1

Chng III

Lgic cho mi trng thng tin khng chc chn


M u

Trong Chng I v II, chng ta nghin cu lgic mnh v lgic v t, trong cc
mnh c gi tr chn l chnh xc hoc ng, k hiu l I, hoc sai, k hiu l O. Tuy
nhin, trong lp lun hng ngy ca chng ta cc mnh khng ch nhn cc gi tr chn l
I hoc O nh vy. Chng hn khi chng ta mi nhn c mt tin tc ni rng Chu b
Nguyn Trng An l thn ng v mi 2 tui bit c v nhn bit cc ch s. Cu ny
khng th ni n c gi tr chn l I hay O v chc rng s c nhiu chnh kin khc nhau v
s kin chu An c thc s l thn ng hay khng. C mt iu chc chn rng chu An c
nhng nhng lc khc bit vi cc chu b cng la tui v do ta c th gn cho cu trn
mt tin cy hay mc chn l ng sai nht nh, chng hn cu c gi tr chn l
c th ng, mt khi nim c ng ngha m (vague).
Nh vy, chng ta thy trong ngn ng t nhin c nhng thng tin, khi nim (concepts)
c ng ngha khng chnh xc, m h, khng chc chn. Nhng thng tin, khi nim tuy
khng chnh xc nh vy nhng li c vai tr quan trng trong hot ng tn ti v pht trin
ca con ngi. Chng ta u nhn thy trong thc tin nhn thc v t duy, con ngi nhn
bit, trao i thng tin, lp lun bng ngn ng ca mnh. Ngn ng ca bt k mt dn tc
no, d phong ph n u, cng ch cha ng mt s hu hn cc k hiu (m thanh, k
t, ), nhng li phi phn nh mt s v hn cc s vt hin tng trong t nhin v trong
x hi. Nh l mt h qu, rt nhiu khi nim trong mt ngn ng t nhin phi biu th
nhiu s vt hin tng khc nhau, t.l. ng ngha ca n khng duy nht, khng chnh xc.
Nh vy, mt cch tt yu l trong ngn ng hm cha nhng thng tin, khi nim c gi
l m, khng chnh xc (imprecise), khng chc chn (uncertainty).
V d, trong mt iu kin c th no ta c th ni, tc ca xe my l nhanh hay
chm. Khi nim nhanh hay chm c ng ngha khng chnh xc v, chng hn, khi nim
nhanh s biu th v s cc gi tr tc thc ca xe my, chng hn t 45 65 km/gi, i
vi tc ca xe m t, c cng ng hiu l nhanh. Nhng nu ni n tc nh vy
ca mt c 70 tui li m t th c th c hiu l qu nhanh. Hoc nu ni v tc ca
xe my in, th khi nim nhanh c th c hiu l t thc ch khong t 20 30
km/gi.
Mt bn c no c th cha ng tnh vi cch hiu nh trn v khi nim nhanh, v
chnh iu ch ra rng nhanh c ng ngha m h, khng chnh xc hay khng chc chn.
Nhng iu g s xy ra nu ngn ng t nhin ca chng ta ch cha nhng khi nim
chnh xc, chc chn? Khi chng ta ch nhn thc c mt phn nh ca th gii thc
chng ta ang sng. iu chng t tm quan trng ca nhng thng tin, khi nim m,
khng chnh xc hay khng chc chn, v cho gn chng ta gi chng l cc khi nim
m hoc khng chc chn. Khi nim m v khng chc chn trong gio trnh ny c hiu
l hai khi nim ng ngha.

i tng nghin cu ca chng ny chnh l cc cu c cha nhng khi nim m
c gi l cc mnh m. H lgic nh l c s ton hc ca cc phng php lp lun
trn cc mnh m c gi l lgic m.
2

V s tn ti ca khi nim m trong ngn ng t nhin l mt thc t khch quan v do
bn thn cc khi nim nh vy cha c hnh thc ha thnh mt i tng ton hc, nn
trc ht chng ta hy nghin cu cc cch m hnh ha ton hc cc khi nim m, hay cc
khi nim m s c biu din bng cc i tng ton hc no. Sau chng ta s thit
lp cu trc ton hc ca cc i tng nh vy. Trn cc cu trc nh vy, chng ta hy vng
s xy dng cc cu trc lgic m v cc phng php lp lun m phng cc cch thc
m con ngi vn lp lun.

3.1. Tp m v thng tin khng chc chn

L.A. Zadeh l ngi sng lp ra l thuyt tp m vi hng lot bi bo m ng cho s
pht trin v ng dng ca l thuyt ny, khi u t bi bo Fuzzy Sets trn Tp ch
Information and Control, 8, 1965. tng ni bt ca khi nim tp m ca Zadeh l t
nhng khi nim tru tng v ng ngha ca thng tin m, khng chc chn nh tr, nhanh,
cao-thp, xinh p , ng tm ra cch biu din n bng mt khi nim ton hc, c
gi l tp m, nh l mt s khi qut trc tip ca khi nim tp hp kinh in.

d hiu chng ta hy nh li cch nhn khi nim tp hp kinh in nh l khi nim
cc hm s.
Cho mt tp v tr U. Tp tt c cc tp con ca U k hiu l P(U) v n tr thnh mt
i s tp hp vi cc php tnh hp , giao , hiu \ v ly phn b , (P(U), , , \, ).
By gi mi tp hp A e P(U) c th c xem nh l mt hm s
A
: U {0, 1} c xc
nh nh sau:

e
e
=
A x khi
A x khi
x
A
0
1
) (


Mc d
A
v A l hai i tng ton hc hon
ton khc nhau, nhng chng u biu din cng
mt khi nim v tp hp: x e A iff
A
(x) = 1,
hay x thuc vo tp A vi thuc vo bng 1. V vy, hm
A
c gi l hm c trng
ca tp A. Nh vy tp hp A c th c biu th bng mt hm m gi tr ca n l
thuc v hay n gin l thuc ca phn t trong U vo tp hp A: Nu
A
(x) = 1 th x e A
vi thuc l 1 hay 100% thuc vo A, cn nu
A
(x) = 0 th x e A hay x e A vi thuc
l 0 tc l thuc 0%.

Trn cch nhn nh vy, chng ta hy chuyn sang vic tm kim cch thc biu din ng
ngha ca khi nim m, chng hn, v la tui tr. Gi s tui ca con ngi nm trong
khong U = [0, 120] tnh theo nm. Theo tng ca Zadeh, khi nim tr c th biu th
bng mt tp hp nh sau: Xt mt tp hp A
tr
nhng ngi c xem l tr. Vy, mt cu
hi l Mt ngi x c tui l n c hiu l thuc tp A
tr
nh th no? Mt cch ch quan,
chng ta c th hiu nhng ngi c tui t 1 25 chc chn s thuc vo tp hp A
tr
, tc l
vi thuc bng 1; Nhng mt ngi c tui 30 c l ch thuc vo tp A
tr
vi thuc
0,6 cn ngi c tui 50 s thuc vo tp ny vi thuc 0,0 Vi tng , ng ngha
ca khi nim tr s c biu din bng mt hm s
tr
: U [0, 1], mt dng khi qut
trc tip t khi nim hm c trng
A
ca mt tp hp kinh in A cp trn.
0
1
U
a

A
(a) =
1
b

A
(b) = 0
3

Mt cu hi t nhin xut hin l tai sao ngi c tui 30 c l ch thuc vo tp A
tr
vi
thuc 0,6 m khng phi l 0,65? Trong l thuyt tp m chng ta khng c nh tr li
cu hi kiu nh vy m ghi nhn rng tp m ca mt khi nim m ph thuc mnh m
vo ch quan ca ngi dng hay, mt cch ng n hn, ca mt cng ng, hay ca mt
ng dng c th. Kha cch ny cng th hin tnh khng chnh xc v ng ngha ca cc
khi nim m. Tuy nhin, thc t ny khng nh hng n kh nng ng dng ca l thuyt
tp m v mi gii php da trn l thuyt tp m cng ch nhm vo mt min ng dng c
th trong cc khi nim m trong ng dng (hay trong cng ng s dng ng dng )
s c ngha chung thng nht.

Khi nim tp hp m

nh ngha 3.1. Cho mt tp v tr U. Tp hp A
~
c xc nh bi ng thc
A
~
= {
) (
~
u
A

/u : u e U,
A~
(u) e [0, 1]} (3.1-1)
c gi l mt tp hp m trn tp U. Bin u ly gi tr trong U c gi l bin c s v v
vy tp U cn c gi l tp tham chiu hay min c s. Hm ~
A

: U [0, 1] c gi
l hm thuc (membership function) v gi tr
) (
~
u
A

ti u c gi l thuc ca phn t
u thuc v tp hp m A
~
. Nu khng gy nhm ln, hm thuc ~
A

cng c k hiu l
A
~
(.), nu bin c s u khng biu th hin, hay A
~
(u), nu bin u xut hin hin.

Lu rng v phi ca (3.1-1) l mt tp kinh in v do nh ngha trn l chnh.

H tt c cc tp m trn min c s U c k hiu l F(U)., t.l.

F(U) = { ~
A

: U [0, 1]} = [0, 1]

U


C nhiu cch biu din hnh thc mt tp m. Trong trng hp U l mt tp hu hn,
m c hay v hn lin tc, tp m (3.1-1) c th c biu din bng cc biu thc hnh
thc nh sau:
- Trong trng hp U hu hn, U = {u
i
: 1 i n}, ta c th vit

A
~
=
A~
(u
1
)/u
1
+
A~
(u
2
)/u
2
+ ... +
A~
(u
n
)/u
n
hay A
~
=

s s n i
i i
A
u u
1
/ ) (
~


Trong trng hp ny tp m c gi l tp m ri rc (discrete fuzzy set).

- Trong trng hp U l v hn m c, U = {u
i
: i = 1, 2, }, ta c th vit

A
~
=

< si
i i
A
u u
1
/ ) (
~


- Trong trng hp U l v hn lin tc, U = [a, b], ta c th vit
A
~
=
}
b
a
A
u u / ) (
~

4
Lu rng cc biu thc trn chi c tnh hnh thc, cc php cng +, php tng E v
php ly tch phn u khng c ngha theo quy c thng thng. Tuy nhin cch biu din
nh vy s rt tin dng khi nh ngha v thao tc cc php tnh trn cc tp m sau ny.

Tp lt ct v gi ca tp m

trn chng ta thy khai nim tp m l mt s khi qut trc tip, p ca khi nim
tp kinh in. iu ny cho php hy vng n s t c s cho mi lin h cht ch gia hai
khi nim tp hp ny. dn n vic nghin cu , trc ht chng ta a ra khi nim
tp lt ct o ca mt tp m.

nh ngha 3.2. Cho mt tp m A
~
trn tp v tr U v o e [0, 1]. Tp lt ct o (hoc
o+) ca tp A
~
l mt tp kinh in, k hiu l
~
o
A (hoc
~
+ o
A
), c xc nh bng ng
thc sau:

~
o
A = {u e U : o > ) (
~
u
A
} (hoc
~
+ o
A
= {u e U :
o > ) (
~
u
A
}).

Nh vy, mi tp m A
~
s cm sinh mt h cc tp kinh in, t.l. ta c nh x

h : A
~
e F(U) {
~
o
A e P(U): 0 s o s 1} (3.1-2)

n gin k hiu, ta vit h cc tp kinh in nh vy bng h(A
~
) = {
~
o
A : 0 s o s 1},
A
~
e F(U). H cc tp hp nh vy c cc tnh cht sau:

nh l 3.1-1. Cho A
~
, B
~
e F(U), h l nh x c cho trong (3.1-2) v h(A
~
) = {
~
o
A : 0
s o s 1}, h(B
~
) = {
~
o
B : 0 s o s 1}. Khi ,
(i) Mi h h(A
~
) nh vy l dy n iu gim, t.l. nu o < | , th
~
o
A _
~
|
A ;
(ii) Nu A
~
= B
~
th {
~
o
A : 0 s o s 1} = {
~
o
B : 0 s o s 1}.
Ngha l tn ti mt song nh t h cc tp m F(U) vo h ca nhng h tp kinh in
P(U) dng (3.1-2).

Chng minh: Tnh cht (i) d dng rt ra t tnh cht (A
~
(u) > | A
~
(u) > o).
chng minh (ii), gi s A
~
= B
~
, t.l. -ueU(A
~
(u) = B
~
(u)). nh , ta gi s rng c
u
0
e U sao cho A
~
(u
0
) > B
~
(u
0
). Chn o e [0, 1] sao cho A
~
(u
0
) > o > B
~
(u
0
). iu ny khng
nh u
0
e
~
o
A nhng u
0
e
~
o
B hay
~
o
A
=
~
o
B . Vy, {
~
o
A : 0 s o s 1} = {
~
o
B : 0 s o s 1}.
Hin nhin l nu A
~
= B
~
th {
~
o
A : 0 s o s 1} = {
~
o
B : 0 s o s 1}. Nh vy ta chng
t rng nh x h l song nh.


Mt s khi nim c trng ca tp m

nh ngha 3.3. (i) Gi ca tp m: Gi ca tp m A
~
, k hiu l Support(A
~
), l tp con
ca U trn ) (
~
u
A
= 0, t.l. Support(A
~
) = {u : ) (
~
u
A
> 0}.
5
(ii) cao ca tp m: cao ca tp m A
~
, k hiu l hight(A
~
), l cn trn ng ca
hm thuc
~
A
trn U, t.l. hight(A
~
) = sup{ ) (
~
u
A
: u e U}.
(iii) Tp m chun (normal): Tp m A
~
c gi l chun nu hight(A
~
) = 1. Tri li,
tp m c gi l di chun (subnormal).
(iv) Li ca tp m: Li ca tp m A
~
, k hiu l Core(A
~
), l mt tp con ca U c
xc nh nh sau:
Core(A
~
) = {u e U: ) (
~
u
A
= hight(A
~
)}.

By gi chng ta s ly mt s v d v vic biu din ng ngha ca cc khi nim m
thuc cc lnh vc khc nhau bng tp m.

V d 3.1-1. Gi s U l tp v tr v s o nhit thi tit, chng hn U = [0, 50] tnh
theo thang C. Chng ta s xc nh tp m biu th khi nim m thi tit NNG v
LNH. Trong v d ny ta s dng mt hm s mu, gi l S-hm v th ca n c hnh
ch S. Chng ta k hiu hm ny l S(u, a, b, c), trong a, b v c l nhng tham s. N l
hm tng khc bc 2 v c nh ngha nh sau:

S(u, a, b, c) = 0 i vi u s a
= 2
2
|
.
|

\
|

a c
a u
i vi a s u s b
= 1 2
2
|
.
|

\
|

a c
c u
i vi b s u s c (3.1-3)
= 1 i vi c s u

Hm thuc
A~
(u) = S(u, 15, 25, 35) l khi nim thi tit NNG ca ngi Lng Sn
cc Bc nc ta, cn hm thuc
B~
(u) = S(u, 25, 35, 45) l khi nim NNG ca ngi Si
Gn (xem Hnh 3-1).
Vi hai tp m ny ta c: Support(A
~
) = [15, 50], Support(B
~
) = [25, 50], Hight(A
~
) =
Hight(B
~
) = 1, Core(A
~
) = [35, 50] v Core(B
~
) = [45, 50].
Hm thuc biu th khi nim m LNH c xc nh qua hm thuc NNG bng biu
thc sau:

A~
(u) = 1
A~
(u) v
B~
(u) = 1
B~
(u)

V d ny th hin tnh ch quan v ng ngha ca khai nim m v do th hin tnh t
do trong vic xy dng cc hm thuc. Tnh
hung tng t nh vy khi ta ni n khi nim
cao ca gii n v gii nam, hay khi nim cao
ca ngi Vit Nam v ngi Chu u.

V d 3.1-2. Tp m hnh chung: Ngi ta
c th biu din ng ngha ca khi nim m tri
mt m hay d chu bng hm dng hnh chung
nh sau:

exp ( ((u u
0
)/b)
2
)

1,0
0
50 45 35 25 15
Hnh 3-1: Hm thuc ca tp m NNG
v LNH

A~
(u)

B~
(u)

B~
(u)

A~
(u)
6
Chng ta c th chp nhn hm chung trong
Hnh 3-1 l biu th ng ngha ca khi nim nhit
D CHU v khi tp m D
~
c dng:

D~
(u) = exp ( ((u 24)/10)
2
)

V d 3.1-3. Ta s a ra mt v d v tp m ri
rc (discrete fuzzy set). Xt U l tp cc gi tr trong
thang im 10 nh gi kt qu hc tp ca hc sinh
v mn Ton, U = {1, 2, , 10}. Khi khi nim
m v nng lc hc mn ton gii c th c biu th bng tp m G
~
sau:

G
~
= 0,1/4 + 0,2/5 + 0,4/6 + 0,7/7 + 0,9/8 + 1,0/9 +1,0/10 (3.1-4)

y cc gi tr ca min U khng c mt trong biu thc (3.1-4) c ngha thuc ca
chng vo tp m G
~
l bng 0,0.

Trong trng hp tp m ri rc ta c th biu din tp m bng mt bng. Chng hn,
i vi tp m G
~
trn ta c bng nh sau:

U 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
G
~
0,0 0,0 0,0 0,1 0,3 0,5 0,7 0,9 1,0 1,0

V d 3.1-4. Trong v d ny chng ta s xy dng tp m biu th ng ngha ca khi
nim GI v TR ca thuc tnh la tui.
Gi s tp v tr ch tui tnh theo n v nm l U = {u : 0 s u s 120}, chng hn tui
ca x l 8,37 nm. Khi khi nim GI c th c biu th bng tp m vi hm thuc
nh sau:


GI
(u) =
}

|
.
|

\
|
+
120
0
1
2
/ }
6
60
1 { u
u



TR
(u) = 1
GI
(u) =
}

|
.
|

\
|
+
120
0
1
2
/ } }
6
60
1 { 1 { u
u

Cn nhn mnh mt ln na rng y l cng thc hnh thc biu din cc tp m. Du
tch phn ch c ngha min xc nh U ca hm thuc l v hn continuum, t.l. tp hp c
lc lng tng ng vi on [0, 1].

V d 3.2-5. Tp ri rc trn min phi s: Trong thc t ng dng ngi ta cng hay s
dng tp m trn min ph s, chng hn, min gi tr ngn ng. V d, ta xt bin ngn ng
NHIT c th xem nh xc nh trn min 3 gi tr ngn ng U = {Thp, Trung-bnh,
Cao}. Khi , mt tp m ri rc T
~
trn min U c th c biu th nh sau:

T
~
=
1
/Thp +
2
/Trung-bnh +
3
/Cao

Chng hn Tri-mt c th biu th bng tp m nh sau:
1,0
0
50 45 35 25 15
Hnh 3-2: Hm thuc ca tp m
D CHU

D~
(u)
7

Tri-mt = 0,7/Thp + 0,8/Trung-bnh + 0,2/Cao

i vi tp hp kinh in A chng ta c khi nim s lng cc phn t ca mt tp hp,
trong trng hp A l hu hn, hay lc lng ca tp hp, trong trng hp A l v hn. Hai
tp hp A v B c lc lng bng nhau nu c tn ti mt nh x 1-1 t A ln B.
i vi tp m A
~
, khi nim lc lng c khi qut ha bng nh ngha sau:

nh ngha 3-4. Lc lng ca tp m: Cho A
~
l mt tp m trn U.
(i) Lc lng v hng (scalar cardinality): Lc lng hay bn s thc ca tp A
~
, k
hiu l Count(A
~
), c tnh theo cng thc m sau (i khi c gi l sigma count)

Count(A
~
) =

e
arith
U u A
u) (
~

, nu U l tp hu hn hay m c

=
}
arith
U
A
du u) (
~

, nu U l tp v hn continuum
y

arith
v
}
arith
l tng v tch phn s hc.
(ii) Lc lng m (fuzzy cardinality): Lc lng hay bn s m ca tp A
~
l mt tp m
trn tp cc s nguyn khng m N c nh ngha nh sau:

Card(A
~
) =
}
N
A Card
dn n) (
) (
~

trong
) (
) (
~
n
A Card

c xc nh theo cng thc sau, vi |

~
t
A | l lc lng ca tp mc
~
t
A ,

) (
) (
~
n
A Card

= suppremum {t e [0, 1]: |

~
t
A | = n}

C th xem cng thc tnh Count(A
~
) trn nh l cng thc m s phn t trong U.
Thc vy, nu tp A
~
tr v tp kinh in th
A~
(u) 1 trn U v do cng thc Count(A
~
)
trn chnh l b m s phn t. Khi
A~
(u) = 1, th u ch thuc v tp A
~
vi t l phn trm
bng
A~
(u) v do phn t u ch c m vo s lng cc phn t mt i lng bng

A~
(u).
Lu rng, khc vi trng hp tp kinh in, d tp U l v hn m c hay v hn
continuum, th lc lng ca tp m A
~
vn c th l hu hn, ty theo dng iu ca hm

A~
(u).

3.2. Bin ngn ng

Trong c s d liu quan h, cc quan h hay cc bng d liu cha cc thuc tnh hay
cc tn ct. N ch tnh cht ca i tng. Cc thuc tnh ny cng th hin trong ngn ng
nh m t tnh cht i tng l con ngi, trong ngn ng t nhin chng ta c nhng
thuc tnh TUI, CHIU CAO, LNG, NNG LC . Cc thuc tnh ny c th c
m t bng gi tr ngn ng nh tr, gi, rt tr, V l do nh vy, Zadeh gi cc thuc
tnh kiu nh vy l bin ngn ng v min gi tr ca chng l gi tr ngn ng hay gi l
min ngn ng (linguistic domain hay term-domain). Tuy nhin, nh chng ta cp
8
trong Mc 3.1, v bn thn gi tr ngn ng khng phi l i tng ton hc, ng ngha ca
chng c biu th bng cc tp m hay hm thuc. khi nim bin ngn ng tr thnh
mt khi nim ton hc, Zadeh hnh thc ha khi nim ny nh sau:

Mt bin ngn ng X c c trng bi mt b 5 sau:

X = (X, T(X), P, U, M(X))

trong :
- X l tn bin ngn ng;
- T(X) l tp cc t ngn ng ca bin X;
- P l tp cc quy tc c php sinh cc t trong T(X);
- U l tp v tr hay cn gi l min c s ca bin X . Nh rng F(U) l tp tt c cc
tp m trn min c s U, t.l. F(U) = { : U [0, 1]} = [0,1]
U
;
- M(X) l nh x T(X) F(U , [0, 1]) vi ngha l M(X) gn ng ngha biu th bng
tp m cho cc t ngn ng trong T(X).


V d:



3.3. Cc php tnh trn tp m

Xt mt bin ngn ng X nh c nh ngha trn. Trc ht, chng ta c nhn xt
rng, nhn chung, tp nh ca tp T(X) qua nh x M(X) khng c cu trc i s, t.l. trn
chng ta khng nh ngha c cc php tnh trn tp m. Mt l do na lm cho chng ta
khng quan tm n iu ny l cu trc i s ca tp gc T(X) cng cha c pht hin.
Trong Mc 3.n nghin cu v i s gia t chng ta s quay v vn ny. Trong khi chng
ta cha pht hin ra cu trc i s ca min T(X), trong mc ny chng ta s nh ngha trn
tp F(U, [0, 1]) mt cu trc i s.

Cng cn nhn mnh rng mc tiu ca l thuyt tp m l m hnh ha ton hc ng
ngha ca cc khi nim m v, quan trng nht, l m hnh ha phng php lp lun ca
con ngi. y l mt vn cc k kh v phc tp v nhng vn ny thuc loi c cu
trc yu, hay kh c th c mt cu trc ton duy nht m hnh ha trn vn nhng vn
nu trn. Nh l mt h qu, kh lng chng ta tm c mt cu trc ton hc cht ch, p
ca tp F(U, [0, 1]). Chnh v vy chng ta khng c mt rng buc cht ch, minh bch
trong nh ngha cc php ton trong F(U, [0, 1]). Nh chng ta s thy di y, chng ta
c nhiu cch khc nhau nh ngha cc php tnh v do n to ra tnh mm do, a
dng trong tip cn, thch nghi vi cc bi ton ng dng khc nhau, min l n cho php
gii quyt c cc bi ton ng dng, c bit cc bi ton thuc lnh vc tr tu nhn to.

Trc khi nh ngha cc php tnh trong F(U, [0, 1]), chng ta hy xem on [0, 1] nh
l mt cu trc dn L
[0,1]
= ([0, 1], , , ) vi th t t nhin trn on [0, 1]. Khi , vi
mi a, b e [0, 1], ta c:

9
a b = max {a, b}, a b = min {a, b} v a = 1 b.

Chng ta c th kim chng rng L
[0,1]
= ([0, 1], , , ) l mt i s De Morgan, hn
na n c cc tnh cht sau:
(i) Cc php tnh hp v giao c tnh giao hon, t.l.
a b = b a v a b = b a
(ii) Cc php tnh hp v giao c tnh cht phn phi ln nhau, t.l.
a (b c) = (a b) (a c) v a (b c) = (a b) (a c)
(iii) Tnh cht nut (absorption) v nut i ngu (dual absorption):
- Tnh cht nut: a (a b) = a,
- Tnh cht nut i ngu: a (a b) = a.
(iv) Tnh ly ng a a = a v a a = a
(v) Tnh cht ?? (a) = a
(vi) Tnh n iu gim(?): a s b a > b
(vii) Tnh cht De Morgan: (a b) = a b v (a b) = a b.

Da trn cu trc L
[0,1]
chng ta s nh ngha cc php tnh trn tp m thng qua cc
php tnh ca dn L
[0,1]
.

3.3.1. Php hp
~


Cho hai tp m A
~
v B
~
trn tp v tr U. Hp ca hai tp m ny l mt tp m k hiu
l A
~
~
B
~
, m hm thuc ca n c nh ngha theo im (pointwise) nh sau:

) ( ) ( ) (
~ ~
~
~
~
u u u
B A
B A
=

hay, trong trng hp U l hu hn hay m c,
A
~
~
B
~
=

< si
i i
A
u u
1
/ ) (
~

< si
i i
B
u u
1
/ ) (
~
=

< s

i
i i
B
i
A
u u u
1
/ )] ( ) ( [
~ ~


hay, trong trng hp U l tp continuum,
A
~
~
B
~
=
}
eU u
A
du u) (
~

~

}
eU u
B
du u) (
~
=
}
e

U u
B A
du u u )] ( ) ( [
~ ~
.

Mt cch tng qut, cho
~
i
A
e F(U), i e I , vi I l tp ch s hu hn hay v hn no .
Khi , hp ca cc tp m nh vy, k hiu l

I i
i
A
e
~
, c nh ngha bng hm thuc
nh sau

( ) ) (
~
u A
I i
i
e
= Sup
i e I

) (
~
u A
i
(3.3-1)

Chng ta s cho mt s v d v php tnh ny.

Xt tp v tr U nh trong V d 3.1-3 v hai tp m G
~
v K
~
c cho nh trong bng
di y.

10
Bng 3-1: Tp m trn U
U 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
G
~
0,0 0,0 0,0 0,1 0,3 0,5 0,7 0,9 1,0 1,0
K
~
1,0 0.9 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0

Khi s dng cch biu din tp m ri rc, hp ca hai tp m G
~
v K
~
c thc hin
nh sau:

G
~
~
K
~
= (0,0/1 + 0,0/2 + 0,0/3 + 0,1/4 + 0,3/5 + 0,5/6 + 0,7/7 + 0,9/8 +1,0/9 + 1,0/10)

~
(1,0/1 + 0,9/2 + 0,8/3 + 0,6/4 + 0,4/5 + 0,2/6 + 0,0/7 + 0,0/8 + 0,0/9 + 0,0/10)
= 1,0/1 + 0,9/2 + 0,8/3 + 0,6/4 + 0,4/5 + 0,5/6 + 0,7/7 + 0,9/8 + 1,0/9 + 1,0/10

Cch thc hin php tinh trong dn L
[0,1]
theo im nh vy gi cho chng ta thc hin
cc php tnh nh vy ngay trn Bng 3-1 nh sau:

Bng 3-2: Hp hai tp m trn U
U 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
G
~
0,0 0,0 0,0 0,1 0,3 0,5 0,7 0,9 1,0 1,0
K
~
1,0 0.9 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
G
~
~

K
~

1,0 0,9 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,5 0,7 0,9 1,0 1,0

Mt cch tng qut, nu cho trc cc tp m
~
i
A , i = 1, , m, th hp ca cc tp m
ny l tp m A
~
c nh ngha m rng bng quy np v c k hiu l
A
~
=
~
1
~
i
n
i A =


Nhn xt 3.3.1: Cc hng thc dng (u
i
)/u
i
c th xem l mt tp m m gi ca n ch
cha duy nht mt phn t u
i
, t.l. hm thuc ca n bng 0 ti mi u = u
i
v bng (u
i
) ti
phn t u
i
. K hiu tp m ny l (u
i
){u
i
}, t.l. tch ca s v hng ca (u
i
) vi tp kinh
in 1-phn t {u
i
}. Khi , vi nh ngha php hp nh trn, cc php cng hnh thc +
c th c biu th bng php hp, t.l. ta c, chng hn vi U l tp hu hn, U = {u
1
, ,
u
n
}, tp m A
~
c biu din qua php hp nh sau:
A
~
=
} ){ ( 1
~
i i
n
i u u =


Tp G
~
~
K
~
thu c c nhng c im sau:
- Support(G
~
~
K
~
) = U
- N l tp m chun v Hight(G
~
~
K
~
) = 1
- Core(G
~
~
K
~
) = {1, 9, 10}
- Count(G
~
~
K
~
) = 1,0 + 0,9 + 0,8 + 0,6 + 0,4 + 0,5 + 0,7 + 0,9 + 1,0 + 1,0
= 7,8
11

3.3.2. Php giao
~


Cho hai tp m A
~
v B
~
trn tp v tr U. Hp ca hai tp m ny l mt tp m k hiu
l A
~
~
B
~
, m hm thuc ca n c nh ngha theo im (pointwise) nh sau:

) ( ) ( ) (
~ ~
~
~
~
u u u
B A
B A
=

hay, trong trng hp U l hu hn hay m c,
A
~
~
B
~
=

< si
i i
A
u u
1
/ ) (
~

< si
i i
B
u u
1
/ ) (
~
=

< s

i
i i
B
i
A
u u u
1
/ )] ( ) ( [
~ ~


hay, trong trng hp U l tp continuum,
A
~
~
B
~
=
}
eU u
A
du u) (
~

~

}
eU u
B
du u) (
~
=
}
e

U u
B A
du u u )] ( ) ( [
~ ~
.

Mt cch tng qut, cho
~
i
A
e F(U), i e I , vi I l tp ch s hu hn hay v hn no .
Khi , hp ca cc tp m nh vy, k hiu l

I i
i
A
e
~
, c nh ngha bng hm thuc
nh sau

( ) ) (
~
u A
I i
i
e
= Inf
i e I

) (
~
u A
i
(3.3-2)

Chng ta s cho mt s v d v php tnh ny.

Xt hai tp m G
~
v K
~
c cho trong Bng 3-1. Khi s dng cch biu din tp m ri
rc, giao ca hai tp m G
~
v K
~
c thc hin nh sau:

G
~
~
K
~
= (0,0/1 + 0,0/2 + 0,0/3 + 0,1/4 + 0,3/5 + 0,5/6 + 0,7/7 + 0,9/8 +1,0/9 + 1,0/10)

~
(1,0/1 + 0,9/2 + 0,8/3 + 0,6/4 + 0,4/5 + 0,2/6 + 0,0/7 + 0,0/8 + 0,0/9 + 0,0/10)
= 0,0/1 + 0,0/2 + 0,0/3 + 0,1/4 + 0,3/5 + 0,2/6 + 0,0/7 + 0,0/8 + 0,0/9 + 0,0/10

Cch thc hin php tnh trong dn L
[0,1]
theo tng im nh vy, tng t nh trn,
chng ta thc hin cc php tnh nh vy ngay trn Bng 3-3 di y:

Bng 3-3: Giao ca hai tp m trn U
U 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
G
~
0,0 0,0 0,0 0,1 0,3 0,5 0,7 0,9 1,0 1,0
K
~
1,0 0.9 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
G
~
~

K
~

0,0 0,0 0,0 0,1 0,3 0,2 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0

Tp G
~
~
K
~
thu c c nhng c im sau:
12
- Support(G
~
~
K
~
) = U
- N l tp m di chun v Hight(G
~
~
K
~
) = 0,3 < 1
- Core(G
~
~
K
~
) = {5}, tp mt phn t
- Count(G
~
~
K
~
) = 0,1 + 0,3 + 0,2 = 0,6


3.3.3. Php ly phn b ~

Xt mt tp m A
~
trn tp v tr U. Php ly b ca tp A
~
, k hiu l ~ A
~
, l tp m
vi hm thuc c xc nh bng ng thc sau:

) ( 1 ) (
~ ~
~
u u
A A
=

Tp m ~ A
~
biu din dng cng thc hnh thc c dng sau:

Trng hp U l hu hn hay v hn m c
~ A
~
= ~

e e
= =
U u A U u A
u u u u / )) ( 1 ( / ) (
~ ~


Trng hp U l v hn continuum

~ A
~
= du u
U u
A
) (
~
~ }
e
= ~ du u du u
U u
A
U u
A
)) ( 1 ( ) (
~ ~
} }
e e
=


ly v d. chng ta xt hai tp m G
~
v K
~
c cho trong Bng 3-1. Khi s dng
cch biu din tp m ri rc, php ly phn b ca hai tp m G
~
v K
~
c thc hin nh
sau:

~ G
~
= ~ (0,0/1 + 0,0/2 + 0,0/3 + 0,1/4 + 0,3/5 + 0,5/6 + 0,7/7 + 0,9/8 +1,0/9 + 1,0/10)
= (1,0/1 + 1,0/2 + 1,0/3 + 0,9/4 + 0,7/5 + 0,5/6 + 0,3/7 + 0,1/8 +0,0/9 + 0,0/10)
cn
~ K
~
= ~ (1,0/1 + 0,9/2 + 0,8/3 + 0,6/4 + 0,4/5 + 0,2/6 + 0,0/7 + 0,0/8 + 0,0/9 + 0,0/10)
= (0,0/1 + 0,1/2 + 0,2/3 + 0,4/4 + 0,6/5 + 0,8/6 + 1,0/7 + 1,0/8 + 1,0/9 + 1,0/10)

Tng t nh trn, php ly phn b cng c th thc hin trn bng d liu, c th nh
sau:

Bng 3-4: Phn b ca tp m trn U
U 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
G
~
0,0 0,0 0,0 0,1 0,3 0,5 0,7 0,9 1,0 1,0
~ G
~
1,0 1,0 1,0 0,9 0,7 0,5 0,3 0,1 0,0 0,0
K
~
1,0 0.9 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
~ K
~
0,0 0,1 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,0 1,0 1,0



13
3.3.4. Php tng v tch i s ca cc tp m

- Php cng i s hai tp m: Cho hai tp m A
~
v B
~
trn tp v tr U. Tng i s ca
hai tp m ny l mt tp m, k hiu l A
~
B
~
, c nh ngha bi ng thc sau:

Trong trng hp U l hu hn hay v hn m c,
A
~
B
~
= u u u u u
B A B U u A
/ )] ( ). ( ) ( ) ( [
~ ~ ~ ~
+

e
,

Trong trng hp U l v hn continuum,
A
~
B
~
=
}
e
+
U u
B A B A
du u u u u )] ( ). ( ) ( ) ( [
~ ~ ~ ~
.

