chng trnh
z z

hot ng gia ngi s dng v phn cng ca my tnh. Chun ha giao din ngi dng i vi cc h thng phn cng khc nhau.
z z

S dng hiu qu ti nguyn phn cng Khai thc ti a hiu sut ca phn cng

z z

H iu hnh c coi nh l h thng qun l ti nguyn. H iu hnh c coi nh l phn m rng ca h thng my tnh in t.
8

2. Ls ch s nlun ca H Lch pht tripht n catri H H g n liH n vi s

z

pht trin ca my tnh in t Th h th nht (1945-1955)

z
z z z

Howard Aiken (Havard) v John von Neumann (Princeton)

Xy dng my tnh dng bng chn khng Kch thc ln Vi hn 10000 bng chn khng

z z

Ngn ng lp trnh v H iu hnh cha c bit n u nhng nm 50->phiu c l thay cho bng iu khin
9

2. Lch s pht trin ca HH

10

Chng I. CC KHI NIM C BN

z z z

1- Cu trc phn lp ca h thng tnh ton My tnh in t u tin ra i nm 1944-1945, MTT c xy dng v hot ng theo nguyn l Von Neuman: My tnh c iu khin bng chng trnh v trong cu lnh ca chng trnh ngi ta ch nu a ch ni cha gi tr ch khng nu trc tip gi tr.

11

Chng I. CC KHI NIM C BN (tt.)

z

Th h th 2 (1955-1965)
z z z

S ra i ca thit b bn dn lp trnh FORTRAN v hp ng H thng x l theo l mch tch hp (IC) h iu hnh chia s thi gian my tnh c nhn (PC-Personal Computer) h iu hnh mng v h iu hnh phn tn
12

Th h th 3 (1965-1980)
z z

Th h th 4 (1980-nay)
z z

Cu trc phn lp ca h thng tnh ton

MTT

H lnh = {M lnh} Command System = {Command Code}

Ngn ng ring (Ngn ng my)

13

14

ton

z z

Ngi lp trnh thng nhm ln nng sut lp trnh thp, p dng nhiu bin php kch thch:
z z

K lut hnh chnh, Thng pht kinh t.

z z

Nng sut ch tng cht t v n nh mc 8 cu lnh/ngy cng! Kt qu nghin cu tm l hc: Bn cht con ngi khng quen lm cc cng vic n iu, khng c tnh quy lut, sm hay mun cng s c sai st!

15

Cu trc phn lp ca h thng tnh ton

z

Nh vy, nng cao nng sut - cn tc ng vo MTT. cc cng vic mi ngi v CT u cn (V/d Trao i vo ra) to sn CT mu (Standard Programs SP) cung cp cng vi my. Hnh thnh LSP = {SP}

16

E S U

User

10% 10% 10%

10%

10% 10% 10%

P LS
MTDT

MTDT
10%

10%

10%

17

16.6667% 16.6667% 10% 10% 10% 16.6667% 10% 10% 16.6667% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 16.6667%

16.6667%

US ER

18

Tc ng phn mm ln phn cng

z

C s ho h lnh:
z z

Cc lnh phc tp nh x1/2, ex,|x| . . . dn dn c thay th bng CT con, Tng cng cc lnh x l bit.

z z z z z

Tng tc ca MT, Tng tnh vn nng, Tng tin cy, Gim gi thnh, Cho php phn cc thit b thnh tng nhm c lp, tng mm do ca cu hnh.
19

Tc ng phn mm ln phn cng

z

Cc yu t trn c s tc ng ca tin b cng ngh, nhng phn mm ng vai tr quan trng, nhiu khi c tnh quyt nh:
z z

Bn phm, My in.

20

Tc ng phn mm ln USER
z

y ngi dng ra xa my, nhng to iu kin khai thc trit v ti u thit b

1 6 .6 6 6 7 % 1 0 %

1 6 .6 6 6 7 % 1 0 % 1 0 % 1 6 .6 6 6 7 %

1 0 %

1 0 %

1 6 .6 6 6 7 % 1 0 % 1 0 % 1 6 .6 6 6 7 %

M T D T
1 0 % 1 0 % 1 0 %

1 6 .6 6 6 7 %

U S E R
21

Thay i nguyn l lm vic:

22

Tc ng phn mm ln USER
z z z

Hiu ng t o to, Nguyn l WYSIWYG, Gii phng ngi dng khi s rng buc vo thit b vt l c th.

23

2 Cc ti nguyn c bn

a)

B nh:
Vai tr, Gt chn Asin ca h thng, Quan trng: s dng nh th no? Bo v thng tin?

24

b) PROCESSOR
z z z z z

iu khin my tnh, Thc hin cc php tnh s hc, l gic v iu khin, C tc rt ln (vi chc triu php tnh / giy), Thng thng c thi gian rnh (thi gian cht) ln hiu sut s dng thp, V/: tng hiu sut s dng (gim thi gian cht).
25

C) THIT B NGOI VI
z z z z

S lng: Nhiu, Cht lng: a dng, Tc : Cc chm (so vi Processor), V/: Phi m bo: z H thng thch nghi vi s lng v tnh a
z

dng, Tc thit b ngoi vi khng nh hng ng k n nng sut h thng.

26

D) Ti nguyn chng trnh

z z

z z

Cn phi c cc chng trnh cn thit, Mt chng trnh c kch hot: phc v cho nhiu ngi dng ( cu trc Reenter), Khai thc On-Line, RPC, Cch t chc chng trnh: cu trc v m bo cho cu trc hot ng,

27

Nhim v ca h thng i vi ti nguyn

2 nhim v chung(khng ph thuc vo loi ti nguyn):

z

Phn phi ti nguyn: Cho ai? Khi no? Bao nhiu (vi loi chia s c)? Qun l trng thi ti nguyn: Cn t do hay khng hoc s lng cn t do? X l theo l, Phn chia thi gian, Thi gian thc.
28

Tn ti nhiu gii thut Loi h thng:

z z z

3 - NH NGHA H IU HNH
z z

C nhiu gc quan st v nh gi, Cc i tng khc nhau c yu cu, i hi khc nhau i vi OS, Xt 4 gc :
z z z z

Ca ngi s dng, Ca nh qun l, Ca nh k thut, Ca ngi lp trnh h thng.

