TRNG CC NG THP

KHOA KT-CN

Bi ging
KIN TRC MY TNH

Chng 1: Nhp mn kin trc my tnh

9/7/2010

GV: Hunh Vn Khe

 Ni dung:
1.1 Mt s khi nim v nguyn l c bn
1.1.1 Nguyn tc t chc
1.1.2 Ngn ng my v cc cp kin trc my tnh
1.2 Lch s pht trin v phn loi my tnh
1.2.1 Lch s pht trin
1.2.2 Phn loi my tnh
1.3 Cc h thng s
1.3.1 H thp phn
1.3.2 H nh phn
1.3.2 H bt phn
1.3.3 H thp lc phn
1.4 S nguyn c du
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GV: Hunh Vn Khe

1.1 Mt s khi nim v nguyn l c bn

1.1.1 Nguyn tc t chc:

Mt my tnh s c pht trin trn c s ca 2
phn: Phn cng v phn mm
- Phn cng (Hardware)
- Phn mm (Software)

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GV: Hunh Vn Khe

Phn cng (Hardware)

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1.1 Mt s khi nim v nguyn l c bn

1.1.2 Ngn ng my v cc cp kin trc my tnh

9/7/2010

Cc ngn ng bc cao v
hng i tng

Cp hp ng

Cp my h iu hnh

Cp lnh my (lnh v
m)

Cp vi lnh (lnh vi m)

Cp logic s (Cc mch

t Vn
s) Khe
GV:in
Hunh

1.2 Lch s pht trin v ng dng ca my

tnh in t:
1.2.1 Cc th h my tnh:

Th h th I

Th h th II

Th h th III

Th h th IV

(1946 1957)

(1958 1964)

(1965 1971)

(1972 - )

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GV: Hunh Vn Khe

1.2 Lch s pht trin v ng dng ca my

tnh in t:
1.2.2 Lch s pht trin:
S pht trin ca my tnh c m t da trn s tin
b ca cc cng ngh ch to cc linh kin c bn ca
my tnh nh: b x l, b nh, cc ngoi vi,

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GV: Hunh Vn Khe

1.2.2 Lch s pht trin:

1.2.2.1 Th h u tin (1946-1957):

- Cng

ngh ch to:
+ n in t
+ R le

- Phn mm:
+ Lp trnh bng tay

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GV: Hunh Vn Khe

1.2.2 Lch s pht trin:

1.2.2.1 Th h u tin
(1946-1957):
Tiu biu: ENIAC
(Electronic
Numerical
Integrator and Computer)
l my tnh in t s u
tin do Gio s Mauchly
v ngi hc tr Eckert ti
i hc Pennsylvania thit
k vo nm 1943 v c
hon thnh vo nm 1946
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10

1.2.2.1 Th h u tin:

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1.2.2.1 Th h u tin:
Gio s ton hc John
Von Neumann a ra
tng thit k my tnh
IAS (Princeton Institute for
Advanced Studies
My tnh Von Neumann.

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12

1.2.2.2 Th h th 2 (1958-1964):
-

S dng Transistor lng

cc (BJT)
-

Mch in

B nh xuyn t
- Ngn ng lp trnh u

tin

FORTRAN

(1956),

COBOL (1959), ALGOL (1960)

- H iu hnh kiu tun t
(Batch Processing) c dng
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13

1.2.2.2 Th h th 2 (1958-1964):

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14

1.2.2.2 Th h th 2 (1958-1964):
- Mch in (PCB: Printed Circuit Board)

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15

1.2.2.2 Th h th 2 (1958-1964):
- B nh xuyn t:

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1.2.2.3 Th h th 3 (1965-1971):

- Mch tch hp (IC: Integrated Circuit)

- S/MSI : Small/Medium Scale Integration
- Mch in nhiu lp
- B nh bn dn
- My tnh a chng trnh
- H iu hnh chia thi gian c dng.

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1.2.2.3 Th h th 3 (1965-1971):

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18

1.2.2.4 Th h th 4 (1972-nay):
Cng ngh ch to:
- L/VLSI : Large/Very large Scale
Integration
- B x l (Microprocessor)
PC (Personal Computer)
NC (Network Computer)
- B nh bn dn, b nh cache
v b nh o
- K thut ng dn (pipeline),
my tnh song song
Phn mm:
- Cc gii thut Song song,
- HH phn tn (Client-server)
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1.2.2.4 Th h th 4 (1972-nay)

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20

1.2.2.5 Khuynh hng hin i:

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21

n v flop:

1.2.3 Phn loi my tnh:

9/7/2010

- gigaflop t php tnh/giy

- teraflop nghn t php tnh/giy
- petaflop triu t php tnh/giy
- exaflop t t php tnh/giy
- zettaflop nghn t t php tnh/giy
- yottaflop triu t t php tnh/giy
- xeraflop t t t php tnh/giy