Lu rng gi tr biu thc ) ( ). ( ) ( ) (
~ ~ ~ ~
u u u u
B A B A
+ lun lun thuc [0, 1] v do
cc nh ngha ca php tnh trn l ng n.

- Php nhn i s hai tp m: Nhn i s hai tp m A
~
v B
~
l mt tp m, k hiu l
A
~
B
~
, c xc nh nh sau:

Trong trng hp U l hu hn hay v hn m c,
A
~
B
~
= u u u
B A U u
/ ) ( ). (
~ ~

e
,

Trong trng hp U l v hn continuum,
A
~
B
~
=
}
eU u
B A
du u u ) ( ). (
~ ~
.

Sau y, cho gn, chng ta ch biu din php tnh cho trng hp U l v hn
continuum v i vi cc trng hp cn li vic biu din hon ton tng t vi mt s
thay i nh.

3.3.5. Php tp trung hay php co (concentration)

Cho tp m A
~
trn U. Php tp trung tp m A
~
l tp m, k hiu l CON(A
~
), c
nh ngha nh sau:

CON(A
~
) =
}
eU u
A
du u) (
~
o
= (A
~
)
o
, vi o > 1

V o > 1 nn ) (
~
u
A
o
< ) (
~
u
A
v do min gii hn bi hm ) (
~
u
A
o
s nm trn trong
min gii hn bi hm ) (
~
u
A
, t.l. hm thuc ) (
~
u
A
ca tp m b co li sau php tp
trung. Ni khc i tp m CON(A
~
) biu th mt khi nim c t hn khi nim gc biu th
bi tp m A
~
(xem Hnh 3-3). V trc quan chng ta thy khi nim m cng c t th n
cng chnh xc hn, t m hn v gn gi tr kinh in hn.

Thng thng ngi ta s dng pht tp trung biu th ng ngha tc ng ca gia t
rt (very) v ng ngha, chng hn, ca khi nim rt tr l c t hay t m hn so vi khi
nim tr.

14
3.3.6. Php dn (Dilation)

Ngc vi php tp trung l php dn. Php dn khi tc ng vo mt tp m A
~
, k hiu
l DIL(A
~
), c xc nh bi ng thc sau:

DIL(A
~
) =
}
eU u
A
du u) (
~
|

= (A
~
)
|
, vi | < 1

Trong trng hp ny ta thy
) (
~
u
A
|

> ) (
~
u
A
v
do php dn s lm hm thuc ca tp m dn
n ra, t.l. hm thuc ca tp m thu c s xc
nh mt min thc s bao hm min gii hn bi
hm thuc ca tp m gc. Trn Hnh 3-3, ta thy
ng cong nt chm biu th hm thuc
) (
~
u
A
|

cn ng cong nt lin biu th hm thuc

) (
~
u
A
. Ng ngha ca khi nim m biu th bi tp m kt qu t c t hn hay ng ngha
ca n cng m hn.

Ngc vi hay i ngu vi vic s dng php CON, php DIL c s dng biu th
ng ngha ca gia t c th hay xp x v ng ngha ca khi nim c th tr t c t hn hay
tnh m ca n ln hn.

V d: Xt tp v tr U = {1, 2, , 8} v hai tp m A
~
v B
~
trn U c cho nh sau:

A
~
= 0,8/3 + 1,0/5 + 0,6/6 v B
~
= 0,7/3 + 1,0/4 + 0,5/6

Khi ta c:

A
~
B
~
= 0,94/3 + 1,0/4 + 1,0/5 + 0,8/6

A
~
B
~
= 0,56/3 + 0,30/6

CON(A
~
) = 0,64/3 + 1,0/5 + 0,36/6 , vi o = 2.

DIL(A
~
) = 8 , 0 /3 + 1,0/5 + 6 , 0 /6 , vi | = 1/2


3.3.7. Tch -ca-t cc tp m

Cho A
i
l tp m ca tp v tr U
i
, i = 1, 2, , n. Tch -ca-t ca cc tp m
~
i
A , i =
1, 2, , n, k hiu l
~
1
A

~
2
A

~
n
A
hay
~
1 i
n
i
A
=
H
, l mt tp m trn tp v tr
U
1
U
2
U
n
c nh ngha nh sau:


~
1
A

~
2
A

~
n
A
=
}


n
n
U U
n n A A
u u u u
... 1
1
) ,..., /( ) ( ... ) (
1 1



1,0
0
50 45 35 25 15
Hnh 3-3: Php tp trung
) (
~
u
A

) (
~
u
A
o

) (
~
u
A
|

15
V d: Cho U
1
= U
2
= {1, 2, 3} v 2 tp m

A
~
= 0,5/1 + 1,0/2 + 0,6/3 v B
~
= 1,0/1 + 0,6/2

Khi ,


~
A
~
B = 0,5/(1,1) + 1,0/(2,1) + 0,6/(3,1) + 0,5/(1,2) + 0,6/(2,2) + 0,6/(2,3)

Mt v d ng dng ca tch -ca-t l kt nhp (aggreegation) cc thng tin m v cc
thuc tnh khc nhau ca mt i tng. V d, trong cc h lut ca cc h tr gip quyt
nh hay h chuyn gia, h lut trong iu khin thng c cc lut dng sau y:

Nu X
1
:=
~
1
A and X
2
:=
~
2
A and and X
n
:=
~
n
A th Y := B
~


trong cc X
i
l cc bin ngn ng (v gi tr ca n l cc ngn ng c xem nh l nhn
ca cc tp m) v A
i
l cc tp m trn min c s U
i
ca bin X
i
. Hu ht cc phng php
gii lin quan n cc lut nu-th trn u i hi vic tch hp cc d liu trong phn tin
t nu nh ton t kt nhp, mt trong nhng ton t nh vy l ly tch -ca-t
~
1
A
~
2
A

~
n
A .

3.3.8. Php t hp li (convex combination)

Cho
~
i
A l tp m ca tp v tr U
i
tng ng vi bin ngn ng X
i
, i = 1, 2, , n, v w
i

e (0, 1], l cc trong s v mc quan trng tng i ca bin X
i
so vi cc bin khc, i =
1, 2, , n, v tha rng buc 1
1
=

=
n
i
i
w . Khi t hp li ca cc tp m
~
i
A , i = 1, 2, ,
n, l mt tp m A
~
xc nh trn U = U
1
U
2
U
n
, hm thuc ca n c nh ngha nh
sau:

=
=
n
i
i
A
i n
A
u w u u
i 1
1
) ( ) ,..., (
~ ~


trong E l tng s hc (ch khng phi l tng hnh thc).

Php t hp li thng c s dng biu th ng ngha ca gia t kiu ct yu
(essentially) hay c trng hay c tnh tiu biu (typically). V d, khi nim m v
ngi To ln c biu th mt cch ct yu t ng ngha ca cc khi nim ngi Cao v
Bo. Nh vy ng ngha ca To ln c th biu th qua ng ngha ca Cao v ca Bo
thng qua php t hp li.
C th, gi s ng ngha ca cc tp m Bo trn min U
1
= [40, 100] theo n v kg v
ca Cao trn min U
2
= [50, 220] vi n v cm c biu th nh sau:

Bo = 1
100
40
1
2
1
30
40
1 du
u
}

|
.
|

\
|
+


16
Cao = 2
100
40
1
2
2
30
140
1 du
u
}

|
.
|

\
|
+


Khi , tp m To-ln c biu th nh php t hp li sau:

To-ln = 0,6 Bo + 0,4 Cao =
{ }
2 1
100
40
220
50
2 1
) ( 4 , 0 ) ( 6 , 0 du du u u
Cao Bo
} }
+


Chng hn, ta c:

To-ln
(70,170) = 0,60,5 + 0,40,5 = 0,5

To-ln
(80,170) = 0,60,64 + 0,40,5 = 0,584

To-ln
(70,180) = 0,60,5 + 0,40,64 = 0,556


3.3.9. Php m ha (Fuzzification)

Vic m ha c hai bi ton:
(i) Tm tp m biu th mt tp kinh in hay, mt cch tng qut hn, hy m ha mt
tp m cho A
~
;
(ii) Tm thuc ca gi tr ngn ng ca mt bin ngn ng tng ng vi mt d liu
u vo l thc hoc m.

(i) Theo ngha th nht ta nh ngha php m ha nh sau:

Php m ha F ca mt tp m A
~
trn tp v tr U s cho ta mt tp m F(A
~
, K
~
) c
xc nh theo cng thc sau:

F(A
~
, K
~
) =
}
U
A
du u K u ) ( ) (
~
~

trong K
~
(u) l mt tp m trn U, u e U, c gi l nhn (kernel) ca F.
Nu
) (
~
u
A

l hm thuc ca tp kinh in 1-phn t {u}, t.l.

) (
~
u
A

ch bng 1 ti
phn t u cn li l bng 0 hay ta c tp m {1/u}, th ta c

F({1/u}, K
~
) = K
~
(u)

Nu A
~
l tp kinh in A, t.l. 1 ) ( = u
A
trn A v bng 0 ngoi A, th m ha ca A vi
nhn K
~
(u) s l tp m sau:
F(A, K
~
) =
}
A
du u K ) (
~


V d, cho hai tp m A
~
v K
~
trn U nh sau:

U = {a, b, c, d}, A
~
= 0,8/a + 0,6/b ,
K
~
(a) = 1,0/a + 0,4/b v K
~
(b) = 1,0/b + 0,4/a + 0,4/c

17
Khi
F(A
~
, K
~
) = 0,8(1,0/a + 0,4/b) + 0,6(1,0/b + 0,4/a + 0,4/c)
= 0,8/a + 0,32/b + 0,6/b + 0,24/a + 0,24/c
= (0,8 0,24)/a + (0,32 0,6)/b + 0,24/c
= 0,8/a + 0,6/b + 0,24/c

Ngi ta cho rng php m ha nh trn c vai tr quan trong trong biu din ng ngha
ca cc gia t nh t nhiu (more or less), mt cht hay hi (slightly), nhiu (much). Chng
hn, vi khi nim m gii ch v NNG LC ca chuyn vin, th khi nim hi gii c th
c biu th bng php m ha tc ng vo tp m biu din khi nim gii.

(ii) Bi ton m ha th 2 c gii hn trong trng hp tp v tr l tp hu hn cc
gi tr ngn ng.
C th bi ton m ha trong trng hp ny nh sau: Gi s T l tp cc gi tr ngn
ng ca mt bin ngn ng X no vi min c s U. Cho mt tp kinh in hoc tp m
A
~
trn U. Hy tm tp m trn min T biu th tp m A
~
hay, mt cch tng ng, hy
tm thuc ca gi tr t trong T tng ng vi d liu u vo A
~
.
Chng hn, ta xt bin NHIT thi tit vi T = {Thp, Trung-bnh, Cao} vi khng
gian c s l [0, 100] theo thang C. Vn l cn xc nh thuc hay gi tr chn l TV
ca mnh A
~
:= t , t e T, vi := c hiu l
xp x bng. C th chng ta cn xc nh gi
tr chn l nh sau:

(Thp) = TV(A
~
:= Thp)
(Tr-bnh) = TV(A
~
:= Tr-bnh)
(Cao) = TV(A
~
:= Cao)

Vic xc nh gi tr chn l ny c tin
hnh nh sau (xem Hnh 3-4): Chng ta ln theo
th ca hm thuc ca tp m u vo A
~
s thy n ct th ca hm thuc Thp gi
tr 0,52. Gi tr ny biu th ph hp nht ca tp m A
~
biu din qua tp m hay khi
nim m Thp l 0,52. Tng t, th ca A
~
s ct th ca tp m Tr-bnh hai gi tr
0,34 v 0,82 v do ph hp nht ca vic biu din ng ngha ca A
~
qua khi nim m
Tr-bnh l gi tr 0,82 ln hn. Cng nh vy, ph hp ca A
~
biu th qua khi nim Cao
l 0,18. Nh vy, vic m ha s a vic biu din tp m A
~
trn U thnh tp m trn tp
cc gi tr ngn ng T sau:

NHIT_(A
~
) = 0,54/Thp + 0,82/Tr-bnh + 0,18/Cao (3.3-3-1)

3.3.10. Php kh m

Trong iu khin m cng nh trong lp lun trong cc h chuyn gia vi cc lut tri
thc m, d liu u ra nhn chung u l nhng tp m. Thc t chng ta cng thng gp
nhu cu chuyn i d liu m u ra thnh gi tr thc mt cch ph hp. Phng php
chuyn i nh vy c gi l phng php kh m (defuzzification). Nhu cu ny thng
gp nht trong iu khin m v u ra i hi l gi tr thc tc ng vo mt qu trnh
thc no .

Hnh 3-4. Cc hm thuc ca bin
NHIT
Thp
Tr-bnh
Cao
1
0,5
0,0
100
A
~

18
Gi s d liu u ra c biu din dng (3.3-1) vi cc tp m ca cc gi tr ngn
ng c biu th trong Hnh 3-4.
Trc khi trnh by mt s phng php kh m, chng ta hy a ra phng php bin
i tnh hm thuc ca tp m c biu din bng biu thc dng (3.3-1). Trc ht ta
nh li rng tp m vi hm thuc c dng (u) a, a e [0, 1], c k hiu l aU, t.l. n l
tch ca s v hng a v tp kinh in U. Khi , hng thc trong (3.3-1), chng hn
0,54/Thp, s c hiu l biu thc 0,54U AND Thp, trong Thp l nhn ca tp m
vi hm thuc c cho trong Hnh 3-4. T Nhn xt 3.3.1, chng ta c th hiu cc php
cng hnh thc + s l php OR m ng ngha ca n l php trong dn L([0,1]).
C nhiu cch biu th ng ngha php AND v php OR trn on [0, 1]. Mt cch tng
qut, ta c th chn mt cp i ngu t-norm v t-conorm bt k m chng s c cp
n sau ny khi ni v cc i s lin hp tp hp
m biu th ng ngha ca hai php AND v
OR. Di y ta s chn ng ngha ca AND l
php Min, v OR l php Max. Trong Hnh 3-5 ta
c cc kt qu ca vic thc hin php AND cho
tng hng t trong cng thc (3.3-1): hng t th
nht c biu th bng hnh thang th nht vi
chiu cao l 0,54; hng t th hai c biu th
bng hnh thang th hai gia, vi chiu cao
0,82; hng t th ba c biu th bng hnh
thang bn phi vi chiu cao l 0,18.
Hnh 3-6 biu th kt qu ca php OR ca 3
hng t vi ng ngha c biu th trong Hnh 3-
5.
Nh vy, bt k mt tp m no c cho
dng cng thc (3.3-1) chng ta u c th bin
i v tp m c dng Hnh 3-6.

By gi bi ton kh m c c th ha
bng bi ton cho trc mt tp m vi hm
thuc c biu th bng th, chng hn nh
trong Hnh 3-6. Hy xc nh phng php bin i tp m v mt gi tr thc thuc min
c s U. Vi v d ang xt, ta c bin NHIT vi U = [0, 100] theo thang C.
Thng chng ta c nhiu cch gii bi ton kh m. Chng ta khng c nhng rng
buc cht ch no v vic nh ngha mt phng php kh m. Bt k nh nghin cu ng
dng no cng c th a ra mt nh ngha v mt phng php kh m, min l n ph
hp vi mt ng dng no hay n ph hp vi mt tng no v ng ngha ca php
kh m. Tuy nhin, v trc quan chng ta c th a ra nhng yu cu mt phng php
kh m c xem l tt. Hellendoorn, H. and C. Thomas nm 1993 a r 5 tiu chun
trc quan sau. (i) Tnh lin tc, ngha l mt s thay i nh ca d liu u vo ca phng
php n cng ch to ra nhng thay i nh d liu u ra; (ii) Tnh khng nhp nhng
(disambiguity), ngha l phng php ch sinh ra mt gi tr u ra duy nht; (iii) Tnh hp l
(plausibility) i hi rng gi tr u ra phi nm vng trung tm ca tp m v thuc
hay gi tr hm thuc ti phi ln (khng nht thit ln nht); (iv) phc tp tnh n
gin (computational simplicity), mt i hi t nhin v (v) Tnh trng s ca phng php
(weighting method) i hi phng php tnh n trng s hay s u tin ca cc tp m
Hnh 3-5. Cc hm thuc ca 3
hng t trong (3-5)
Thp Tr-bnh
Cao
1
0,5
0,0
100
A
~

Hnh 3-6. Hm thuc hp ca 3
hng t trong (3-5)
1
0,5
0,0
100
19
kt qu u ra (i vi trng hp bi ton cho nhiu kt qu u ra nh i vi mt s
phng php lp lun m a iu kin).
Ni chung, chng ta c th hiu cc tiu chun cn bo m gi tr kh m ca tp m A
~

l phn t thc i din mt cch hp l ca A
~
.

Sau y chng ta nghin cu mt vi phng php kh m.

(1) Phng php cc i trung bnh (average maximum)
Cho tp m A
~
vi hm thuc ~
A

. Gi umin v umax tng ng l hai gi tr nh nht

v ln nht ca min c s U m ti hm thuc ~
A

nhn gi tr ln nht (t.l. cc i ton

phn). K hiu gi tr kh ca A
~
theo phng php cc i trung bnh l D
Av-max
(A
~
). Khi
D
Av-max
(A
~
) c nh ngha nh sau:

D
AveMax
(A
~
) =
2
max min u u +
(3.3-2)

tng ca phng php ny l chng ta ch quan tm n cc gi tr ca U m ti n
ph hp hay tng thch vi ng ngha ca tp m A
~
nht, t.l. ti thuc l cc i ton
phn. Nhng gi tr khc ca U m ti thuc nh hn 1 u b b qua. V vy, mt kh
nng la chn gi tr kh m l gi tr trung bnh ca gi tr nh nht v gi tr ln nht ti
thuc vo tp m l ln nht. chnh l l do ngi ta gi phng php kh m ny l
phng php cc i trung bnh.
V d trn Hnh 3-6, hm thuc ~
A

t cc i ton phn trn on [41, 59] v, do ,

chng ta ta c:
D
AveMax
(A
~
) =
50
2
59 41
=
+
.

(2) Phng php cc i trung bnh c trng s
tng ca phng php ny l tm nhng on ti hm thuc ~
A

t cc i a
phng. Ngha l ti cc gi tr ca min c s m thuc ca chng t cu i a
phng. Ni khc i cc gi tr ca U thuc v tp m A
~
vi tin cy c tri nht.
Cc gi tr nh vy cn c tham gia ng gp vo vic xc nh gi tr kh m ca tp
A
~
vi trng s ng gp chnh l thuc ca chng vo tp A
~
. Chng ta chn cch ng
gp nh vy bng phng php ly trung bnh c trng s (weighted average maxima
method). V vy cch tnh gi tr kh m ca tp m A
~
nh sau:
- Xc nh cc gi tr ca U m ti hm thuc ~
A

t gi tr cc i a phng. K
hiu umin
i
v umax
i
l gi tr ln nht v nh nht trong cc gi tr ca U m ti hm
thuc t cc i a phng. Gi tr trung bnh cng ca umin
i
v umax
i
s c k hiu l
uavemax
i
, trong ch s i ch n l gi tr tng ng vi gi tr cc i a phng th i.
- Gi s hm thuc ~
A

c m gi tr cc i a phng, i = 1, 2, , m. Khi gi tr
kh m ca tp m A
~
c tnh theo cng thc trung bnh cng c trng s nh sau:

D
w-AveMax
=

=
=
m
i
m
i
i
i i
uave
uave uave
1
1
) max (
max ) max (

(3.3-3)

20
V d, chng ta xt tp m A
~
c cho trong Hnh 3-6. Hm thuc ~
A

t cc i a
phng trn hai on thng, on [0, 23] v on [41, 59]. Do , theo cng thc (3.3-2),
uavemax
1
= (0 + 23)/2 = 11,5 v uavemax
2
= (41 + 59)/2 = 50. Theo cng thc (3.3-3) chng
ta c:
D
w-AveMax
= 71 , 34
36 , 1
21 , 47
82 , 0 54 , 0
50 82 , 0 5 , 11 54 , 0
) 50 ( ) 5 , 11 (
50 ) 50 ( 5 , 11 ) 5 , 11 (
~ =
+
+
=
+
+





(3) Phng php trng tm
Trong hai phng php trn, ngi ta ch quan tm n gi tr ca min U m ti hm
thuc t cc i, cn cc gi tr khc u b b qua. Nh vy c v thiu bnh ng.
Phng php trng tm (centroid method hay centre of gravity) xut pht t tng mi gi
tr ca U n c ng gp vi trong s vo vic xc nh gi tr kh m ca tp m A
~
,
y trng s ca n l thuc ca phn t thuc vo tp m A
~
.
Theo ngha thng thng ca trng tm, cng thc tnh gi tr kh m c dng sau:
D
Centroid
(A
~
) =
}
}
b
a
b
a
du u
du u u
) (
) (

(3.3-4)

V d, ta tnh gi tr kh m theo phng php trong tm ca tp m trong Hnh 3-6.
Theo cng thc (3.3-4-8) ta tnh:

}
100
0
) ( du u u =
}
23
0
* 54 , 0 udu +
}
+
25
23
50
1
) 1 ( udu u +
}
41
25
50
1
) ( udu u +
}
59
41
82 , 0 udu
+
}
+
91
59
50
1
) 2 ( udu u +
}
100
91
18 , 0 udu
= 142,83 + 24,946 + 355,306 + 738,0 + 1145,386 + 154,71 = 2561,178

}
100
0
) ( du u = 12,42 + 1,04 + 10,56 + 14,76 + 10,56 + 10,88 + 1,44 = 61,66

Do , D
Centroid
(A
~
) =
66 , 61
178 , 2561
= 41,537.


3.3.11. Nguyn l thc trin v s hc cc s m

3.3.11.1. Nguyn l thc trin

Vn c t ra l cho mt tp m A trn khng gian U v mt quan h kinh in
trn U V (hay n cng l mt nh x a tr t U sang V), liu tp m A s cm sinh mt tp
m B no trn V nh thng tin t quan h ?

Nguyn l thc trin (extension principle) cho ta mt quy tc xc nh tp m B da trn
cc thng tin m quan h cung cp. Nguyn l ny c pht biu nh sau:

21
Cho l mt quan h kinh in trn U V. Vi v e V, ta k hiu


-1
(v) = {u e U: (u, v)}

Khi , mi tp m A trn U s cm sinh mt tp m B trn V nh quan h vi hm thuc

B
(v) c tnh theo cng thc sau:


B
(v) = sup
) (
) (
1
u
A
v u

e
.

Ta cho mt vi v d v ng dng ca nguyn l thc trin trn.

V d 3.3.11.1. Ngi ta thng biu din khi nim chn l nh l mt tp m trn U =
[0,1], chng hn hm thuc
True
ca khi nim True c cho trong Hnh 3-7. Thng
thng, phn b ca tp m True biu th php ph nh v do ng cong gch tng
on biu th khi nim False. V trc quan quan st trn Hnh 3-7 chng ta thy khng hp
l.
By gi chng ta nh ngha khi nim ph nh bng vic p dng nguyn l thc trin.
Trong lgic a tr vi min gi tr chn l trn on [0,1], php
ph nh l 1-, t.l. t = 1 t. n xc nh mt nh x t [0,1]
vo [0,1]. Theo nguyn l thc trin, tp m True s cm sinh
tp m cng trn [0,1], chnh l tp m False, vi hm thuc l

False
(t) = sup
) (
) (
1
s
True
t s

e
= sup
) (
} 1 {
s
True t s

e

=
True
(1 t)

Hm thuc ny l ng cong i xng vi
True
qua ng thng s = 0,5 v n biu th
khi nim False mt cch hp l hn.

V d 3.3.11.2. By gi ta xt mt v d phc tp hn v vic p dng nguyn l thc
trin. Xt khng gian U = R, tp tt c cc s thc v php tnh 2-ngi a * b trn cc s thc.
Php tnh ny xc nh mt quan h hai ngi, hn na n xc nh mt nh x : R R R.
Do , theo nguyn l thc trin, mi cp tp m A v B trn R s cm sinh mt tp m C
cng trn R nh nh x vi hm thuc c xc nh nh sau:


C
(t) = sup
) ( ) (
) ( ) , (
1
b a
B A
t b a

e
= sup ) ( ) (
*
b a
B A t b a
.
=
(3.3-5)

V hnh thc ha, cng thc trn r rng v d hiu, nhng v tnh ton n li rt phc
tp: cho trc hai hm thuc
A
(a) v
B
(b) chng ta kh c th tnh ton c th c hm
thuc
C
(t) da theo cng thc trn.

khc phc kh khn tnh ton ny, chng ta ng dng cu trc s hc trn cc khong,
c th trn cc tp mc hay lt ct ca tp m.

3.3.11.2. S hc cc khong v ng dng i vi nguyn l thc trin

Hnh 3-7
True
False
22
Trc ht chng ta kho st li cng thc (3.3-5) da trn cc tp mc. Chng ta bit
rng c mt tng ng 1-1 gia tp m A trn U v h n iu gim cc tp mc {A
o
: o e
(0, 1]}, t.l. o < | A
o
_ A
|
. V vy thay v tnh trc tip hm thuc ca mt tp m, ta tnh
h cc tp mc. c bit trong trng hp ri rc ha, s tp mc nh vy ch hu hn.
cho gn, ta k hiu gi ca tp m A l A(0), t.l. A(0) = {u e U:
A
(u) > 0}.

Gi thit rng ta ch xt cc tp m m hm thuc ca chng lin tc.

phn tch cng thc (3.3-5) trn quan im tp mc mt cch c th, ta gi thit php
* l php + s hc trn R. Ta s chng t rng

C
o
= A
o
+ B
o
= {a + b: a e A
o
& b e B
o
} (3.3-6)

Thc vy, gi s t e C
o
, t.l.
C
(t) > o. T (3.3-5), ta suy ra
A
(a) > o v
B
(b) > o vi t
nht mt cp (a, b) sao cho a + b = t. Ngha l, ta c C
o
_ {a + b: a e A
o
& b e B
o
}. Ngc
li, d dng thy rng vi mi cp (a, b) sao cho a e A
o
& b e B
o
, th
A
(a) .
B
(b) > o v
do , theo (3.3-5), vi t = a + b, ta c
C
(t) > o hay a + b e C
o
. Nh vy chng ta
chng minh cng thc (3.3-6) l ng.

Tng t nh vy chng ta c th thit lp cc cng thc tng t nh (3.3-6) cho cc
php tnh s hc khc.

Vi gi thit cc hm thuc ca cc tp m c xt A l chun, tc l high(A) = 1 hay A
1

= C, v lin tc, cc tp mc u l cc on thng. Khi , cng thc (3.3-6) c ngha on
C
o
l tng ca 2 on A
o
v B
o
. Nh vy, (3.3-6) dn n vic nghin cu s hc cc khong
ng.

Xt h cc khong ng, gii ni trn tp s thc R, k hiu l h Intvl(R).

Ta nh ngha cc php tnh s hc trn cc khong nh vy nh sau. Gi * l php tnh
2-ngi bt k trn s thc R, t.l. * c th l php cng (+), php tr (), php nhn (.) v php
chia (/) s hc, th n s cm sinh mt php tnh trn Intvl(R) cng c k hiu l php * v
c nh ngha nh sau:
[a, b] - [c, d] = {u - v : u e [a, b] & v e [c, d]} (3.3-7)

vi gi thit rng nu - l php chia th ta gi thit on [c, d] khng cha phn t 0 ca R.
T (3.3-7) ta d dng suy ra cc cng thc sau

[a, b] + [c, d] = [a + b, c + d]

[a, b] [c, d] = [a b, c d]

[a, b] / [c, d] = [a, b] . [1/d, 1/c]

[a, b] . [c, d] = [e, f], vi e = min {ac, ad, bc, bd} cn f = max {ac, ad, bc, bd}

23
Lu rng v mi s a, b, c v d c th m hoc dng nn ta phi tnh min, max xc nh
u mt ca khong kt qu ca php nhn.

Tr li vi nguyn l thc trin i vi nh x xc nh bi php tnh s hc - trn s
thc vi tp m cm sinh c tnh trn cc tp mc nh dng cng thc (3.3-6). Nu cc
tp m A v B l chun v lin tc, th tt c cc tp mc A
o
v B
o
u l cc khong ng
gii ni, t.l. chng l cc phn t ca Intvl(R) v do cc cng thc dng (3.3-6) u
c tnh ton da trn s hc cc khong.

3.3.11.3. S m v s hc cc s m

Xt tp m A trn tp cc s thc R. V nguyn tc, khng c rng buc cht i vi vic
xy dng cc tp m biu th ng ngha ca cc khi nim ngn ng. Tuy nhin, n
gin trong xy dng cc tp m v trong tnh ton trn cc tp m, ngi ta a ra khi nim
tp m c dng c bit, gi l s m biu th cc khi nim m v s nh gn 10, khong
15, ln hn nhiu so vi 10,

S m l tp m c cc c im sau:

- N l tp m chun, tc l high(A) = 1;
- Mi tp mc A
o
, o e (0,1], l cc khong ng;
- support(A) l tp gii ni hay n l mt on hu hn.

Trong nhiu ti liu nghin cu v trong ng dng, ngi ta thng s dng cc s m
c bit, gi l cc s m tam gic hay hnh thang (xem Hnh 3-8).

Cc php tnh s hc trn s m

C hai cch nh ngha cc php tnh s
hc trn cc s m.

Cch th nht, da trn cng thc (3.3-5)
khi s dng nguyn l thc trin.
Cch nh ngha th hai, nh ngha qua
tp mc. V, nh trong Mc 3.3.11.2, chng
ta thy mi tp m A c xc nh duy
nht bi h cc tp mc {A
o
: o e (0,1]}.
Khi ta c th biu din:

A =

] 1 , 0 ( e o
o
A


Gi s A =

] 1 , 0 ( e o
o
A
v B =

] 1 , 0 ( e o
o
B
v - l mt php tnh s hc hai ngi no
trn s thc, t.l. - e {+, , ., /}. Theo nh ngha s m, A
o
v B
o
l cc khong ng gii ni
v A
o
- B
o
l mt phptnh s hc trn cc khong. Khi , ta nh ngha:

Very
small

small

medium

large
Very
large
0 100
Hnh 3-8: Cc s m ca
cc gi tr ngn ng
24
A - B =
o
o
o
B A -
e

] 1 , 0 (


V d: Cho cc tp m A v B vi cc hm thuc sau

A
(u) = 0 vi u s 1 v u > 3
= (u + 1)/2 vi 1 < u s 1
= (3 u)/2 vi 1 < u s 1,


A
(u) = 0 vi u s 1 v u > 5
= (u 1)/2 vi 1 < u s 3
= (5 u)/2 vi 3 < u s 5.

Khi , ta c th kim chng thy rng

A
o
= [2o - 1, 3 - 2o], v B
o
= [2o + 1, 5 2o].

v, do ,

(A + B)
o
= [4o, 8 4o]
(A B)
o
= [4o 6, 2 4o]

(A . B)
o
= [ 4o
2
+ 12o 5, 4o
2
16o + 15] vi o e (0;0,5]
= [4o
2
1, 4o
2
16o + 15] vi o e (0,5;1]

(A / B)
o
= [(2o 1)/(2o + 1), (3 2o)/(2o + 1)] vi o e (0;0,5]
= [2o 1)/(5 2o), (3 2o)/(2o + 1)] vi o e (0,5;1]

Trong trng hp n gin ny chng ta c th tnh cc hm thuc kt qu v thu c


A+B
(u) = 0 vi u s 0 v u > 8
= u/4 vi 0 < u s 4
= (8 u)/4 vi 4 < u s 8


A-B
(u) = 0 vi u s 6 v u > 2
= (u + 6)/4 vi 6 < u s 2
= (2 u)/4 vi 2 < u s 2


A.B
(u) = 0 vi u < 5 v u > 15
= [3 (4 u)
1/2
]/2 vi 5 s u < 0
= (1 + u)
1/2
/2 vi 0 s u < 1/3
= [4 (1 + u)
1/2
]/2 vi 3 s u < 15


A/B
(u) = 0 vi u < 1 v u > 3
= (u + 1)/(2 2u) vi 1 s u < 0
= (5u + 1)/(2u + 2) vi 0 s u < 1/3
= (3 u)/(2u + 2) vi 1/3 s u < 3
25

Phng trnh s hc m

Cng nh trong s hc, khi chng ta c s hc cc s m th chng ta c th gii cc
phng trnh s hc. Chng ta s thy vi biu din tp m qua h cc tp mc, chng ta c
th d dng gii cc phng trnh s hc m. Chng ta hy ly mt v d.

Xt phng trnh m

A + X = B (3.3-8)

trong A v B l cc tp m cn X l tp m n. Ta hy tm nghim X v s chng t rng
nghim X = A B.

Xt tp mc mc o e (0, 1] ca 3 tp m trong (3.3-8) v t A
o
= [a
1o
, a
2o
], B
o
= [b
1o
,
b
2o
] v X
o
= [x
1o
, x
2o
]. R rng ta phi c cc rng buc sau: a
1o
s a
2o
, b
1o
s b
2o
v x
1o
s x
2o
.
T (3.3-8) ta c

a
1o
+ x
1o
= b
1o
v a
2o
+ x
2o
= b
2o
v do x
1o
= b
1o
a
1o
, x
2o
= b
2o
a
2o
.

Nh vy cho phng trnh m (3.3-8) c nghim ta phi c gi thit

(i) b
1o
a
1o
s b
2o
a
2o
, vi mi o e (0, 1];

Ngoi ra, t iu kin n iu gim ca h X
o
, o < | X
o
_ X
|
ta suy ra x
1o
s x
1|
s
x
2|
s x
2o
. Hay, mt iu kin tn ti nghim na l

(ii) o < | b
1o
a
1o
s b
1|
a
1|
s b
2|
a
2|
s b
2o
a
2o
.