29

NH NGHA H IU HNH
z z

Ngi dng: Thun tin, Nh qun l: Qun l cht ch, khai thc ti u, tr m m Nh k thut: ng y l
uy g n c kh n ba n g t m i i o

30

a l gic C:

a l gic D:

a l gic E:

Thc hin

31

Ngi Lp trnh h thng

.
32

z z

i thoi: h thng gn nh + linh hot, i thoi ngn ng i thoi (bng li hoc c ch). m phng 2 i tng con ngi l h thng tr tu nhn to, l h chuyn gia,

33

z
z

Ra i sm nht:
04/1951 x hi mi bit v tin vo kh nng gii quyt cc bi ton phi s ca MT, 1952 - Von Neuman xut t tng xy dng CT t hon thin , 1961 Bell Lab Cc CT tr chi Animal v Core Ware, Khai thc thc t cc h CG: 1971-1972. OS xy dng t 1950, 1965 - H H ni ting OS IBM 360

z z z z

34

z z z z

Hon thin nht: Thng k UNESCO: 73% s cng trnh khng hon thnh do khu t v/, Cc HCG khc: Cn b chuyn ngnh + Cn b lp trnh, OS:
Ngi lp trnh gii quyt bi ton ca chnh mnh z Hiu r: V/+kh nng cng c+ kh nng bn thn 1974: 3 cng trnh xy dng k thut tiu biu nh cao tr tu loi ngi: H thng T t ng lin lc a, H thng Appolo a ngi ln mt trng, OS IBM 360.
z

35

4 TNH CHT CHUNG CA OS

z z z z z

A) Tin cy v chun xc, B) Bo v, C) K tha v thch nghi, D) Hiu qu, E) Thun tin.

36

Tin cy v chun xc
z

Mi cng vic trong h thng u phi c kim tra:

z z

Kim tra mi trng iu kin thc hin, Kim tra kt qu thc hin,

z z z

Nhiu chc nng KT: chuyn giao cho phn cng. V d: Lnh COPY A:F1.TXT B: Sau khi KT c php, bt u thc hin lnh. Ln lt h thng s KT g v c th c thng bo no?

37

z z z z z z z z z

Kt CARD I/O, Tn ti a? Thit b in t a? ng c a? Kh nng truy nhp ca a? Kh nng truy nhp a? Tn ti file F1.TXT? Kh nng truy nhp file? ........ So snh: SCANDISK DEFRAG

NDD SPEEDISK
38

BO V
z z z

Hn ch truy nhp khng hp thc, Hn ch nh hng sai st v tnh hay c , Bo v:

z z z

Nhiu mc, Nhiu cng c, Nhiu thi im v giai on khc nhau.

Ch : bo v v chng bo v: cng mc khng th m bo an ton tuyt i!

39

K tha v thch nghi

40

5 - NGUYN L T CHC V HOT NG

z z z z z z

Nguyn l m un, Nguyn l ph chc nng, Nguyn l Macroprocessor, Nguyn l bng tham s iu khin, Nguyn l gi tr chun, Nguyn l 2 loi tham s.

41

NGUYN L M UN
z z

Mi cng vic m un CT c lp, Cc m un lin kt vi nhau thng qua Input/Output:

Cc m un c nhm theo chc nng thnh phn h thng.

42

NGUYN L PH CHC NNG

z z z z z z

Mi cng vic trong h thng thng thng c th thc hin bng nhiu cch vi nhiu cng c khc nhau, L do: Mi m un c hiu ng ph chc nng, Ngi dng c quyn khai thc mi hiu ng ph khng ph thuc vo vic cng b, Lp trnh:Phi m bo cc tnh cht ca OS vi mi hiu ng ph, Vai tr: z m bo thun tin cho ngi dng, z m bo an ton chc nng ca h thng, V d: In mt file.

43

NGUYN L MACROPROCESSOR
z z

Trong OS khng c sn CT gii quyt v/, Khi cn thit: H thng to ra CT v thc hin CT to ra:

Nguyn l ny p dng vi c bn thn ton b OS: Trn a ch c cc thnh phn. Khi cn cc thnh phn c lp rp thnh H IU HNH (Np h thng). Lu : Cc nguyn l Ph chc nng v Macroprocessor tri vi l thuyt lp trnh c cu trc.

44

NGUYN L BNG THAM S IU KHIN

z

Mi i tng trong OS Bng tham s (Control Table, Control Block), H thng khng bao gi tham chiu ti i tng vt l m ch tham chiu ti bng tham s iu khin tng ng. Vi cc a t, CD bng tham s ghi phn u Vng h thng (System Area), Vi cc files Header.

45

Cu trc file nh kiu

46

Mt s loi bng tham s :

z z z z

Cho WINDOWS: Win.ini, Cho MS DOS: Config.sys, Cho WINWORD: Winword.ini, Bng tham s cu hnh h thng: phc v cho mi h iu hnh: lu tr trong CMOS,

47

NGUYN L GI TR CHUN
z z z z

Cch gi khc: Nguyn tc ngm nh (Default), H thng chun b bng gi tr cho cc tham s bng gi tr chun, Khi hot ng: nu tham s thiu gi tr OS ly t bng gi tr chun. Vai tr ca nguyn l:
z z

Thun tin: khng phi nhc li nhng gi tr thng dng, Ngi dng khng cn bit y d hoc su v h thng.

48

Nguyn l gi tr chun
z

Tc ng ln gi tr tham s hoc bng gi tr chun:

z z z

z z

V d: c:\csdl>dir Tham s thiu gi tr:

z z z z z

Startup, Autoexec.bat, Control Panel

a? Th mc? Xem g? Quy cch a ra? Ni ra?

49

NGUYN L 2 LOI THAM S

z z z

2 loi tham s: Tham s v tr (Position Parameters), Tham s kho (Keyword Param.).

Tham s kho theo trnh t tu .

50

6 THNH PHN
z
z z z z z z z

Nhiu cc phn chia theo chc nng, mc chi tit,

H thng Supervisor, H thng qun l thit b ngoi vi, H thng qun l files, H thng cc chng trnh iu khin: iu phi nhim v, Monitor, Bin bn h thng,
51

Cc chng trnh phc v h thng.

