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PART AINSTRUCTIONAnswer ALL questionsQUESTION 1a) Describe the relationship between temperature and thevolume of dissolved oxygen in water.
Dissolved Oxygen (DO) is found in microscopic bubbles of oxygen ( O
2
) that aremixed in the water and occur between water molecules. DO is a very important indicator of awater body's ability to support aquatic life. Fish "breathe" by absorbing dissolved oxygenthrough their gills. Oxygen enters the water by absorption directly from the atmosphere or byaquatic plant and algae photosynthesis. Oxygen is removed from the water by respiration anddecomposition of organic matter.One factor that may affect dissolved oxygen concentration is temperature. Here is therelationship between temperature and the volume of dissolved oxygen in water. Cold water can hold more of any gas, in this case oxygen, than warmer water. Warmer water becomes"saturated" more easily with oxygen. As water becomes warmer it can hold less and less DO.So, during the summer months in the warmer top portion of a lake, the total amount of oxygen present may be limited by temperature.
 
b) Many tropical fishes come to the surface of water to obtain oxygen directly from theair. Why?
During the dry season the lakes and rivers shrink, often dramatically, in size and thenumber of fish in any given square meter of water increases, so there is less of everything,including oxygen, for each fish. Those that can take small amounts of oxygen directly fromthe air to supplement what they are able to get from the water Gills are not the only way fish get O2. If the fish is small enough, respiration can bedone across the body surface. As the fish gets bigger, this type of respiration becomes notmuch use. Larval fish use surface diffusion, but in adult fish, the skin may only account for 5-30% of respiration. Eels, mudskippers and some gobies use surface respiration when theyare out of water.Some fish have developed special breathing apparatus because they come fromswampy areas where the O2 content is very low. Gouramis are a good example of this. Someloaches and catfish use part of the gastrointestinal tract for air breathing. They come to thesurface and take a mouthful of air and store it in this special ‘bag’.The king of air breathers must be the lung fish. They have special folds inside the gas bladder creating a massive surface area for gas exchange. The lung tissue is very similar toour own lungs - African and South American lung fish even have a pair of lungs as apposedto only one in the Australian lungfish. That’s why many tropical fishes come to the surfaceof water to obtain oxygen directly from the air using their own way to breathes.
 
QUESTION 2There are many endangered species of animals found in theisland of Borneo, which consists of Sabah and Sarawak, Bruneiand Indonesia.Discuss the possible reasons that able to explain why theconservation of these endangered animals is difficult.
Trying to save an endangered species is difficult, given the usual obstacles. With limitedresources there are, too often, cases of certain areas being over-emphasized while others areneglected. This collaboration aims to avoid duplication and overlap whilst giving attention to previously neglected areas.Limited Production Forest : Forest allocated for low-intensity timber production.Typically, limited production forest is found in mountainous areas where steep slopes makelogging difficult. Conversion Forest .Forest that is designated (under an IPK license) for clearance and permanent conversion to another form of land use, typically a timber or estatecrop plantation.Borneo is very unique tropical forests were once protected by their remoteness. Now, unlessurgent action is taken they could be gone in less than 15 years. The Southeast Asian islandsof Borneo is a home to some of the richest and most diverse tropical forests on the planet.They house thousands of unique species and the world’s last remaining Sumatran tigers,orangutans, pygmy elephants and Sumatran rhinos. These forests also absorb harmful carbonemissions and are sources of fresh water for the islands' 56 million people.In Borneo, commercial logging and conversion to agriculture are doing swift and irreversibledamage. Borneo’s forests have been very nearly wiped out, and the few that remain are under 
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