Vy, vi iu kin (i) v (ii), ta c

X =

] 1 , 0 ( e o
o
X
.

Mt cch tng t, phng trnh m
A . X = B

s c nghim vi hai iu kin sau:

(i) b
1o
/a
1o
s b
2o
/a
2o
, vi mi o e (0;1];

(ii) o < | b
1o
/a
1o
s b
1|
/a
1|
s b
2|
/a
2|
s b
2o
/a
2o
.


3.3.12. Php ton kt nhp

Mt php ton trn tp m c ngha thc tin quan trng l php kt nhp (Aggregation
Operator). Trong cuc sng hng ngy con ngi thng xuyn phi nh gi cc i tng
26
trn c s tng hp cc nh gi theo tng tiu ch nh gi no . V d, nh gi hc lc
ca hc sinh hay sinh vin trn c s cc im nh gi ca cc mn hc, hay nh gi cc
phng n u t mt nh my trn c s nh gi hiu qu kinh t, x hi, nh gi
phng n pht trin sn phm ca mt x nghip theo nhiu tiu ch khc nhau

Mt cch hnh thc, bi ton t ra l gi s c n tiu ch nh gi C
i
v mi tiu ch
c nh gi bng cc t ngn ng vi ng ngha biu th bng cc tp m
~
i
A , i = 1, , n.
Hy xy dng php tnh cho php kt nhp cc im nh gi
~
i
A , i = 1, , n.

Chng ta s xy dng mt lp cc ton t nh vy, gi l php kt nhp, trn c s cc
tnh cht trc gic quan st c t bn cht ca vic tch hp cc kin v xem chng l
cc tin ca php kt nhp. Ta s thy sau ny l php kt nhp l mt hm g: [0, 1]
n

[0, 1]. Khi vic kt nhp cc im nh gi
~
i
A trn khng gian U
i
, i = 1, , n, s l mt
tp m
~
A
c xc nh bng php kt nhp sau:


)) ( ),..., ( ), ( ( ) (
~
2
~
2 1
~
1
~
n n
u A u A u A g u A =
, u = (u
1
, , u
n
) e U
1
U
n


Nh vy, nu chng ta c th pht trin mt l thuyt v cc php kt nhp, th chng ta
c cng c kt nhp cc kin hoc cc nh gi theo cc tiu chun khc nhau.

Trc ht, mt cch hnh thc ha, php kt nhp l mt hm 2-ngi g : [0;1]
2
[0;1] c
cc tnh cht sau c coi l cc tin :

Tin (Agg1). g c tnh cht kt hp, t.l. g(a, g(b, c)) = g(g(a, b), c) v do ta c th
vit

g(a, b, c) = g(a, g(b, c)).

Nh vy, mt hm kt nhp g c th m rng thnh hm n-ngi

g(a
1
, a
2
, , a
n
): [0;1]
n
[0;1]

Tin (Agg2). g l php ton ly ng (idempotent), t.l.

g(a, a, , a) = a, a e [0;1]

ngha thc tin ca tin ny l r rng: nu cc kin l ging nhau, th kt qu kt
nhp phi khng thay i.

Tin (Agg2*). g tha iu kin bin sau:

g(0, 0, , 0) = 0 v g(1, 1, , 1) = 1.

D nhin, tin ny l trng hp ring ca Tin (Agg2) v do n l mt rng
buc nh hn kh nhiu Tin (agg2).

27
Tin (Agg3). g l hm lin tc.

i hi ny l t nhin trn thc t: cc kin xp x nhau th kt qu kt nhp cng xp
x nhau.

Tin (Agg4). g(a
1
, , a
n
, g(a
1
, , a
n
)) = g(a
1
, , a
n
)

Tin (Agg4) m t mt tnh cht thc t l nu thm mt kin mi trng vi gi tr
kt nhp cc kin c khng lm thay i gi tr kt nhp c.

Tin (Agg5). Tnh n iu tng: Vi mi cp (a
1
, , a
n
) v (b
1
, , b
n
) cc gi tr
trong [0, 1], nu a
i
s b
i
, vi i = 1, 2, ..., n, th

g(a
1
, , a
n
) s g(b
1
, , b
n
).

Tin (Agg6). Tnh cht giao hon: Vi bt k mt hon v v tr, t : {1, 2, , n}
{1, 2, , n} ca cc ton hng ca php kt nhp g(a
1
, , a
n
), chng ta c

g(a
1
, a
2
, , a
n
) = g(a
t(1)
, a
t(2)
, , a
t(n)
)

ngha ca Tin (Agg6) l n m t mt kiu tnh hung thc t trong th t cc
kin khng quan trng trong kt nhp. iu ny cng hp l trong mt lp cc bi ton ng
dng. Tuy nhin, t mt cch nhn khc, mt cu hi t ra l liu ta c th b yu cu ny
khng? Cu tr li l c v trong vic ly quyt nh tp th trong thc tin nhiu khi
kin u tin c nh hng mnh n kt qu ca php kt nhp, hoc ngc li, trong cc
tnh hung khc kin v cui li c nh hng mnh hn so vi cc kin u. i vi cc
loi bi ton ny, chng ta c l thuyt cc php kt nhp khng giao hon. Tuy nhin, trong
gio trnh ny chng ta khng cp n lp cc php tnh ny.

By gi ta cho mt s v d v php kt nhp. Do tnh cht rt a dng ca cc bi ton
ng dng, v nguyn tc chng ta khng nht thit i hi mt php kt nhp no phi
tha mn c 6 tin trn.

1) Hm min v max: Gi s g(a
1
, a
2
) = Min {a
1
, a
2
} (hay g(a
1
, a
2
) = a
1
. a
2
)
Do tnh kt hp ca php Min, ta c th d dng m rng hm ny thnh php n-ngi:
g(a
1
, a
2
, , a
n
) = Min {a
1
, a
2
, , a
n
}.

Ben cnh hm Min, xt hm Max h(a
1
, a
2
) = Max {a
1
, a
2
} (hay h(a
1
, a
2
) = a
1
v a
2
)
Tng t, do tnh kt hp ca php Max, ta c th d dng m rng hm ny thnh hm
n-ngi:
h(a
1
, a
2
, , a
n
) = Max {a
1
, a
2
, , a
n
}.

D dng kim tra hm Min v Max tha tt c cc tin t (Agg1) (Agg6).

2) Trung bnh c trng s:

WAvg(a
1
, a
2
, , a
n
) =
i
n i
i
a w

s s 1
, vi w
i
> 0 v 1
1
=

s s n i
i
w .

28
Chng ta kho st cc tnh tha cc tin ca php kt nhp WAvg.

(a) R rng rng php WAvg tha cc tin ly ng, lin tc v n iu tng.

(b) By gi ta kho st tnh tha Tin (Agg4) ca n.

nh l 3.3.12-1. Cho php kt nhp c trng s wAvg, nu n c n-i s ta s k hiu
n l WAvg(a
1
, a
2
, , a
n
) =
i
n i
n
i
a w

s s 1
, vi
n
i
w > 0 v 1
1
=

s s n i
n
i
w . Khi , WAvg tha
Tin (Agg4) nu v ch nu

s s
+
+
=
n j
n
j
n
i n
i
w
w
w
1
1
1
, i = 1, , n (3.3-9)

Chng minh: Trc ht ta gi thit rng php kt nhp Wavg tha Tin (Agg4), t.l. ta
c ng thc WAvg(a
1
, a
2
, , a
n
) = WAvg(a
1
, a
2
, , a
n
, WAvg(a
1
, , a
n
)), hay


i
n
i
n i
n
n
n
i i
n i
n
i
n
n i
n i
n
i i
n i
n
i
a w w w a w w a w a w ) (
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

s s
+
+
+
s s
+
+
s s
+
s s
+ = + =

T ng thc ny ta suy ra

s s
+
+
+
+
+
=

=
n j
n
j
n
i
n
n
n
i n
i
w
w
w
w
w
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
, t.l. ta thu c (3.3-9).
Ngc li, rt d dng kim chng rng nu cc trng s ca php kt nhp WAvg c mi
lin h (3.3-9) th WAvg s tha Tin (Agg4).

(c) Bn c c th kim tra rng WAvg khng c tnh cht kt hp, t.l. khng tha Tin
(Agg1).

(d) WAvg khng c tnh cht giao hon, t.l. khng tha Tin (Agg6).

nh l 3.3.12-2. Nu tn ti hai trong s w
i
v w
j
ca php kt nhp WAvg sao cho w
i
=
w
j
, th php WAvg khng giao hon.

Chng minh: Xt mt b gi tr (a
1
, a
2
, , a
n
) sao cho a
i
= 1, cc gi tr khc u bng
0, t.l. (0, , 0, a
i
= 1, 0, ,0 ), v xt mt php hon v t hon v hai v tr vi ch s i v j,
cn cc v tr khc gi nguyn. Nu php WAvg c tnh giao hon ta phi c

WAvg(a
1
, a
2
, , a
n
) =
i
n i
i
a w

s s 1
= w
i
= WAvg(a
t(1)
, a
t(2)
, , a
t(n)
) =
=
) (
1
i
n i
i
a w
t
s s
= w
j
.

iu ny mu thun vi gi thit w
i
= w
j
.

3) Php trung bnh cng s hc

Php kt nhp trung bnh cng c k hiu l Avg v c nh ngha nh sau

Avg(a
1
, a
2
, , a
n
) =
i
n i
a
n

s s 1
1
.
29

Trong cuc sng hng ngy chng ta thng hay gp v s dng php kt nhp ny
tng hp cc kin nh gi hay im nh gi theo cc thiu chun khc nhau. Bay gi
chng ta kho st xem php kt nhp quen thuc ny s tha mn cc tin no v vic kt
nhp.

(a) R rng l php Avg tha cc tin v tnh ly ng, lin tc, n iu tng.

(b) By gi ta xem xt tnh tha ca php Avg i vi Tin (Agg4). Ta tnh biu thc

Avg(a
1
, a
2
, , a
n
, Avg(a
1
, a
2
, , a
n
)) =
i
n i
i
n i
a
n n
a
n

s s s s
+
+
+
1 1
1
1
1
]
1
1
[

=
i
n i
a
n n n

s s
+
+
+
1
)
) 1 (
1
1
1
( =
i
n i
a
n

s s 1
1
= Avg(a
1
, a
2
, , a
n
).

Biu thc ny chng t rng php kt nhp Avg tha Tin (Agg4).

(c) Tnh giao hon ca php Avg c lin h cht ch vi nh l 3.3.12-1. C th, ta c
nh l sau

nh l 3.3.12-3. Php kt nhp trung bnh c trng s WAvg c tnh giao hon th n l
php ly trung bnh cng s hc Avg.

Chng minh: Gi s WAvg c tnh cht giao hon, t.l. vi mi php hon v v tr cc
hng t t, ta c
WAvg(a
1
, a
2
, , a
n
) = WAvg(a
t(1)
, a
t(2)
, , a
t(n)
) (3.3-10)

Xt b gi tr (1, 0, , 0) v php hon v t ch i vi hai v tr th nht v v tr th i,
cc v tr cn li gi nguyn. Thay vo (3.3-10) ta thu c

WAvg(a
1
, a
2
, , a
n
) = w
1
= w
i
= WAvg(a
t(1)
, a
t(2)
, , a
t(n)
).

iu ny ng vi mi ch s i = 1, , n. Do 1
1
=

s s n i
i
w , ta suy ra w
i
= 1/n, vi mi i.

4) Php trung bnh cng tng qut ha

Php kt nhp trung bnh cng tng qut ha c xc nh bi cng thc sau
g
o
(a
1
, a
2
, , a
n
) =
o
o o
/ 1
1
...
|
|
.
|

\
| + +
n
a a
n

vi o e R, tp s thc, v a
i
= 0, i = 1, , n, khi o < 0.

D dng kim tra thy rng php kt nhp ny tha cc tin ly ng, lin tc, n
iu tng v giao hon. Tuy nhin, bng vic kim chng vi cc b gi tr (a
1
, a
2
, , a
n
) c
th ta c th ch ra rng, ni chung, n khng tha tnh cht kt hp v Tin (Agg4).
30

Vi cc gi tr o e (, +) khc nhau n s xc nh cc php kt nhp trung bnh cng
khc nhau.

- Khi o 0 th g
o
xc nh php kt nhp trung bnh hnh hc g
0
= (a
1
. a
2
a
n
)
1/n


Thc vy, ta tnh gii hn


o
o o
o
o
o
n a a
g
n
ln ) ... ln(
lim ln lim
1
0 0
+ +
=

.

p dng quy tc lHospital chuyn v ly gii hn theo thng ca o hm ta thu c


n
n
n
n
n n
a a a
n
a a
a a
a a a a
g
/ 1
2 1
1
1
1 1
0 0
) ... . ln(
ln ... ln
...
ln ... ln
lim ln lim =
+ +
=
+ +
+ +
=

o o
o o
o
o
o
.

l iu ta cn chng minh.

- g

(a
1
, a
2
, , a
n
) = Min {a
1
, a
2
, , a
n
} v g
+
(a
1
, a
2
, , a
n
) = Max {a
1
, a
2
, , a
n
}

Thc vy, khi o , vi a
min
= Min {a
1
, a
2
, , a
n
} v lu rng o l s m, ta c

o o
o o
o
o
o o
o
o
o
n
a
a
a
a
a
n a a
g
n
n
ln ) ... ln( ln
lim
ln ) ... ln(
lim ln lim
min min
1
min
1

|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
+ +
=



= ln a
min


v ta thu c iu cn chng minh.

i vi trng hp g
+
vic chng minh hon ton tng t.

- Vi o = 1, ta c g
-1
(a
1
, a
2
, , a
n
) =
1 1
1
...

+ +
n
a a
n
, t.l. ta c hm ly trung bnh iu
ha; vi o = +1, ta c g
+1
(a
1
, a
2
, , a
n
) =
n
a a
n
+ +...
1
, t.l. ta c php trung bnh s hc.

5) Php trung bnh cng trng s theo th t (Php ton OWA)

Trong nhiu cng trnh nghin cu v ng dng, ngi ta thng s dng php kt nhp
c gi l php ly trung bnh cng trng s theo (quan h) th t (ordered weighted
averaging operations (OWA)) v k hiu l g
w
. N c nh ngha nh sau. Cho mt vect
trong s (w
1
, w
2
, , w
n
), t.l. w
i
e (0, 1] v w
1
+ + w
n
= 1. Khc vi php trung bnh cng
c trng s, y, i vi mi b gi tr ca i s, (a
1
, a
2
, , a
n
), trc ht n c sp
xp theo quan h th t gim dn, t.l. ta thc hin mt hon v (a
t(1)
, a
t(2)
, , a
t(n)
) sao cho
31
a
t(i)
l s ln nht th i trong cc gi tr ca i s cho. Ni khc i, a
t(i)
> a
t(j)
, nu i < j.
Khi ,

g
w
= w
1
a
t(1)
+ w
2
a
t(2)
+ + w
n
a
t(n)



V d, cho vect trng s (0,3, 0,1, 0,2, 0,4) v b gi tr (0,6, 0,9, 0,2, 0,6). Sp xp b
cc gi tr ny theo th t gim, ta thu c 0,9, 0,6, 0,6, 0,2 v do , theo nh ngha trn,

g
w
(0,6, 0,9, 0,2, 0,6) = 0,3 0,9 + 0,1 0,6 + 0,2 0,6 + 0,4 0,2 = 0,53

D dng kim chng rng php OWA tha cc tin ly ng, lin tc, n iu tng v
giao hon.

By gi ta kho st mt s trng hp c bit:

- Vi vect trng s w
min
= (0, 0, , 0, 1) php OWA s tr thnh php Min v vi w
max

= (1, 0, , 0), php OWA s tr thnh php Max, t.l.


) ,..., (
1
min
n w
a a g
= Min {a
1
, a
2
, , a
n
} v
) ,..., (
1
max
n w
a a g
= Max {a
1
, a
2
, , a
n
}

- Vi vect trng s w = (1/n, , 1/n), r rng php OWA tr thnh php trung bnh s
hc.

nh l 3.3.12-4. Vi mi php kt nhp g tha tin ly ng v n iu tng, ta c

Min {a
1
, a
2
, , a
n
} s g(a
1
, a
2
, , a
n
) s Max {a
1
, a
2
, , a
n
} (3.3-11)

Ngc li, nu hm g tha cng thc (3.2-11) th n c tnh cht ly ng.

Chng minh: t a
min
= Min {a
1
, a
2
, , a
n
} v a
max
= Max {a
1
, a
2
, , a
n
}. Khi , p
dng tnh ly ng v n iu tng, ta thu c

a
min
= g(a
min
, , a
min
) s g(a
1
, a
2
, , a
n
) s g(a
max
, , a
max
) = a
max


Ngc li, gi s g tha cng thc (3.2-11). Khi ,

a = Min {a, a, , a} s g(a, a, , a) s Max {a, a, , a} = a

ngha l g c thnh cht ly ng.

By gi ta kho st mt s tnh cht hay ca cc php kt nhp. Trc ht, ta nhc li bi
ton v phng trnh hm Cauchy: Tm h cc hm s thc tha mn phng trnh hm

f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y) (3.3-12)

32
Cauchy nm 1821 chng t rng nu vi gi thit f lin tc, ch c h hm c dng f(x)
= cx, c e R, l nghim ca bi ton (3.3-12). Sau ngi ta chng minh rng khng nh
ny vn cn ng vi mt trong cc iu kin rng buc sau:

- f lin tc ti mt im no ;
- f n iu trn mt khong no ;
- f gii ni trn mt khong no .

Vic gii bi ton ny trong trng hp bin thc kh phc tp. tham kho, ta gii bi
ton trong trng hp f l lin tc.

Trc ht ta chng minh khng nh khi cc bin nhn cc gi tr trong tp cc s hu t
Q. Thc vy, vi iu kin (3.3-12) ta s chng t rng:

- f(0) = 0: t y = 0, ta c f(x + 0) = f(x) + f(0) v do f(0) = 0.

- f(x) = f(x): V, khi t y = x, ta c f(x + (x)) = f(x) + f(x) = f(0) = 0.

- f(nx) = nf(x): V, f(nx) = f(x + x + + x). p dng h thc (3.3-12) n 1 ln ta thu
c ng thc cn chng minh.

- ) (
1
x f
n n
x
f =
|
.
|

\
|
: t y = nx ta thu c f(y) = nf(x) = nf(x) =
|
.
|

\
|
n
y
nf , iu cn chng
minh.

T hai khng nh cui ta suy ra

) (x f
n
m
n
x
m f =
|
.
|

\
|
hay q x f xq f ) ( ) ( = (3.3-13)

Xem q l bin nhn gi tr hu t, t.l. q e Q, v x l mt hng c chn l 1, ta c

f(q) = cq, c = f(1) v q e Q.

V Q tr mt trong tp cc s thc R, f l lin tc ta suy ra khng nh ng trn trng
s thc R.

nh l 3.3.12-5. Gi s hm g: [0, 1]
n
R
+
tha iu kin bin (Agg2*), tnh n iu
(Agg5) v tnh cht sau:

g(a
1
+ b
1
, , a
n
+ b
n
) = g(a
1
, , a
n
) +

g(b
1
, , b
n
) (3.3-14)


trong a
i
, b
i
e [0, 1], i = 1, , n. Khi , ta c

g(a
1
, , a
n
) =
i
n i
i
a w

s s 1
, vi w
i
> 0, i = 1, , n.

33
Ngoi ra nu n tha tnh ly ng (Agg2) th g l php trung bnh cng c trng s.

Chng minh: Ta t g
i
(a
i
) = g(0, ...,0, a
i
, 0, ..., 0). Khi , g
i
tha h thc (3.3-12) v
theo li gii ca bi ton phng trnh hm Cauchy vi rng buc tnh n iu, n phi c
dng g
i
(x) = w
i
x, trong w
i
= g
i
(1) > 0. Do vy, t gi thit (3.3-14), ta suy ra

g(a
1
, , a
n
) = g(a
1
, 0, , 0) + g(0, a
2
, , a
n
)

v p dng tip tc nh vy ta thu c

g(a
1
, , a
n
) = g(a
1
, 0, , 0) + g(0, a
2
, 0, , 0) + + g(0, , 0, a
n
)

= g
1
(a
1
) + g
2
(a
2
) + + g
n
(a
n
) =
i
n i
i
a w

s s 1


Ngha l ta thu c iu cn ta chng minh.

Nu g tha thm tnh cht ly ng, ta c

a = g(a, , a) = a

s s n i
i
w
1
, hay

s s n i
i
w
1
= 1

iu ny chng t g l php trung bnh cng c trng s.


3.4. Quan h m

Mt lp c bit cc tp m l lp cc quan h m: chng l cc tp m trn khng gian
tch -cc cc min c s. Theo nh tn gi, quan h m m t quan h m gia cc i
tng trong cc min c s. Chng hn ta ni Bn Ng Sn Lm v bn Nguyn th Khnh
Vn l hai bn thn mnh ny m t mi quan h m gia mt i tng trong th gii
cc chng trai v mt i tng trong th gii cc c gi. N l quan h m v t thn l khi
nim m. Khi qut ha, ta c quan h bn thn.
Mt cch tng t chng ta c quan h m Ln hn rt nhiu trn khng gian s thc
hoc s nguyn, quan h m tng t nh vi ngha nh trong cu kt qu hc tp ca
hc sinh A tng t nh ca hc sinh B, quan h m gn vi ngha nh trong cu gn
H Ni hay quan h m mi quan h quc gia cht ch vi ng ngha trong cu mi
quan h quc gia cht ch gia 10 nc Asean

3.4.1. Khi nim quan h m

nh ngha 3.4.1. Cho U l tch -cc ca n min c s U
i
, i = 1, , n. Khi , mi
mt tp m trn U c gi l mt quan h m n-ngi v c k hiu l R, gi l tn ca
quan h , v n c biu th bng cng thc sau:
R =
}

n
U U
n n
u u u u
...
1 1
1
) ,..., /( ) ,..., (

trong (u
1
, , u
n
) l hm thuc ca tp m R.

34
thuc (u
1
, , u
n
) c ngha cc i tng u
1
, , u
n
tng ng ca cc min c s U
1
,
, U
n
, c quan h R vi nhau vi tin cy hay ph hp chnh l (u
1
, , u
n
).

Trong trng hp R l quan h ri rc th n c th biu th bng mt bng vi tn hng
l tn cc phn t trong U, cn tn ct l tn cc phn t trong V. Trong trng hp ny ta
cn ni R c biu din bng ma trn.

V d, xt hai min c s U = V = {1, 2, 3, 4}. Quan h m ln hn rt nhiu gia cc
phn t ca U s c biu th bng bng sau:

Bng 3-5: Quan h m Ln
hn rt nhiu
R 1 2 3 4
1 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
2 0,3 0,0 0,0 0,0
3 0,8 0,0 0,0 0,0
4 1,0 0,8 0,3 0,0

Mi mt gi tr thuc trong bng ny, chng hn gi tr 0,8 ti hng 3 ct 1, c ngha
cp gi tr (3, 1) tha quan h Ln hn rt nhiu vi ph hp l 0,8, hay gi tr 3 ln
hn rt nhiu gi tr 1 vi ph hp (vi quan h ln hn rt nhiu) l 0,8.

Ta xt mt v d khc vi U = V = R, tp tt c cc s thc. trn tp s thc ny ta c
khi nim trc quan v s gn nhau gia cc s thc. Quan h m gn vi, k hiu l R
gn
,
c th biu th bng cng thc sau:
R
gn
=
) , /(
| |
v u e
V U
a
v u
}

.

Quan h m v tri thc dng lut nu-th

Mt dng biu din tri thc quan trng trong tr tu nhn to l tri thc c pht biu
di dng mnh nu-th nh sau:

Nu cng dng in I l ln, th vng
quay m t in N l nh
(3.4-1)

Mnh (3.4-1) biu th mi quan h m gia i lng cng dng in v i
lng s vng quay ca m t in. Theo ngha , phi c kh nng biu din (3.4-1) bng
mt quan h theo nh ngha 3.4.1. tng ca phng php chuyn mt mnh ngn
ng nh trn thnh mt quan h m c thc hin nh sau:
Gi s min c s ca bin ngn ng I l U
I
= [0, 10] theo n v Ampe v min c s
ca bin ngn ng N l V
N
= [400, 2000] theo n v vng/pht. Khi nim m ln ca I
c biu th qua tp m vi hm thuc
I-ln
: [0, 10] [0, 1], khi nim nh ca N c
biu th bng tp m vi hm thuc
N-nh
: [400, 2000] [0, 1]. Khi , mt tng trc
quan biu din theo tng im (u, v) (pointwise) mang tnh nh lng ca mnh (3.4-1)
l
Nu I :=
I-ln
(u) th N :=
N-nh
(v)

35
Hay, mt cch hnh thc hn, ta c th vit

I :=
I-ln
(u) N :=
N-nh
(v) (3.4-2)

Cng thc (3.4-2) cho php ta nhn nhn r rng hn mi quan h gi 2 phn t u e U
I

v v e V
N
. Vn cn li l t (3.4-2) ta c th tnh gi tr thuc ca cp phn t (u, v).
V hai gi tr
I-ln
(u),
N-nh
(v) e [0, 1] cng phn nh tnh ng n ca ng thc u = ln
v v = nh, ta c th xem chng nh gi tr chn l ca mt lgic a tr trn on [0, 1]. Do
ng ngha ca (3.4-2) c th biu th bng


I-ln
(u)
*

N-nh
(v) (3.4-3)

trong
*
l mt php ko theo lgic no ca lgic a tr v do gi tr

I-ln
(u)
*

N-nh
(v) e [0, 1].

Mt vi v d ca php ko theo
*
thng c s dng nh:

Ko theo nh phn (binary): s
b
t = (1 s) v t
Ko theo chun (Standar): s
S
t = 1 nu s s t
= 0 nu s > t
Ko theo Goedel: s
g
t = 1 nu s s t
= t nu s > t
Ko theo Madami: (??) s
m
t = s . t (trong . l tch s hc)

Ko theo Lukasiewicz s
L
t = 1 . (1 s + t)


3.4.2. Cc php tnh trn quan h

V quan h cng l tp m nn cc php tnh trn tp m c trnh by trong Mc 3.3
cng l cc php tnh trn quan h. Tuy nhin, trn quan h c nhng php tnh c th ring
m trn tp m ni chung khng c, chng hn php tnh hp thnh di y:

nh ngha 3.4.2. Gi s R l quan h m trn UV v S l quan h m trn VW. Khi
, php hp thnh ca hai quan h ny l mt quan h trn UW, c k hiu l RS v
c nh ngha nh sau:

R o S =
) , /( )] , ( ) , ( [ w u w v v u
S R V v

}
v
e
(3.4-4)
trong c th l mt php tnh 2-ngi trong [0,1] c tnh giao hon, kt hp v phn phi
i vi php max v. Nu l php min ., th ta c php hp thnh max-min, nu l php
nhn s hc . ta c php hp thnh max-product.
i ngu vi php hp thnh (3.4-4) l

36
R o S =
) , /( )] , ( * ) , ( [ w u w v v u
S R V v

}
e
.
(3.4-5)
trong * l mt php tnh i ngu vi . Vi * l max ta c php hp thnh min-max i
ngu vi php hp thnh max-min, vi * l ta c php hp thnh min-sum i ngu vi
php hp thnh max-product.

Nu R v S l cc tp m ri rc, tc U, V v W l hu hn, chng hn U = {u
1
, , u
m
},
V = {v
1
, , v
p
} v W = {w
1
, , w
n
}. Khi , hm thuc ca tp m (3.4-5) ti cp phn t
(u
i
,w
j
) c dng


RoS
(u
i
,w
j
) = )] , ( ) , ( [
1 j k S k i R
p
k
w v v u v
=
(3.4-6)

Quan st cng thc (3.4-6) c th nhn thy s ng dng ca n vi biu thc tnh
phn t (i,j) ca tch hai ma trn, vi tng y c hiu l php max v, tch c hiu l
php tnh . Ngha l, tnh gi tr
RoS
(u
i
,w
j
), ta ly cc phn t ca hng th i ca bng R
nhn bng php vi cc phn t tng ng ca ct th j ca bng S; lt tng bng php max
v cc kt qua thu c.

nh l 3.4.1. Php hp thnh c nh ngha nh trong nh ngha 3.4.2 c tnh cht
kt hp, ngha l, cho cc quan h m R trn khng gian UV, S trn khng gian UW v Q
trn khng gian WZ, chng ta c ng thc sau:

(R o S) o Q = R o (S o Q) = R o S o Q (3.4-7)


V d: Xt mt qu trnh x l thng tin nh trong hnh (1) ca Hnh 3-9. R v S l cc
quan h m biu din cc tri thc, chng hn, di dng mt tp lut if-then. Ngoi ra, gi s
R v S l cc quan h m vi gi thit ri rc nh c xt trn. o l vect hng m-chiu
c xem nh l d liu u vo, | l vect
hng p-chiu c xem nh kt qu x l trung
gian, cn = (g
1
, , g
n
) l vect output n-chiu
biu th vect u ra. y chng ta gi thit
rng qu trnh x l thng tin tng tc gia cc
qu trnh thc t c m phng bng cc php
hp thnh. Ngha l, d liu u ra c tnh
theo cc cng thc sau:

| = o o R, = | o S (3.4-8)

Vi tnh cht ca cc php tnh nu trong nh ngha 3.4.2, trong Hnh 3-9 qu trnh (1)
l tng tng vi qu trnh (2).

Thc vy, gi s hm thuc ca R l
R
(u
i
, v
k
), hm thuc ca S l
S
(v
k
, w
j
) v o = (a
1
,
, a
m
). Khi , do tnh cht kt hp, ta ln lt tnh theo cng thc (3.4-8) nh sau:

o o R = ( )] , ( [
1 1
v v a
i R i
m
i
v
=
, ,
)] , ( [
1 p i R i
m
i
v v a v
=
)

R S o
|

(1)
(2)
R o S o
Hnh 3-9
37
v thnh phn th j ca vect = | o S s l:

g
j
= )} , ( )] , ( [ {
1 1 j l R l i R i
m
i
p
l
w v v u a v v
= =


Theo tnh phn phi ca php tnh i vi php max, v do tnh giao hon v kt hp
ca php max, chng ta c

g
j
= )] , ( ) , ( [
1 1 j l R l i R i
m
i
p
l
w v v u a v v
= =
= )] , ( ) , ( [
1 1 j l R l i R i
p
l
m
i
w v v u a v v
= =


= )]} , ( ) , ( [ {
1 1 j l R l i R
p
l i
m
i
w v v u a v v
= =


C th nhn thy biu thc )] , ( ) , ( [
1 j l R l i R
p
l
w v v u v
=
chnh l phn t c
ij
ca ma trn R o S,
v do
= o o (R o S) (3.4-9)

Nh vy, s tng ng ca cc cng thc (3.4-8) v (3.4-9) em li cho ta ngha
thc tin ca php hp thnh.

3.4.3. Quan h m 2-ngi

Mt lp cc quan h m quan trng l quan h m 2-ngi, chng hn quan h bn thn,
bn hng gn gi, hc gii hn, ...
Quan h 2-ngi R trn U U, hay gi l quan h trn khng gian U, c nhng tnh cht
c bit m cc quan h khc khng c. Trong nhng quan h ny c quan h n v E c
nh ngha bi hm thuc sau:


E
(u, u) = 1, vi u e U v
R
(u, v) = 0, vi u, v e U, u = v.

nh ngha 3.4.3. Cho R l quan h m 2-ngi trn U U. Khi ta ni R l:
Phn x nu v ch nu
R
(u, u) = 1, vi u e U hay E _ R;
Phn phn x nu v ch nu
R
(u, u) = 0, vi u e U;
i xng nu v ch nu
R
(u, v) =
R
(v, u), vi u, v e U;
-Bc cu nu v ch nu
R
(u, v) >
R
(u, w)
R
(w, v), u, v, w e U;
*-Bc cu i ngu nu v ch nu
R
(u, v) s
R
(u, w) *
R
(w, v), u, v, w e U,
trong * l php tnh i ngu i vi .

Mt quan h m c c 3 tnh cht phn x, i xng v -bc cu c gi l quan h
tng t (similarity) hay quan h tng ng m.
Mt quan h m c 3 tnh cht phn phn x, i xng, *-bc cu i ngu c gi l
quan h tng t i ngu.

V d quan h bn thn, quan h ln hn rt nhiu l nhng quan h tng ng m
v chng u l cc quan h phn x, i xng v bc cu.

Trong thc t chng ta d dng xy dng c quan h m phn x v i xng, nhng
kh c th c ngay tnh cht -bc cu. Quan h m R c 2 tnh cht phn x v i xng
38
c gi l quan h ging nhau (resemblance) hay quan h gn gi (proximity). c c
tnh - bc cu ca quan h m R ta thc hin php ly -bc cu, k hiu l R^ c nh
ngha l n l quan h -bc cu nh nht cha R, ngha l

R^ =

} & : { S R transitive is S S _
.

Ta s dng k hiu nh sau: R
2
= R o R; R
k+1
= R
k
o R, vi k = 1, 2,

nh l 3.4.2. Gi s R l quan h gn gi. Khi , ta c
(i) R^ = R R
2
R
k
=

=1 k
k
R

(ii) Nu U hu hn v c n phn t, th ta c R^ =

n
k
k
R
1 =

(iii) Nu -l, R
l
= R
l+1
, th ta c R^ =

l
k
k
R
1 =

(iv) R l tng t nu R
2
_ R v khi R^ = R.

V d: m t s gn gi gia cc gi tr m t mu mt ca con ngi ta c th xy
dng mt quan h m gn gi nh sau. Gi s U = {en, nu, xanh, xanh hi xm, nu en,
en nu, xanh nht}. C nhiu bi taons thc t i hi so snh, tm kim v chng ta c th
gii quyt bi ton ny da trn vic xy dng quan h tng t, v trc ht xy dng quan
h gn gi. Chng hn quan h sau:

R en nu en en nu nu xanh xanh hi xm xanh nht
en 1,0 0,7 0,85 0,6 0,0 0,3 0,0
nu en 0,7 1,0 0,92 0,86 0,0 0,4 0,0
en nu 0,85 0,92 1,0 0,82 0,0 0,2 0,0
nu 0,6 0,86 0,82 1,0 0,0 0,25 0,0
xanh 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 1,0 0,9 0,84
xanh hi xm 0,3 0,4 0,2 0,25 0,9 1,0 0,65
xanh nht 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,84 0,65 1,0

D dng kim chng n l quan h gn gi: n l phn x v n ng nht bng 1 trn ng
cho chnh; n l i xng v cc gi tr i xng qua ng cho chnh.

