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9:2K< GIC3.1PQ68.=?8124.10 { M JB?8T< opOt.C3.1@/FEAD=.O*3,8.c*-C;2 M <8.524*3,24*-0R0;9_AFKF 0324TU?BADFn9 M <8.=F * M TU.*
24T {8/{ C M 9 24T {B t.1AD?03.1.O*-,8A* G5240RTU24D.1?>AD0
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rp

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vo

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0324TU?BADF 9 M <8.1F 2K? 2KT { \/{

M A?BADF s =.*-,/.124C3=6824*2K? 2KT {q\/ t.52KF4FN6/03.*3,8.v,8.=FK@ M G 2KFKF4.1C  0R*-,/. M C;.19 {| 24*3,
24FKFK.=C  0*3,8. M C3.19 24T {q\ A?7H.9_AD?/2K@868FKA*-.=<* M TU.*|*-,/.v124C316/24*03, M 5? 2K? 2KT {eUD{ ?
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Rs

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vs (s)

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C GK

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rp

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vo (s)

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2KTU68C;. \ 2KTU, GIC3.=Ph6/.1?8 s 039ADFKFm 0;2KTU?BAFH9 M /< .1F M G M 99 M ? A*3, M </.cAD9:@8FK2JB.1C {

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topO
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R s || RG
(b)

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G
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R s || RG
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AD9:@8FK2JB.1C {
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? M *32K?8TO,8.=C3.  q 240* s @824ADF4F s A@ M *-.=?L*-2 M 9.*-.1C { ,8240t.=?BAD78F4.10680* MM 7/*A2K?:AD?A*3*3.1?Q6BA*3.1<
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Dependence of Am on Rb / rp
100

90

80

70

50

A / (%)

60

40

30

20

10

10

Rb / rp

2KTU6/C3. L=% .=@H.=?8<8.=?81. M G(opO M ?qsJt Q*RL{

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I vs. V Curves at Constant Grid Voltages for 12AX7 Triode Vacuum Tube
P

2
V = 1 V

VG = 0 V

V = 2 V

1.8

V = 3 V
G

1.6
V = 4 V
G

1.4
AC Load Line

IP (mA)

1.2

Quiescent
Operating Point
Bias Line

DC Load Line

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

50

100

150

200

250
VP (V)

300

350

400

450

500

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