Thnh phn
z

Lu : ngn ng khng phi l thnh phn h thng, nhng trong thnh phn h thng c mt s CT dch. Phn bit: Chng trnh phc v h thng v chng trnh ng dng

52

Chng trnh dch trong Windows: WIN.COM COMMAND.COM Nguyn tc dch: Interpreter

53

II QUN L FILES V THIT B NGOI VI

z

Qun l thit b ngoi vi: Cn m bo h thng thch nghi vi:

z z z

S lng nhiu, Cht lng a dng, Thun tin cho ngi dng. To files cc loi b nh ngoi, Tm kim, truy nhp files, m bo c lp gia CT v thit b
54

Qun l files: Cho php ngi dng:

z z z

1 Nguyn tc phn cp trong qun l thit b ngoi vi

z

z z

My tnh th h I v II: Processor lm vic trc tip vi thit b ngoi vi, Hn ch: Tc - S lng - Chng loi, T th h III tr ln: Processor TB iu khin TB ngoi vi (Control Devices) (Controllers)

55

TB Vo/Ra

TB Vo/Ra

TB Vo/Ra

56

TB Vo/Ra

TB Vo/Ra

TB Vo/Ra

57

Nguyn tc phn cp trong qun l thit b ngoi vi

z

z z

Php trao i vo ra: thc hin theo nguyn l Macroprocessor, Vi my vi tnh: Thit b iu khin vo ra I/O Card, My Card on Board, Lp trnh trn Card vo/ra: Vit TOOLS khi to chng trnh knh, Khi nim knh b (Multiplex), Card Multimedia.

58

Knh Multiplex

59

2 - K THUT PHNG M
z

Khi nim phng m (Buffer) ca OS.

BUFFER

SYSTEM

AM

DISK a

AM

RAM

60

K THUT PHNG M z C ch phc v phng m, z Vn ng file output, FLUSH(F), z Vai tr phng m:

z z

Song song gia trao i vo ra v x l, m bo c lp:

z z z

Thng tin v phng tin mang, Bn ghi l gc v vt l, Lu tr v x l,

Gim s ln truy nhp vt l:Gi thit mi ln truy nhp vt l: 0.01, truy nhp kiu BYTE.

61

K THUT PHNG M
Khng c Buffer 1B 512B 5KB 50KB 0.01 ~5 ~50 ~8 Buffer 512B 0.01 0.01 0.1 1

62

Cc loi phng m
z z

z z

Phng m chung hoc gn vi file, Cc H QTCSDL cn h thng phng m ring nng linh hot v tc x l, Cc loi b nh Cache v phng m. Ba kiu t chc chnh:
z z z

Phng m truy nhp theo gi tr, Phng m truy nhp theo a ch, Phng m vng trn.

63

Cc loi phng m z A) Phng m truy nhp theo gi tr:

64

Cc loi phng m
z

B) Phng m truy nhp theo a ch:

65

Cc loi phng m
z

C) Phng m vng trn: thng p dng cho cc h QT CSDL.

66

3 - SPOOL
z z z

SPOOL Simultaneuos Peripheral Opearations On-Line, Khng can thip vo CT ngi dng, Hai giai on:
z z

Thc hin: thay th thit v ngoi vi bng thit b trung gian (a cng), X l kt thc:
z z

Sau khi kt thc vic thc hin CT, a thng tin ra thit b yu cu.

Ch : c trng ca thit b trung gian.

67

SPOOL
z

m bo song song gia x l mt CT vi trao i vo ra ca CT khc.

Thc hin chng trnh

X l kt thc
(min ph)
68

SPOOL
z

z z z

Gii phng h thng khi s rng buc v s lng thit b, Khai thc thit b ngoi vi ti u, K thut lp trnh hiu qu. H thng cung cp cc phng tin ngi dng to SPOOL, Ai to SPOOL ngi x l kt thc.

69

Giai on thc hin: vi mi php trao i vo ra h thng to 2 CT knh:

z z

CT knh I theo thit b yu cu, CT knh II phc v ghi CT knh I ra thit b trung gian,

z z

X l kt thc: c CT knh lu v chuyn giao cho knh. Nh vy, mi thit b s dng file CT knh.

70

4 H THNG QUN L FILES

z z

CSDL qun l files, H thng qun l files - H QT CSDL.

71

72

73

QUN L FILE TRONG WINDOWS

z

Mc ch:
z z z z

Minh ho nguyn l bng tham s iu khin, Tnh k tha v thch nghi, C ch bo v, Cch th hin mt s ch qun l b nh (chng tip theo).

74

T CHC THNG TIN TRN A T

k c Tra
1 1 1

Sector

2 2 2

3 3
75

CC KHI NIM C BN
z

Sector:
z z z z

nh s t 1, S Sector/track Constant, H s an xen (Interleave) nguyn t cng nhau vi s sector/track, Kch thc 1 sector:
z z

128B 256B

z
z

512B
1KB
76

CC KHI NIM C BN
z z z

Cylinder: 0,1,2, . . . u t (Header): 0, 1, 2, . . . Cluster:

z z z z

Nhm sectors lin tip lgic, n v phn phi cho ngi dng, nh s: 2, 3, 4, . . . Kch thc: 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64 (S),

z z

a ch vt l:(H, S, Cyl), a ch tuyt i: 0, 1, 2, . . .

77

CU TRC THNG TIN TRN A T

78

BOOT SECTOR

79

BOOT SECTOR
Stt 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 3 B D E 10H 11 13 Offs
L (Byte)

Ngha Lnh JMP (EB xx 90) Tn h thng Format a Kch thc Sector Sec/Cluster
a ch tuyt i FAT1 trong a l gc

3 8 2 1 2 1 2 2

S lng bng FAT FAT16: S phn t ROOT FAT32: 00 00 sect/Disk (<32MB) hoc 00 00
80

BOOT SECTOR 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 15 16 18 1A 1C 20 24 28 2A 2C 1 2 2 2 4 4 4 2 2 4 Kiu a t (F8 HD, F0 1.44MB) FAT16: Sec/FAT FAT32: 00 00 Sec/ Track S u t a ch tuyt BS trong a vt l Sec / Disk (32MB) hoc 0 Sec / FAT

Flags
Version

a ch ROOT (Cluster)

81

19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27

30 32 34 40 41 42 43 47 52

2 2 1210 1 1 1 4 1110 8

Inf a ch lu BS
D tr (00...00)

a ch a ( 80 C:) 00
29 BIOS m rng Serial Number Volume Name

FAT32

82

Boot Sector FAT 16

15 16 17 18 19 20 24 25 26 27 2B 36 1 1 1 4 1110 8

a ch a ( 80 C:) 00
29 BIOS m rng Serial Number Volume Name

FAT16

83

V d
EB 02 41 01 80 20 58 00 0C 00 00 20 90 00 34 06 29 46 4D 00 00 00 D1 41 53 00 03 00 09 54 57 F8 0D 00 47 33 49 00 00 00 32 32 4E 00 00 00 20 20 34 3F 00 00 20 20 2E 00 00 00 20 20 31 40 00 00 20 FA 00 00 00 00 20 33 02 3F 02 00 20 C9 08 00 00 00 20 8E 2D 00 00 00 20 41 00 00 00 00 20 BC

84

TH MC
z z
z

ng vai tr mc lc tra cu, tm kim, Mi h thng u phi c vi nhng tn khc nhau

(Catalog, Directory, Folder,. . .), Bao gm: Th mc gc (ROOT) + Th mc con,

z z z z z

Cc h thng ca Microsoft v OS IBM cu trc cy, UNIX - cu trc phn cp, Th mc = {Phn t}, mi phn t: 3210 B Phn t file, Th mc con v ROOT: File c cu trc.