3.5. i s cc tp m

L thuyt tp m l c s ton hc cho vic pht trin cc phng php m phng lp
lun ca con ngi. V nguyn tc, vn t duy, lp lun ca con ngi l vn cc k
phc tp v do khng th s dng mt cu trc ton hc duy nht m phng. V vy,
mc tiu ca chng ta l cng xy dng c nhiu cu trc i s cc tp m th cng tt
chng ta c th linh hot trong tip cn cc vn ng dng.

3.5.1. T-norm v t-conorm

Trong nh ngha cc php tnh hp v giao trn tp m trong Mc 3.3 (?), chng ta s
dng hai cp php tnh 2-ngi trn [0;1] l cp min (.) v max (v) v cp phe

p ti

nh tch i
39
s a.b (.) v tng i s () a b = a + b a.b. D dng kim chng chng l nhng cp i
ngu De Morgan.

By gi chng ta s a ra mt h cc cp i ngu t-norm v t-conorm.

nh ngha 3.5-1. Mt hm 2-bin T : [0;1] [0;1] [0;1] c gi l php t-norm nu
n tha cc tnh cht sau vi a, a, b, c e [0;1]:

(T1) Tnh cht i u ki n bin : T(a, 1) = a

(T2) Tnh cht giao hon: T(a, b) = T(b, a)

(T3) Tnh cht n iu: a s a T(a, b) s T(a, b)

(T4) Tnh cht kt hp: T(T(a, b), c) = T(a, T(b, c))

Chng ta d dng kim chng rng php min (.) v php tch i s (.) l cc php t-
norm v chng c k hiu tng ng l T
m
v T
p
. Php t -norm T
m
(.) c go i la

php
giao m

chun (fuzzy standard intersection).

M t ti

nh ch t kha

hay cu

a phe

p toa

n hai ngi T no l tnh ly ng (idempotency) ni

r ng T(a, a) = a, v

i a e [0;1]. Tuy nhin, sau y chu

ng ta chi

ra m t ti

nh ch t c tn
ca php giao tiu chu n.

i nh ly

3.5-0. Php giao tiu chun l php t-norm duy nh t co

ti

nh ch t lu

y ng.

Ch

ng minh: T t nhin ta th y T
m
c tnh cht ly ng , min{a, a} = a, v

i a e [0;1].
By gi

ta xe

t b t ky

phe

p t -norm na

o ma

T(a, a) = a, v

i a e [0;1]. Khi o

, v

i a, b e
[0;1] v khng mt tnh tng qut ta gi s a s b, theo ti

nh ch t n i u va

ti

nh ch t v i u
ki n bin ta co

a = T(a, a) s T(a, b) s T(a, 1) = a,

Do v y, T(a, b) = a = min{a, b}.

i nh ly

na

y gia

i thi

c ly

do ta i sao chu

ng ta khng xem ti

nh ch t na

y la

tin cu

a phe

p t -
norm.

M t s ti

nh ch t quan tro ng ca php t -norm m chng ta cn i hi cn phi c trong

nhi u

ng du ng, khi c n thi t cng c th c coi l cc tin , c pha

t bi u sau y.

(T5) T l hm hai bin lin tc (Tnh lin tc);

(T6) T(a, a) < a (Tnh ly ng di (subidempotency));

(T7) a < a v b < b T(a, a) < T(b, b) (Tnh n iu ch t).

V d v nhng php t-norm hay c s

du ng l cc php sau:
40

Php giao m tiu chun: T
m
(a, b) = min{a, b};

Php tch i s: a.b;

Php hiu gii ni: T(a, b) = max{0, a + b 1};

Php giao cht
1
: T(a, b) =

= =
=
=
1 & 1 0
1
1
b a khi
a khi b
b khi a


Ngoi ra, cc php tnh sau cng l t-norm:

T
L
(a, b) = max {0, a + b 1}

T*(a, b) =

= =
=
=
1 & 1 nu 0
1 nu
1 nu
b a
a b
b a


Chng ta c cc bt ng thc sau:

T* s T
L
s T
p
s T
m
(3.5-1)
v, vi mi T-norm T:
T* s T s T
m
(3.5-2)

M t phe

p ti

nh i ng u v

i phe

p t -norm c go i la

phe

p t-conorm va

c i nh nghi

a
nh sau,

nh ngha 3.5-2. Mt hm 2-bin S : [0;1] [0;1] [0;1] c gi l php t-conorm,
hay cn gi l S-norm, nu n tha cc tnh cht sau vi a, a, b, c e [0;1]:

(S1) Tnh cht gii ni : S(a, 0) = a

(S2) Tnh cht giao hon: S(a, b) = S(b, a)

(S3) Tnh cht n iu: a s a S(a, b) s S(a, b)

(S4) Tnh cht kt hp: S(S(a, b), c) = S(a, S(b, c))


Nh vy, ch c tnh cht (T1) v (S1) lm nn s khc bit gia hai h php tnh T-norm
v S-norm.

Di y l mt vi S-norm:

1
Php giao cht ting Anh l drastic intersection. N u di ch theo nghi

a en thi

go i la

php giao mnh. Chng ti

cho r ng ch

ch t trong ti ng Vi t trong ng

ca

nh na

y co

nghi

a phu

h p hn .
41

S
m
(a, b) = max{a, b}

S
L
(a, b) = min{1, a + b}

S
p
(a, b) = a + b a.b

S*(a, b) = a nu b = 0
= b nu a = 0
= 1 nu a = 0 & b = 0.


V mt ngha lgic, php T-norm c s dng m rng ng ngha ca php lgic
AND, cn php S-norm m rng ng ngha ca php OR.

By gi chng ta m rng ng ngha ca php ph nh (negation). Gi tr chn l trong
on [0, 1] chng ta s dng php 1 m ta ng ngha php ph nh. Di y, chng
ta s a ra mt h php ph nh nh sau:

nh ngha 3.5-3. Hm N : [0;1] [0;1] c gi l php ph nh nu n c cc tnh
cht sau, vi mi a, a e [0;1]:

(N1) Tnh n iu gim: a s a N(a) > N(a)
(N2) Tnh ly ng: N(N(a)) = a

C th suy ra rng hm N trong nh ngha trn phi l nh x 1-1.

nh ngha 3.5-4. Ba php tnh T-norm T, S-norm S v php ph nh N c gi l mt
h i ngu (T, S, N) nu chng th u kin sau:

N(S(a, b)) = T(N(a), N(b)) (3.5-3)

Chng ta c th kim chng cc h sau l h i ngu:

(., v, 1-), (, , 1-), (T
L
, S
L
, 1-) v (T*, S*, 1-)


3.5.2. i s cc tp m

nh ngha 3.5-5. Cho mt h i ngu bt k A = (T, S, N) v khng gian c s U. Gi
F(U) h tt c cc tp m trn U. i s cc tp m trn F(U) da trn h i ngu A l mt
cu trc A
A
= (F(U),
A
,
A
, ~
A
) vi cc php tnh c nh ngha nh sau:

- Php giao
A
: A
A
B =
) , /( ) ( ), ( (
~ ~
v u v u T
B
U
A

}


- Php hp
A
: A
A
B =
) , /( )) ( ), ( (
~ ~
v u v u S
B
U
A

}

42

- Php b ~
A
: ~
A
A =
u u N
U
A
/ )) ( (
~
}



i s cc tp m A
A
c cc tnh cht sau:

1) Cc php tnh
A
v
A
c tnh giao hon v kt hp. Chng hn chng ta chng t
chng c tnh kt hp. Nh rng php S-norm S c tnh cht kt hp.

(A
A
B)
A
C =
u u u u S S
C B
U
A
/ )) ( )), ( ), ( ( (
~ ~ ~

}


=
u u u S u S
C B
U
A
/ ))) ( ), ( ( ), ( (
~ ~ ~

}


= A
A
(B
A
C)

Tng t, chng ta c th kim chng cc khng nh cn li pht biu trn.

2) Nu php tnh T-norm T c tnh cht ly ng, t.l. T(a, a) = a vi a e U, th php
giao cng c tnh ly ng, t.l.

A
A
A = A, vi A e F(U, [0;1]).

Tng t, nu php S-norm S l ly ng, t.l. S(a, a) = a vi a e U, th php hp cng
c tnh ly ng, t.l.

A
A
A = A, vi A e F(U, [0;1]).

Thc vy, ta kim chng cho php giao:

A
A
A =
u u u T
A
U
A
/ )) ( ), ( (
~ ~

}
=
u u
U
A
/ ) (
~
}

= A

Cng kim chng tng t nh vy chng ta c tnh cht sau:

3) Nu cc php T v S phn phi ln nhau th cc php
A
v
A
cng phn phi ln
nhau, t.l.
(A
A
B)
A
C = (A
A
C)
A
(A
A
C)
v
(A
A
B)
A
C = (A
A
C)
A
(A
A
C)

4) A
A
C = C v A
A
U = A
v
A
A
C = A v A
A
U = U

5) Tnh cht i ngu De Morgan:
43

~
A
(A
A
B) = (~
A
A)
A
(~
A
B)
v
~
A
(A
A
B) = (~
A
A)
A
(~
A
B)

6) Tnh cht ly ng: ~
A
(~
A
A) = A

7) Nhn chung, chng ta c tnh cht sau m n rt khc bit vi tp m kinh in:

A
A
(~
A
A) = C ; A
A
(~
A
A) = U


3.5.3. Quan h gia i s tp m v i s cc tp kinh in

Trong Mc 3.1 chng ta bit rng nh x h : A
~
e F(U) {
~
o
A e P(U): 0 s o s 1} thit
lp mt song nh t tp tt c cc tp m F(U) vo tp tt c cc tp kinh in P(U). iu
ny gi mt hy vng c mt mi lin h cht ch v p gia khi nim tp m v khi
nim tp kinh in.

nh l 3.5-1. Cho
~
i
A e F(U) vi i e I , I l tp ch s no . Khi ,
(i)
( )
o
o
I i
i
I i
i
A A
e e
_
~ ~
v
( )
o
o
I i
i
I i
i
A A
e e
=
~ ~

(ii)
( )
+ e e
+
=
o
o
I i
i
I i
i
A A
~ ~
v
( )
+ e e
+
_
o
o
I i
i
I i
i
A A
~ ~


Chng minh: (i) Trc ht ta chng minh ng thc trong (i). Ta thy, u e

I i
i
A
e
~
o
nu
v ch nu vi i e I , u e
~
o i
A hay o
o
> ) (
~
u A
i
. iu ny tng ng vi khng nh
Inf
i e I
o
o
> ) (
~
u A
i
. (3.5-4)
Theo nh nga php giao cc tp m, (3.5-4) tng ng vi s kin u e
( )
o

I i
i
A
e
~
. Nh
vy, ng thc trong (i) c chng minh.

(ii) c chng minh mt cch tng t.


Ta c th chng t ng thc khng th xy ra i vi cc bao hm thc trong nh l
trn. Chng hn, i vi bao hm thc trong (i), ta xt v d sau.

Gi s cc tp m
~
i
A c hm thuc cho bi ) (
~
u A
i
= 1 1/i, vi mi u e U v i e N.
Khi ,

( ) ) (
~
u A
I i
i
e
= Sup
i e N
) (
~
u A
i
= Sup
i e N
(1 1/i) = 1
Do ,
( ) =
e 1
~

I i
i
A
U.
Mt khc, vi mi i e N v mi u e U, ta c ) (
~
u A
i
= 1 1/i < 1 v do ,
44
=
~
1 i
A C, vi mi i e N
Vy ta suy ra,

=
e

I i
i
A
~
1
C = U =
( )
1
~

I i
i
A
e
.


nh l 3.5-2. Xt A
~
, B
~
e F(U). Khi , ta c
(i) A
~
_ B
~
nu v ch nu
~ ~
o o
B A _ , vi bt k o e [0;1];
v A
~
_ B
~
nu v ch nu
~ ~
+ +
_
o o
B A , vi bt k o e [0;1].
(ii) A
~
= B
~
nu v ch nu
~ ~
o o
B A = , vi bt k o e [0;1];
v A
~
= B
~
nu v ch nu
~ ~
+ +
=
o o
B A , vi bt k o e [0;1].

Chng minh: chng minh (i), gi s A
~
_ B
~
, t.l. A
~
(u) s B
~
(u), vi u e U. iu
ny ko theo khng nh
~ ~
o o
B A _ , vi bt k o e [0;1]. Ngc li, gi s phn chng l
~ ~
o o
B A _ , vi bt k o e [0;1] nhng A
~
. B
~
. Vy, phi c u
0
e U sao cho A
~
(u
0
) > B
~
(u
0
).
Ly o sao cho A
~
(u) > o > B
~
(u). Vi o nh vy, ta c u
0
e
~
o
A nhng u
0
e
~
o
B , ngha l
~ ~
o o
B A . , m iu nu mu thun vi gi thit l
~ ~
o o
B A _ , vi bt k o e [0;1].

Mt cch hon ton tng t, chng ta d dng chng minh nhng khng nh cn li
ca nh l.


nh l 3.5-3. Cho A
~
e F(U). Khi , vi mi o e [0;1], ta c
(i)

o |
|
o |
| o
<
+
<
= =
~ ~ ~
A A A
;
(ii)

| o
|
| o
| o
<
+
<
+
= =
~ ~ ~
A A A
.

Chng minh: (i) Vi | < o, v vi c > 0 nh, ta c | < | + c < o v r rng,
~ ~ ~ ~
| | c | o
A A A A _ _ _
+ +
. Cc bao hm thc ny ko theo h thc sau


o |
|
o |
| o
<
+
<
_ _
~ ~ ~
A A A
.
Gi s u e

o |
|
<
+
~
A
nhng u e
~
o
A . Khi , ta c A
~
(u) < o v vi c nh, ta cng
c A
~
(u) < o c < | < o. Vy, u e
~
c o
A v do u e
~
+ |
A
. Suy ra, u e

o |
|
<
+
~
A
mu
thun vi gi thit. iu ny chng t ng thc (i) phi xy ra.

Bng phg php tng t, chng ta c th chng minh (ii).

nh l 3.5-4 (nh l phn tch th nht). Vi mi A
~
e F(U) ta c cng thc biu
din tp m qua cc tp mc sau
A
~
=

] 1 , 0 [
~
e o
o
oA
(3.5-5)
45
trong o l s v hng,
~
o
oA l tp m c dng tch ca s v hng v tp kinh in v
php hp v hn v phi ca (3.5-5) l php hp cc tp m.

Chng minh: chng minh ng thc gia hai tp m trong (3.5-5) ta s chng t
rng hai hm thuc ca chng ng nht bng nhau trn U. Tht vy, xt mt phn t u e U
bt k v t | = A
~
(u). Theo nh ngha, ta c ng thc sau

) (
] 1 , 0 [
~
u A |
.
|

\
|
e

o
o
o
= Sup
o e [0,1]
) (
~
u A
o
o
= max {Sup
oe[0,|]
) (
~
u A
o
o , Sup
oe (|,1]
) (
~
u A
o
o }. (3.5-6)
Vi o e [0;|], A
~
(u) = | > o hay u e
~
o
A v do ) (
~
u A
o
o = o. Vi Vi o e (|;1], ta c
A
~
(u) = | < o v do vy u e
~
o
A v ) (
~
u A
o
o = 0. T (3.5-6) ta suy ra

) (
] 1 , 0 [
~
u A |
.
|

\
|
e

o
o
o
= Sup
oe[0,|]
) (
~
u A
o
o = Sup
oe[0,|]
o = | = A
~
(u).

Vy ng thc (3.5-5) c chng minh.

Bng cch chng minh tng t ta thu c nh l sau

nh l 3.5-5 (nh l phn tch th hai). Vi mi A
~
e F(U) ta c cng thc biu din
tp m qua cc tp mc sau
A
~
=

] 1 , 0 [
~
e
+
o
o
oA
(3.5-7)
trong o l s v hng v
~
+ o
oA l tp m c dng tch ca s v hng v tp kinh in.


K hiu Image(A
~
) tp nh hay tp cc gi tr ca hm thuc A
~
(.). Trong thc t chng ta
quan tm n trng hp cc tp m A
~
ri rc, ngha l tp nh Image(A
~
) l hu hn. Ta
chng t rng tp ch s trong (3.5-5) c th thay bng tp nh Image(A
~
) _ [0;1].

nh l 3.5-6 (nh l phn tch th ba). Vi mi A
~
e F(U) ta c cng thc biu din
tp m qua cc tp mc sau
A
~
=

) ( Im
~
~
A age
A
e o
o
o
(3.5-8)
trong o l s v hng v
~
o
oA l tp m c dng tch ca s v hng v tp kinh in.

Chng minh: Trong chng minh nh l 3.5.4, ta gi thit | = A
~
(u) hay | e Image(A
~
).
Cc cng thc trong chng minh vn ng khi ta thay tp ch s [0;1] bng tp nh
Image(A
~
).


3.6. Lgic m

Nhn chung i tng nghin cu ca lgic l cc mnh cng vi gi tr chn l ca
chng. Trong mc ny chng ta nghin cu cc mnh m v vic nh gi gi tr chn l
ca chng.

46
3.6.1. Cc mnh m

Mnh m cha nhng khi nim khng chnh xc, khng chc chn v do khng c
thng tin nh gi gi tr chn l l tuyt i ng I hay tuyt i sai O, t.l. gi tr
chn l ng, sai theo ngha kinh in. V gi tr chn l ca cc mnh m c th nm
trong on [0;1].

Sau y chng ta s kho st 4 loi mnh m v vic nh gi gi tr chn l ca
chng.

1) Mnh m khng iu kin v khng bi gi

i hn

Trc ht ta lm sng t cm t gi

i ha n (qualified). Mt mnh bao gi cng c gi

tr chn l. Vn l chng ta c tuyn b mt cch r rng gi tr chn l ca n hay
khng. Nu chng ta tuyn b r gi tr chn l ca n, tc l chu

ng ta gi

i hn gi tr
chn l ca n vo mt gi tr c th no y, nu khng ta ni mnh khng b gii
hn. Cn mnh iu kin l mnh n u-th, nu khng nh v y m nh o

c go i la

m nh khng i u ki n.

M nh m khng iu kin v khng hn ch la

m nh co

da ng sau

p : X l A, (3.6-1)

trong o

X l bin vi min tham chiu U, A l tp m trn U bi u thi ng

nghi

a cu

a gia

tri
ngn ng

nh tr, rt cao, nhanh nhe n, n gia

n ta ky

hi u ha

m thu c cu

a t p m

A l
A(u).
Cu ho

i t ra la

n u X nh n gia

tri cu th u e U th gi tr chn l ca m nh p c
cho b

i (3-25) l bao nhiu. Trong tr

ng h p cu th nh v y, (3.6-1) tr

thnh

u l A (3.6-2)

Nh chu

ng ta a

bi t (3.6-2) c hi u la

u l phn t ca tp m A v

i thu c A(u)
hay c th hiu A(u) l gi tr chn l ca m nh (3.6-2) v ta k hiu

tv(p) = A(u), u e U. (3.6-3)
Ch ng ha n, ta xe

t O l mt cng ng dn c , bi n X ch chi u cao ca cc c th trong

c ng ng nh n gia

tri trong mi n tham chi u U = [0, 220] tnh theo n v cm v A l tp

m

bi u thi ng

nghi

a cu

a t

cao, m ta

chi u cao ca cc c th trong cng ng . Khi o

,
m nh (3.6-1) c cu th ho

a tha

nh

p : Chi u cao (X) l cao (A) (3.6-4)

N u X nh n gia

tri 170 th gi tr chn l ca mnh (3.6-4) l tv(p) = 0,85 e [0, 1], n u

X nh n gia

tri u s 150 th tv(p) = 0,0.

Trong th c t ng

i ta th

ng chi

chi u cao cu

a m t i t ng hay m t ca

th cu th o e
O, v (3.6-1) khi o

c vi t cu th nh sau
47

p : X(o) l A

Ch ng ha n , X ch bin tui Age v A l
t p m

bi u thi kha

i ni m tre

va

o l mt
c th th ta thng vit
p : Age(o) l tr

trong o

Age(o) ch tui tnh theo nm ca

c th o. Gi tr chn l ca p khi o

la

tv(p) = tr(Age(o)).

2) Mnh m khng iu kin c gi

i hn chn l (qualified)

Th

ng m t m nh trong cu c s ng th c ti n ha

ng nga

y cu

a chu

ng ta u co

m t tin
c y hay m t m

c u

ng hay sai nh t i nh. Ch ng ha n ta co

m nh kh ng i nh Nga

y mai
ch c tr

i n ng trong khi hm nay tr

i ang u a

m . N u kh ng i nh na

y c m t dn lng
ni th tin cy khng bng khng nh nh v y ca c quan d bo thi tit c uy tn . M t
chuyn gia y t kh ng i nh Cha

u be

au ru t th

a co

tin c y hay ti

nh u

ng chn ly

cao
hn l khng nh c nhn t

m t sinh vin y khoa . Nh v y, m t nhu c u t nhin la

chng ta cn biu th mt mnh m cng vi gi tr chn l ca n.

M t m nh m

khng i u ki n va

gi

i ha n c bi u thi

da ng chu n sau

p : X l A la

t (3.6-5)

trong o

X v A l cc i lng ging nh trng hp trn , cn t l php gi

i ha n chn ly

(fuzzy truth qualifier) v n l tp m trn tp U = [0;1].

Ch ng ha n, ta l y vi

du m t m nh da ng (i) K t qua

ho c t p cu

a sinh vin Nam la

gio

i
l rt u

ng, hay (ii) Tri

nh i tuy n Olempic Toa

n cu

a Vi t Nam la

gio

i l kh u

ng.

Cu ho

i c t ra la

i m t ca

th cu th o v mt gi tr u e U ca bin c s ca A,
gi tr chn l ca mnh p dng (3.6-5) l bao nhiu. tng nh gi gi tr chn l ny
nh sau:











Xt mnh (i) vi khi nim gii c biu din bng tp m trong Hnh 3-12 v
khi nim chn l rt ng c cho trong Hnh 3-11. Gi s Kt qu(Nam) = 7. Khi ,

cao

Rt cao
90 220
Hnh 3-10: T p m

cao ch
chi u cao cu

a ca

c ca

th
150
195 170
0,85
1,00

Gii
0
10
Hnh 3-12: T p m

gii
7 5
0,75
1,00
Hnh 3-11
u

ng
Kh
u

ng
Rt
u

ng
0
1
0,75
0,30
0,87
1
48
tv(Kt qu(Nam) l gii) = gii(7) = 0,75. V gi tr chn l ca mnh Kt qu(Nam) l
gii l rt ng vi hm thuc c cho trong Hnh 3-11, nn gi tr chn l ca mnh p
s bng thuc ca gi tr 0,75 vo tp m biu din khi nim chn l rt ng, t.l.

tv(p) = rt ng(0,75) = 0,30.

By gi chng ta vn xt mnh ny vi mt s thay i gi tr chn l rt ng ca n
thnh kh ng, t.l. ta c mnh K t qua

ho c t p cu

a sinh vin Nam la

gio

i la

kh u

ng
v ta k hiu l mnh p. Khi , ta c

tv(p) = kh ng(0,75) = 0,87.

hay tv(p) < tv(p). Bn c hy t gii thch xem nh vy c hp l khng?

Trong trng hp tng qut, vi mnh gii hn chn l p trong (3.6-5) v vi mi
phn t u e U, gi tr chn l tv(p) ca mnh p c nh gi bng cng thc

tv(p) = t(A(u)) (3.6-6)

Da trn (3.6-6), nu t l hm ng nht, t.l. t(t) = t, vi t e [0;1], ta s c li c cng
thc nh gi chn l (3.6-3) ca mnh khng gii hn chn l. iu ny ch ra rng mnh
khng gii hn chn l c th xem nh l mnh gii hn chn l vi t = true m hm
thuc ca n l hm ng nht. Lu rng khng phi trong bt k bi ton no gi tr chn
l ngn ng cng c biu th ng ngha bng hm ng nht.

3) Mnh iu kin khng gii hn chn l

Mnh iu kin khng gii hn chn l (conditional and unqualified proposition) l
mnh c dng sau

p : Nu X l A, th Y l B (3.6-7)

trong X v Y l cc bin nhn cc gi tr tng ng trong min c s U v V, cn A v B l
cc tp m tng ng trn min U v V.

Nh chng ta d cp trong Mc 3.4.1 v quan h m v tri thc dng lut nu-th,
mnh (3.6-7) xc nh mt quan h m R gia hai i lng X v Y, t.l. R l tp m trn
tch -cc U V. Khi , (3.6-7) c th c hiu l mnh sau

p : (X,Y) l R, (3.6-8)

trong , nh trong Mc 3.4.1, quan h m R c xc nh qua cc tp m A v B v mt
php ko theo Imp, t.l. vi A(u) v A(v) l cc hm thuc tng ng ca A v B, ta c

R(u, v) = Imp(A(u), B(v)).

Nu k hiu Imp l
*
, th biu thc trn c dng quen nhn hn l

49
R(u, v) = A(u)
*
B(v).

4) Mnh iu kin v gii hn chn l

Mnh iu kin c gii hn chn l l mnh c dng sau

p : Nu X l A, th Y l B l t (3.6-9)

vi t l gi tr chn l ngn ng biu th bng hm thuc t(t), t e [0;1]. (3.6-9) s xc nh
mt quan h m R* vi hm thuc R*(u, v) c nh ngha nh sau.
Nh trn, mnh Nu X l A, th Y l B s xc nh mt quan h m R trn tch
-cc U V, vi thuc R(u, v) e [0;1]. V vy, chng ta c th nh ngha hm thuc

R*(u, v) = t(R(u, v)).

3.6.2. Php ko theo m (fuzzy implications)

Trong Mc 3.4.1 khi c p v quan h m v vic biu din tri thc dng lut Nu p,
th q, chng ta thy mi quan h cht ch gia ng ngha ca mnh m dng nu-th
v cc loi php ko theo lgic s t, s, t e [0;1]. C th vi l do , cc php ko theo nh
vy c gi l cc php ko theo m.

V tri thc dng lut l mt yu t quan trng trong biu din tri thc v trong lp lun
xp x, nn vic nghin cu cc php ko theo m c v tr quan trng. Sau y chng ta tm
hiu mt s kin thc c bn v loi php tnh ny.

Mt cch tng qut, php ko theo m l mt hm 2-ngi J : [0;1]
2
[0;1] vi ngha
ni rng vi gi tr chn l s v t tng ng ca hai mnh p v q, J(s, t) s cho ta gi tr
chn l ca mnh Nu p, th q. N c xem nh l mt s m rng ca php ko
theo kinh in khi hn ch gi tr chn ly

vo tp {0, 1}. Trong Mc 3.4.1 chng ta a ra

mt s v d v cc php ko theo ny, tuy khng gi l php ko theo m.

C nhiu cch tip cn xc nh php ko theo m , m c du

v nguyn t c khng co

m t ra

ng bu c c

ng nh c vi c i nh nghi

a na

y . Ta s a ra m t s i nh nghi

a kha

c nhau sau
lm v d:

- i nh nghi

a d a trn s khi qut php ko theo 2-tr: Php ko theo Kleene-Dienes

J
b
(s, t) = s v t, s, t e [0;1] v s = 1 t,

y ch s b c ngha l binary.

- Khi nghin cu phng php lp lun xp x ng dng vo iu khin qu trnh ti
luyn thp, Mamdani a ra nh ngha sau:

J(s, t) = min(s, t).

50

- M t ca

ch kha

i qua

t tng t , gi s N l hm ph nh v S l php hp (xem Mu c 3.5),

ch ng ha n S l t-conorm, ta co

th i nh nghi

a

J(s, t) = S(N(s), t).

M t kha

c, trong lgic kinh i n bi u th

c Boole ( s v t) tng ng v

i cc biu thc
sau

s v (s . t) v ( s . t) v t

v do ta c cng thc khi qut sang min tr chn l [0;1], v

i T l php t-norm, nh sau

J(s, t) = S(N(s), T(s, t)) v S(T(N(s), N(t)), t).

- N u xem t ng a i s nh la

phe

p h p m

, ta co

phe

p ke

o theo Reichenbach

J
r
(s, t) = 1 s + s.t.

- N u ta cho n phe

p h p m

la

phe

p t ng gi

i n i S(s, t) = min {1, s + t}, ta co

phe

p ke

o
theo Lukasiewicz

J
a
(s, t) = min {1, 1 s + t}.

- Php ko theo ca Goguen a ra nm 1969:

J
Goguen
(s, t) = min
)
`

s
t
, 1
.

- Php ko theo Gaines-Rescher

J
g-r
(s, t) =

>
s
t s nu
t s nu
0
1


- N u chn phe

p giao chu n, t.l. php ., ta co

phe

p ke

o theo Goedel

J
g
(s, t) = sup {x : s . x s t} =

>
s
t s nu t
t s nu 1


- N u cho n phe

p giao t-norm T(s, t) = s.t, ta co

phe

p ke

o theo Goguen

J
A
(s, t) = sup {x : s . x s t} =

>
s
t s nu s t
t s nu
/
1


- Php ko theo Wu
51

J
wu
(s, t) =

>
s
t s nu t s
t s nu
} , 1 min{
1



Tuy nhin, trong lgic kinh i n va

khng kinh i n (ch ng ha n lgic tr c gia

c ) mt loi
php ko theo c nh ngha thng qua php hi. C th, ta co

J(s, t) = max {u e {0, 1} : s . u s t} (3.6-10)

C th thy php ko theo trong lgic mnh v lgic v t tha biu thc (3.6-10).
By gi

ta tri

nh ba

y php ko theo m c kha

i qua

t ho

a t

i nh nghi

a (3.6-10) v kho
st cc tnh cht ca loi php ko theo ny.

1) Cch tip cn qua phe

p t-norm

Tng qut ha cng th

c (3.6-10) trn bng cch m rng gi tr chn l trong mi n 2-

tr {0, 1} sang on [0;1] v thay th php hi . bng php t-norm T, ta c cng thc tnh sau

J
T
(s, t) = sup {u e [0, 1] : T(s, u) s t} (3.6-11)

nh l 3.6.2-1. Php ko theo J
T
c cc tnh cht sau
(i) T(s, u) s t nu v ch nu J
T
(s, t) > u;
(ii) J
T
(J
T
(s, t), t) > s;
(iii) J
T
(T(s, t), u) = J
T
(s, J
T
(t, u));
(iv) s s t J
T
(s, u) > J
T
(t, u) v J
T
(u, s) s J
T
(u, t);
(v) T(J
T
(s, t), J
T
(t, u)) s J
T
(s, u);
(vi) J
T
(inf
jeJ
s
j
, t) > sup
jeJ
J
T
(s
j
, t);
(vii) J
T
(sup
jeJ
s
j
, t) = inf
jeJ
J
T
(s
j
, t);
(viii) J
T
(t, sup
jeJ
s
j
) > sup
jeJ
J
T
(t, s
j
);
(ix) J
T
(t, inf
jeJ
s
j
) = inf
jeJ
J
T
(t, s
j
);
(x) T(s, J
T
(s, t)) s t

Chng minh: Chng ta s chng minh mt s tnh cht pht biu trong nh l trn.

(i) Nu T(s, u) s t th u e {x : T(s, x) s t}. Do vy, theo nh ngha, u s sup{x : T(s, x) s
t} = J
sup
(s, t). Ngc li, nu u s J
sup
(s, t) th, theo tnh n iu ca php t-norm,
T(s, u) s T(s, J
sup
(s, t)) = T(s, sup{x : T(s, x) s t}).

Do tnh lin tc ca php t-norm T ta c,

T(s, sup{x : T(s, x) s t}) = sup{T(s, x) : x e {x : T(s, x) s t}} s t.

(ii) Ta c, J
sup
(s, t) = sup{x : T(s, x) s t} v do , cng vi tnh lin tc ca T, ta c

52
J
T
(J
T
(s, t), t) = sup{y : T(J
T
(s, t), y) s t} = sup{y : T(sup{x : T(s, x) s t}, y) s t}

= sup{y : sup{T(x, y) : x e {x : T(s, x) s t}} s t}

(iii) Ta chng minh J
T
(T(s, t), u) = J
T
(s, J
T
(t, u)). Theo nh ngha

J
T
(s, J
T
(t, u)) = sup{x : T(s, x) s J
T
(t, u)}

Ta thy, T(s, x) s J
T
(t, u) T(t, T(s, x)) s u T(T(s, t), x) s u (do tnh kt hp ca T)
x s J
T
(T(s, t), u). Do vy,

J
T
(s, J
T
(t, u)) = sup{x s J
T
(T(s, t), u)} = J
T
(T(s, t), u).

(iv) Gi s s s t. Do tnh n iu ca T, ta c T(s, x) s T(t, x) v do

sup{x : T(s, x) s u} > sup{x : T(t, x) s u} hay J
T
(s, u) > J
T
(t, u).

Mt cch tng t ta chng minh bt ng thc cn li.

(v) Theo nh ngha
T(J
T
(s, t), J
T
(t, u)) = T(sup{x : T(s, x) s t}, sup{y : T(t, y) s u})

Theo tnh lin tc ca T v do T(s, x) s t & T(t, y) s u T(s, T(x, y)) s u. ta suy ra

T(J
T
(s, t), J
T
(t, u)) = sup
x
{T(x, sup{y : T(t, y) s u}) : T(s, x) s t}

= sup
x
sup
y
{T(x, y) : T(s, x) s t & T(t, y) s u}

s sup
x
sup
y
{T(x, y) : T(s, T(x, y)) s u}

= sup
x
sup
y
{T(x, y) : T(x, y) s J
T
(s, u)}

= J
T
(s, u).

(vi) Lu y

r ng {x: inf
jeJ
T(s
j
, x) s t} _ {x: sup
jeJ
T(s
j
, x) s t}. Do o

, ta co

J
T
(inf
jeJ
s
j
, t) = sup
x
{x: T(inf
jeJ
s
j
, x) s t} = sup
x
{x: inf
jeJ
T(s
j
, x) s t}

> sup
x
{x: sup
jeJ
T(s
j
, x) s t} = sup
jeJ
sup
x
{x: T(s
j
, x) s t}

= sup
jeJ
J
T
(s
j
, t).