GV: Hunh Vn Khe

22

1.2.3 Phn loi my tnh:

- Siu my tnh (Super computer):
- Vt tri trong kh nng v tc
x l.
- Siu my tnh hin nay c tc x
l hng trm teraflop (mt teraflop
tng ng vi hiu sut mt nghn
t php tnh/giy)
- C th hiu siu my tnh l h
thng nhng my tnh lm vic song
song.
- Gi vi triu USD
- Dng tnh ton khoa hc
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GV: Hunh Vn Khe

23

1.2.3 Phn loi my tnh:

- Siu my tnh (Super computer):
- Siu my tnh mi ca IBM gm 96
khi my, mi khi c kch c bng
mt chic t lnh
- Tn l Sequoia, s c a ra th
trng vo nm 2011 v khch hng
u tin l B Nng lng M. B ny
s s dng n cho cc nghin cu th
nghim ht nhn.
- Sequoia c thit k c tc x l
20 triu t php tnh/1 giy, nhanh hn
20 ln so vi tc ca chic siu my
tnh nhanh nht th gii hin nay v
nhanh gp 2 triu ln mt chic my
tnh thng thng.
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GV: Hunh Vn Khe

24

1.2.3 Phn loi my tnh:

- Siu my tnh (Super computer):
- Nh gn nh my bn
- Siu my tnh SC072 tn
m l Catapult
- Trang b ti 72 chip vi x l,
48GB dung lng b nh RAM,
3 cng PCIExpress kt ni thit
b lu tr v c mc tiu th
nng lng trung bnh vo
khong 200 watts.

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GV: Hunh Vn Khe

25

1.2.3 Phn loi my tnh:

- My tnh ln (Mainframe)
- L loi my tnh c kch
thc ln c s dng ch
yu bi cc cng ty ln nh
cc ngn hng, cc hng bo
him ...
- C th nhn hng ngn lnh
cng 1 lc.
- V d my IBM Z9 (2008) c
th c ci 20 processor v
p ng 8000.000.000 (8 t)
lnh 1 giy .
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GV: Hunh Vn Khe

26

1.2.3 Phn loi my tnh:

- My tnh mini (Minicomputer)
- c s dng nh mainframe
- Sc mnh gia my tnh ln
v my tnh c nhn
- L mt h thng a x l c
kh nng h tr t 4 n khong
200 ngi s dng cng mt lc.
- ng dng trong cc trng i
hc, cc ngnh cng nghip,v
thng mi
- Gi vi chc ngn USD
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GV: Hunh Vn Khe

27

1.2.3 Phn loi my tnh:

- My tnh c nhn (Microcomputer/PC)

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28

 Thnh qu ca my tnh:

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29

 Thnh qu ca my tnh:
Quy lut MOORE v s pht trin ca my tnh

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30

 Thnh qu ca my tnh:

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31

 Thnh qu ca my tnh:

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32

 Thnh qu ca my tnh:

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33

 Thnh qu ca my tnh:

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34

 Thnh qu ca my tnh:
Quy lut MOORE v s pht trin ca my tnh

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35

1.3 Cc h thng s
- Khi nim thng tin
Thng tin s: tri thc v mt trng thi trong s mt s
hu hn cc trng thi c th c
Lng t thng tin:
1 bit thng tin: c biu din bi s nh phn 0,1
n bit c 2n trng thi khc nhau
Lng thng tin cha trong tri thc ca mt trng thi
trong s N l I= log2N
ln thng tin m my tnh c th thao tc: 8, 16, 32,
64 bits
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GV: Hunh Vn Khe

36

1.3 Cc h thng s
- Biu din s:
Cn phn bit s v cch th hin s.
Th hin mt s l mt cch m ho
Mt h thng s c gi l h b s gm b k hiu trong
mt tp hp:

sb s0 , s1 ,..., sb 1

Mt s N c vit:

N (anan1...ai ...a1a0 , a1a2...am )b ; ai sb

S c gi tr l:
N ( a n b n a n 1b n 1 ... ai b i ... a1b1 a0 a 1b 1 ... a m b m
n

i
a

b
i

i m

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GV: Hunh Vn Khe

37

1.3 Cc h thng s
1.3.1 H thp phn (c s 10)
Gm 10 s m trong mt tp hp

s10 0,1,2,...,9

1.3.2 H nh phn (c s 2)
Gm 2 s m trong mt tp hp

s2 0,1
1.3.3 H bt phn (c s 8)
Gm 8 s m trong mt tp hp

s8 0,1,2,...,7
1.3.4 H thp lc phn (c s 16)
Gm 16 s m trong mt tp hp (theo sau c ch
H hay h)
9/7/2010

s16 0,1,2,...,9, A, B, C , D, E , F
GV: Hunh Vn Khe

38

1.3.5 Chuyn c s
T h b sang h 10

N ( a n b n a n 1b n 1 ... ai b i ... a1b1 a0 a 1b 1 ... a m b m

n

i
a

b
i

i m

T h 10 sang h b
Mt s N h b c dng:

N (anan1...ai ...a1a0 , a1a2...am )b ; ai sb

Trong :

(an an 1...ai ...a0 )b PE ( N ) : l phn nguyn

v

9/7/2010

(0, a1a 2 ...am )b PF ( N ) : l phn l ca N

GV: Hunh Vn Khe

39

 T h 10 sang h b

VD: i s 25,12510 sang h 2

Phn nguyn
25:2=12 d 1 a0=1
12:2=6 d 0 a1=0
6:2 = 3 d 0 a2=0
3:2 =1 d 1 a3=1
1:2 = 0 d 1 a4=1
PE(N) = 11001

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GV: Hunh Vn Khe

40

 T h 10 sang h b

Phn l:

0,125 x 2 = 0,025

a-1=0

0,025 x 2 =0,5

a-2=0

0,5 x 2 =1,0

a-3 = 1

PF(N)=001

Kt qu : 25,12510 = 11001.0012

9/7/2010

GV: Hunh Vn Khe

41

i mt s t h b sang h bk v ngc li:

i mt s t h b sang h bk, t du phy i v 2
pha ta nhm tng k s hng, gi tr ca mi k s hng
ny (tnh theo h b) chnh l s trong h bk
VD: i s

N=10111110101.011012 sang h 8 = 23
N= 010 111 110 101. 011 010
N= 2

9/7/2010

5,

GV: Hunh Vn Khe

28

42

i mt s t h bk sang h bp v ngc li
i mt s N t h bk sang h bp, trc nht ta i
N cang h b, ri t h b tip tc i sang h bp.
VD: i s N=1234,678 sang h 16 = 24
N= 001 010 011 100. 110 111
N= 0010 1001 1100. 1101 1100
N=

9/7/2010

C,

GV: Hunh Vn Khe

CH

43

Bng k cc s u tin trong cc h khc nhau:

Thp
phn

Nh
phn

Bt
phn

Thp
lc
phn

Thp
phn

Nh
phn

Bt
phn

Thp
lc
phn

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

0
1
10
11
100
101
110
111
1000
1001
1010
1011
1100

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
10
11
12
13
14

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
A
B
C

13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25

1101
1110
1111
10000
10001
10010
10011
10100
10101
10110
10111
11000
11001

15
16
17
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
30
31

D
E
F
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19

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GV: Hunh Vn Khe

44

1.3.6 Cc php tnh trong h nh phn:

Php cng:
0+0=0
0+1=1
1+0=1
1 + 1 = 0 (nh 1 cho bt cao hn)
Lu :
-Nu s bt 1 chn, kt qu l 0
-Nu bt 1 l, kt qu l 1
-V c 1 cp bt 1 cho mt s nh
VD: tnh 011 + 101 + 011 + 011
1 1 s nh
1 1 1 s nh
011
+ 101
011
011
1110
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GV: Hunh Vn Khe

45

1.3.6 Cc php tnh trong h nh phn:

Php tr:

0-0=0
1-1=0
1-0=1
0 - 1 = 1 (nh 1 cho bt cao hn)
VD: tnh 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1
1 s nh
1011
- 0101
0110
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GV: Hunh Vn Khe

46

1.3.6 Cc php tnh trong h nh phn:

Php nhn:

0x0=0
1x0=0
1x1=1
VD: tnh 1 1 0 1 x 1 0 1
1101
x 101
1101
0000
1101
1000001
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GV: Hunh Vn Khe

47

1.3.6 Cc php tnh trong h nh phn:

Php chia:
VD: chia 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 cho 1 1 0 0 0
1001100100 11000
-11000
1 1 0 0 1. 1
0011100
-1 1 0 0 0
00100100
-11000
011000
Thm 0 vo chia tip ly phn l
- 11000
00000

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GV: Hunh Vn Khe

48

1.4 S nguyn c du:

C nhiu cch biu din mt s n bit c du.
Trong tt c mi cch th bit cao nht lun tng trng
cho du.
- bit du c gi tr l 0 th s nguyn dng
- bit du c gi tr l 1 th s nguyn m
dn-1

dn-2

di

d1

d0

bit du

S nguyn c bit dn-1 l bit du v c tr s tng

trng bi cc bit t d0 ti dn-2

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1.4.1 Cch biu din bng tr tuyt i v du