85

Cu trc phn t th mc tn ngn (Phn t 8.3)

Stt 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Offs 0 8 B C E 10H 12 13 8 3 1 2 2 2 1 1 L Tn (Name) Phn m rng (Extention) Thuc tnh (Attribute) Thi im to file Ngy to file Ngy truy nhp gn nht 00 (Cho NT) S 0.1 ca thi im to file
86

ngha

Phn t 8.3
9 10 11 12 13 14 16 18 1A 1C 2 2 2 2 4 2 bytes cao ca cluster xut pht Thi im cp nht cui cng Ngy cp nht cui cng 2 bytes thp ca cluster xut pht Kch thc file (Byte)
87

Phn t 8.3
z z

Byte s 0: Vai tr c bit. 00 Cha s dng, phn t cha s dng u tin - du hiu kt thc th mc, E5 () b xo, 05 Tn bt u bng k t , 2E 20 (. ) Phn t th I ca th mc con, 2E 2E (..) Phn t th II ca th mc con

z z z

88

89

90

Tn di
z z z

z z

Khng qu 255 k t, Unicode, H thng phn bit theo 66 k t u tin, Lu tr theo cch a vo, Nhn dng: a v ch hoa.

Phn t tn di n
Phn t tn di n-1

Phn t tn di 1 Phn t 8.3

91

Cu trc phn t tn di
Stt 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Offs 0 1 B C D E 1A 1C 1 1010 1 1 1 1210 2 4 L ngha S th t i (64+i) 5 k t C1 C5 Thuc tnh (00001111B) 00 du hiu phn t tn di K phn t 8.3 C6 C11 00 00 C12 C13
92

File Allocation Table (FAT)

z

Chc nng:
z z z

Qun l b nh phn phi cho tng file, Qun l b nh t do trn a, Qun l b nh km cht lng.

z z

FAT = {phn t} Phn t:

z z

nh s:0, 1, 2, . . . T phn t s 2: phn t Cluster

93

94

FAT
z z

Bit Shutdown = 1 Ra khi h thng ng cch Bit Diskerror = 1 khng c li truy nhp a ln truy nhp cui cng.

z
z z z z z

T phn t 2 tr i:
Gi tr 0 Cluster t do, FF7 (FFF7, 0FFFFFF7) Bad cluster, Cc gi tr khc phn phi, Cc phn t tng ng nhng Clusters ca mt file - to thnh mt danh sch mc ni, EOC (End of Cluster Chain) FFF (FFFF, FFFFFFFF).

95

96

MASTER BOOT

97

MASTER BOOT
z

Nguyn tc khai thc HD: z Chia HD thnh cc phn, mi phn c kch thc c nh, z Mi phn s dng nh mt a t c lp: a l gic ( Logical Volume). OS cho php to cc a kch thc ng trong mi a l gic.

98

Cu trc bng phn vng

z z z z

Bng phn vng bt u t a ch 1BEH, Bng phn vng = {4 phn t}, Mi phn t s dng a l gic, Tn ti c ch cho php to nhiu hn 4 a l gc trn mt a vt l.

99

Cu trc phn t bng phn vng

100

Bng phn vng

80 01 01 00 0B 3F FF 4D 3F 00 00 00 41 0C 34 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 55AA

80010100 000001C0 00004120 000041E0 55AA

010511BF 5105511F 510551DF 5105D132

11000000 804C0000 C0720000 40BF0000

6F4C0000 40260000 804C0000 12870000

101

Truy nhp Boot Sector

Dng cc hm API, z Chng trnh c v a ra mn hnh ni dung BS ca a mm A: (Hexa v ASCII): Program R_BS_A; Uses Crt, Dos; Const s16: string[16]=0123456789ABCDEF; Var B: array[0..511] of char; reg: registers; i,j,k: integer; c: char; BEGIN clrscr; fillchar(b,sizeof(b),0); writeln(Cho dia vao o A: va bam phim bat ky.); c:=readkey;
z

102

I := 0; Repeat with reg do begin dl := 0; { 0 -> A:, 128 -> C:} dh := 0; {u t} cl := 1; {Sector} ch := 0; {Cylinder} al := 1; {So Sectors can doc} ah := 2; {2 -> Read; 3 -> Write;. . .} es := seg(b); bx := ofs(b) end;

103

intr($13,reg); inc(i) Until i = 2; for i := 0 to 511 do begin j := b[i] shr 4 + 1; k := b[i] and $0F + 1; write(s16[j]:2, s16[k]); if (i+1) mod 16 = 0 then begin write( :5); for j := i-15 to i do if (b[j] <32) or (b[j] = 255) then write(.) else write(chr(b[j]));
104

writeln; if i = 255 then c:= readkey end end; Repeat Until keypressed END.

105

III QUN L B NH
z z z z z

B nh tc ng nhiu ln phc tp ca gii thut, Phi gii quyt 2 v/ tri ngc nhau: Tit kim b nh, Tn dng ti a b nh cho php. Phn ln cc chng trnh: vit trn ngn ng lp trnh: Assembler, VB, JAVA, VC++, . . . Vi ngi lp trnh: CT v thc hin CT l nh x t tn sang gi tr.

106

QUN L B NH
z

Vi h thng:

107

1 CC BC X L CT

z z z

I+J A+B A+I

108

CC BC X L CT
Qun l b nh

QL Tin trnh QL Processor

Bin tp (Link)

Np v nh v (Fetch)

z z

Vai tr ca Bin tp (Input/Output), Khi nim b nh l gc.

109

CC BC X L CT
L gc

ng h K
us Tn er s

t n

H m

t n

Tn trong

CH T FE

T chc b nh vt l?

Chng trnh thc hin

110

B nh vt l

od u hi l th n c

gian

od

ul

ch

2 CU TRC CHNG TRNH

z

B nh l gc:
z z z z

Khng gn vi my tnh c th, Khng gii hn v kch thc, Ch cha 1 m un hoc 1 CT, Ch phc v lu tr, khng thc hin.

z z z

Qun l b nh l gc ~ t chc chng trnh, Mi cch t chc CT cu trc CT, Mi cu trc: u c s dng trong thc t.