(vii) t s
0
= sup
jeJ
a
j
. Khi o

, s
0
> a
j
v, do ti

nh ch t (iv) a

ch

ng minh, ta co

J
T
(s
0
, t) s
J
T
(s
j
, t), v

i mo i jeJ. Do v y, J
T
(s
0
, t) s inf
jeJ
J
T
(s
j
, t). M t kha

c, do u = inf
jeJ
J
T
(s
j
, t) s
J
T
(s
i
, t) v

i mo i ieJ, t

ti

nh ch t (i) ta suy ra T(s

i
, inf
jeJ
J
T
(s
j
, t)) s t, v

i mo i ieJ. V y, t

53
tnh lin tc ca T, ta suy ra T(s
0
, inf
jeJ
J
T
(s
j
, t)) = sup
ieJ
T(s
i
, inf
jeJ
J
T
(s
j
, t)) s t. Nh

ti

nh
ch t (i) ta suy ti p ra J
T
(s
0
, t) > inf
jeJ
J
T
(s
j
, t). K t h p ca

c k t qua

la i ta co

J
T
(sup
jeJ
a
j
, t) = J
T
(s
0
, t) = inf
jeJ
J
T
(s
j
, t).

(viii) V

i lu y

r ng {x : T(t, x) s sup
jeJ
s
j
} _ {x : T(t, x) s s
j
}, v

i mo i jeJ, ta co

J
T
(t, sup
jeJ
s
j
) = sup
x
{x : T(t, x) s sup
jeJ
s
j
} > sup
x
{x : T(t, x) s s
j
} = J
T
(t, s
j
),

v

i mo i jeJ. Do v y, ta ru

t ra ti

nh ch t (viii).

(x) Do ti

nh lin tu c cu

a T, ta co

T(s, J
T
(s, t)) = T(s, sup
x
{x: T(s, x) s t}) = sup
x
{T(s, x) : T(s, x) s t} s t,

o

la

i u ta c n ch

ng minh.

2) Cch tip cn tin

Trong cch tip cn tin chng ta s a ra cc yu cu v tnh cht ca cc php ko
theo m v xem chng l cc tin ca php ko theo m. Bn cht ng ngha kp theo m
trong ngn ng t nhin hay trong lp lun ca con ngi rt phc tp, kh c mt h tin
chung cho mi tnh hung. V vy, nhng tin sau y khng nht thit bt buc mi php
ko theo m phi tha mn. Ch c ng dng thc tin l tiu chun cui cng chng minh
tnh ph hp ca mt nh ngha php ko theo m. Mt s tin l s khi qut ca php
ko theo kinh in.

Tin 1. s s s J(s, t) s J(s, t) (Tnh n iu tng i vi bin th nht).

Tin 2. t s t J(s, t) s J(s, t) (Tnh n iu tng i vi bin th hai).

Tin 3. J(0, t) = 1 (Tnh chi phi ca gi tr chn l sai).
Tin na

y co

nghi

a n u gia

tr chn l ca phn tin t l sai th n chi phi gi tr chn

l ca c mnh nu-th.

Tin 4. J(1, t) = t (Tnh trung tnh ca gi tr chn l ng).
i u na

y no

i r ng gia

tri ch n ly

ng cu

a ph n ti n t khng o

ng go

p c b t ky

s
thay i gia

tr chn l ca phn hu t cn li.

Tin 5. J(s, s) = 1 (Tnh ng nht).

Tin 6. J(s, J(t, u)) = J(t, J(s, u)) (tnh cht hon i).

Tin 7. J(s, t) = 1 n u va

chi

n u s s t (Tnh cht v iu kin gii ni).

i u na

y no

i r ng gia

tri chn ly

cu

a m nh n u -th l ng nu v ch nu gi tr chn
l ca phn tin t b chn bi gi tr chn l ca phn hu t.

54
Ti n 8. J(s, t) = J(N(t), N(s)), trong o

N l hm ph nh.

Tin 8 l s khi qut ha tnh cht ca php ko theo kinh in ni rng

p q ~ q p.

Tin 9. J l hm lin tc theo c hai bin.

M c du

, trn m t go

c nhi

na

o o

, Tin 9 l mt i hi t nhin nhng nhi u phe

p ke

o
theo trong ca

c vi

du c tri

nh ba

u ti t khng tha tnh lin tc , ch ng ha n phe

p ke

o
theo Goedel hay Goguen. V vy, c n nh n ma nh m t l n n

a r ng khng nh t thi t b t bu c
m i phe

p ke

o theo m

pha

i tho

a ma

n mo i tin nu trn , ng th

i ta cu

ng co

quy n t ra
cc yu cu v mt tnh ch t no khc m mt pho ko theo cn phi c.

M t cu ho

i n y sinh la

li u co

t n ta i m t phe

p ke

o theo m

tho

a ma

n t t ca

9 o

i ho

i
trn? Cu tra

i c pha

t bi u trong m nh sau.

i nh ly

3.6.2-2 ([?]) M t ha

m 2-bi n J : [0;1]
2
[0;1] tha cc Tin 1 9 v phe

p
ko theo m nu va

chi

nu c tn ti mt hm lin tc n iu tng thc s f : [0;1]

[0;+) sao cho f(0) = 0 v
J(s, t) = f
1
(f(1) f(s) + f(t))
v

i s, t e [0;1], v
N(s) = f
1
(f(1) f(s))
v

i s e [0;1].

Trong ca

c vi

du a

c p

trn, ch c php k theo Lukasiewicz tha mn c 9 tin ,

v

i ha

m phu

i nh m

chu n , t.l. N(s) = 1 s, ngha l n tha nh l 3.6.2-2 v

i ha

m f l
hm ng nht.

M t vi

du kha

c v loa i phe

p ke

o theo m

tho

a i nh ly

trn v

i ha

m f c cho nh sau
f(s) = ln(1 + s) v

i ha

m t a ng c la

f
1
(s) =

s <
s s
1 2 ln 1
2 ln 0 1
s nu
s nu e
s

v hm ph nh i cng v

i f l N(s) =
s
s
+

1
1
, s e [0;1].
Khi o

phe

p ke

o theo m

c xa

c i nh la

J(s, t) = min
)
`

=
+
s
t s
1
2 1
, 1 , v

i mo i s, t e [0;1].
Ta m

r ng vi

du na

y b ng vi c thay ha

m f trn bng hm f = ln(1 + s), v

i l tham
s dng. Khi o

,
f
1
(s) =

s <
+ s s

1 2 ln 1
) 1 ln( 0
1
s nu
s nu
e
s

v hm ph nh trong trng hp ny l hm Sugeno

55
N

(s) =
s
s
+

1
1
, s e [0;1].

Php ko theo m kh c xc nh l

J

(s, t) =
)
`

+
+ +
s
t t s

1
1
, 1 min .

3.6.3. Lng ha m (fuzzy quantifiers)

Trong lgic v t chng ta c khi nim lng ha tn ti v lng ha khi qut. Tng
t nh vy, trong lgic m chng ta cng c nhng khi nim mang hm nh vy nh
khong 10 hc sinh thi tt nghip gii; nhiu hn nhiu 100 c th voc mi hch ang sinh
sng trong khu bo tn quc gia; t nht l 7 sinh vin ang lm thc tp tt nghip Cng
ty Microsoft Vit Nam; hu ht n sinh vin kha 2005 u c nguyn vng theo hc khoa
CNTT, khong mt na s sinh vin trong kha 2006 l n, Nhng t in nghing trong
cc v d trn u th hin ng ngha khng chnh xc, m v s lng v c gi l cc
lng ha m.

Theo L.A. Zadeh, c hai loi lng ha m: (i) Lng ha tuyt i vi ng ngha m
c n nh lin quan n mt gi tr (tuyt i) c th trong tp cc s thc khng m,
chng hn, nh trong 3 v d u nu trn; (ii) Lng ha tng i, xc nh trn tp [0;1],
ch t l m s phn t tha mt iu kin hay mnh no , v d nh trong hai v d sau
cng cp trn. Chng hn hu ht ch c mt s t l m s phn t tha mt mnh
m no . Cng tng t nh vy ta hiu cm t lng ha m khong mt na.

Lng ha tuyt i Q c cho bi mt tp m
trn tp cc s thc dng R
+
. Chng hn Q l lng
ha m khong 10 s l tp m Q cho trong Hnh 3-
13. Lng ha tng i c xc nh da trn tnh
t s gia bn s ca tp m v bn s ca tp m
gii hn phm vi cc c th c cp. V d, trong
mnh hu ht n sinh vin kha 2005 u c
nguyn vng hc khoa CNTT phm vi c cp
l tp cc n sinh vin kha 2005. Phm vi cng c
th l tp m, chng hn trong mnh hu ht n sinh vin hc gii kha 2005 u c
nguyn vng hc khoa CNTT phm vi l tp m cc n sinh vin hc gii kha 2005. Khi
, lng ha tng i c hiu l mt tp m trn on [0;1]. Chng hn, tp m Q*
trong Hnh 3-13 biu th php lng ha hu ht.

Mt cch tng qut, mnh cha php lng ha m bt k Q c dng c bn sau

p : C Q c th o trong O sao cho X(o) l A, (3.6-10)

trong Q l lng ha m bt k, X l bin v mi c th o e O, X(o) nhn gi tr trong
min tham chiu ca tp m A.
V d mt mnh nh vy l C khong 10 sinh vin ni ting Anh tt, trong Q l
khong 10, O l mt tp sinh vin trong mt lp hc chng hn, X l bin nhn gi tr ch

Gii
0
10
Hnh 3-13: T p m

Q v Q*
7
10
0,26
1,00
Q*: hu ht
Q : khong 10
56
trnh ni tri chy ting Anh ca sinh vin trong lp cn A l tp m xc nh trn tp cc
gi tr ca bin X biu th khi nim tt.
n gin ha cch vit ca (3.6-10), nu ta k hiu gi tr chn l ca mnh c th
o trong O sao cho X(o) l A l P(o), t.l. P(o) = A(X(o)), th P s l mt tp m trn O v
mnh (3-33) tr thnh mnh

p : C Q cc c th o c tnh cht P(o) (3.6-11)

Nu P l tp kinh in th s lng cc c th o tha P(o) chnh l s lng cc phn t ca
tp P. Trong trng hp nh trn P l tp m, s lng ca P chnh l bn s ca tp m P.
Khi , gi tr chn l ca mnh (3.6-11) c xc nh bi tng thch ca bn s C
ca tp m P vi php lng ha m Q, hay n c xc nh bi mnh sau, vi bin C
nhn gi tr trn R
+
,

p : C l Q (3.6-12)

Nu Q l lng ha tuyt i, t.l. n l mt tp m trn R
+
, th gi tr C c tnh theo
bn s v hng, tc l C(P) = count(P) v gi tr chn l ca (3.6-12) hay cng l ca (3.6-
11) l Q(C).

V d, chng ta xt mnh p : C khong 10 sinh vin ni ting Anh tt vi O =
{Nam, Hoa, Chnh, Hng, Nga}. X l bin ch mc ni tt ting Anh v gi s im ca
cc sinh vin ny c cho nh sau: X(Nam) = 6,5; X(Hoa) = 9,0; X(Chnh) = 8,5; X(Hng)
= 7,0 v X(Nga) = 9,5. Nh vy, tp m P c xc nh nh sau (xem Hnh 3-14)

P =

eO o
tt(X(o))/o = 0,35/Nam + 1,0/Hoa + 0,5/Hng + 0,82/Chnh + 1,0/Nga

Khi ,
C(P) = count(P) = 3,67

Do , g tr chn l ca mnh p, vi Q c cho
trong Hnh 3-13 s l

tv(p) = Q(3,67) = 0,26.

Mt bin tng ca mnh (3.6-10) c dng
sau

p : C Q c th o trong O sao cho X
1
(o) l A
1
v X
2
(o) l A
2
(3.6-13)

Mt v d v mnh dng ny l C khong 10 sinh vin ni ting Anh tt c dng ngi
kh cao. Nh vy bin X
1
ch trnh ni ting Anh nhn gi tr trong min im [0;10],
cn bin X
2
ch dng ngi theo chiu cao trong min [0;200] tnh theo cm. A
1
l tp m biu
th khi nim tt, A
2
l tp m biu th khi nim kh cao.

Cng nh trong trng hp mnh dng (3.6-10-33), khi t

tt
0 10
Hnh 3-14: T p m

tt
7
6,5
0,82
1,00
0,5
8,5 9,5
9
0,35
57
P
1
(o) = = A
1
(X
1
(o)) v P
2
(o) = = A
2
(X
2
(o)) (3.6-14)

ta c th chuyn mnh p v mnh p sau

p : C Q cc c th o c tnh cht (P
1
(o) v P
2
(o)),

hay, tng t nh mnh (3.6-12), ta thu c dng mnh ca p nh sau

p : C l Q (3.6-15)


trong C l bn s ca tp m (P
1
(o) v P
2
(o)).

Vi Q l php lng ha tuyt i, C s l bn s v hng ca tp m (P
1
(o) v P
2
(o))
v c tnh bng cng thc

C(P
1
P
2
) =

eO o
min{A
1
(X
1
(o)), A
2
(X
2
(o))}

v gi tr chn l ca mnh (3.6-13) s l

tv(p) = tv(p) = Q(C(P
1
P
2
))

Trong trng hp Q l php lng ha tng i, ta tnh t s ca cc bn s cc tp m.
V d, i vi mnh Hu ht sinh vin ni ting Anh tt c dng ngi kh cao t l
ny s l (lu l P
2
l tp con ca tp P
1
)

prC(P
1
P
2
) = C(P
1
P
2
)/C(P
1
)
= (

eO o
min{A
1
(X
1
(o)), A
2
(X
2
(o))}) /

eO o
A
1
(X
1
(o))

v gi tr chn l ca mnh (3.6-13) hay (3.6-15) s c tnh bng cng thc Q(prC(P
1

P
2
)).


3.6.4. Lp lun xp x n i u ki n

Thut ng lp lun xp x c L.A. Zadeh s dng ln u tin v c nghin cu
trong cc cng trnh []. Zadeh xut pht t v d sau v phng php lp lun ca con ngi:

Tin 1: Nu v ca qu c chua l , th qu c chua l chn
Tin 2: V ca qu c chua c l rt . (3.6-16)
Kt lun: qu c chua c l rt chn

Tin th nht th hin tri thc, s hiu bit ca chng ta, tin th hai l d kin hay
s kin (fact) v kt lun c rt ra t hai Tin 1 v 2. (3.6-16) c gi l mt lc
lp lun x p xi

n i u ki n, v ch c mt tin c dng lut nu-th.

58
Chng ta thng hay gp kiu lp lun xp x nh vy trong suy lun ca chng ta bng
ngn ng t nhin. Cu hi t ra l liu chng ta c th c mt cch tip cn tnh ton m
phng phng php lp lun nu trn?

3.6.4.1. Quy tc suy lun hp thnh

Mt cch tng qut, lc lp lun (3.6-16) c biu th nh sau vi A, A, B v B l
cc tp m tng ng trn cc khng gian tham chiu U ca X v V ca Y,

Tin 1: Nu X l A, th Y l B
Tin 2: X l A . (3.6-17)
Kt lun: Y l B

Tin 1 biu th mi quan h gia hai i lng X v Y, v

i X nhn gi tr trong U v Y
nhn gi tr trong V. Lc lp lun (3.6-17) c gi l quy tc ct ui tng qut ha
(generalized modus ponens). N khc quy tc ct ui kinh in ch s kin X l A
trong Tin 2 khng trng vi s kin trong phn nu hay tin t ca Tin 1.

Chng ta thit lp quy tc suy lun hp thnh p dng vo lc lp lun (3.6-17)
da trn quan st cc trng hp sau.

1) Trng hp X v Y c quan h hm s, tc l v = f(u), v e V v u e U. Khi , nu ta
c s kin X l u th ta suy ra v = f(u), nh tri thc X xc nh hm Y. Nu ta c s kin
X l A, trong A l tp con ca U, th ta suy ra c tp B = {v e V: v = f(u) v u
e U} _ V.

2) Trng hp X v Y c quan h c cho bi quan h 2-ngi kinh in R _ U V. Khi
, nu ta c s kin X l u th ta suy ra c tp B = {v e V: (u, v) e R}. Tng t,
nu ta c s kin X l A, trong A l tp con ca U, th ta suy ra c tp

B = {v e V: (u, v) e R v u e A} _ V

S dng thut ng hm c trng, vi
A
,
B
v
R
l cc hm c trng tng ng ca
cc tp A, B v R, cng thc tnh B trn c th vit di dng sau


B
(v) = v
ue U
[
A
(u) .
R
(u, v)], v e V (3.6-18)

3) Trng hp X v Y c quan h c cho bi quan h m 2-ngi R trn U V. Nh
chng ta bit, ng ngha ca mnh nu-th trong (3.6-17) c th c biu th bng mt
quan h m R trn U V. N c xc nh da trn tp m A trn U v tp m B trn V, v
d a trn ng

nghi

a cu

a phe

p ke

p theo m

c nghin c

u trong Mu c 3.6.2. T

c la

,

R = Impl(A, B) = A
*
B, hay
R
(u, v) = J(
A
(u),
B
(v)) (3.6-19)

S khc bit ca trng hp ny so vi trng hp cp trong 2) l thay v cc hm
c trng chng ta c cc hm thuc
A
,
B
v
R
. V vy, nu ta c s kin X l A vi A
59
l tp m trn U, th chng ta c th suy lun ra tp m B c tnh bng cng thc c
khi qut ha t (3.6-18) nh sau


B
(v) = v
ue U
[
A
(u) .
R
(u, v)], v e V (3.6-20)

Nh chng ta nghin cu trong Mc 3.4, cng thc (3.6-20) c th c biu din
dng ma trn

B = A o R (3.6-21)

trong o l php hp thnh max-min (max-min composition). Chnh v B c suy lun ra
t cng thc (3.6-21) nn phng php lp lun xp x ny c gi l quy tc suy lun hp
thnh.

N u ta thay phe

p min . b ng m t phe

p t -norm T no trong (3.6-20) v (3.6-21), ta co

quy t c suy lu n h p tha

nh max-T c ky

hi u la

o
T
, c th ta c


B
(v) = v
ue U
T(
A
(u),
R
(u, v)), v e V (3.6-20*)
v

B = A
T
R (3.6-21*)

V d, xt lc suy lun (3.6-17) vi U = {u
1
, u
2
, u
3
} v V = {v
1
, v
2
}, A = 0,5/u
1
+
1,0/u
2
+ 0,6/u
3
v B = 1,0/v
1
+ 0,4/v
2
. Cho s kin X l A vi A = 0,6/u
1
+ 0,9/u
2
+
0,7/u
3
. Chng ta s suy lun da theo quy tc suy lun ct ui tng qut v v vy trc ht
chng ta tnh quan h m R = A
*
B da vo php ko m

theo Lukasiewicz s
L
t = 1 .
(1 s + t). Nh vy,
R
(u, v) =
A
(u)
L

B
(v) = 1 . (1
A
(u) +
B
(v)), u e U v v e V. Vi
cc d liu ca bi ton, quan h m R c dng ma trn sau

|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
8 , 0 0 , 1
4 , 0 0 , 1
9 , 0 0 , 1
R v do , theo (3.7-6), B = A o R = (0,6 0,9 0,7)
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
8 , 0 0 , 1
4 , 0 0 , 1
9 , 0 0 , 1
= (0,9 0,7)

Nh vy, ta suy ra B = 0,9/v
1
+ 0,7/v
2
.

Quy tc suy lun hp thnh cng c th ng dng cho quy tc modus tollens tng qut
ha c dng lc lp lun sau:

Tin 1: Nu X l A, th Y l B
Tin 2: Y l B. (3.6-22)
Kt lun: X l A

Lu rng ni chung B = B. Khc vi quan h hm s, quan h m R c tnh i xng
gia hai bin X v Y, cho nn s dng php hp thnh trn cc quan h m, vic suy lun ra
A c th c tnh theo cng thc sau vi B l vect ct
60

A = R o B (3.6-23)


Chng ta xt mt v d vi cc d kin ging nh trong v d va xem xt trn, tr vic
ta khng c s kin X l A m y ta li so s kin Y l B vi B c cho l B =
0,9/v
1
+ 0,7/v
2
, ngha l n chnh l kt lun trong v d trn. Khi , quan h m R vn nh
c tnh trong v d trn v kt lun A c tnh theo (3.6-23) nh sau

A = R o B =
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
7 , 0
9 , 0
8 , 0 0 , 1
4 , 0 0 , 1
9 , 0 0 , 1
= (0,9 0,9 0,9)

Nh vy, ta a suy ra c kt lun A = 0,9/u
1
+ 0,9/u
2
+ 0,9/u
3
.

Nh chng ta thy, php kp theo c v tr quan trng trong lp lun. Trong mi trng
thng tin khng chc chn, chng ta c nhiu cch biu din ng ngha ca php kp theo.
Trong Mc 3.6.2 chng ta nghin cu v php ko theo m lm c s nh ngha ng
ngha ca cc mnh iu kin nu-th hay cc lut m v chng ta lit k mt danh
sch cc php ko theo. d tch ng vi thc tin a dng v phc tp, v nguyn tc,
danh sch nh vy cng di cng tt. V vy, sau y chng ta trnh by mt s tng nh
ngha cc php ko theo m thu tm ng ngha ca lut.

cho gn v d hiu, trc ht chng ta trnh by v vic biu din ng ngha ca lut
m bng biu thc ca i s ca quan h m nu trong Bng 3.6-1 di y, trong mt
s php ko theo lit k trong Mc 3.6.2. Tuy nhin, cn lu l, do tnh phong ph ca
cc biu thc gii tch, khng phi biu thc gii tch no ca php ko theo cng vit c
di dng biu thc i s tp hp.

Bng 3.6-1. Biu thc i s ca quan h biu th ng ngha ca lut
Php ko theo Biu thc gii tch J
b
(A(u), B(v)) Biu thc i s ca R
Kleen-Dienes max[1 A(u), B(v)]
CA V U B
Mamdani min(A(u), B(v)) (A V) (U B)
2

Zadeh 1973 max[min(A(u), B(v)), 1 A(u)]
((A V) (U B)) CA
Reichenbach 1 A(u) + A(u)B(v)
CA B

By gi ta trnh by mt s tng trc quan v s thu tm ng ngha ca php ko
theo trong ngn ng t nhin.

(1) Khi ta khng nh A l ng th mnh ph nh A cng cung cp mt lng thng
tin nht nh.

2
Mc d min(A(u), B(v)) c th biu din bng A B nhng biu thc i s ny phn nh ng bn cht ng
ngha hn l tch -cc.
61

Trong lgic kinh in iu ny l hin nhin, hay t gi tr chn l ca A ta suy ra gi tr
chn l ca A. iu ny khng lun lun ng trong lgic m. Tuy nhin, chng ta c th
tn dng ngha trc quan ny b sung vo nh ngha ca php ko theo hay quan h
m. Chng hn ta c th nh ngha quan h m R nh sau:

- Quan h R da trn php ko theo Mamdani khng c thng tin lin quan n A, khi
thm thng tin ny ta c quan h c Zadeh nh ngha nm 1973 cho trong Bng 3.6-1.

- Quan h R xc nh da trn php ko theo tch c cho nh sau

R(u, v) = J
product
(A(u), B(v)) = A(u) . B(v).

b sung thng tin lin quan n A ta c th thit lp quan h sau:

R(u, v) = max [A(u) . B(v), 1 A(u)]

(2) Mt khng nh A B bao gi cng cho ta mt thng tin no v khng nh A
B. Chng hn, khi ta khng nh Ngi tr th chy nhanh thng ko theo mt khng
nh Ngi gi th chy chm mc tin cy no . Nhn xt trc quan ny gi cho
ta mt cch b sung thng tin vo nh ngha php ko theo nh sau: Nu R c nh nga
da trn mt php ko theo J(A(u), B(v)) no , th ta c th sinh mt nh ngha khc nh
sau:

R(u, v) = max [J(A(u), B(v)), J((A)(u), (B)(v))],

hay, dng biu thc i s, trong

k hiu php ko theo J,

R = (A V

U B) (A V)

(U B).

Chng hn, nu J l php ko theo Goedel, hay R
g
= A V
g
U B, th ta c mt nh
ngha khc l
R
gg
= (A V
g
U B) (A V)
g
(U B);

Nu J l php ko theo Zadeh, hay R
z
= A V
z
U B, th ta c mt nh ngha khc l
R
zz
= (A V
z
U B) (A V)
z
(U B).

Cng vi tng trc quan ny nhng khng nht thit hai php ko theo l ging nhau,
chng hn ta c th nh ngha quan h sau biu din lut:

R
zg
= (A V
z
U B) (A V)
g
(U B),
hay
R
gz
= (A V
g
U B) (A V)
z
(U B).

62
v.v


3.6.4.2. Vi c l a cho n php ko theo m cho phng php lp lun xp x

1) i vi quy tc ct ui tng qut ha

th y ro

vai tro

cu

a phe

p ke

o theo m

, d a va

o (3.6-20*) cng th

(3.6-21*) c th vit
c th nh sau, trong o

B(v), A(u) v R(u, v) l cc hm thuc tng ng ca cc tp m B,

A v R,

B(v) = v
ue U
T[A(u), J(A(u), B(v))], v e V (3.6-24)

M t cu ho

i t ra la

m t phng pha

p l p lu n khi na

o c xem la

t t hay phu

h p .
M t tiu chu n a

nh gia

c phu

h p la

khi quay tr

v l p lu n kinh i n , t

c la

khi A
= A th ta cn c B = B
3
, hay ta c n co

B(v) = v
ue U
T[A(u), J(A(u), B(v))], v e V (3.6-25)

tra

i cho cu ho

i na

y, ta co

i nh ly

sau

i nh ly

3.6.4-1. Gi s rng php t -norm T l hm lin tu c, php ko theo m c chn

l php J
T
, t.l. J
T
(s, t) = sup
u
{u : T(s, u) s t}. Khi o

, n u A l tp m chun th phng
php lp lun xp x tha iu kin (3.6-25).

Ch

ng minh: Theo i nh nghi

a cu

a phe

p J
T
(s, t), ta co

T(s, J
T
(s, t)) s t. V

i s = A(u) v t
= B(v) ta thu c bi u th

c T(A(u), J
T
(A(u), B(v))) s B(v), v

i mo i u e U v v e V. M t
khc, do A l tp m chun, t.l. t n ta i u
0
e U sao cho A(u
0
) = 1, ta suy ra T(A(u
0
), J
T
(A(u
0
),
B(v))) = J
T
(1, B(v))) = B(v) v iu ny chng t php ko theo m J
T
tha (3.6-25).

i nh ly

3.6.4-2. N u t p m

A c min tr ph ton on [0, 1], th cc php ko theo m

sau tho

a i u ki n (3.6-25) i v

i b t ky

phe

p t-norm T no:

(i) Php ko theo Gaines-Rescher J
g-r
;
(ii) Php ko theo Goedel J
g
;
(iii) Php ko theo Wu J
wu
.

Ch

ng minh: Tr

c h t chu

ng ta ch

ng minh tr

ng h p kho

hn tr

c.
(iii) V

i m i v e V, ta ti

nh bi u th

c sau va

nh

r ng mi n tri cu

a A ph ton b on
[0;1]:
sup
ueU
T(A(u), J
wu
(A(u), B(v))) = sup
se[0, 1]
T(s, J
wu
(s, B(v)))



3
Bn c c th s uy nghi

trn quan i m cu

a mi

nh v m

c h p ly

cu

a tiu chu n na

y tr

c khi xem oa n
ch thch tip theo. kin cc tc gi cun sch ny l , chng ta ang dng l thuyt tp m , m t ly

thuy t cho
php thao tc chnh xa

c d a trn ca

c i t ng toa

n ho c va

ca

c phe

p ti

nh trn chu

ng , m phng cc phng
php lp lun ng chng ca con ngi bng cc phng php lp lun c gi l xp xi

. V vy vic p t
r

t khoa

t B = B l mt rng buc qu cht . M t tiu chu n ki u x p xi

B ~ B theo m t nghi

a na

o o

co

th
m m de

o va

h p ly

hn.
63

= max{sup
s s B(v)
T(s, J
wu
(s, B(v))), sup
s > B(v)
T(s, J
wu
(s, B(v)))}

= max{sup
s s B(v)
T(s, 1), sup
s > B(v)
T(s, min(1-s, B(v))}

= max{B(v), sup
s > B(v)
T(s, min(1-s, B(v))}

= B(v),

v, do T n i u tng theo t

ng bi n , T(s, min(1-s, B(v)) s T(1, B(v)) = B(v). u na

y no

i
r ng (3.6-25) u

ng i v

i phe

p ke

o theo m

Wu.

i vi trng hp (i) v (ii) ta ch

ng minh hoa

n toa

n tng t nhng vi c ti

nh toa

n n
gin hn. Ch ng ha n, i v

i tr

ng h p (i), ta th y

sup
ueU
T(A(u), J
g-r
(A(u), B(v))) = sup
se[0, 1]
T(s, J
g-r
(s, B(v)))



= max{sup
s s B(v)
T(s, J
g-r
(s, B(v))), sup
s > B(v)
T(s, J
g-r
(s, B(v)))}

= max{sup
s s B(v)
T(s, 1), sup
s > B(v)
T(s, 0)}

= max{B(v), 0} = B(v),

v, T(s, 0) s T(1, 0) = 0.

d so sa

nh , chng ta cho cc kt qu nghin cu v vn ny i vi cc php ko

theo a

c p

trn trong Ba

ng 3.6-1.

Bng 3.6-1: Quy tc ct ui tng qua

t ho

a
Tn
php ko theo
t-norm
min
t-norm
tch i s
t-norm
hi u gi

i n i
t-norm
giao ch t
Gaines-Rescher B B B B
Goedel (J
g
) B B B B
Goguen (J
A
) B
1/2
B B B
Kleene-Dienes max{1/2, B} max{1/4, B} B B
Lukasiewicz (J
a
)
) 1 (
2
1
B +

2
4
1
) 1 ( B +
B B
Reichenbach (J
r
)
B 2
1

max{B,
) 2 / 1 , min( 4 4
1
B
}
B B
Wu (J
wu
) B B B B


2) i vi quy tc modus tollens tng qua

t ho

a

64
Tng t nh i v

i tr

ng h p nghin c

u v vi c l a chn php ko theo m i vi

phng pha

p l p lu n x p x da trn quy tc suy lun c t u i t ng qua

t ho

trn, m t tiu
chu n l a cho n phe

p ke

o theo m

la

khi s ki n u va

o B := B th kt lun hay u ra ca
quy t c suy lu n pha

i la

A = A
4
, hay chu

ng ta pha

i co

N(A(u)) = sup
veV
T(N(B(v)), J(A(u), B(v))) (3.6-26)

Tng t nh vi c nghin c

u i v

i quy t c c t ui t ng qua

t ho

trn , k t qua

l p
lu n A khi s

du ng quy t c modus tollens t ng qua

t ho

a v

i gia

tri u va

o B = B c cho
trong Ba

ng 3.6-2.

3.6.4.3. Xy d ng phng pha

p l p lu n d a trn phng tri

nh quan h m

Trong hai Mu c 3.6.4.2 chng ta trnh tiu chun la chn php ko theo m J xc
i nh quan h R sao cho no

tho

a bi u th

c

B = A o R (3.6-27)

i v

i quy t c c t ui t ng qua

t ho

a, v tha biu thc

N(A) = R o N(B) (3.6-28)

i v

i quy t c modus tollens t ng qua

t ho

a.

Nh v y, bn cht ca vic tm mt phng php lp lun xp x l vic xc nh quan h
m

R m t ca

ch phu

h p. Tuy nhin, khi quan sa

t hai bi u th

c (3.6-27) v (3.6-28), chng ta

c th coi chu

ng nh la

ca

c phng tri

nh quan h m

va

ba

i toa

n xy d ng m t phng pha

p
l p lu n x p xi

tr

tha

nh vi c gii phng trnh quan h m (3.6-27) hay (3.6-28) n tm li

gii R khi cho bi t ca

c quan h m

A v B.

By gi

chu

ng ta i nghin c

u m t s phng pha

p gia

i ca

c phng tri

nh quan h

hai
dng nu trn.

Bng 3.6-2: Quy tc modus tollens tng qua

t ho

a
Tn
php ko theo
t-norm min t-norm
tch
a i s
t-norm
hi u gi

i n i
t-norm
giao ch t
Gaines-Rescher A A A A
Goedel (J
g
) max{1/2, A} max{1/4, A} A A
Goguen (J
A
)
A 1
1
max{1/(4A), A} A A
Kleene-Dienes max{1/2, A} max{1/4, A} A A

4
Xem chu

thi

ch ngay tr

c.
65
Lukasiewicz (J
a
) ) 1 (
2
1
A
2
4
1
) 2 ( A A A
Reichenbach (J
r
)
A + 1
1

<
>
2
1
2
1
) ( ) )( (
) (
) ( 4
1
u A u A
u A
u A
A A
Wu (J
wu
) A A A A

1) Phng tri

nh quan h m

Cho ca

c quan h m

2-ngi P(u, v), Q(v, w) v R(u, w), v

i u e U, v e V v w e W. i
v

i vi c nghin c

u phng tri

nh quan h , chng ta gii hn vic xt cc quan h m ri rc ,

t.l. U, V v W l cc tp hu hn

U = {u
i
: i = 1, , n}, V = {v
j
: j = 1, , m} v W = {w
k
: k = 1, , l}

Khi o

ca

c quan h m

co

th bi u thi

da ng ma tr n.

Xt phng trnh quan h m

R = P
T
Q (3.6-29)

Gi s rng cc quan h R v Q l cc d kin cho trc. Bi ton t ra l tm quan h m P
sao cho no

tho

a phng tri

nh quan h (3.6-29). V php

T
khng giao hoa

n , m t ba

i toa

n
tng t la

, cho tr

c R v P, tm quan h Q sao cho no

tha phng trnh (3.6-19).

Cng th

c (3.6-29) cng c th c xem nh l mt s phn tch quan h R thnh quan

h Q khi cho tr

c P, ho c m t s phn ti

ch quan h R thnh quan h P khi cho tr

c quan
h Q.

V cc quan h c th bi u thi

da ng ma tr n , nh chng ta bit , php h p tha

nh
T

ng vi php t -norm T s l php tch ma trn tng t nh php tch ma trn thng thng ,
v

i phe

p nhn la

phe

p t -norm T v php c ng la

phe

p l y max . V vy chng ta c th s
dng cng c ma trn gii phng trnh (3.6-29).

M t ca

ch t ng qua

t, cc quan h trong (3.6-29) c th suy bin thnh cc cc ma trn mt

hng hay mt ct . Ch ng ha n, R v P c th suy bin thnh hai vect hng , ho c R v Q l
hai vect c t.

Vn phn hoa ch ba

i toa

n

Tr

c h t ta xe

t ba

i toa

n cho tr

c ma tr n R v Q, hy xc nh tp cc ma trn S(Q, R)
tha phng trnh (3.6-29), t.l. xc nh tp l

i gia

i cu

a phng tri

nh (3.6-29)

S(Q, R) = {P : P o Q = R} (3.6-30)
66

trong o

, php hp thnh o c gi

i ha n la

phe

p h p tha

nh max-min.