Trong cch ny, bit dn-1 l bit du v cc bit t d0 ti
dn-2 cho gi tr tuyt i. Mt t n bit tng ng vi s
nguyn thp phn c du.
n2

N (1) d n1 d i 2i
i 0

V d: +2510 = 000110012
-2510 = 100110012
- Mt Byte (8 bit) c th biu din cc s c du
t -127 ti +127.
- C hai cch biu din s khng l 00000000
(+0) v 10000000 (-0).
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1.4.2 Cch biu din hng s b 1

S m -N c c bng cch thay cc s nh phn di
ca s ng N bng s b ca n (ngha l nu di = 0
th ngi ta i n thnh 1 v ngc li).
V d: +2510 = 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 12
-2510 = 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 02
- Mt Byte cho php biu din tt c cc s c du
t -127 (100000002) n 127 (0111 11112)
- C hai cch biu din cho 0 l 00000000 (+0)
v 11111111 (-0).

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GV: Hunh Vn Khe

51

1.4.3 Cch biu din hng s b 2

c s b 2 ca mt s no , ngi ta ly s b
1 ri cng thm 1. Vy mt t n bit (dn-1 ....... d0) c tr
thp phn.
n2

N d n 1 2 n 1 d i 2i
i 0

V d: +2510 = 000110012
-2510 = 111001112
- Dng 1 Byte (8 bit) biu din mt s c
du ln nht l +127 v s nh nht l 128.
- Ch c mt gi tr 0: +0 = 000000002,
-0 = 000000002
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1.4.4 Cch biu din bng s tha K

S dng ca mt s N c c bng cch cng
thm vo s tha K c chn sao cho tng ca K v
mt s m bt k lun lun dng. S m -N ca s N
c c bng cck ly K-N (hay ly b hai ca s va
xc nh).
V d: (s tha K=128, s cng thm vo 128
l mt s nguyn dng. S m l s ly b hai s va
tnh, b qua s gi ca bit cao nht) :
128 + 2510 = 100110012
- 2510 = 011001112
- Dng 1 Byte (8 bit) biu din mt s c
du ln nht l +127 v s nh nht l 128.
- Ch c mt gi tr 0: +0 = 100000002,
-0 = 100000002
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53

1.4.5 Cch biu din s vi du chm ng

Chun IEEE 754 nh ngha hai dng biu din s chm
ng:
- S chm ng chnh xc n vi nh dng c
nh ngha: chiu di s: 32 bit c chia thnh cc
trng: du S (Sign bit - 1 bit), m E (Exponent 8 bit),
phn l F (Fraction - 23 bit).
S ny tng ng vi s thc (-1)S * (1,f1 f2 ..... f23) * 2(E - 127)
Bit 31 30
S

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23 22
E

f1

f2

GV: Hunh Vn Khe

f22

f23

54

1.4.5 Cch biu din s vi du chm ng

Chun IEEE 754 nh ngha hai dng biu din s
chm ng:
- S chm ng chnh xc kp vi nh dng c nh
ngha: chiu di s: 64 bit c chia thnh cc trng:
du S (Sign bit - 1 bit), m E (Exponent 11 bit), phn l
F (Fraction - 52 bit)
S ny tng ng vi s thc (-1)S * (1,f1 f2 ..... f52) * 2(E - 1023)
Bit 63 62
S

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52 51
E

f1

f2

GV: Hunh Vn Khe

f22

f23

55

1.4.5 Cch biu din s vi du chm ng

VD: i s thp phn -12.62510 sang s chm ng
chun IEEE 754 chnh xc n (32 bit)
- Bc 1: i s -12.62510 sang nh phn: -12.62510 = 1100.1012
- Bc 2: Chun ho: -1100.1012 = -1.1001012 x 23 (S
1.1001012 dng 1.f)
- Bc 3: in cc bit vo cc trng theo chun:
S m: bit du S c gi tr 1.
Phn m E vi s tha K=127, ta c: E-127=3
E = 3 + 127 = 130 (1000 00102).
Kt qu: 1 1000 0010 1001 0100 0000 0000 0000 000
S
9/7/2010

F
GV: Hunh Vn Khe

56

Cu hi n tp

Bi tp

Ti liu tham kho

1. Gio trnh kin trc my tnh Khoa CNTT&TT
trng HCT (2003)
2. Kin trc my tnh Ha NGUYEN - College of
Technology,

Vietnam

National

University,

HanoiUniversity
3. Kin trc my tnh Trn Quang Vinh NXB HSP
4. Gio trnh K thut s - Nguyn Trung Lp Trng
HCT