111

CU TRC CHNG TRNH

z

z z

c trng m un ch (Object Modul): cha thng tin v cc moduls khc lin quan (cc mc ni) kch thc ln. Nhim v bin tp (Linked): Gii quyt cc mc ni. Cc loi cu trc chnh:
z z z z z

Cu trc tuyn tnh, Cu trc ng (Dynamic Structure), Cu trc Overlay, Cu trc m un, Cu trc phn trang.

Mt chng trnh thc hin c th cha nhiu cu trc khc nhau.

112

CU TRC CHNG TRNH

z

A) Cu trc tuyn tnh: CT bin tp tm v lp rp cc m un thnh mt m un duy nht, cha y thng tin thc hin CT,

113

Cu trc tuyn tnh

z

c im:
z z z z

n gin, Thi gian thc hin: min, Lu ng (mobilable) cao, Tn b nh: vi mi b d liu ch c 13% - 17% cu lnh ng vai tr tch cc. Khng dng chung m un CT.

114

B) CU TRC NG
z

Trong CT ngun: phi dng cc lnh macro h thng np, mc ni, xo (Load, Attach, Delete) . . . cc m un khi cn thit,

m0 m0 m0 m0 m0 m2 m2 m2
115

m1

CU TRC NG
z

c im:
z

z z

i hi user phi bit c ch v cng c qun l b nh, Thi gian thc hin ln: song song thc hin vi tm kim, np v nh v, Tit kim b nh, Km lu ng kh np, cp nht, xo.

c s dng rng ri nhng nm 60-70 v t 90 n nay. Thch hp cho cc CT h thng.

116

CU TRC NG
z

Cc m un np trong qu trnh thc hin vo cc files .DLL ( dynamic Link Library)

WIDOWS 98, WINDOWS XP th mc SYSTEM, SYSTEM32,

z z z

Bin bn ci t, uninstall. Winword, Excel, Vietkey . . . Cc ngn ng lp trnh: cng c t chc DLL.

117

C) CU TRC OVERLAY
z z z z z z

Moduls cc lp, lp = {cc moduls khng tn ti ng thi} Moduls lp i c gi bi moduls lp i-1, Thng tin v cc lp: S t chc overlay, do user cung cp cho Link, Link to s qun l overlay, Supervisor Overlay t chc thc hin. c im:
z z

Phn phi b nh theo s tnh, Files .OVL

V d: FOXPRO, PCSHELL. . . .
118

RAM MC 0 Moduls mc 1 Moduls mc 2 Moduls mc 3

MC 1 MC 2

MC 3

Tng cng:

119

D) CU TRC MODULS
z z

Bin tp ring tng m un, To bng qun l m un iu khin thc hin,

c im: z T ng hon ton, z Khng cn phn phi b nh lin tc, z Hiu qu ph thuc vo cu trc ban u ca CT ngun, z D dng s dng chung m un.

120

z z z

CT bin tp nh cu trc tuyn tnh, Chia thnh cc phn bng nhau trang, To bng qun l trang.

E) CU TRC PHN TRANG

z z z

c im: Tit kim b nh, Hiu qu khng ph thuc v cu trc ban u ca CT ngun.
121

3 - QUN L B NH VT L
z

c im:
z z

C kch thc c th, C cu hnh s dng c th. Bo v thng tin, B nh cho d liu. Cch t chc? Xc lp quan h vi b nh l gc: nh th no v khi no? Tnh hung thiu b nh?

Phc v giai on thc hin CT:

z z

Vn :
z z z

122

QUN L B NH VT L
z

Cc ch qun l b nh vt l:
z z z z

Ch phn vng c nh, Ch phn vng ng, Ch m un, Ch phn trang,

z z

Ch kt hp m un v phn trang. Mi ch : u ang c s dng.

123

a) Ch phn vng c nh
z

B nh n phn, mi phn c kch thc c nh (khng nht thit bng nhau), s dng nh mt b nh c lp, phc v thc hin 1 CT.

5 KB A C,B

124

Ch phn vng c nh
z

c im:
z z z z

Mi vng c mt danh sch qun l b nh t do, Mi vng: thc hin mt CT ng dng, S bo v thng tin: theo ton vng. Mt s CT iu khin phi dc copy vo tng vng.

z z

Phn lp CT phc v hn ch lng ph b nh, M hnh: T chc a cng.

125

Ch phn vng c nh Cng c phn b li b nh (SWAPPING):

z z z

Lnh OP, Do OP thc hin, Nhng vng no bin thay i: mt thng tin. L do: lm li DSQL b nh t do.

z z z

V d: vi a cng: FDISK. CT iu khin h thng: n gin. H s song song c nh.

126

b) CH PHN VNG NG
CT Phn phi vng b nh lin tc thc hin v qun l nh b nh c lp. z mt danh sch QL b nh t do duy nht.
z

127

CH PHN VNG NG
z

c im:
z z

H s song song bin thin, hin tng phn on ngoi (External Fragmentation) SWAPPING, Lnh OP, Do OP thc hin, Khng mt thng tin.

Cng c SWAPPING:
z z z

z z z

Ni dung SWAPPING. Phc tp ca Swapping. M hnh qun l a t SUBST, DRVSPACE

128

CH PHN VNG NG

129

C) CH QUN L THEO M UN z CT cu trc m un,

0

SCB (Segment Control Block)

130

CH QUN L THEO M UN
z

Thc hin CT: a ch d liu phi biu din di dng mt cp

M un
z z

offset

SCB RAM, a ch u ca SCB Rs- Segment Register. c /ghi d liu: cn 2 ln truy nhp ti b nh: * (Rs) + s truy nhp ti phn t th s SCB, ** Khi D = 1: A+d truy nhp ti d liu.
131

RAM

RAM

132

CH QUN L THEO M UN
z

c im:
z z

z z z

Khng cn phn phi b nh lin tc, Khng i hi cng c c bit c th p dng cho mi MTT, D dng s dng chung m un gia cc CT, Hiu qu ph thuc vo cu trc CT ngun, Tn ti hin tng phn on ngoi (External Fragmentation).

Thiu b nh, phn on ngoi Swapping

133

CH QUN L THEO M UN
z

SWAPPING: z Do h thng m nhim, z Khng mt thng tin, z Ni dung swapping: a mt hoc mt s m un ra b nh ngoi, gii phng ch np m un mi.

Cch chn m un a ra: Option

z z z

M un tn ti lu nht trong b nh, M un c ln s dng cui cng cch y lu nht, M un c tn xut s dng thp nht.

IBM PC 286 tr ln: z Mt trong 2 ch ca 286 v mt trong 3 ch ca 386 tr ln, z Swapping - ngm nh tiu chun 2.
134

D) CH PHN TRANG
z

B nh c chia thnh cc phn bng nhau cc trang (Pages), Cc trang nh s 0, 1, 2, . . . - a ch trang.