Khng m t ti

nh ch t t ng qua

t co

th th y d da

ng va

t nhin r ng ba

i toa

n na

y s c
phn ta

ch tha

nh t p ca

c ba

i toa

n bi u thi b ng phng tri

nh ma tr n sau

p
i
o Q = r
i
(3.6-31)

trong o

i = 1, , n, v cc vect hng p
i
= (p
ij
: j = 1, , m) v r
i
= (r
ik
: k = 1, , l). Cng
th

c (3.6-31) c ngha,

r
ik
= max
1sjsm
min(p
ij
, q
jk
) (3.6-32)

K hiu tp cc li gii ca phng trnh (3.6-31) l

S
i
(Q, r
i
) = {p
i
: p
i
o Q = r
i
} (3.6-33)

v

i i = 1, , n. Khi o

i gia

i cu

a phng tri

nh (3.6-29) s l vect ct

P =
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
n
p
p
p
.
.
.
2
1
, v

i p
i
e S
i
(Q, r
i
) v

i mo i i = 1, , n.
M t cu ho

i t ra la

khi na

o phng tri

nh ma trn (3.6-31) c nghim hay khng c

nghi m, hay khi na

o S
i
(Q, r
i
) = C?
T

cng th

c (3.6-32) co th th y ngay la

n u

max
1sjsm
q
jk
< max
1sisn
r
ik
(3.6-34)

v

i m t chi

s k no , th S
i
(Q, r
i
) = C, ngha l khng c mt ma trn P no tha mn
phng tri

nh ma tr n (3.6-29).

V d 3.6-1. Xt phng trnh ma trn dng (3.6-29) sau


|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
0 , 1 2 , 0
3 , 0 6 , 0
4 , 0 0 , 1
8 , 0 7 , 0
5 , 0 9 , 0
23 22 21
13 12 11

p p p
p p p
,

v

i ma tr n th

nh t P l n s. Bi ton t ra l xc nh tp nghim S(Q, R). Nh chu

ng ta
a

tri

nh ba

trn , bi ton ny c phn hoch thnh mt tp cc bi ton con dng (3.6-

31) sau

67
( ) ( ) 3 , 0 6 , 0
4 , 0 0 , 1
8 , 0 7 , 0
5 , 0 9 , 0
13 12 11
=
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
p p p
v
( ) ( ) 0 , 1 2 , 0
4 , 0 0 , 1
8 , 0 7 , 0
5 , 0 9 , 0
23 22 21
=
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
p p p .
Tuy nhin, v

i k = 2, i = 2, ta co

r
22
= 1,0 v chng ta kim chng thy

max
1sjsm
q
jk
= max(0,5 0,8 0,4) < 1,0 = r
22
.

V y, phng tri

nh ma trn a

cho khng co

nghi m, t.l. S(Q, R) = C.

Sau y chu

ng ta nghin c

u phng pha

p gia

i phng tri

nh (3.6-29) ho c (3.6-31), k ca

phng pha

p gia

i x p xi

trong tr

ng h p S(Q, R) = C.

Phng pha

p gia

i phng tri

nh ma tr n vi php hp thnh max-min

Xt phng trnh quan h

p o Q = r (3.6-35)

ca mt phn hoch no , t.l. ta bo

qua chi

s phn hoa ch i trong phng tri

nh (3.6-31).
Trc h t, chng ta kho st cu trc ca tp li gii ca phng trnh (3.6-35), S(Q, r) = {p
: p o Q = r}.

Gi P = {p = (p
1
, , p
m
) : p
j
e [0, 1], j = 1, , m}, t.l. p l tp m trn khng gian V.
Trn P ta i nh nghi

a quan h th

t b ph n s trn ca

c vect, t.l. p s p n u va

chi

n u p
j
s
p
j
, v

i mo i j = 1, , m. V

i by ky

2 ph n t

p v p, v

i p s p, ta i nh nghi

a oa n

[p, p] = {p: p s p s p}.

Chng ta bit rng tp [p, p] s to thnh mt dn (lattice).

D a trn c u tru

c P ta i nh nghi

a m t s kha

i ni m sau.

Xt tp li gii hay tp nghim S(Q, r). Ph n t

p* ca S(Q, r) c go i la

nghi m ti a i
n u v

i mo i p e S(Q, r), ta co

p > p* p = p*, t.l. khng t n ta i m t nghi m cu

a (3.6-35)
no thc s ln hn p*. Nghi m p* c go i la

n nht n u p* > p, v

i p e S(Q, r).

M t ca

ch tng t , p
*
e S(Q, r) c go i la

nghi m ti tiu n u v

i mo i p e S(Q, r), ta
c p s p
*
p = p
*
, t.l. khng t n ta i m t nghi m cu

a (3.6-35) no thc s nh hn p
*
.
Nghi m p
v
c go i la

nh nht n u p
v
s p, v

i p e S(Q, r).

68
Ngi ta xc nh c cu trc ca tp nghim S(Q, r) nh sau:

- Tp S(Q, r) lun tn ti nghim ln nht p*;
- Tp S(Q, r) cha nhiu nghim ti tiu, t.l.
nhn chung phng trnh (3.6-35) khng c
nghim nh nht;
- Vi p l mt nghim ti tiu v p* l nghim
ln nht ca (3.6-35), ta c [p, p*] _ S(Q, r).
Ni khc i, khi k hiu S
min
= S
min
(Q, r) l
t p cc nghim ti tiu ca S(Q, r), ta c

S(Q, r) =

* *
] , [
*
*
S p
p p
e


Trn Hi

nh 3.6-1 chng ta thy hnh nh cu trc

t p nghi m S(Q, r) v

i chi

m t nghi m l

n nh t va

m t s nghi m t i ti u co

n t p [
l
p
v
, p*] bi u thi b ng hi

nh chi c la

.

By gi

ta xem xe

t phng pha

p hay thu

tu c xa

c i nh c u tru

c S(Q, r).

(i) Xc nh nghim ln nht : Ng

i ta cu

ng ch

ng to

r ng n u S(Q, r) = C th nghim
l

n nh t p* = (
*
j
p : j = 1, , m) c xa

c i nh nh sau


*
j
p = min
1 k l
(q
jk
, r
k
), v

i (q
jk
, r
k
) =

>
otherwise
r q if r
k jk k
1
(3.6-36)

v nu p* khng tho

a ma

n phng tri

nh (3.6-35) th S(Q, r) = C, ngha l vic tn ti nghim

l

n nh t c xa

c i nh b

i (3.6-36) l iu kin cn v S(Q, r) = C.

(ii) Xc nh tp nghim ti tiu S
min
(Q, r): xa

c i nh c c u tru

c cu

a t p S(Q, r),
ti p theo ta ch cn xc nh t p S
min
(Q, r), t.l. ta gii bi ton tm trong cc phn t p s p*,
tt c cc nghim ti tiu ca (3.6-35). Khng m t ti

nh t ng qua

t gia

thi t r ng r
1
> > r
s
>
0, v

i s > l, ngha l gi thit ny ko theo vic ta ch xt phng trnh (3.6-35) v

i vi c ru

t
gn vect r xu ng co

n s thnh phn. Th c v y, n u ca

c tha

nh ph n cu

a vect ha

ng r khng
phi l dy s n iu khng tng , ta ch cn th c hi n m t php hon v thch h p ca

c vi
tr ca chng . Ta co

quy n la

m c i u ma

y vi

t p chi

s cu

a vect r tng

ng v

i ca

c
ph n t

cu

a khng gian W m cc phn t ca n khng b bu c pha

i c x p th

t. Sau
o

, khng lm thay i phng trnh ma trn (3.6-35) chng ta thc hin chnh php hon
v i vi cc ch s ct ca ma trn Q (lu y

r ng chi

s c t cu

a Q trng vi ch s cc
thnh phn ca r). Ngoi ra, v

i thnh phn r
k
= 0, k > s, ta co

th loa i bo

tha

nh ph n na

y cu

a
vect r v ct th k ca Q, v n u p l nghim ca phng trnh (3.6-35) a

c ru

t go n thi

ta cng c max
1sj sm
min{p
j
, q
jk
} = r
k
= 0. Thc vy, v p* l nghim nn ta phi c

max
1sj sm
min{
*
j
p , q
jk
} = r
k
= 0. (3.6-37)

p* nghim ln
nht
1
p
v
nghim
ti tiu
2
p
v
nghim ti
tiu
nghim
t
p
v

ti tiu

. . . .
Hinh 3.6-1. C u tru

c t p S(Q, r)
69
T y ta suy ra nu q
jk
= 0 th
*
j
p = 0 v nu q
jk
= 0 th
*
j
p c th nhn gi tr ty trong [0,
1] m ta vn c ng thc (3.6-37). V p s p*, nn ta c p
j
= 0 i vi j m q
jk
= 0 v do p
tha mn (3.6-37). Nh vy mi nghim ca phng trnh (3.6-35) rt gn u l nghim ca
phng trnh gc.

By gi ta ch ra rng ta c th rt gn tip phng trnh (3.6-35) b cc d liu lin quan
n cc ch s j m
*
j
p = 0. C th i vi nhng ch s j ny ta loi b thnh phn
*
j
p ca
vect p* v hng th j ca ma trn Q. Khi , nu p l nghim ca pgng trnh (3.6-35) rt
gn, th khi khi phc li thnh phn th j loi vi gi tr bng 0 ta s thu c nghim
ca phng trnh gc, t.l. vic p c khi phc nh vy s tha phng trnh gc.

Nh vy, chng ta c th gi thit rng mi thnh phn ca vect nghim ln nht p* v
vect r u khc 0, t.l.
*
j
p = 0, vi j = 1, , m, v r
k
= 0, vi k = 1, , l. Khi , cho trc
Q, r v p* tha mn cc iu kin trn, tp nghim ti tiu ca phng trnh rt gn (3.6-35)
c xc nh bng mt th tc.

trnh vic trnh by cc k thut phc tp chng ta s khng chng minh tnh ng
n ca th tc ny. Nhng nm c tng ca th tc ta nu ra mt s nhn xt trc
quan.

Ta vit li cng thc (3.6-32) xem xt, vi lu rng ta b qua ch s i trong cng
thc ny v ta ang xt bi ton ca mt phn hoch vi phng trnh (3.6-35):

r
k
= max
1sjsm
min(p
j
, q
jk
), (*)

trong p
j
l thnh phn ca mt vect nghim ti tiu no . Nh vy, phi c nhng ch
s j min(p
j
, q
jk
) = r
k
, vi mi k. V p l ti tiu nn, i vi nhng ch s j nh vy, ta phi
c p
j
= r
k
. i vi nhng ch s j khc, gi tr p
j
ca vect p khng nh hng n kt qu
ca cng thc (*), v min(p
j
, q
jk
) < r
k
. V vy, v p l ti tiu nn p
j
= 0. V vy, cc bc
chnh ca th tc xc nh tp S
min
(Q, r) bao gm:

1. Xc nh cc tp J
k
(p*) = {j: 1 s j s m, min(
*
j
p , q
jk
) = r
k
}, k = 1, , l.
Thit lp tich -cc
J(p*) = J
1
(p*) J
2
(p*) J
l
(p*).

K hiu cc phn t ca J(p*) l | = (|
k
: k = 1, , l).

2. i vi mi | e J(p*) v mi ch s j, 1 s j s m, ta xc nh tp sau

K(|, j) = {k : 1 s k s l, |
k
= j}.

3. Vi mi phn t | e J(p*), ta sinh cc vect sau g(|) = (g
j
(|): j = 1, , m), trong

g
j
(|) =

C =
e
otherwise
j K if r
k j K k
0
, ) , ( max
) , (
|
|
.
70

4. L a cho n trong ca

c vect m-chi u c sinh ra trong B

c 3 nh

ng ph n t

t i ti u
theo quan h th

t m t ph n trong P. Cc phn t nh vy tn ti v s cc phn t g(|) l

h

u ha n va

chu

ng la

t p t t ca

ca

c nghi m t i ti u.

V d 3.6-2. Cho tr

c quan h Q v r nh sau:

Q =
|
|
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
0 , 0 6 , 0 3 , 0 1 , 0
0 , 0 5 , 0 0 , 1 8 , 0
0 , 0 2 , 0 7 , 0 9 , 0
1 , 0 5 , 0 4 , 0 1 , 0
v r = ( ) 0 , 0 5 , 0 7 , 0 8 , 0

Hy xc nh tp tt c cc nghim S(Q, r) ca (3.6-35).


(i) Tr

c h t ta xa

c i nh nghi m l

n nh t p* d a va

o cng th

c (3.6-36). Ta co

,


*
1
p = min(1,0 1,0 1,0 0,0) = 0,0

*
2
p = min(0,8 1,0 1,0 1,0) = 0,8

*
3
p = min(1,0 0,7 1,0 1,0) = 0,7

*
4
p = min(1,0 1,0 0,5 1,0) = 0,5

v p* = (0,0 0,8 0,7 0,5). Chng ta co

th ki m ch

ng r ng p* l nghim v do S(Q, r)
= C.

(ii) Xc nh cc nghim ti tiu: Do
*
1
p = 0,0 v r
4
= 0,0 ta co

phng tri

nh ma tr n ru

t
gn sau:

( ) ( ) 5 , 0 7 , 0 8 , 0
6 , 0 3 , 0 1 , 0
5 , 0 0 , 1 8 , 0
2 , 0 7 , 0 9 , 0
4 3 2
=
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
p p p .

By gi

ta th

c hi n thu

tu c 4 b

c a

tri

nh ba

trn.

1. V

i p* = (0,8 0 ,7 0 ,5), ta co

J
1
(p*) = {2}, J
2
(p*) = {2, 3} v J
3
(p*) = {3, 4}. V y,
J(p*) = {2} {2, 3} {3, 4}. (Lu rng, sau khi rt gn, j = 2, 3, 4 cn k = 1, 2, 3).

2. T p K(|, j) v cc vect g(|), | e J(p*) = {2} {2, 3} {3, 4}, c xa

c i nh va

lit
k trong Ba

ng 3.6-3 sau:

Bng 3.6-3: Kt qu Bc 2 v 3 trong V d 3.6-2
71

K(|, j)
j :=
2 3 4
g(|)
j := 2 3 4
| = 2 2 3
2 2 4
2 3 3
2 3 4
{1, 2} {3} C
{1, 2} C {3}
{1} {2, 3} C
{1} {2} {3}
(0,8 0,5 0,0)
(0,8 0,0 0,5)
(0,8 0,7 0,0)
(0,8 0,7 0,5)

3. i vi mi | e J(p*), ta sinh cc vect g(|) c cho trong ct cui ca Bng 3.6-3.

4. Da trn quan h th t trn P, ta thy c hai vect ti tiu l (0,8 0,5 0,0) v (0,8 0,0
0,5) v chng l lp thnh tt c cc nghim ti tiu ca phng trnh ma trn cho. Quay
v phng trnh gc cha rt gn, nghim ti tiu thu c bng vic thm thnh phn
*
1
p =
0,0 v, do , ta thu c S
*
(Q, r) = {(0,0 0,8 0,5 0,0), (0,0 0,8 0,0 0,5)}.

3.6.4.4. Lp lun vi phng trnh quan h da trn cc php hp thnh sup-T

Xt phng trnh ma trn
P
T
Q = R (3.6-38)

trong , thay v php hp thnh max-min, o
T
y l php hp thnh sup-T vi php t-norm
T, cn cc k hiu lin quan n cc quan h P, Q v R hon ton gi nguyn nh trong mc
trn. Tng t nh trong Mc 3.6.4.3, bi ton t ra l cho trc cc ma trn Q v R, hy
tm nghim ma trn P. Ta s s dng cng cc k php nh trong mc trc, chng hn S(Q,
R) l tp tt c cc nghim ca (3.6-38), p* l nghim ln nht, t.l. n l phn t ln nht ca
S(Q, R) trong tp sp th t mt phn P.

Nh ta bit, phng trnh (3.6-38) biu th mt tp cc phng trnh c dng

sup
1sjsm
T(p
ij
, q
jk
) = r
ik
(3.6-39)

vi mi i = 1, , n v k = 1, , l, v T l mt php t-norm cho trc.

gii bi ton ny, chng ta nghin cu hai loi php tnh hp thnh c gi l php
hp thnh sup-T (hay max-T, trong trng hp hu hn) v php hp thnh inf
IT
.

1) Php hp thnh sup-T trn cc quan h m

Khi qut ha ca php hp thnh sup -min, hay max-min trong tr

ng h p h

u ha n , l
php hp thnh sup-T, k hiu l
T
, c i nh ngha nh sau:

(P
T
Q)(u, w) = sup
v e V
T(P(u, v), Q(v, w)) (3.6-40)

v

i u e U v w e W. Nh v y no

tr

v phe

p h p tha

nh sup-min khi thay phe

p t-norm T
b ng phe

p t-norm min (.).

72
Gi s P, P
j
l cc quan h m trn U V, Q v Q
j
l cc quan h m xc dnh trn U
W v R l quan h m xc nh trn W Z, trong o

chi

s j e J . Khi o

, chng ta c th
ki m ch

ng tnh u

ng n cu

a ca

c ti

nh ch t sau:

(i) (P
T
Q)
T
R = P
T
(Q
T
R), (tnh cht kt hp ca php o
T
)

(ii) P
T
) (

J j
j
Q
e
=
) (

J j
j
Q P
T
e
,

(iii) P
T

) ( ) (


J j
j
J j
j
Q P Q
T
e e
_
,

(iv) ) (

J j
j
P
e

T
Q =
) (

J j
j
Q P
T
e
,

(v)
) ( ) (


J j
T
j
T
J j
j
Q P Q P
e e
_
,

(vi) (P
T
Q)
t
= Q
t

T
P
t
, trong o

phe

p
t
la

phe

p chuy n vi ma tr n ha

ng
thnh ct hay, m t ca

ch tng ng , chuy n c t
thnh hng;

(vii) Q
1
_ Q
2
(P
T
Q
1
_ P
T
Q
2
) & (Q
1

T
P _ Q
2

T
P).

By gi

ta chi

xe

t tr

ng h p ma

t t ca

ca

c quan h m

2-ngi u xa

c i nh trn k hng
gian U U, hay go i n gia

n la

ca

c quan h 2-ngi trn U. T p t t ca

ca

c quan h nh v y
c ki

hi u la

R(U). Tng t nh trong Mu c 3.4.3, y ta c khi nim T-b c c u:

Quan h 2-ngi R trn U l T-b c c u n u va

chi

n u R
T
R _ R.

N u R khng pha

i la

T-b c c u ta i nh nghi

a bao o

ng T-b c c u cu

a no

, k hiu l R
T
, l
quan h T-b c c u nh nht ch

a R. nghin c

u bao o

ng T-b c c u cu

a quan h R, ta a
ra ky

pha

p sau : K hiu R
2(T)
= R, R
2(T)
= R
T
R v, b

i quy na p, ta i nh nghi

a R
k(T)
= R
k-1(T)

T
R. N u khng co

gi

nh m l n , cho gn, ta loa i bo

ki

hi u (T) s m, t.l. thay vi

vi t
R
k(T)
ta vi t R
k
. Theo tnh cht kt hp ca o
T
, ta c R
k

T
R
l
= R
k+l
.

Theo nh ngha ca php
T
, ta c th thy rng

R
k
(u, v) =
)) , ( ),..., , ( ), , ( ( sup
1 2 1 1 ,...,
1 1
v z R z z R z u R T
k z z
k

(3.6-41)



73
i nh ly

3.6.4-3. V

i mo i quan h 2-ngi trn U, bao o

ng T-b c c u cu

a R c ti

nh theo
cng th

c sau:
R
T
=

< sn
n
R
1
(3.6-42)
Ch

ng minh: Trc ht ta chng minh quan h S =

< sn
n
R
1
tha tnh cht bc cu.
Thc vy, theo tnh cht (iv) v (ii), ta thy

S
T
S =

< sn
n
R
1

T

< sm
m
R
1
=

< s < s n m
m
T
n
R R
1 1
) (


=


< s < s n m
m
T
n
R R
1 1
) (
=

< s
+
m n
m n
R
, 1


_

< sn
n
R
1
= S,

ngha l, theo nh ngha, S l quan h T-bc cu.

R rng ta c R _ S v do ta ch cn cn chng minh l S l nh nht trong cc quan
h T-bc cu cha R. Gi s Q l quan h T-bc cu bt k cha R. Khi , ta c

R
2
= R
T
R _ Q
T
Q _ Q.

Bng quy np, gi s R
n
_ Q, ta suy ra R
n+1
= R
T
R
n
_ Q
T
Q _ Q. Do vy, vi mi n, ta
thu c R
n
_ Q. iu ny ko theo kt lun S =

< sn
n
R
1
_ Q, t.l. S l nh nht trong
nhng quan h m Q nh vy v do , theo nh ngha, S = R
T
.

nh l 3.6.4-4. Gi s R l quan hrrj m phn x trn tp U hu hn n phn t, n > 2.
Khi , ta c
R
T
= R
n-1
.

Chng minh: V R l phn x, ta c E _ R, trong E l ma trn n v. Khi , R = E
T
R _ R
T
R = R
2
. T suy ra rng R
n
_ R
n+1
, vi mi s nguyn n.

Trc khi chng minh tip, d hiu ta nhc li mt tnh cht ca cc php t-norm T.
Do tnh cht kt hp ca T ta c th vit T(a
1
, T(a
2
, a
3
)) = T(a
1
, a
2
, a
3
) v do , theo quy
np, ta cng c T(a
1
, a
2
, , a
m
) = T(a
1
, T(a
2
, a
3
, , a
m
)), a
i
e [0, 1]. Da vo cc tnh cht
ca t-norm ta c th thy rng

T(a
1
, , a
i-1
, a
i
, a
i+1
, , a
m
) s T(a
1
, , a
i-1
, a
i+1
, , a
m
), (3.6-43)

tc l khi b bt mt ton hng th hm T khng gim. Thc vy, do tnh n iu ca T, tnh
cht T(a, 1) = a v tnh giao hon, ta c
T(a
1
, , a
i-1
, a
i
, a
i+1
, , a
m
) s T(a
1
, , a
i-1
, 1, a
i+1
, , a
m
)
74
= T(a
1
, , a
i-1
, a
i+1
, , a
m
, 1)
= T(T(a
1
, , a
i-1
, a
i+1
, , a
m
),1)
= T(a
1
, , a
i-1
, a
i+1
, , a
m
),

t.l. ta thu c cng thc (3.6-43).

By gi ta chng t rng R
n
= R
n-1
hay R
n
(u, v) = R
n-1
(u, v), vi u, v e U, y n = |U|.
Vi u = v, ta c 1 s R
n-1
(u, u) s R
n
(u, u) s 1, hay R
n
(u, u) = R
n-1
(u, u). Gi s rng u = v. Theo
cng thc (3.6-41) ta c

R
n
(u, v) = )) , ( ),..., , ( ), , ( ( sup
1 2 1 1 ,...,
1 1
v z R z z R z u R T
n z z
n

.

Do n = |U|, dy cc phn t u = z
0
, z
1
, z
2
, , z
n-1
, z
n
= v phi c hai phn t bng nhau,
chng hn z
i
= z
j
, vi 0 s i < j s n. Khi , da vo (3.6-43) v (3.6-41), ta thu c


)) , ( ),..., , ( ),..., , ( ),..., , ( (
1 1 1 1
v z R z z R z z R z u R T
n j j i i +

s
)) , ( ),..., , ( ), , ( ),..., , ( (
1 1 1 1
v z R z z R z z R z u R T
n j j i i +

s R
k
(u, v) (vi k s n 1)
s R
n-1
(u, v).

T bt ng thc ny v (3.6-41), ta suy ra R
n
(u, v) s R
n-1
(u, v), vi u, v e U, t.l. ta c R
n
_
R
n-1
. Nh vy, ta chng minh rng R
n
= R
n-1
. iu ny ko theo ng thc R
m
= R
n-1
, vi
mi m > n. Vy, (3.6-42) dn n ng thc R
T
= R
n-1
.

2) Php hp thnh
T

inf trn cc quan h m

Cho php t-norm T, php ko theo lin kt vi T, J
T
, c nh ngha trong Mc 3.6.2 l

J
T
(s, t) = sup {u e [0, 1] : T(s, u) s t} (3.6-44)

Gi s P v Q l hai quan h m xc nh tng ng trn U V v V W. Php hp
thnh
T

inf , k hiu l
T

, trn cc quan h m 2-ngi c nh ngha nh sau

(P
T

Q)(u, w) = inf
v e V
J
T
(P(u, v), Q(v, w)) (3.6-45)

vi mi (u, w) e U W.

Php hp thnh
T

c cc tnh cht sau:

nh l 3.6.4-5. Cho cc quan h m P(U, V), Q(V, W), R(U, W) v S(W, Z). Khi ,

(i) Cc khng nh sau l tng ng

P
T
Q _ R ; (3.6-46)
75
Q _ P
t

T

R ; (3.6-47)
P _ (Q
T

R
t
)
t
; (3.6-48)

(ii) Ta c: P
T

(Q
T

S) = (P
T
Q)
T

S. (3.6-49)

Chng minh: (i) Theo nh l 3.6.2-1, ta c

T(P(u, v), Q(v, w)) s R(u, w) nu v ch nu J
T
(P(u, v), R(u, w)) > Q(v, w),

vi mi u e U, v e V v w e W. T y ta suy ra

sup
v e V
T(P(u, v), Q(v, w)) s R(u, w) nu v ch nu sup
u e U
T(P
t
(v, u), R(u, w)) > Q(v, w).

Ngha l, (3.6-46) v (3.6-47) l tng ng.

chng minh (3.6-48), ta hy vit li (3.6-46) theo tng im (u, w), u e U, w e W,
nh sau

sup
v e V
T(P(u, v), Q(v, w)) s R(u, w).

Biu thc ny tng ng vi sup
v e V
T(Q
t
(w, v), P
t
(v, u)) s R
t
(w, u), t.l. ta c

Q
t

T

P
t
_ R
t
. (3.6-50)

p dng s tng ng gia (3.6-46) v (3.6-47), ta suy ra (3.6-50) tng ng vi (3.6-
48) v do (3.6-48) tng ng vi (3.6-46).

(ii) l h qu trc tip ca khng nh (iii), nh l 3.6.2-1, ni rng J
T
(T(s, t), u) =
J
T
(s, J
T
(t, u)), vi mi s, t, u e [0, 1].


nh l 3.6.4-6. Cho cc quan h m P(U, V), P
j
(U, V), Q(V, W) v Q
j
(V, W), vi j e J.
Khi ,

Q P
J j
j
T

) (
=
) ( Q P
T
J j
j

, (3.6-51)


Q P
T
J j
j

) (
_
) ( Q P
J j
j
T

, (3.6-52)

J j
j
Q P
T
e

) (
=
) (
j
J j
Q P
T

, (3.6-53)

J j
j
Q P
T
e

) (
_
) (
j
J j
Q P
T

. (3.6-54)

76

Chng minh: Cc khng nh tng ng c suy ra trc tip t cc khng nh (vii),
(vi), (ix) v (viii) trong nh l 3.6.2-1.

Sau y ta pht biu nh l v tnh n iu ca php hp thnh
T

.

nh l 3.6.4-7. Cho cc quan h m P(U, V), Q
1
(V, W), Q
2
(V, W) v R(U, W). Khi ,
nu Q
1
_ Q
2
, th

P
T

Q
1
_ P
T

Q
2
v Q
1

T

R _ Q
2

T

R.

Chng minh: Do Q
1
_ Q
2
, ta c Q
1
Q
2
= Q
1
v Q
1
Q
2
= Q
2
. p dng (3.6-53) ta
thu c
(P
T

Q
1
) (P
T

Q
2
) = P
T

(Q
1
Q
2
) = P
T

Q
1
.

ng thc ny chng minh tnh ng n ca bao hm th nht pht biu trong nh l.

Bng cch tng t, ta c th chng minh bao hm thc th hai da vo (3.6-51).

Cc nh l v php hp thnh
T

l c s chng minh nh l sau m s c vai tr

quan trng trong vic gii cc phng trnh quan h.

nh l 3.6.4-8. Cho cc quan h m P(U, V), Q(V, W) v R(U, W). Khi , ta c

P
t

T
( P
T

Q) _ Q, (3.6-55)
R _ P
T

(P
t

T
R), (3.6-56)
P _ (P
T

Q)
T

Q
t
, (3.6-57)
R _ (R
T

Q
t
)
T

Q . (3.6-58)

Chng minh: Mt cch hin nhin ta c P
T

Q _ (P
t
)
t

T

Q. Thit lp tng ng cc
biu thc con ca biu thc ny vi cng thc (3.6-47) v chuyn v dng cng thc tng
ng (3.6-46) ta thu c (3.6-55). Mt cch tng t, t cng thc hin nhin ng P
t

T
R
_ P
t

T
R, khi thit lp tng ng vi cng thc (3.6-46) v p dng cng thc (3.6-47) tng
ng vi n, ta thu c (3.6-56).
By gi ta ly chuyn v ma trn ca (3.6-55) ta thu c [P
t

T
( P
T

Q)]
t
_ Q
t
. Do (R
T

S)
t
= S
t

T
R
t
, vi mi quan h R v S, ta c ( P
T

Q)
t

T
P _ Q
t
. Li thit lp cng thc con
ca cng thc ny tng ng vi cng thc con ca (3.6-46) v thay th vo cnt thc tng
ng (3.6-47) ta thu c (3.6-57).
Cng thc (3.6-58) r rng suy ra trc tip t (3.6-57).

Ta c nhn xt l nu cc du bao hm trong (3.6-55) v (3.6-56) l du ng thc th c
th xem hai php hp thnh sup-T v inf-T l i ca nhau. Tuy nhin, y chng ta ch c
77
du bao hm nhng chng cng th hin mi lin h gia hai php hp thnh. V vy, ta c
th xem chng l i ca nhau theo ngha yu nh vy.

By gi ta tr li vic gii phng trnh (3.6-38), P
T
Q = R, khi cho trc cc quan h Q
v R.

nh l 3.6.4-9. Nu i vi phng trnh (3.6-38) ta c S(Q, R) = C, th P* = (Q
T

R
t
)
t

l ln nht trong S(Q, R).

Chng minh: Ly mt nghim P e S(Q, R), t.l. P
T
Q = R. Theo s tng ng ca
cng thc (3.6-46) v (3.6-48) ta c

P _ (Q
T

R
t
)
t
= P*.

Vn cn li l chng minh P* e S(Q, R). t S = (Q
T

R
t
)
t

T
Q = P*
T
Q v, do , S
t

= Q
t

T
(Q
T

R
t
). Theo (3.6-55) ca nh l 3.6.4-8, ta thu c S
t
_ R
t
hay S _ R. Mt
khc, S = P*
T
Q _ P
T
Q = R v do S = P*
T
Q = R, ngha l P* l nghim ca
phng trnh (3.6-38).

T nh l trn ta thy phng trnh (3.6-38) c nghim hay iu kin cn v l

(Q
T

R
t
)
t

T
Q = R.


V d: Xt phng trnh (3.6-38) vi php t-norm T l php nhn s hc v Q v R c
cho nh sau:
Q =
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
3 , 0
2 , 0
1 , 0
v R =
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
27 , 0
18 , 0
12 , 0

Khi ,
(P*)
t
= Q
T

R
t
=
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
3 , 0
2 , 0
1 , 0
T

(0,12 0,18 0,27) =

|
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
9 , 0 6 , 0 4 , 0
0 , 1 9 , 0 6 , 0
0 , 1 0 , 1 0 , 1


Hay, P* =
|
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
9 , 0 0 , 1 0 , 1
6 , 0 9 , 0 0 , 1
4 , 0 6 , 0 0 , 1
.

78
Kim chng ta thy P*
T
Q =
|
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
9 , 0 0 , 1 0 , 1
6 , 0 9 , 0 0 , 1
4 , 0 6 , 0 0 , 1

T

|
|
|
.
|

\
|
3 , 0
2 , 0
1 , 0
=
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
27 , 0
18 , 0
12 , 0
,

ngha l S(Q, R) = C v P* l nghim ln nht.


nh l 3.6.4-10. Gi s P, P e S(Q, R). Khi ,

(i) iu kin P _ P _ P ko theo P e S(Q, R);

(ii) P P e S(Q, R), trong l php hp ng vi t-conorm max.

Chng minh: (i) Do R = P
T
Q _ P
T
Q _ P
T
Q = R, ta suy ra P
T
Q = R,
t.l. P e S(Q, R). (ii) Theo tnh cht (iv) ca php hp thnh sup-T, ) (

J j
j
P
e

T
Q =
) (

J j
j
Q P
T
e
, ta c (P P)
T
Q = (P
T
Q) (P
T
Q) = R R = R. iu ny
chng t P P e S(Q, R).


3.6.4.5. Lp lun vi phng trnh quan h da trn cc php hp thnh inf
I-T


Xt phng trnh quan h
P
T

Q = R (3.6-59)

trong php hp thnh sup-T c thay bng php hp thnh inf
I-T
lin kt vi php t-
norm T v P, Q v R l cc quan h m xc nh trn cc khng gian hu hn, ngha l
chng c biu din di dng ma trn.

Tng t nh i vi mc trn, cho trc P v R, ta k hiu S(Q, R) l tp tt c cc
nghim P ca phng trnh (3.6-59). Cho n nay cha c phng php no xc nh c
tt c cc nghim ti tiu, nhng nghim ti i c xc nh bi nh l sau:

nh l 3.6.4-11. Nu S(Q, R) = C, th P* = R
T

Q
t
l nghim ln nht trong S(Q, R).

Chng minh: Ly mt nghim bt k P e S(Q, R), t.l. P
T

Q = R. Xt biu thc R
T

Q
t
v da vo cng thc (3.6-57), i vi mi P v Q, ta c

P* = R
T

Q
t
= (P
T

Q)
T

Q
t
_ P. (3.6-60)

79
Theo cng thc (3.6-58) v kt hp nh l 3.6.4-7 v tnh n iu ca
T

vi (3.6-60), ta
thu c

R _ (R
T

Q
t
)
T

Q _ P
T

Q = R.

Do vy, P*
T

Q = (R
T

Q
t
)
T

Q = R, ngha l P* l nghim ln nht trong S(Q, R).

Nhn xt: Nh l mt h qu ca nh l trn, phng trnh (3.6-59) c nghim nu v
ch nu ta c (R
T

Q
t
)
T

Q = R.


