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“Golden Section” in Physics by: D. Sarkadi;dsarkadi@gmail.com
 
February 6, 2012; HUNGARY RFP
 
1
 
“Golden Section” in Physics
Author: 
Dezso SARKADIResearch Center of Fundamental PhysicsKishegyi ut. 16. H-7030 Paks, HUNGARYe-mail:dsarkadi@gmail.com http://www.scribd.com/doc/14073521/Gold-Section-in-Physics http://dsarkadi.fortunecity.com/gold-section-in-physics.doc Update: February 6, 2012
1. Introduction 
In the nature, the exponential dependence between the observable quantities fre-quently occurs, without causing any surprise for us. Typical examples are the radioactivedecay in physics, or the bacteria propagation in the biology. The speed distribution of mo-lecules shows exponential function in the Maxwell-Boltzmann kinetic theory of the gases.Are any exponential relation between the fundamental physical constants, this was thequestion which initialized to publish the present paper. The elaborated statistic studies ledto an amazing result; the fundamental physical constants are connecting to each-otherwith a simple exponential form. For the illustration here is an example for the dimension-less
fine structure constant 
:
4
3
α
/ Q
≅
(1.1)where the accentuated number is:
2/90.222...
Q
≡ ≡
(1.2)A similar finding is:
5
 /,
e p
m M Q
≅
(1.3)where
m 
e 
 
is the electron mass,
M 
p 
is the proton mass. The third example shows exponen-tial relation between the electron mass and muon mass:
4
 /2.
e
m m Q
µ
≅
(1.4)In this paper it will be clearly shown that the number
Q = 2/9 
has a central significance inthe mathematical connection between the fundamental physical constants. The exploreddemonstrative results led us to ensure, that behind of these exponential connections offundamental physical constants must be an important physical background. Nevertheless,the exact physical background is missing at now.
 
“Golden Section” in Physics by: D. Sarkadi;dsarkadi@gmail.com
 
February 6, 2012; HUNGARY RFP
 
2
 
2. Exponential Forms of the Fundamental Physical Constants 
Certainly accidentally, the above introduced exponential form is valid approximatelyfor many of dimensioned fundamental physical constants, which are expressed in the in-ternationally accepted and applied SI units. Generally, a physical constant signed with
X 
 can be written into a simple mathematical expression:
; 2/90.222...
S
 X Q Q
λ ≅ ≡ =
, (2.1)where
S 
is approximately integer number and
 λ
is a “simple” constant.
Table 1.
shows theexplored results regarding to the most important physical constants in SI units:
Table 1.:
Q 
-Forms of important physical constants
Constant (SI) Q-Form S(calc.) S(int.) 
Speed of light c -12.977125 -13Gravitational const.
G/2 
16.038625 16Coulomb const.
k 
π×
 -15.999071 -16Elementary charge
2 / 
e
 29.004044 29Planck const.
ℏ
 52.015115 52Boltzmann const.
k 
34.996134 35Rydberg const.
Ry 
27.038014 27Bohr radius
3R 
B 
15.001669 15Electron mass
m 
e 
45.988879 46Muon mass
2m 
 µ 
 
41.983270 42Tau-particle mass
m 
τ 
 /2 
41.028418 41
mass
π
0
 
3
0
 / 
π 
 
43.011789 43
mass
π
±
 
3
 / 
π 
±
 
42.989518 43Proton mass
M 
p 
40.992176 41Neutron mass
M 
n 
40.991249 41The SI values of physical constants for the calculation are obtained from the database of
National Institute of Standards and Technology 
[1].
3. Exponential Interpretation of the Titius-Bode Law 
Bode's law, better called the Titius-Bode Rule, was first published by Johann DanielTitius, but did not become well known until it was republished by Johann Elert Bode in the18th century. It is supposed to predict the distances of the planets from the Sun in astro-nomical units (Sun-Earth middle distance) by the formula 0.4 + 0.3 x 2
n
but is usuallyrepresented by the next table indexed by
Table 2
.The second column in this table is supposed to be the calculation from that formulaof the distance of each planet, the third column the result of that calculation. The fourthcolumn shows the actual average distance from the Sun for each planet. Ceres was dis-covered by chance, not by application of the Titius-Bode rule. Nevertheless, its orbit fit therule so perfectly that there had been active search for a planet at that distance and thediscovery was considered to be another vindication. The Titius-Bode rule was used in thecalculations that led to the discovery of Neptune. Remarkable that the physical back-ground of this observed rule has remained unclear until this time, which shows at leastexponential behavior of the planet distances from the Sun.
 
“Golden Section” in Physics by: D. Sarkadi;dsarkadi@gmail.com
 
February 6, 2012; HUNGARY RFP
 
3
 
Table 2.:
Demonstration of the Titius-Bode Rule
Planet Calculation Prediction Actual distance 
Mercury 0.4 + 0 x 0.3 0.4 0.39Venus 0.4 + 1 x 0.3 0.7 0.72Earth 0.4 + 2 x 0.3 1.0 1.00Mars 0.4 + 4 x 0.3 1.6 1.52Ceres 0.4 + 8 x 0.3 2.8 2.77Jupiter 0.4 + 16 x 0.3 5.2 5.20Saturn 0.4 + 32 x 0.3 10.0 9.54Uranus 0.4 + 64 x 0.3 19.6 19.19Neptune 0.4 + 128 x 0.3 38.8 30.07In the frame of present study the Titius-Bode rule has been fitted to the recognized expo-nential relation involving the ‘special number’
Q 
. The simple expression of the Kepler’sthird law is:
23
.
Pconst a
=
; (3.1)where
P 
is the orbital period and
a 
is the semimajor axis of orbit for the planets of SolarSystem. When certain units are chosen, namely
P 
is measured in sidereal years and
a 
inastronomical units,
P 
2
·
a 
 –3
has the value 1 for all planets in the Solar System. From thisreason Kepler’s third law for the planets can be written into simple form:
23
1; ()
nnnn
PQn integer a Q
≡ ≅ =
; (3.2)where for the Earth
n = 0 
selection is valid. This approximation defines the astronomicaldistance of each planet from the Sun in exponential form:
 /3
; 2/9; (integer)
nn
a Q Q n
≅ ≅ =
. (3.3)Nevertheless, in this equation the number
Q 
has not a fixed value.
Table 3.:
The results of the
Q 
-calculations for the planets distances:
Planet a 
n 
n Q(calc.) 
Mercury 0.39 2 0.243555Venus 0.72 1 0.373248Earth 1 0 --------Mars 1.52 -1 0.284754Ceres 2.77 -2 0.216910Jupiter 5.20 -3 0.192308Saturn 9.54 -4 0.184220Uranus 19.19 -5 0.169885Neptune 30.07 -6 0.182362
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