135

CH PHN TRANG
z z

CT - cu trc phn trang, Bng qun l trang PCB (Page Control Block),

DP

AP

136

CH PHN TRANG
z

Thc hin CT: a ch d liu phi biu din di dng mt cp

z z

PCB RAM, a ch u ca PCB RP- Page Register. c /ghi d liu: cn 2 ln truy nhp ti b nh: * (RP) + p truy nhp ti phn t th p PCB, ** Khi Dp = 1: A d truy nhp ti d liu.

137

138

CH PHN TRANG

c im:
z z z z z z

Khng cn phn phi b nh lin tc, Phi c cng c k thut h tr nh v trang, Khng s dng chung m un gia cc CT, Hiu qu khng ph thuc vo cu trc CT ngun, Bng PCB c th rt ln, Khng b phn on ngoi.

Thiu b nh (mi trang u c s dng) Swapping

139

CH PHN TRANG
z

SWAPPING: z Do h thng m nhim, z Khng mt thng tin, z Ni dung swapping: a mt trang ra b nh ngoi, gii phng ch np trang mi.

Cch chn trang a ra: Option

z z z

Trang tn ti lu nht trong b nh, Trang c ln s dng cui cngcch y lu nht, Trang c tn xut s dng thp nht.

IBM PC 386 tr ln: ngm nh tiu chun 2.

140

E) CH KT HP M UN PHN TRANG B nh vt l phn trang, CT cu trc m un, Mi m un phn trang:

z z z

141

CH KT HP M UN PHN TRANG

142

CH KT HP M UN PHN TRANG
z

Thc hin CT: a ch d liu phi biu din di dng mt nhm 3:

z z

SCB RAM, a ch u ca SCB Rs- Segment Register. c /ghi d liu: cn 3 ln truy nhp ti b nh: * (Rs) + s truy nhp ti phn t th s SCB, ** Khi D = 1: A+d truy nhp ti PCBs SCB, *** Khi Dp = 1: A d truy nhp ti d liu.

143

s
Rs = 300 15

p
81

d
532

12314

12314

150

12395

405

150

405000

405532

RAM RAM RAM 144

4 - QUN L B NH TRONG IBM PC

Bn mc u tin (Privilege Levels) thc hin CT: 0 3, cao nht 0, thp nht 3. z Nguyn tc tuy nhp: mt CT ch c quyn truy nhp ti CT v d liu ca CT bng hoc km u tin hn.
z

Nhn

145

IBM PC
z

B nh phn phi cho CT - 2 loi: b nh chung (G) v b nh ring (L).

146

IBM PC
z

AM

2 ch : Ch thc (XT) v ch bo v (AT). Ch Real Mode:

ROM
147

B NH C S

Ch Protected Mode

148

Ch Protected Mode
z z

Mi khi MCB (Memory Control Block) B nh chung {MCB} GDT

z z

(Global Descriptor Table). B nh ring {MCB} LDT (Local Descriptor Table). MCB: 8 Bytes/phn t. Thc hin CT: GDT RAM, GDTR LDT RAM, LDTR
Lnh: LGDTR, SGDTR, LLDTR, SLDTR
149

MCB

150

80286
z

a ch tuyn tnh: 32 bits.

Kh nng: z Vt l: AR 24 bits z Vph= 224 z = 16MB z L gic: Vlg=21321216 z =230 z =1 GB

151

MCB

152

80386 - PENTUM
z

z z

G = 0 - Ch m un, n v tnh kch thc khi Byte L = 220 = 1 MB. G = 1 - Ch phn trang, n v tnh kch thc khi trang (4 KB) L = 220 P = 220212 = 232 = 4 GB. D = 0 - Ch d liu 16 bit, D = 1 - Ch d liu 32 bit.

153

80386 - PENTUM
z

a ch tuyn tnh: 48 bits.

Kh nng: z Vt l: AR 32 bits z Vph= 232 z = 4GB z L gic: Vlg=21321232 z =246 z = 26240 z = 64 TB

154

80386 - PENTUM
z

Ch kt hp m un phn trang:

Phn phi b nh:

155

IV QUN L TIN TRNH (PROCESS)

1 - nh ngha tin trnh:

z z z

2 Phn loi: k tip v song song, Tin trnh song song:

156

Phn loi

157

Phn loi
z z

a) c lp: Bo v thng tin, b)Quan h thng tin: z Tin trnh nhn: Tn ti? u? Giai on no? z C ch truyn tin:
Hm th, z I/O Ports, z Monitor/
z
158

Phn loi
z z

c) Phn cp: Ti nguyn cho tin trnh con:

z z

H thng QL ti nguyn tp trung: t h thng, H thng QL ti nguyn phn tn: t vn ti nguyn tin trnh chnh,

z z z z

QL phn tn: Tin trnh chnh phi kt thc sau tin trnh con POST, WAIT. d) ng mc: S dng chung theo nguyn tc ln lt, Cc h thng m phng, tr chi, . . .
159

3 - BIU DIN TIN TRNH SONG SONG

z

Gi thit: S1, S2, . . ., Sn cc cng vic thc hin song song (Trn 1 hoc nhiu my).

160

BIU DIN z 2 cch m t ph bin:

PARBEGIN S1 ; S2; ....... Sn PAREND; COBEGIN S1 ; S2; ....... Sn COEND;

Cc cng vic Si c m t chnh xc bng mt ngn ng lp trnh c th.

161

4 TI NGUYN GNG v ON GNG z Ti nguyn gng: Kh nng phc v ng thi b hn ch, thng thng - bng 1. z V d: My in, qu trnh bn v my bay . . . z on gng (ch hp) ca tin trnh, z iu tin trnh qua on gng: T chc cho mi tin trnh qua c ch hp ca mnh. z Gii thut iu phi m bo 4 yu cu.

162

Yu cu
z z z z

i) m bo ti nguyn gng khng phi phc v qu kh nng ca mnh, ii) Khng tin trnh nm v hn trong on gng, iii) Nu c xp hng ch th sm hay mun tin trnh cng qua c on gng, iv) Nu c tin trnh ch i v nu ti nguyn gng c gii phng, th ti nguyn gng phi phc v ngay cho tin trnh ang ch i.
163

Cng c iu
z

Cng c iu : 2 loi:
z

Cp cao: do h thng m nhim, nm ngoi tin trnh c iu , z Cp thp: ci t ngay vo trong tin trnh c iu . z Cc gii thut iu cp thp: 3 lp gii thut: z Phng php kho trong, z Phng php kim tra v xc lp, z K thut n bo.