V d: Gi s php t-norm T trong (3.6-59) l php nhn s hc v hai quan h m Q v
R c cho nh sau:
Q =
|
|
.
|

\
|
9 , 0 8 , 0
6 , 0 1 , 0
v R =
|
|
.
|

\
|
0 , 1 25 , 0
0 , 1 20 , 0
.
Khi ,
P* = R
T

Q
t
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
0 , 1 25 , 0
0 , 1 20 , 0

T

|
|
.
|

\
|
9 , 0 6 , 0
8 , 0 1 , 0
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
9 , 0 4 , 0
9 , 0 5 , 0


Kim chng bng vic thay P* vo phng trnh (3.6-59) ta thy


|
|
.
|

\
|
9 , 0 4 , 0
9 , 0 5 , 0

T

|
|
.
|

\
|
9 , 0 6 , 0
8 , 0 1 , 0
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
0 , 1 25 , 0
0 , 1 20 , 0
,

ngha l P* l nghim v l nghim ln nht ca S(Q, R).


Do (P
T

Q)
t
= Q
t

T

P
t
, bi ton tm nghim P ca phng trnh (3.6-59) khng th
chuyn trc tip v bi ton tm nghim Q khi cho trc P v R. K hiu S(P, R) l tp tt c
cc nghim ca bi ton sau, khi nghim ti tiu trong S(P, R) c xc nh bi nh l
sau. Tic l cho n nay chng ta cha c phng php tm cc nghim ti i trong S(Q, R).

nh l 3.6.4-12. Nu S(P, R) = C, th Q* = P
t

T
R l nghim nh nht trong S(P, R).

Chng minh: Ly nghim ty Q e S(P, R), t.l. P
T

Q = R. Xt biu thc P
t

T
R v
da vo (3.6-55), i vi mi quan h P v Q, ta c

Q* = P
t

T
R = P
t

T
(P
T

Q) _ Q (3.6-61)

80
Mt khc, theo cng thc (3.6-56) v nh l 3.6.4-7 v tnh n iu ca
T

, t (3.6-61) ta
thu dc
R _ P
T

(P
t

T
R) = P
T

Q* _ P
T

Q = R.

Do vy, P
T

Q* = R v, do (3.6-51) nghim Q* l nh nht.

Tng t nh i vi tp nghim S(Q, R), ta cng d dng chng minh cc tnh cht
tng t i vi tp S(P, R) nh sau:

1) Nu Q, Q e S(P, R), th iu kin Q _ Q _ Q ko theo Q e S(P, R);

2) Nu Q, Q e S(P, R), th Q Q e S(P, R).


V d: Gi s php t-norm T trong phng trnh (3.6-59) l php nhn s hc v hai quan
h P v R c cho nh sau

P =
|
|
.
|

\
|
9 , 0 4 , 0
9 , 0 5 , 0
v R =
|
|
.
|

\
|
0 , 1 25 , 0
0 , 1 20 , 0
.
Nh rng P y chnh l nghim ca bi ton trong v d trc.

Khi ,

Q* = P
t

T
R =
|
|
.
|

\
|
9 , 0 9 , 0
4 , 0 5 , 0

T

|
|
.
|

\
|
0 , 1 25 , 0
0 , 1 20 , 0
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
9 , 0 225 , 0
5 , 0 100 , 0
.

Thay Q* vo phng trnh (3.6-59), ta c

P
T

Q =
|
|
.
|

\
|
9 , 0 9 , 0
4 , 0 5 , 0

T

|
|
.
|

\
|
9 , 0 225 , 0
5 , 0 100 , 0
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
0 , 1 25 , 0
0 , 1 20 , 0
.

Vy, Q* l nghim nh nht trong S(P, R) ca phng trnh (3.6-59).


3,6.4.6. Nghim xp x ca phng trnh quan h

Xt phng trnh quan h

P
T
Q = R (3.6-62)

Nhn chung, vi Q v R cho trc, (3.6-62) khng c nghim v, do , bi ton t ra l hy
nghin cu vn nghim xp x ca phng trnh trn.
81

tng v nghim xp x nh sau.

Gi s phng trnh (3.6-62) khng c nghim. Khi , ta bin i mt cht cc quan h
m Q v R thnh quan h Q v R sao cho phng trnh

P
T
Q = R (3.6-63)

tr nn c nghim. Mt cch t nhin, chng ta xem cc nghim ca (3.6-63) l cc nghim
xp x ca (3.6-62) nu chng tha mn mt s iu kin hp l no . tng ny gi
cho chng ta a ra nh ngha sau y:

nh ngha 3.6.4-1. Mt quan h m P
~
c gi l nghim xp x ca (3.6-62) nu cc
iu kin sau tha mn:

(i) Tn ti cc quan h Q _ Q v R _ R sao cho

P
~

T
Q = R . (3.6-64)

(ii) Nu c nhng quan h P, Q v R sao cho Q _ Q _ Q, R _ R _ R v P
T

Q = R, th Q = Q v R = R.


hiu ngha ca nh ngha ny, ta hy vit phng trnh quan h (3.6-62) theo im
nh sau,
sup
v e V
T(P(u, v), Q(v, w)) = R(u, w) (3.6-65)

Khi , c th thy ngha ca iu kin (i) l: V phng trnh (3.6-62) khng c nghim,
ngha l c nhng im ti du ng thc trong (3.6-65) phi thay bng du nh hn <,
v do mun phng trnh quan h c nghim th hoc l phi thay th Q bng quan h ln
hn, hoc phi thay th R bng quan h nh hn, hoc c hai trng hp. ngha ca (ii) r
rng hn: R v Q tng ng phi gn R v Q nht nu chng tn ti.

lm sng t, ta a ra v d sau.

V d: Xt phng trnh
P
T

|
|
.
|

\
|
4 , 0 2 , 0
3 , 0 1 , 0
=
( ) 6 , 0 5 , 0
. (3.6-66)
trong
T
l php hp thnh sup-tch i s. Ta tnh quan h

P* = (Q
T

R
t
)
t
=
t
T
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
6 , 0
5 , 0
4 , 0 2 , 0
3 , 0 1 , 0

=
( ) 0 , 1 0 , 1 .
Do
82
P*
T

|
|
.
|

\
|
4 , 0 2 , 0
3 , 0 1 , 0
= ( ) 0 , 1 0 , 1
T

|
|
.
|

\
|
4 , 0 2 , 0
3 , 0 1 , 0
=
( ) 4 , 0 2 , 0 = ( ) 0 , 1 0 , 1 ,

theo nh l 3.6.4-9, ta suy ra phng trnh quan h (3.6-66) cho khng c nghim.

By gi cng ta i tm nghim xp x ca phng trnh (3.6-66). Gi s ta gim R thnh
R = (0,2 0,4). Khi , nu phng trnh thu c c nghim th n phi c dng P
~
= (Q
T

R
t
)
t
v c th kim chng thy ta cng c P
~
= (1,0 1,0), v

P
~

T

|
|
.
|

\
|
4 , 0 2 , 0
3 , 0 1 , 0
= ( ) 0 , 1 0 , 1
T

|
|
.
|

\
|
4 , 0 2 , 0
3 , 0 1 , 0
=
( ) 4 , 0 2 , 0 ,

ngha l P
~
l nghim ca (3.6-66). Gi s c R = (r
1
r
2
) sao cho R _ R _ R v phng
trnh sau
P*
T

|
|
.
|

\
|
4 , 0 2 , 0
3 , 0 1 , 0
= R
c nghim P = (p
1
p
2
). Kh , ta c h phng trnh

max{0,1p
1
, 0,2p
2
} = r
1
,
max{0,3p
1
, 0,4p
2
} = r
2
.

H ny ch c nghim ch khi r
1
s 0,2 v r
2
s 0,4, ngha l ch khi R _ R. Vy R = R,
v, theo nh ngha, P
~
l nghim xp x ca phng trnh (3.6-66). Hn nac, c th kim
chng l bt k quan h (a 1,0), vi a e [0, 1], u l nghim xp x ca (3.6-66) v do
nghim xp x khng duy nht.

By gi ta tm nghim xp x khi tng Q thnh Q =
|
|
.
|

\
|
6 , 0 5 , 0
3 , 0 1 , 0
. Khi , dng nghim ca
phng trnh P
T
Q = R l

P
~
= (Q
T

R
t
)
t
=
t
T
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
6 , 0
5 , 0
6 , 0 5 , 0
3 , 0 1 , 0

=
( ) 0 , 1 0 , 1 .
Kim chng ta thy

P
~

T

|
|
.
|

\
|
6 , 0 5 , 0
3 , 0 1 , 0
=
( ) 0 , 1 0 , 1
T

|
|
.
|

\
|
6 , 0 5 , 0
3 , 0 1 , 0
=
( ) 6 , 0 5 , 0
,

ngha l P
~
ng l nghim ca phng trnh P
T
Q = R. Gi s c quan h Q = (q
jk
) sao
cho Q _ Q _ Q v c tn ti nghim P = (p
1
p
2
) ca phng trnh mi P
T
Q = R. T
83
h thc Q _ Q _ Q ta suy ra q
11
= 0,1, q
12
= 0,3, 0,2 s q
21
s 0,5 v 0,4 s q
22
s 0,6. Thay
vo phng trnh ta c

(p
1
p
2
)
T

|
|
.
|

\
|
22 21
3 , 0 1 , 0
q q
=
( ) 6 , 0 5 , 0 ,

hay chng ta c

max{0,1p
1
, q
21
p
2
} = 0,5,
max{0,3p
1
, q
22
p
2
} = 0,5.

Suy ra, q
21
p
2
= 0,5 v q
22
p
2
= 0,6 v do ta phi c q
21
> 0,5 v q
22
> 0,6. iu ny
chng t Q _ Q, v ta thu c Q = Q. Theo nh ngha 3.6.4-1, P
~
= (1,0 1,0) l
nghim xp x ca (3.6-66).

T v d ny ta thy khng ch nghim xp x ca mt phng trnh quan h l khng
duy nht m c cc quan h b bin i R v Q cng khng duy nht.

Mt cu hi t ra l nghim xp x v s tn ti ca mt phng trnh quan h bt k?

nh l 3.6.4-13. Phng trnh quan h (3.6-62) lun lun c nghim xp x v P
~
= (Q
T

R
t
)
t
l nghim xp x ln nht.

Chng minh: Trc ht chng ta chng t rng P
~
= (Q
T

R
t
)
t
tha cc iu kin ca
nh ngha 3.6.4-1. Chn Q = Q v R = (Q
T

R
t
)
t

T
Q. Khi , hin nhin ta c P
~

T
Q
= R. Ta cn cn kim tra xem liu R _ R. T h thc (3.6-55) ta suy ra

R = (Q
T

R
t
)
t

T
Q = [Q
t

T
(Q
T

R
t
)]
t
_ (R
t
)
t
= R, (3.6-67)

ngha l iu kin (i) tha mn.

By gi ta kim tra iu kin (ii). Gi s rng c tn ti Q, R v P sao cho Q _ Q _ Q,
R _ R _ R v P
T
Q = R. V Q = Q, ta c P
T
Q = R, ngha l phng trnh P
T

Q = R c nghim. Theo nh l 3.6.4-9, P* = (Q
T

R
t
)
t
l nghim v l phn t ln nht
trong S(Q, R). V n l nghim nn ta c (Q
T

R
t
)
t

T
Q = R. Do R _ R _ R, ta c h
thc
Q
T

R
t
_ Q
T

R
t
_ Q
T

R
t
. (3.6-68)

Mt khc, n v tri ca bao hm thc trong (3.6-67) v h thc (3.6-56), ta c

Q
T

R
t
= Q
T

[Q
t

T
(Q
T

R
t
)] _ Q
T

R
t
.

84
Kt hp vi (3.6-68) ta thu c Q
T

R
t
= Q
T

R
t
v, do , ta c

R = (Q
T

R
t
)
t

T
Q = (Q
T

R
t
)
t

T
Q = R.

Nh vy, ta chng t rng iu kin (ii) tha mn v P
~
l nghim xp x ca (3.6-62).

Ta cn cn chng t rng P
~
l nghim ln nht. Thc vy, gi s P l mt nghim xp
x ca (3.6-62), ngha l c tn ti Q, R sao cho Q _ Q, R _ R v P
T
Q = R. Khi ,
theo nh l 3.6.4-9, P _ (Q
T

R
t
)
t
v, do tnh n iu (gim theo bin th nht, tng
theo bin th hai) ca
T

, ta c (Q
T

R
t
)
t
_ (Q
T

R
t
)
t
= P
~
. Ngha l, P _ P
~
.


3.6.5. L p lu n x p xi

a i u ki n

Nhn chung tng ca phng php lp lun xp x l thit lp cch tnh kt lun t
m t t p ca

c tri th

c da ng lu t (m nh n u-th) v cc s kin, d a trn ly

thuy t t p m

. Tri
th

c ca

ng y u

thi

k t lu n c tnh cng ph hp vi thc tin hn . Trong ca

c quy t c
l p lu n tri

nh ba

y trong ca

c Mu c 3.6.1 v 3.6.2, ti n chi

ch

a m t lu t va

vi

v y i khi
chng ta gi l phng php lp lun m n iu kin (fuzzy single conditional reasoning
method). Trong mu c na

y chu

ng ta nghin c

u phng pha

p l p lu n d a va

o nhiu lu t va

c go i la

phng pha

p l p lu n m

a i u li n (fuzzy multiple conditional reasoning

method). T m

trong thu t ng

na

y i khi c bo

qua cho go n.

Phng pha

p l p lu n a i u ki n c m ta

b ng l c sau:

Tin 1: Nu X l A
1
, th Y l B
1
Tin 1: Nu X l A
2
, th Y l B
2
. . . . . . . . . . . (3.6-69)
Tin n: Nu Y l A
n
, th Y l B
n

S ki n: X l A, .
Kt lun: Y l B

trong o

, X v Y l cc bin ngn ng vi cc khng gian tham chiu hay khng gian c s

tng

ng la

U v V, cn A
i
, B
i
, A v B, v

i i = 1, 2, , n, l nhng nhn ngn ng ca cc

t p m

xa

c i nh trn ca

c khng gian tham chi u U ho c V. T p n lu t pha

t bi u trong ca

c ti n
trn c gi l m hi

nh m

v n m t hay m hnh ha mi quan h gia hai i l ng

c m ta

b ng ca

c bi n X v Y b ng ca

c t p m

.

B t ky

phng pha

p na

o cho phe

p ti

nh k t lu n B t

ca

c ti n va

s ki n trong (3.6-69)
c go i la

m t phng pha

p l p lu n x p xi

a i u ki n.

V chng ta ang nm trong mi trng thng tin khng chc chn, m, nn s khng c
mt phng php lp lun chnh xc v duy nht. Mi phng php s xut pht t mt quan
st trc quan no . V vy, nhn chung chng ta s c mt s cch gii bi ton lp lun
xp x.
85

By gi

chu

ng ta nghin c

u m t s phng pha

p l p lu n x p xi

a i u ki n.

3.6.5.1. Phng php da trn quy tc modus ponens

Phng php ny da trn tng xem n lut trong m hnh m c lin kt vi nhau
bng php tuyn (disjuctive) hoc php hi (conjunctive). Nh vy ta c th p dng quy tc
modus ponens cho tng lut sau kt nhp (aggregate) cc kt lun thu c i vi tng
lut.

1) M hnh m c coi l tuyn ca cc lut

Phng php ny bao gm cc bc sau:

Bc 1: Chn mt phng php thng nht tnh quan h m R
j
(u, v) = J(A
j
(u), B
j
(v))
biu th ng ngha ca cc lut trong (3.6-69). Khi , vi d liu u vo A v vi mi lut
th j, j = 1, 2, , n, kt lun trung gian B
j
c tnh theo quy tc modus ponens tng qut

B
j
= A
T
R, hay B
j
(v) = sup
ueU
T(A(u), J(A
j
(u), B
j
(v))).

Bc 2: Biu th php hi lin kt cc lut bng php t-norm chun, t.l. php hp tp m,
ta tnh kt lun B theo cng thc

B =

n j
j
B
s s 1
'
, hay

B(v) = max
1sjsn
sup
ueU
T(A(u), J(A
j
(u), B
j
(v))), v e V. (3.6-70)


Trong trng hp php ko theo c nh ngha bi Mamdani, J(A
j
(u), B
j
(v)) =
min{A
j
(u), B
j
(v)}, v T l php t-norm chun, t.l. php min, cng thc trn s tr thnh

B(v) = max
1sjsn
sup
ueU
min{A(u), min[A
j
(u), B
j
(v)]}
= max
1sjsn
sup
ueU
min{min[A(u), A
j
(u)], B
j
(v))}
= max
1sjsn
min{sup
ueU
min[A(u), A
j
(u)], B
j
(v))}
= max
1sjsn
min{high(A A
j
), B
j
(v))} (3.6-71)

trong high(.) l chiu cao ca mt tp m. Gi tr high(A A
j
) c th c xem l
tng hp ca d liu u vo A vi tin t A
j
ca lut th j.

Vi nhng gi thit gii hn nh trn, t cng thc (3.6-71) ta thu c mt phng
php lp lun n gin hn nh sau:

Bc 1: V cc lut trong (3.6-69) l cc im ta tri thc chng ta suy lun, nn
vi gi tr u vo A ta hy tnh tng hp gia A v cc tin t A
j
ca lut th j, j = 1, 2,
, n, bng cng thc

86
r
j
(A) = high(A A
j
) = sup
ueU
min{A(x), A
j
(x)}.

Bc 2: V tng hp l r
j
(A), kt lun suy ra c da vo lut th j s l B
j
=
min{r
j
(A), B
j
}, t.l. B
j
l tp m B
j
b ct ngn sao cho chiu cao ca phn cn li l r
j
(A).

Bc 3: V s lin kt cc lut trong (3.6-69) c xem nh l php tuyn, kt lun
suy ra c t n lut s c tnh bng cng thc

B =

n j
j
B
s s 1
'


Gii hn cc tp m hnh tam gic, phng php lp lun xp x nh vy c th c
biu th trong Hnh 3.6-2, trong m hnh m ch cha 2 lut.






























2) M hnh m c coi l hi ca cc lut

Phng php lp lun trong trng hp ny hon ton tng t nh trn, ch khc bit
Bc 2 nh sau:

1
A
1
A U

1
B
1
V

r
1
(A)
Lut 1
1
A
2
A U

1
B
2
V

r
2
(A)
Lut 2
1
A U

1
B
1
B
2

V

Lut 2
Hnh 3.6-2
87
Bc 2: V m hnh m c xem l hi ca cc lut nn kt lun B c tnh bng
giao ca cc kt lun trung gian B
j
nh sau

B =

n j
j
B
s s 1
'
, hay

B(v) = min
1sjsn
sup
ueU
T(A(u), J(A
j
(u), B
j
(v))), v e V. (3.6-72)

Gii hn php ko theo c xc nh bi Mamdani v T l php t-norm chun, t.l. php
min, ta c cng thc tnh B nh sau

B(v) = min
1sjsn
sup
ueU
min{A(u), min[A
j
(u), B
j
(v)]}
= min
1sjsn
sup
ueU
min{min[A(u), A
j
(u)], B
j
(v))}
= min
1sjsn
min{sup
ueU
min[A(u), A
j
(u)], B
j
(v))}
= min
1sjsn
min{high(A A
j
), B
j
(v))} (3.6-73)


3.6.5.2. Phng php lp lun da vo vic m hnh ha ton hc ca m hnh m

M hnh m (3.6-69) biu th tri thc chuyn gia trong mt lnh vc ng dng no .
Khi xem n nh l mt i tng chung, khng tch ri, ta c nhu cu m hnh ha n bng
mt i tng ton hc, c th l bng mt quan h m. Vi cch nhn , ta xy dng mt
phng php lp lun nh sau:

Bc 1: Tng t nh Bc 1 trong Mc 3.6.5.1, mi lut trong m hnh m c biu
th bng mt quan h R
j
(u, v) = J(A
j
(u), B
j
(v)). xc nh quan h m biu din m hnh
m (3.6-69), chng ta thc hin vic kt nhp (aggregate) cc quan h R
j
(u, v) bng php t-
conorm chun hay php hp cc tp m:

R(u, v) =
) , (
1
v u R
n j
j
s s
. (3.6-74)

Bc 2: Hnh 3.6-3 th hin m hnh m (3.6-
69) c biu th bng quan h m R v, tng t
nh trng hp quy tc modus ponens, kt lun B
c tnh theo qua tc suy lun hp thnh:

B = A
T
R.


Nhn chung c s khc bit ln gia phng php lp lun xp x y vi phng php
c trnh by trong Mc 3.6.5.1. Tuy nhin, trong nhng iu kin hn ch chng li ng
nht vi nhau. Thc vy, cng nh trn, ta gi thit php ko theo c xc nh l
Mamdani, php
T
l php hp thnh sup-min, kt lun B c tnh nh sau

B(v) = sup
ueU
min{A(u), R(u, v)}
= sup
ueU
min{A(u), max
1sjsn
min[A
j
(u), B
j
(v)]}
R(u, v)
M hnh ton hc
ca (3.6-69)

A
B =
A
T
R
Hnh 3.6-3
88
= max
1sjsn
sup
ueU
min{A(u), min[A
j
(u), B
j
(v)]}
= max
1sjsn
sup
ueU
min{min[A(u), A
j
(u)], B
j
(v)]}
= max
1sjsn
min{sup
ueU
min[A(u), A
j
(u)], B
j
(v))}
= max
1sjsn
min{high(A A
j
), B
j
(v))}
= max
1sjsn
B
j
(v)

Vy,
B = A o R =

n j
j
B
s s 1
'


trong B
j
l phn tp m B
j
b ct ngn vi chiu cao cn li l high(A A
j
). iu ny
chng t B cng tnh c t phng php lp lun da trn quy tc modus ponens.

Ch : Trong trng hp chng ta xem cc lut ca m hnh m c lin kt bng php
hi, quan h m R trong cng thc (3.6-74) s c tnh theo cng thc sau

R(u, v) =

n j
j
v u R
s s 1
) , ( . (3.6-75)

Nhn chung, cho n nay, cho mt m hnh m (3.6-69) v mt cch biu th ng ngha
J(A
j
(u), B
j
(v)) ca cc lut trong m hnh, chung ta c 4 cch tnh kt lun u ra B nh sau:

(1) ) ( ' '
1
1

n j
j
T
R A B
s s
= (2) ) ( ' '
1
2

n j
j
T
R A B
s s
=
(3)

n j
j
T
R A B
s s
=
1
3
' ' (4)

n j
j
T
R A B
s s
=
1
4
' '

Trong trng hp php t-norm T ca php hp thnh
T
l php min, mi quan h gia 4
phng php lp lun nh vy c thit lp trong nh l sau:

nh l 3.6.5-1. Nu php hp thnh
T
l sup-min, ta c
2
B _
4
B _
1
B =
3
B.

Chng minh: Xt cng thc tnh
4
B:


4
B(v) = min
1 j n
(A o R
j
)(v)
= min
1 j n
sup
ueU
min [A(u), R
j
(u, v)]
> sup
ueU
min
1 j n
min [A(u), R
j
(u, v)]
= sup
ueU
min [A(u), min
1 j n
R
j
(u, v)]
= sup
ueU
min [A(u), (

n j
j
R
s s 1
)(u, v)]
= ( ) ( '
1

n j
j
T
R A
s s
)(v) =
2
B(v).

Nh vy chng ta chng t rng
2
B _
4
B.
Tip theo, ta thy rng A o R
j
_ ) ( '
1

n j
j
T
R A
s s
, vi mi j: 1 j n. Do vy,
89

n j
j
T
R A B
s s
=
1
4
' ' _ ) ( '
1

n j
j
T
R A
s s
=
1
B.

Cui cng, ta xt
1
B:


1
B(v) = sup
ueU
min [A(u),
) , (
1
v u R
n j
j
s s
]
= sup
ueU
max
1 j n
min [A(u), R
j
(u, v)]
= max
1 j n
sup
ueU
min [A(u), R
j
(u, v)]
= ) )( ' (
1
v R A
n j
j
T

s s
=
3
B(v).

Nh vy, nh l c hon ton chng minh.

V d: Xt mi quan h gia hai bin ngn ng p sut AS v nhit N trong h thng
iu khin phn phi cht lng trong mt nh my. Gi s nhit nm trong gii hn
[400;1000] theo n v psi v nhit trong gii hn [130;140] F.
Gi thit rng quan h gia hai i lng ny tun theo cc lut ca m hnh m sau:

Nu N := rt cao th AS := cao
(3.6-76)
Nu N := thp th AS := kh thp

Tp m biu th ng ngha ca cc gi tr ngn ng ca hai bin ngn ng c c trng
bi cc hm thuc sau:

Nhit rt cao = 0,0/134 + 0,0/135 + 0,2/136 + 0,4/137 + 0,7/138 + 1,0/139

Nhit thp = 1,0/134 + 0,8/135 + 0,6/136 + 0,4/137 + 0,2/138 + 0,0/139

p sut cao = 0,0/400 + 0,2/600 + 0,4/700 + 0,6/800 + 0,8/900 + 1,0/1000

p sut kh thp = 1,0/400 + 0,9/600 + 0,8/700 + 0,6/800 + 0,4/900 + 0,0/1000

1) Cu hi t ra l hy tnh p sut ca cht lng tng ng vi nhit l cao c c
trng bi hm thuc sau:

Nhit cao = 0,0/134 + 0,2/135 + 0,4/136 + 0,6/137 + 0,8/138 + 1,0/139

Gii: Ta s tnh p sut ng vi nhit u vo A = cao bng 4 phng php trn:

Trc ht chng ta tnh cc quan h m biu th hai lut trong (3.6-76).

Gi s rng quan h m R
i
, i = 1, 2, c tnh da theo php ko theo Zadeh, R(u, v) =
max{min[A(u), B(v)], 1 A(u)} v
T
l php hp thnh sup-min. Khi ,

90
R
1
(u, v) =
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
0 , 1 8 , 0 6 , 0 4 , 0 2 , 0 0 , 0
7 , 0 7 , 0 6 , 0 4 , 0 3 , 0 3 , 0
6 , 0 6 , 0 6 , 0 6 , 0 6 , 0 6 , 0
8 , 0 8 , 0 8 , 0 8 , 0 8 , 0 8 , 0
0 , 1 0 , 1 0 , 1 0 , 1 0 , 1 0 , 1
0 , 1 0 , 1 0 , 1 0 , 1 0 , 1 0 , 1
; R
2
(u, v) =
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
0 , 1 0 , 1 0 , 1 0 , 1 0 , 1 0 , 1
8 , 0 8 , 0 8 , 0 8 , 0 8 , 0 8 , 0
6 , 0 6 , 0 6 , 0 6 , 0 6 , 0 6 , 0
4 , 0 4 , 0 6 , 0 6 , 0 6 , 0 6 , 0
2 , 0 4 , 0 6 , 0 8 , 0 8 , 0 8 , 0
0 , 0 4 , 0 6 , 0 8 , 0 9 , 0 0 , 1
.

) ( ' '
1
2

n j
j
T
R A B
s s
= = (0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0) o
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
0 , 1 8 , 0 6 , 0 4 , 0 2 , 0 0 , 0
7 , 0 7 , 0 6 , 0 4 , 0 3 , 0 3 , 0
6 , 0 6 , 0 6 , 0 6 , 0 6 , 0 6 , 0
4 , 0 4 , 0 6 , 0 6 , 0 6 , 0 6 , 0
2 , 0 4 , 0 6 , 0 8 , 0 8 , 0 8 , 0
0 , 0 4 , 0 6 , 0 8 , 0 9 , 0 0 , 1


= (0,6 0,6 0,6 0,6 0,8 1,0)

i vi
4
B, ta tnh
A o R
1
= (0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0) o
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
0 , 1 8 , 0 6 , 0 4 , 0 2 , 0 0 , 0
7 , 0 7 , 0 6 , 0 4 , 0 3 , 0 3 , 0
6 , 0 6 , 0 6 , 0 6 , 0 6 , 0 6 , 0
8 , 0 8 , 0 8 , 0 8 , 0 8 , 0 8 , 0
0 , 1 0 , 1 0 , 1 0 , 1 0 , 1 0 , 1
0 , 1 0 , 1 0 , 1 0 , 1 0 , 1 0 , 1


= (0,6 0,6 0,6 0,6 0,8 1,0)

v A o R
2
= (0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0) o
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
0 , 1 0 , 1 0 , 1 0 , 1 0 , 1 0 , 1
8 , 0 8 , 0 8 , 0 8 , 0 8 , 0 8 , 0
6 , 0 6 , 0 6 , 0 6 , 0 6 , 0 6 , 0
4 , 0 4 , 0 6 , 0 6 , 0 6 , 0 6 , 0
2 , 0 4 , 0 6 , 0 8 , 0 8 , 0 8 , 0
0 , 0 4 , 0 6 , 0 8 , 0 9 , 0 0 , 1


= (1,0 1,0 1,0 1,0 1,0 1,0)
Vy,

n j
j
T
R A B
s s
=
1
4
' ' = (0,6 0,6 0,6 0,6 0,8 1,0)
91

By gi ta tnh
1
B =
3
B:
) ( ' '
1
1

n j
j
T
R A B
s s
=
= (0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0) o
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
0 , 1 0 , 1 0 , 1 0 , 1 0 , 1 0 , 1
8 , 0 8 , 0 8 , 0 8 , 0 8 , 0 8 , 0
6 , 0 6 , 0 6 , 0 6 , 0 6 , 0 6 , 0
8 , 0 8 , 0 8 , 0 8 , 0 8 , 0 8 , 0
0 , 1 0 , 1 0 , 1 0 , 1 0 , 1 0 , 1
0 , 1 0 , 1 0 , 1 0 , 1 0 , 1 0 , 1


= (1,0 1,0 1,0 1,0 1,0 1,0)

2) Xt d liu u vo nhit l thp c c trng bi hm thuc sau:

Nhit thp = 1,0/134 + 0,8/135 + 0,6/136 + 0,4/137 + 0,2/138 + 0,0/139

Tng t nh trn, ta tnh
) ( ' '
1
2

n j
j
T
R A B
s s
= = (1,0 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2 0,0) o
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
0 , 1 8 , 0 6 , 0 4 , 0 2 , 0 0 , 0
7 , 0 7 , 0 6 , 0 4 , 0 3 , 0 3 , 0
6 , 0 6 , 0 6 , 0 6 , 0 6 , 0 6 , 0
4 , 0 4 , 0 6 , 0 6 , 0 6 , 0 6 , 0
2 , 0 4 , 0 6 , 0 8 , 0 8 , 0 8 , 0
0 , 0 4 , 0 6 , 0 8 , 0 9 , 0 0 , 1


= (1,0 0,9 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,4)

i vi
4
B, ta tnh:
A o R
1
= (1,0 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2 0,0) o
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
0 , 1 8 , 0 6 , 0 4 , 0 2 , 0 0 , 0
7 , 0 7 , 0 6 , 0 4 , 0 3 , 0 3 , 0
6 , 0 6 , 0 6 , 0 6 , 0 6 , 0 6 , 0
8 , 0 8 , 0 8 , 0 8 , 0 8 , 0 8 , 0
0 , 1 0 , 1 0 , 1 0 , 1 0 , 1 0 , 1
0 , 1 0 , 1 0 , 1 0 , 1 0 , 1 0 , 1


= (1,0 1,0 1,0 1,0 1,0 1,0)

92
v A o R
2
= (1,0 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2 0,0) o
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
0 , 1 0 , 1 0 , 1 0 , 1 0 , 1 0 , 1
8 , 0 8 , 0 8 , 0 8 , 0 8 , 0 8 , 0
6 , 0 6 , 0 6 , 0 6 , 0 6 , 0 6 , 0
4 , 0 4 , 0 6 , 0 6 , 0 6 , 0 6 , 0
2 , 0 4 , 0 6 , 0 8 , 0 8 , 0 8 , 0
0 , 0 4 , 0 6 , 0 8 , 0 9 , 0 0 , 1


= (1,0 0,9 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,4)

Vy,

n j
j
T
R A B
s s
=
1
4
' ' = (1,0 1,0 1,0 1,0 1,0 1,0) (1,0 0,9 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,4)

= (1,0 0,9 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,4).

By gi ta tnh
1
B =
3
B:

) ( ' '
1
1

n j
j
T
R A B
s s
=
= (1,0 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2 0,0) o
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
0 , 1 0 , 1 0 , 1 0 , 1 0 , 1 0 , 1
8 , 0 8 , 0 8 , 0 8 , 0 8 , 0 8 , 0
6 , 0 6 , 0 6 , 0 6 , 0 6 , 0 6 , 0
8 , 0 8 , 0 8 , 0 8 , 0 8 , 0 8 , 0
0 , 1 0 , 1 0 , 1 0 , 1 0 , 1 0 , 1
0 , 1 0 , 1 0 , 1 0 , 1 0 , 1 0 , 1


= (1,0 1,0 1,0 1,0 1,0 1,0)

Lu : Trong nhiu bi ton, chng ta i hi d liu u ra l gi tr thc nn chng ta
cn p dng mt phng php kh m no chuyn d liu u ra l tp m v gi tr
thc. Trong v d trn, nu cn thit ta c th bin i tp m ca d liu u ra thnh gi tr
thc thuc min tham chiu [134;140] ca bin ngn ng p sut bng mt phng php kh
m c trnh by trong Mc 3.3.10.

3.6.5.3. Phng php lp lun xp x a iu kin, nhiu bin

Trong mc cc trn chng ta nghin cu cc phng php lp lun xp x trong
phn tin t ca lut (mnh nu-th) ch c mt bin ngn ng. Trong mc ny chng ta s
cp n phng php lp lun trn cc lut m phn tin t c nhiu bin ngn ng tham
gia v chng c lin kt lgic bng cc php V hay HOC. Nh vy, chng ta c th c
cc trng hp sau:

Dng tin t hi: NU X
1
l A
1
V V X
m
l A
m
TH Y l B

93
Phng php lp lun i vi dng ny ta c th c xy dng bng vic a v phng
php i vi trng hp tin t ch c mt bin, nh thay tin t nhiu bin bng mnh X*
l A*, vi

A* = A*
1
A*
2
A*
m
(3.6-77)

trong , A*
i
l m rng hnh tr ca tp m A
i
trong tch -cc U
1
U
m
, ngha l A*
i

l mt tch -cc ch c ring thnh phn th i l A
i
cn cc thnh phn cn li l ton
khng gian U
j
, j = i, v hm thuc ca n l

A*(u
1
, u
2
, , u
m
) = min{A
1
(u
1
), A
2
(u
2
), , A
m
(u
m
)}.

Dng tin t tuyn: NU X
1
l A
1
HOC HOC X
m
l A
m
TH Y l B

Tng t nh trn, nhng A* c tnh theo cng thc

A* = A*
1
A*
2
A*
m
(3.6-78)
vi hm thuc l

A*(u
1
, u
2
, , u
m
) = max{A
1
(u
1
), A
2
(u
2
), , A
m
(u
m
)}.


Mnh vi NU KHNG v TR KHI

Nhng mnh iu kin c cha NU KHNG hay TR KHI c cu trc lgic cho
php chuyn v dng quen bit v do chugs ta c th s dng cc phng php lp lun
xp x trnh by trn.

(1) Mnh

NU X l A TH (Y l B
1
NU KHNG B
2
)

c th phn tch thnh cc mnh iu kin quen bit c lin kt vi nhau bng HOC
nh sau:

NU X l A TH Y l B
1

HOC
NU X l KHNG A TH Y l B
2


(2) Mnh

NU X l A
1
TH Y l B TR KHI X l A
2


cng nh trn, c th phn tch thnh cc mnh iu kin quen bit c lin kt vi
nhau bng HOC nh sau:

94
NU X l A
1
TH Y l B
HOC
NU X l A
2
TH Y l KHNG B

(3) Mnh

NU X
1
l A
1
TH Y l B NU KHNG (NU X
2
l A
2
TH Y l B
2
)

c th phn tch thnh

NU X l A
1
TH Y l B
HOC
NU X l KHNG A
1
V X
2
l A
2
TH Y l B
2


Dng mnh iu kin kt t

Trong thc t ta cng thng gp cc mnhj dng sau

NU X
1
l A
1
TH (NU X
2
l A
2
TH Y l B)

c th vit thnh mnh dng sau

NU X
1
l A
1
V X
2
l A
2
TH Y l B


3.6.5.4. Phng php lp lun xp x bng th

Phng php lp lun bng th khng c ngha trong tnh ton my tnh nhng n c
ngha cho vic chng ta trc tip tnh ton bng tay trong vic thit lp cc v d kim
tra tnh ng n ca lgic chng trnh my tnh v cho chnh vic trnh by v lnh hi ni
dung ca gio trnh ny.

Xt mt m hnh m nhiu bin hay cn gi l mt h lut sau ( n gin trong trnh
by chng ta gii hn ch 2 bin u vo):

NU X
1j
l A
1j
V X
2j
l A
2j
TH Y l B
j
, j = 1, 2, , n. (3.6-79)

Chng ta gii hn phng php lp lun th vi nhng gi thit sau:

- Cc tp m u dng tam gic hay hnh thang;
- Cc lut trong (3.6-79) lin kt bng php tuyn hoc hi;
- Quan h m c nh ngha da trn php ko theo Mamdani;
- Php hp thnh l sup-min.

95
Vi nhng gi thit trn ta c th xy dng mt phng php lp lun th kh n
gin v d dng thc hin tnh ton trc tip bng tay.

Trc ht, chng ta hy thit lp cng thc tnh tp m kt lun khi cho bit tp m u
vo A
1
v A
2
.

Vi php hp thnh sup-min:

B(v) = (A
1
A
2
) o R(u
1
, u
2
, v)

= sup
u1eU1, u2eU2
min{min[A
1
(u
1
), A
2
(u
2
)], max
1sjsn
R
j
(u
1
, u
2
, v)}

= sup
u1eU1, u2eU2
max
1sjsn
min{min[A
1
(u
1
), A
2
(u
2
)], R
j
(u
1
, u
2
, v)}

= max
1sjsn
sup
u1eU1, u2eU2
min{min[A
1
(u
1
), A
2
(u
2
)], R
j
(u
1
, u
2
, v)}

= max
1sjsn
(A
1
A
2
) o R
j
(u
1
, u
2
, v) = max
1sjsn
B
j
(3.6-80)

Cng thc (3.6-80) chng t rng, vi nhng iu kin php hp thnh l sup-min v lin
kt cc lut l tuyn, th kt lun B c th c tnh theo kt qu lp lun i vi tng lut:
B
j
= (A
1
A
2
) o R
j
(u
1
, u
2
, v), trong R
j
(u
1
, u
2
, v) l quan h m biu din ng ngha ca
lut th j.

Ta hy vit tng minh biu thc gii tch ca (3.6-80) vi R
j
tnh theo Mamdani:

B(v) = max
1sjsn
sup
u1eU1, u2eU2
min{min[A
1
(u
1
), A
2
(u
2
)], min[A
1j
(u
1
), A
2j
(u
2
), B
j
(v)]}

= max
1sjsn
sup
u1eU1, u2eU2
min{min[A
1
(u
1
), A
1j
(u
1
)], min[A
2
(u
2
), A
2j
(u
2
)], B
j
(v)}

= max
1sjs
n sup
u1eU1
sup
u2eU2
min{min[A
1
(u
1
), A
1j
(u
1
)], min[A
2
(u
2
), A
2j
(u
2
)], B
j
(v)}

= max
1sjs
n min{sup
u1eU1
min[A
1
(u
1
), A
1j
(u
1
)], sup
u2eU2
min[A
2
(u
2
), A
2j
(u
2
)], B
j
(v)}

(3.6-81)

Phn tch biu thc cha sup trong v phi ca ng thc cui cng trong (3.6-80) ta thy,
biu thc sup
u1eU1
min[A
1
(u
1
), A
1j
(u
1
)] xc nh chiu cao ca tp m A
1
A
1j
,
high(A
1
A
1j
). Mt cch tng t, sup
u1eU1
min[A
2
(u
1
), A
2j
(u
1
)] xc nh chiu cao
high(A
2
A
2j
) ca tp m A
2
A
2j
. Do vy, (3.6-81) tr thnh biu thc sau

B(v) = max
1sjs
n min{min[high(A
1
A
1j
), high(A
2
A
2j
)], B
j
(v)} (3.6-82)

K hiu h
j
= min[high(A
1
A
1j
), high(A
2
A
2j
)], biu thc min[h
j
, B
j
(v)], vi v e V, xc
nh phn ca tp m B
j
, B
j
, b ct ct ngn, c chiu cao cn li l h
j
. Vy, B c tnh theo
cng thc sau
B = B
1
B
2
B
n
(3.6-83)

96
V cc tp m dng tam gic hay hnh thang, biu thc (3.6-83) cho ta mt phng php
lp lun bng th c th tnh trc tip bng tay nh sau:

Bc 1. Vi mi j = 1, , n,
(i) Tnh chiu cao ca cc hnh tam gic hay hnh thang A
1
A
1j
v A
2
A
2j
. Ly h
j
l
chiu cao thp nht trong cc chiu cao tnh.
(ii) Ct phn ngn ca hnh tam gic hay hnh thang B
j
sao cho phn cn li B
j
ca n c
chiu cao l h
j
.

Bc 2. Ly hp ca cc tp hp B
j
, j = 1, , n, ta thu c tp m kt lun B.



Hnh 3.6-4 l mt v d gii tch cch tnh tp m kt qu da trn phng php lp lun
th. v d ny, h lut (3.6-79) c 2 lut v d liu u vo ca h l cp tp m tam
gic (A
1
, A
2
). ng vi Bc 1, i vi j = 1, ta ly giao ca hai tam gic A
11
v A
1
v giao
ca A
12
v A
2
, v min ca chiu cao ca hai tam gic thu c l h
1
. Ct ngn tam gic B
1
ta
thu c hnh thang c chiu cao l h
1
c t bng cc ng gch song song vi hai y.
Mt cch tng t, i vi j = 2, ta thu c hnh thang vi chiu cao l h
2
bng cch ct
ngn tam gic B
2
. Hp ca hai hnh thang kt qu l hnh c nh du bng cc ng
gch song song vi cnh y. Nu cn thit bin i tp m kt qu v gi tr thc, ta c th
s dng mt trong cc phng php kh m c trnh by trong Mc 3.3.10.

Ch : Trong trng hp d liu u vo l cc tam gic (A
1
, A
2
) suy bin thnh cc
gi tr thc, t.l. hm thuc ca chng l hm c trng ch khc khng ti gi tr thc th
cc bc ca phng php lp lun th vn vn dng c ng n.


3.7. ng dng lgic m

A
11
A
1
A
12
A
2
B
1
min

A
21
A
1
A
22
A
2
B
2
min

B
1
B
2
Hnh 3.6-4

h
1
h
2
97
Cng nh l thuyt tp m, mc d lgic m khng phi l mt l thuyt nht qun v c
mt cu trc cht ch nhng cng l mt c trng v l sc mnh ca lgic m v chng
ta s dng n nh l mt cng c ton hc m phng th gii thc mun hnh mun v, t
th gii t nhin n x hi, ngha l n cho php m phng nhng vn khng c cu trc
hoc cu trc yu. V vy, lgic m c th tm thy nhng ng dng trong mi lnh vc ca
cuc sng chng ta v v vy, ngy nay, nhiu khi ngi ta s dng thut ng cng ngh
lgic m - fuzzy logic technology. lm sng t vic ng dng phng php lun ca
lgic m trong gio trnh ny, chng ta nghin cu mt v d ng dng lgic m trong iu
khin v tham kho vi bi ton ng dng trong mt vi lnh vc khc nhau c trnh by
trong cun Fuzzy logic with engineering applications
5
.

3.7.1. ng dng lgic m trong bi ton iu khin con lc ngc

Lgic m c nhiu ng dng quan trng trong cc h iu khin, t iu khin cc qu
trnh trong cc nh my cng nghip, trong t n cc thit b thng dng nh my nh,
my quay video, my git Bi ton iu khin trong cc ng dn a dng nh vy c th
c c khi qut ha chung thnh mt h iu khin. Mt h iu khin c th xem nh
l mt t hp cc thnh phn vt l c thit k v lp rp c th thc hin chc nng
bin i, iu chnh hay tc ng mt lnh iu khin mt h thng vt l khc n t
c mt trng thi hay mt hnh vi mong mun no . Hnh vi ca mt h iu khin c
th c m hnh ha ton hc bng cc h phng trnh vi phn bc n kiu sau:


t u
dt
t y d
dt
t dy
t y t w
dt
t y d
n
n
n
n
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

) ( ,
) (
,...,
) (
), ( ,
) (
1
1
(3.7-1)

trong t l tham s thi gian, u(.) l hm u vo, w(.) l mt hm phi tuyn v y(.) l gi
tr u ra hay s phn ng ca h thng. Nu ta t cc hm h tr mi

x
1
(t) = y(t), x
2
(t) =
dt
t dy ) (
, , x
n
(t) =
1
1
) (

n
n
dt
t y d
(3.7-2)

ta s thu c mt h n phng trnh vi phn bc 1 sau:

) (
) (
2
1
t x
dt
t dx
= , , ) (
) (
1
t x
dt
t dx
n
n
=

, )) ( ), ( ),..., ( , (
) (
1
t u t x t x t w
dt
t dx
n
n
= (3.7-3)

ng dng lgic m trong iu khin, mt s gi thit c t ra:

(1) i tng iu khin phi quan st c v iu khin c, ngha l bin u vo v
bin u ra l phi c quan st, o c hay tnh ton c;
(2) C tn ti mt tri thc hiu bit v qu trnh iu khin bao gm mt tri thc chuyn
gia di dng cc lut ngn ng, mt tp d liu vo/ra o c, mt m hnh gii
tch c th m ha v t c th trch ra cc lut;
(3) S tn ti nghim;

5
Cun sch ny ca tc gi Timothy J. Ross i hc Tng hp New Mexico, do nh xut bn McGraw-Hill,
Inc., New York St. Louis San Francisco Auckland Bogota Caracas Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City
Milan Montreal New Delhi San Juan Singapore Sydney Tokyo Toronto
98
(4) Cc k s iu khin ch cn tm kim cc li gii tt, khng nht thit ti u;
(5) Bi ton iu khin c gii trong gii hn cc tri thc c c v trong mc
chnh xc chp nhn c.

Vi cc gi thit trn, bi ton iu khin c th c chuyn v bi ton iu khin m
da trn lgic m vi cc phng php lp lun xp x.

Chng ta hy xt bi ton iu khin con lc ngc, mt bi ton iu khin kinh in
lm v d minh ha. Bi ton ny c nhiu ng dng trong thc tin gi n nh mt h
thng, nh h thng pho trn xe tng bo m n nh hng bn khi chy trn a hnh
khng phng, h nh trc tri c n nh trong vng c ng t,

Mt h iu khin con lc ngc c n gin ha gm cc thnh phn nh trong Hnh
3.7-1, vi phng trnh vi phn m t h thng c cho nh sau

) ( sin /
2 2 2
t u g ml dt d ml = + (3.7-4)

trong m l khi lng ca im cc t ti u thanh con lc, l l di con lc, gc
lch gia trc tung v con lc theo chiu kim ng h, u(t) l mmen quay tc ng vo im
cc (u(t) l tc ng iu khin), t l thi gian v g l gia tc trng trng.

Hm h tr (3.7-2) trong trng hp ny l cc bin trng thi x
1
= v x
2
= d/dt v h
(3.7-4) tr thnh

dx
1
/dt = x
2
, dx
2
/dt = (g/l) sin(x
1
) (1/ml
2
)u(t)

Nh chng ta bit, vi = x
1
nh v tnh theo n v
radian, ta c sin(x
1
) = x
1
. By gi ta thit lp phng trnh
trng thi tuyn tnh ha v ri rc ha theo thi gian vi
vic o x
1
theo , o x
2
theo n v /giy ng thi
chn l = g v m = 180(t.g
2
) v thu c h phng trnh
vi phn ma trn quy sau

x
1
(k + 1) = x
1
(k) + x
2
(k)
(3.7-5)
x
2
(k + 1) = x
1
(k) + x
2
(k) u(k)

Gi s min xc nh ca cc bin trng thi c xc nh trong cc khong sau: - 2 s
x
1
s 2 v - 5 /gy s x
2
s 5 /gy. Bi ton iu khin m con lc ngc c gii theo cc
bc sau:

Bc 1: Xy dng 3 hm thuc ca tp m i vi bin x
1
trn min xc nh ca n
tng ng vi cc gi tr ngn ng positive (P), zero (Z) v negative (N) nh c ch ra
trong Hnh 3.7-2. Tng t, min xc nh ca bin x
2
c phn hoch thnh cc tp m vi
nhn ngn ng positive (P), zero (Z) v negative (N) v hm thuc ca chng c cho trong
Hnh 3.7-3.

d/dt

m





m
u
Hnh 3.7-1: Bi ton iu
khin con lc ngc





99
Bc 2: Phn hoch min ca bin iu khin u bng vic xy dng 7 tp m vi 5 tp
c nhn ngn ng l negative big (NB), negative (N), zero (Z), positive (P) v positive big
(PB) (hai tp m khng s dng trong lut nn khng nu c th nhn ngn ng), vi hm
thuc c cho nh trong Hnh 3.7-4. Min xc nh ca bin u
l khong -24 s u(k) s 24.

Bc 3: Tip theo chng ta xy dng h lut iu khin vi 9 lut c cho trong Bng
3.7-1, gi l bng FAM (Fuzzy Associative Memory), cho bi ton ng dng ca chng ta:
gi n nh h thng con lc ngc. Nhng gi tr ngn ng trong bng l cc tc ng iu
khin u(k) vo con lc ngc.






























Bc 4: Da vo tri thc c cho trong Bng FAM, chng ta xy dng vic m phng
bi ton iu khin gi n nh con lc ngc. Phng php lp lun xp x trong v d ny
l phng php lp lun bng th c trnh by trong Mc 3.6.5.4.

Gi tr ban u ca trng thi l x
1
(0) = 1 v x
2
(0) = - 4 /gy. Ta s tnh 4 chu k m
phng qu trnh iu khin n nh con lc ngc, t.l. vi chu k thi gian k = 0, 1, 2, 3. Qu
Bng 3.7-1: Bng FAM
N
2
Hnh 3.7-2.
Phn hoch m ca x
1
1 -2 -1
Z P
x
1
N
2
Hnh 3.7-3.
Phn hoch m ca x
2
1 -2 -1
Z P
x
2
5 4 3 -3 -4 -5
NB
12
Hnh 3.7-4.
Phn hoch m ca u vi 7 tp m
4 -12 -4
Z
u

24 20 16 -16 -20 -24 8 -8
N P PB
100
trnh tnh ton nh sau: Vi k = 0, da vo gi tr ban u ta xc
nh nhn cc hm thuc tng ng ca hai bin x
1
v x
2
m ti
hm thuc c gi tr khc khng xc nh xem cc lut no
c cho trong Bng FAM c t chy. Da vo cc lut ny
v s dng phng php lp lun th ta tnh tp m ca tc
ng iu khin u(k). Kh m tp m kt qu bng phng php
trng tm ta thu c gi tr thc ca u(k) v t phng trnh
(3.7-5) ta tnh c gi tr ca bin trng thi cho chu trnh k + 1, x
1
(k + 1) v x
2
(k + 1). Ly
cc gi tr ny lm gi tr u vo ca bc k := k + 1 v lp li qu trnh tnh ton trn.































By gi chng ta tnh c th cho tng chu k.

- Chu k k = 0: Da vo hnh 3.7-2 v 3.7-3, gi tr khi u x
1
(0) = 1 s xc nh cc
tam gic suy bin v giao ca n vi cc tam gic Z v P ca bin x
1
s c cng cao l 0,5
v, tng t, giao ca tam gic x
2
(0) = - 4 /gy vi tam gic N ca bin x
2
s c cao l
0,8 v vi tam gic Z s c cao l 0,2. Vi nhn cc hm thuc nh vy ca x
1
v x
2
v
nhn vo cc lut c ch ra trong Bng 3.7-1, ta thy cc lut sau s c t chy:

x
2

x
1

P Z N
P PB P Z
Z P Z N
N Z N NB
N
2
Hnh 3.7-5.
Phn hoch m ca x
1
x
1
= 1
-2 -1
Z P
x
1
0,5
N
2
Hnh 3.7-6.
Phn hoch m ca x
2
1 -2 -1
Z P
x
2
5 4 3 -3
x
2 =
-4
-5
0,8
0,2
Hnh 3.7-7.
Tp m kt qu ca bin iu khin u
4 -12 -4
Z
u

12 16 -16 8 -8
N P
u(0) ~ - 2
101
NU x
1
= P V x
2
= Z, TH u = P, vi P b ct ngn cao min(0,5, 0,2) = 0,2.

NU x
1
= P V x
2
= N, TH u = Z, vi Z b ct ngn cao min(0,5, 0,8) = 0,5.

NU x
1
= Z V x
2
= Z, TH u = Z, vi Z b ct ngn cao min(0,5, 0,2) = 0,2.

NU x
1
= Z V x
2
= N, TH u = N, vi N b ct ngn cao min(0,5, 0,8) = 0,5.

Ly hp cc tam gic P, Z v N b ct ngn ta thu c tp m hnh xc nh bi cc
ng k ngang m trong Hnh 3.7-7, v kh m bng phng php trng tm ta thu c
tc ng thc u(0) ~ - 2. Da vo cc phng trnh quy (3.7-5) vi k = 0 ta thu c x
1
(1)
= 1 4 = -3, x
2
(1) = 1 4 (-2) = -1.

- Chu k k = 1: Mt cch tng t nh i vi chu k k = 0, nhng vi gi tr ban u l
x
1
(1) = -3 v x
2
(1) = -1 s t chy cc lut sau (Hnh 3.7-8 v 9):



















NU x
1
= N V x
2
= N, TH u = NB, vi NB b ct ngn cao min(1,0, 0,2) = 0,2

NU x
1
= N V x
2
= Z, TH u = N, vi N b ct ngn cao min(1,0, 0,8) = 0,8.

Hp ca cc tp m tam gic NB v N b ct ngn, ta thu c hnh c cc ng gch ngang
m v kh m ca n c gi tr u(1) ~ -9,6 (Hnh 3.7-10). Vi gi tr ny cc gi tr ban u
cho chu k sau s c tnh nh sau

x
1
(2) = x
1
(1) + x
2
(1) = -3 + -1 = -4; x
2
(2) = x
1
(1) + x
2
(1) u(1) = 5,6.

- Chu k k = 2: Vi cc gi tr ban u trn, bng cch tnh tng t nh hai chu k trn,
ta xc nh c ch mt lut c t chy:

NU x
1
= N V x
2
= P, TH u = Z, vi Z b ct ngn cao min(1,0, 1,0) = 1,0.
N
2
Hnh 3.7-8.
Phn hoch m ca x
1
1
-2 -1
Z P
x
1
N
2
Hnh 3.7-9.
Phn hoch m ca x
2
1 -2
-4
Z P
x
2
5 4 3 -3
x
2 =
-1
-5
0,8
0,2
x
1
= -3
102

V vy tp m kt lun ch c mt tp m tam gic Z v, tt nhin, gi tr kh m ca l u(2)
= 0,0 (xem tam gic Z trong Hnh 3.7-10). Khi cc gi tr ban u ca chu k 4 s l x
1
(3)
= x
1
(3) = 1,6.

Chu k 4: Vi cc gi tr ban u trn, cc lut sau trong Bng 3.7-1 s c t chy:

NU x
1
= Z V x
2
= P, TH u = P, vi P b ct ngn cao min(0,25, 0,3) = 0,3

NU x
1
= Z V x
2
= Z, TH u = Z, vi Z b ct ngn cao min(0,25, 0,7) = 0,25

NU x
1
= P V x
2
= P, TH u = PB, vi PB b ct ngn cao min(0,75, 0,3) = 0,3

NU x
1
= P V x
2
= Z, TH u = P, vi P b ct ngn cao min(0,75, 0,7) = 0,7.






















Ly hp ca 4 tp m ct ngn ta thu c tp m trong Hnh 3.7-11 vi cc ng k
ngang m v kh m bng phng php trng
tm ta trhu c gi tr u(3) = 5,28.

nh gi phng php, ta xt tiu chun
sai s lch so vi v tr cn bng


) ( ) ( ) (
2
2
2
1
k x k x k e + = .

Trong Hnh 3.7-12 l th sai s e(k) sau 9
chu k iu khin. th th hin rng phng
NB
12
Hnh 3.7-10.
Tp m kt qu ca bin iu khin u
4 -12 -4
Z
u
24 20 16 -16 -20 -24 8
u(1) ~ -9,6
N P PB
NB
12
Hnh 3.7-11.
Tp m kt qu ca bin iu khin u
4 -12 -4
Z
u
24 20 16 -16 -20 -24 8
u(2) ~ -5,28
N P PB
0 2 4 6 8
10
0
2
4
6
7

k
Hnh 3.7-12: th sai s so vi
v tr cn bng
e(k)
103
php iu khin m cho php gi trng thi ca con lc ngc quanh v tr cn bng vi bin
chp nhn c.

3.7.2. Gii thiu ng dng ca lgic m trong mt s lnh vc

Vi c trng mm do v linh hot trong vic m phng cc phng cch lp lun ca
con ngi, lgic m c kh nng ng dng to ln v rng
khp, c bit kh nng ci t tr tu vo trong cc thit
b. V vy, Zadeh tng d on rng lgic m s tr
thnh mt b phn cu thnh ca cc thit b khi ng ni
cc thit b s khng cn c nh gi c bng sc
nga m bng ch s thng minh IQ. By gi chng ta
c th thy rt nhiu thit b trong cng nghip, trong tiu
dng c ng dng lgic m.

Trong Mc 3.7-1 chng ta gii thiu mt ng dng kh c th ca lgic m trong vic
gii mt bi ton iu khin v qua thy cch thc tip cn tnh ton m trong vic m
phng qu trnh lp lun ca con ngi ng dng trong iu khin da trn mt h tri thc
lut ca bi ton iu khin . cung cp mt s hiu bit c th thm v kh nng ng
dng ca lgic m, trong mc ny chng ta s trnh by mt gii thiu ngn v cc tng
ci t tri thc da trn cng ngh lgic m vo mt s thit b c th.

1) Bi ton iu khin da trn lgic m i vi huyt p trong gy m

Mt ng dng ca lgic m l vic iu khin m tr s huyt p trung bnh o su
ca vic gy m. Vic theo di bnh nhn bo m n ton trong qu trnh gy m su kh
phc tp. Bc s ph trch gy m phi theo di nhiu yu t nh iu khin s cn bng
dch, s lc mu, vic s dng thuc h tr trong qu trnh gy m, Nhng yu t cn
theo di nh vy hin nay khng th t ng ha ngoi tr vn iu khin huyt p. Do
, nu yu t theo di ny t ng ha c n s gii phng c khi s chm sc ca
bc s gy m h tp trung vo iu khin cc yu t khc, v nh vy lm tng tnh an
ton cho bnh nhn.

Qu trnh sinh hc ca vic gy m l qu trnh phc tp v n c m t ton hc bng
mt h phi tuyn, c cu trc ton hc thay i theo thi gian, vi tham s thay i theo thi
gian. V vy vic m hnh ha c th da vo lgic m: thit k mt h iu khin da trn
tri thc lut. Tnh mm do ca cch tip cn s c iu chnh thch ng vi ng dng da
trn qua trnh thit k theo vng lp v cc gi tr tham chiu xc nh cc hm thuc ph
hp. Ngoi ra cc lut iu khin s c xc nh nh vic th nghim v nh vo cc sai
s th nghim. Cc lut iu khin c xy dng da trn gi tr sai s gia gi tr trung
bnh huyt p thc o v huyt p mong mun t ti v gi tr tch phn sai s.

Bng 3.7-2: Lut ngn ng
S TT
lut
Input
e
Input
}e
Output
u
1 NS - PB
2 PS - PS
104
su ca vic gy m s c iu khin bi vic
tim hoc dn theo ng h hp mt hn hp thuc,
trong phn ln cc thnh phn hn hp l lm gim
huyt p. Mi quan h gia lng thuc iu khin u(t)
v huyt p c m t bng mt h phng trnh phc
tp nhng c chuyn i xp x thnh mt h lut ngn
ng cho trong Bng 3.7- 2, trong
NB l negative big, NS l negative
small, ZE l zero, PS l positive
small, PB l positive big v PV l
positive very big. T Bng 3.7-2 ta
xy dng bng FAM c cho trong
Bng 3.7-3, trong gi tr, chng
hn, PB\PV hng NS v ct NB
c hiu l nu ch cn e = NS th u = PB, cn nu ch cn }e = NB th u = PV.

Kt qu ng dng ny c Meier R., J. Nieuwland v S. Hacisalihzade nghin cu v
cng b trn tp ch IEEE Control Systems, Dec. 1992 v ch ra rng vic ci t tri thc
bng lgic m vo thit b ny l hiu qu.

2) Bi ton ng dng lgic m trong x l nh

thy kh nng ng dng ca lgic m trong x l nh, chng ta xt bi ton iu
khin t ng tiu c cho camera 35mm, b iu khin n nh t ng hnh nh cho camera
video v b iu chnh t ng hnh nh my TV.

(1) B tiu c t ng cho camera 35 mm

Cc nh sn xut camera ln ca Chu ng dng lgic m t ng quyt nh ly
tiu c vo vt th no trong min nh v t ng ly tiu c vo vt th (Shingu T., Y.
Nishimori, Fuzzy-based automatic focusing system for compact camera, Proceeding of the
third international fuzzy systems association congress, Seatle, WA, pp436-439 (1989)). C
s gii bi ton ng dng ny nh sau.

u tin ba im L (left), C (centre) v R (right) trn min nh (Hnh 3.7-13) c xc
nh v c o khong cch gia chng v camera. Cc gi tr khong cch ny v mi
quan h gia cc im xc nh l c s h lgic m quyt nh tiu c mong mun
nm im no v iu chnh tiu c vo im . Cc lut iu khin s dng trong m
phng thc nghim c cho trong Bng 3.7-4, trong Pl, Pc v Pr l cc gi tr ch mc
ph hp nu chn tng ng cc im L, C v R lm tiu c. H lut iu khin ci t thc
tn trong thit b tt nhin s phc tp hn nhiu.

3 NB - PV
4 PB - ZE
5 ZE ZE PM
6 ZE PS PS
7 ZE NS PB
8 - NB PV
9 - PB ZE
Bng 3.7-3: Bng FAM cho 9 lut ca Bng 3.7-2
}e
e
NB NS ZE PS PB
NB PV PV PV PV PV\ZE
NS PB\PV PB PB PB PB\ZE
ZE PV
PB
PM
PS ZE
PS PS\PV
PS
PS
PS PS\ZE
PB ZE\PV
ZE
ZE
ZE ZE
105









So snh cnh trong Hnh 3.7-14(a) v (b) chng ta thy cnh (a) i tng chnh cn
ly tiu c l L, trong khi cnh (b) l trung tm. Tuy nhin trong c hai hnh mi quan h
gia L, C v R u tun theo h thc L < C < R v do c hai trng hp chng u tha
cc Lut 2 v 5 trong Bng 3.7-4. Khi h iu chnh tiu c t ng s quyt nh da vo
gi tr c th ca L, C v R hay cc hm thuc ca chng. Mt cch tip cn tng t, nu s
dng lgic 2-tr th r rng s phc tp hn nhiu v n cn nhiu lut iu khin hn rt
nhiu. i vi lgic m chng ta ch cn mt s t lut v phng php tnh ton cng tr
nn n gin.











(2) n nh hnh nh ca my quay video camera

Vic pht trin sn xut cc my video camera (camcorder) tiu dng gn nh d di
chuyn theo ngi cng dn n vic hnh nh khng n nh, d b rung do my c cm
tay thu hnh. Cc nh sn xut in t Chu ng dng lgic m pht trin mt thit
b cho php phn bit v xc nh cc chuyn ng ca hnh do tay cm camera rung ch
khng phi s chuyn ng ca bn thn vt th. Loi sn phm ny c a ra th trng
nm 1990. Kt qu nghin cu c Egusa Y., H. Akahori, A. Morimura v N. Wakami
cng b trong cng trnh An electronic video camera image stabilizer operated on fuzzy
theory, IEEE international conference on fuzzy systems, (1992), pp. 851-858.

gii quyt vn ny, mt chip LSI (laser sensor image) c thch nghi cho nhim
v pht hin cc vct chuyn ng v mt h m c pht trin quyt nh xem liu cc
chuyn ng l do tay rung gy ra hay khng.

pht hin chuyn ng rung do tay cm camera, khung hnh c chia thnh 4 vng
xc nh vct chuyn ng i din cho 4 vng cng vi tc chuyn ng ca chng.
Mi mt vng nh vy li c chia ra thnh 30 min con. Hai frame k tip ca my quay
video trn mi min con s c em ra so snh tnh cc gi tr sai khc khng gian ca
min y. Ly tng 30 gi tr cu mi vng th i lm gi tr sai khc khng gian chung g
i
. Mi
Bng 3.7-4: Lut ngn ng cho h tiu c t ng cho camera
1. Nu C l gn th Pc l cao
2. Nu L l gn th Pl l cao
3. Nu R l gn th Pr l cao
4. Nu L l xa v C l trung bnh v R l gn th Pc l rt cao
5. Nu L l gn v C l trung bnh v R l xa th Pc l rt cao
-
L
-
C
-
R
Hnh 3.7-13
Ba im cn c o
-
L
-
R
Hnh 3.7-14(b)
Cnh vi ba im



C





-
C
-
R
Hnh 3.7-14(a)
Cnh vi ba im

L


106
vng s c mt vct dch chuyn no dn ti gi tr nh nht g
i
v l vct chuyn
ng v
i
ca vng th i.

Lp lun lgic m s da vo cc vct v
i
pht hin cc rung ng do tay ngi quay
gy ra. Trong trng hp c nhng rung ng nh vy v khng c vt th no chuyn ng
trong hnh th gi tr ti tiu g
i
l nh v hu nh gn bng khng (v s rung ng ch gy ra
nhng dch chuyn nh). Trong trng hp c vt th dch chuyn nh trong khung hnh v
tay cm my n nh, min c cha vt th dch chuyn s c gi tr sai khc khng gian
khc bit vi cc gi tr cc min xung quanh, tuy nhin gi tr sai khc khng gian chung
g
i
phi l nh. Trong trng hp u c s rung ng do tay cm gy ra v c cc vt th
chuyn ng, gi tr ti tiu g
i
s phi ln hn so vi trng hp khng c vt th chuyn
ng. y l nhng tiu ch xc nh cc vct dch chuyn do tay rung gy ra. o hm
theo thi gian ca gi tr g
i
cng l mt gi tr u vo ca h iu khin.

Mt v d v mt lut iu khin l Nu c 4 vct chuyn ng hu nh song song vi
nhau v o hm theo thi gian ca chng l nh, th c s rung ng do tay cm gy ra v
hng dch chuyn do rung gy ra l hng chung ca cc vct chuyn ng.

Mt khi hng chuyn ng do tay rung gy ra c xc nh, khun hnh trong vng
m (buffer) s c dch chuyn theo hng ngc li n nh li hnh nh trong khun
hnh.

Sn phm c a ra th trng ny l mt minh chng thuyt phc v tnh kh dng
ca lgic m ni ring v l thuyt tp m ni chung.

(3) iu chnh cht lng hnh nh ca my TV

Nm 1990, my TV c h suy lun m iu khin cht lng hnh nh c mt
nh sn xut c ting Chu tung ra th trng. H ny iu khin tng phn, sng,
s iu bin tc v sc nt. Cc tham s u vo ca h l sng mi trng xung
quanh (trong phng chng hn), v khong cch t ngi xem n mn hnh. sng nh
vy c th o c bng mt b cm bin, cn khong cch xc nh c qua vic s dng
b iu khin t xa khi ngi xem bm bt TV.

Nguyn l c bn cho php ch to mt h nh vy l cc lut iu khin cho php
iu khin cht lng hnh nh TV c th pht biu bng ngn ng t nhin. Chng hn ta c
lut Nu phng c thp n sng v ngi xem ngi xa, th cc ng bin ca nh
phi nt hn v sng sa hn, hoc, Nu ngi xem ngi gn v trong phng ti, th
nt cn phi gim, v cc thnh phn tn s cao thng i km vi nhiu.

Trong thc t s lut kh nhiu vic iu chnh c mn. lm v d, trong Bng
3.7-5 biu th mt s lut iu khin minh ha, trong t thng l vit tt ca
thng thng. Thit k hm thuc trong cc bi ton ng dng lgic m cng c vai tr
quan trng. Trong v d ny, c 4 hm thuc cho bin ngn ng sng, 3 hm thuc cho
bin khong cch v 7 hm thuc cho bin u ra. Phng php lp lun xp x da trn quy
tc hp thnh max-min v kh m theo trng tm.

Sn phm tiu dng c ci t b iu chnh t ng da trn suy lun m (fuzzy
inference) mt ln na ch ra kh nng to ln ca cng ngh lgic m.
107
















Bng 3.7-5: Lut ngn ng cho vic iu chnh t ng cht lng
hnh nh ca my TV

sng ca
phng

Khong cch t
TV n ngi xem
Sng Ti Xa TB Gn
tng phn
sng
iu bin tc
nt
ln nh
ln nh
ln nh
ln nh

ln TB nh
- thng -
ln TB nh
- thng -