164

5 CC GII THUT IU CP THP

z z

Phng php kho trong: Nguyn l:

z z z

Mi tin trnh (TT) t tng ng ti nguyn gng vi 1 bin G, TT dng bin ny nh du vic mnh ang s dng ti nguyn gng, Trc khi vo on gng TT phi kim tra bin tng ng ca cc TT khc v ch vo on gng khi khng c TT no ang s dng ti nguyn gng.
165

Phng php kho trong

z

Mi trng v d: Xt trng hp:

z z z z

2 tin trnh, Mi TT c mt on gng u, 1 ti nguyn gng vi kh nng phc v:1, Cc tin trnh lp v hn. S nguyn l: nu tng chung, Gii thut iu : s hnh ng m bo iu .
166

Trnh nhm ln gia 2 khi nim:

z z

z z z z z z z z z z z z z z z

SBEGIN NGUYN L
Ban u k = 0; kho m PARBEGIN tt1: while k = 1 do; <-ch i tch cc k := 1; <on gng tt1> k := 0; <phn cn li ca tt1> tt2 : while k = 1 do; <-ch i tch cc k := 1; <on gng tt2> k := 0; <phn cn li ca tt2> PAREND END

167

KIM TRA V XC LP (TEST and SET)

z

C s: dng lnh my TS c t cc my tnh th h III tr i.

168

TEST and SET

z z

IBM 360/370: 1 lnh TS ( m 92H), IBM PC: Nhm lnh BTS (Binary Test and Set):

L:= G:=

G 1

G 0

G 1

G 0

169

S iu :

TEST and SET

170

TEST and SET

c im: z n gin, phc tp khng tng khi s tin trnh tng. Nguyn nhn: Cc b ho bin v tnh lin tc ca KT & XL, z Tn ti hin tng ch i tch cc. Nguyn nhn: Mi TT phi t a mnh vo on gng.

171

K THUT N BO(Semaphore)
z z

Dijsktra xut 1972. xut: z Mi ti nguyn gng c t tng ng vi mt bin nguyn c bit S (Semaphore), z Ban u: S Kh nng phc v t.ng. gng, z 2 lnh my P(S) v V(S) thay i gi tri ca S, mi lnh lm 2 cng vic v lm mt cch lin tc.
172

K THUT N BO Ni dung lnh P(S): * Dec(s); ** If S < 0 then a TT i xp hng. Ni dung lnh V(S): * Inc(s); ** If S 0 then Kch hot TT ang xp hng.

173

Thc hin:
z z

K THUT N BO
V nhiu l do, khng th ch to MT vi 2 lnh trn, Lnh P(S), V(S) th tc tng ng.

m bo tnh lin tc:

174

K THUT N BO
z

S iu :

175

K THUT N BO

Semaphore nh phn: z Phn ln cc ti nguyn gng c kh nng phc v = 1 S nh phn. z P(S): If s = 0 then Xp_hng Else s := 0; z V(S): If dng_xp_hng NULL then Kch_hot Else s := 1; Vn t tn cc th tc P v V.
176

6 CNG C IU CP CAO
z z z

on gng quy c, Bin iu kin quy c, Monitor h tr iu : cung cp gi tr cho bin iu kin quy c. Monitor ng vai tr v bc bo v ngn cch gia ti nguyn gng v cng c truy nhp ti n.

177

7 - B TC v CHNG B TC
z z z

Khi nim b tc (Deadlock): Cng ch i, V hn nu khng c tc ng t bn ngoi.

S khng c b tc nu TT A bt u sm hay mun.

178

B TC v CHNG B TC
z

iu kin xut hin b tc: hi ng thi 4 iu kin:

z z z z

ti nguyn gng, C t chc xp hng ch i, Khng phn phi li ti nguyn, hin tng ch i vng trn. Phng nga, D bo v trnh, Nhn bit v khc phc.
179

Chng b tc: 3 lp gii thut:

z z z

Phng nga z iu kin p dng:

z z

Xc xut xut hin b tc ln, Cc bin phpTn tht ln.

Bin php: tc ng ln mt hoc mt s iu kin gy b tc 4 iu kin khng xut hin ng thi. Cc gii php: c p dng nng cao hiu qu ca h thng.

180

Phng nga z Chng ti nguyn gng:

z z z

T chc h thng ti nguyn l gc, 2 mc truy nhp, SPOOL. Ch phn phi s b, Trc khi ngt TT: lu trng thi (Dump), Cng c:
z z

Chng xp hng ch i:
z z z

im gc (Control Points), im ngt (Break Points)

181

Phng nga
z

t im gc:
C nh trong CT, z Theo tc nhn ngoi (vd: thi gian)
z

ng dng:
z z z

Hiu chnh CT, Thc hin cc CT di, Vi ton b h thng: Hibernating.

182

Phng nga
z

Phn phi li ti nguyn:

z

z z

Cc ti nguyn quan trng (B nh, Processor . . .) lun lun c phn phi li, Ch yu: ch cn lu cc ti nguyn ring, H thng ti nguyn l gc: gim nhu cu phn phi li. phn phi li: Lu v khi phc trng thi ti nguyn.

183

Phng nga
z

Chng ch i vng trn:

z z

Phn lp ti nguyn, to thnh h thng phn cp, Nguyn tc phn phi: Khi chuyn lp - phi gii phng ti nguyn lp c.

184

D BO V TRNH
z

Mi ln phn phi mt ti nguyn: kim tra xem vic phn phi ny c th dn n nguy c b tc cho mt s tin trnh no hay khng v l nhng tin trnh no? iu kin mi trng:
z z

Xc xut xy ra b tc nh, Tn tht (nu c b tc) ln.

185

D BO V TRNH
z z

Gii thut tiu biu: Ngi ch ngn hng. Gi thit:

z z z z z

Xt 1 loi ti nguyn, s lng tstb, n tin trnh, Maxi, Ffoii, Kti boolean,
z z

True chc chn kt thc c, False trong trng hp ngc li.

186

D BO V TRNH

187

D BO V TRNH
z z z z

Tiu chun d bo: ngt, Da vo Kti bit cc TT c nguy c b tc, X l trc khi TT b b tc. c im gii thut:
z z z z

n gin, Input: Maxi tin cy, Mi loi ti nguyn th tc, Mi ln phn phi kim tra.
188

NHN BIT V KHC PHC

z

nh k kim tra cc TT ch i pht hin b tc, iu kin p dng:

z z

Xc xut xy ra b tc b, Tn tht (nu c b tc) b.

z z

p dng vi phn ln OS trong thc t, Do OP m nhim.

189

NHN BIT V KHC PHC

z

z z z z z

Lnh OP cc nhm lnh phc v nhn bit v khc phc, Nhm lnh xem trng thi (Display Status), Nhm lnh tc ng ln dng xp hng TT, Nhm lnh tc ng ln TT, Quan trng: cc lnh hu tin trnh, Cc bin php h tr v ngn chn t ng.
190

8 - GI TIN TRNH
z z z

TT c th cnh tranh hoc tng tc vi nhau, Mi quan h tng tc: tun t hoc song song, Xc lp quan h:
z z

Li gi, C ch x l s kin (S xt chng sau), Trong phm vi mt h thng, Gia cc h thng: z RI (Remote Invocation), z RPC (Remote Procedure Call), L thuyt chung: RMI (Remote Methods Invocation)
191

Cc cch gi:
z z

GI TIN TRNH
z

S gi:
z z

Khng i xng, i xng. Theo gi tr, Theo a ch, CR (Call by Copy/Restore).

K thut truyn tham s:

z z z

192

GI TIN TRNH
z

Thng tin ti thiu lu v khi phc TT:

z z z z z

Ni dung cc thanh ghi, a ch lnh, Vng b nh RAM lin quan, Vng b nh phc v ca h thng, Cc s kin cha x l.

Phn bit s gi i xng v quy.

193

V QUN L PROCESSOR
z

Mc ch: Gim thi gian cht ca Processor nng cao hiu qu h thng, Vai tr thit b trung tm: lin kt cc b phn c lp (cng v mm) thnh h thng hot ng ng b. Trong phn ny: xt hot ng ca 1 CPU.

194

1 PROCESSOR L GC

195

2 CC TRNG THI C BN CA TIN TRNH

CT

TT Sn sng

TT Thc hin

TT Ch i

z z

c trng cc loi trng thi, Vn cn gii quyt: 3 loi.

196

VN

CT

TT Sn sng

TT Thc hin

TT Ch i

197

VN

a) Lin quan ti dng TT sn sng: Cch t chc phc v dng xp hng?

198

VN
z

Trnh t phc v tc ng ln thi gian ch i trung bnh tw : gi thit 3 TT :

1 2 3

199

VN
z

Thi gian thc hin tin trnh:

Khng y ra (Nonpreemptive), (X l theo l) z C y ra (Preemptive) (Phn chia th i gian) TT CT Sn sng Lng t thi gian: 0.03 0.2.
z
2 ch phc v

TT Thc hin

KT

TT Ch i

200

VN
z

c) Thi im a TT ch i tr li sn sng? C ch s kin v ngt.

Thi im?

CT

TT Sn sng

TT Thc hin

TT Ch i

201

3 - IU THC HIN TT
z
z

TT th t u tin phc v,
Yu cu:
z z

tw min. TT kt thc. Mt dng xp hng, Nhiu dng xp hng.

Ch :
z z

202

Ch mt dng xp hng
z

a) FCFS (First come First served):

z z z z z

n gin, TT kt thc c, Khng cn input b sung, Tw ln, Non-Preemtipve.

203

Ch mt dng xp hng
z

b) SJN (Shortest Job Next):

z z z z z z

Thi gian thc hin t u tin cao, Tw gim, TT di c nguy c khng kt thc c, Kh d bo thi im phc v TT, Non-Preemtipve, Input: Thi gian thc hin TT.

204

Ch mt dng xp hng
z

c) SRT (Shortest Remaining Time):

z

z z z

Th t u tin phc v: xc nh theo lng thi gian cn li cn thit kt thc TT, tw gim mnh, Cc c trng khc: tng t nh SJN, TT di cng c nguy c khng kt thc c!

cc ch Non-Preemtipve: cn c tlim hu TT hoc a v th t u tin thp nht.

205

Ch mt dng xp hng
z

d) RR (Round Robin):
z z z z

Preemtipve, TT - kt thc c, Kh nng i thoi vi TT, u tin thch ng vi TT di: phn lp phc v vi t ln hn.

t( l th n i g g t ian )

10% 10% 10% 10% 10% B sung TT mi

10% 10% 10% 10%

10%

206

Ch nhiu dng xp hng

207

4 - NGT v X L NGT
z

nh ngha ngt (Interrupt):

z

C ch S kin v Ngt: t MT th h III, IBM 360/370 7 loi s kin, IBM PC 256 loi s kin.

208

PHN LOI NGT

z

Ngt trong v ngt ngoi,

z z

Ngt trong: /0, trn , . . . Ngt ngoi: I/O Int, Timer, . . . Chn c: i/o Int, Khng chc c: Timer Int.
209

Ngt chn c v khng chn c:

z z

Ngt cng v ngt mm.

X L NGT

Mc x l I

Mc x l II

210

CT con v CT x l ngt

211

5 - X l ngt trong IBM PC

z z z z

Ngt Pointer (4 bytes), Vc t ngt = {Pointers} (1 KB), Khi b nh x l ngt, Nt c bit:

z z z z z z

cc ngt | Pointer Bng tham s (Int 11, 1E, 41, . . .), Ngt KT CT Int 20, Ngt thng tr CT Int 27, Ngt R/W a theo a ch tuyt i Int 25, 26, ngt tng ng vi vic bm phm (Int 05, 1B), Ngt OS m phng x l cc s kin (Int 21), Mt s s kin: dnh cho user to ngt mm Lp trnh hng s kin (EOP).
212

VI - CU HNH v QUN L H THNG

z z

1 - H thng nhiu Processors. Cc loi cu hnh:

z z z

Cu hnh phn cp, Lin kt linh hot, ng cu, S ti nguyn gng, TS S iu ,

Qun l tin trnh:

z z

m bo ton vn chc nng v ton vn cu hnh.

213

CU HNH v QUN L H THNG

2 - Bo v h thng: Nguy c:
z z z z

z z

Mt hoc hng d liu, S dng ti nguyn vi mc ch xu, Truy nhp khng ng k, D r thng tin. Nguyn l ngn chn, Nguyn l cho php.

C ch bo v:
z z

Gii thut v bin php bo v: linh hot, thng xuyn thay i.

214

CU HNH v QUN L H THNG 3 Thit k v xy dng h thng: Nguyn l tp trung: WINDOWS, UNIX, OS IBM, . . . Nguyn l Th v sai: LINUX:
z z z z

z z z

Khng c xut hng chung, M ngun m cho php mi ngi nghin cu, b sung sa i, Pht trin theo nguyn l t iu chnh, Giao din: User t trang b.
215

4 - H thng ca Microsoft
z

216