Anatomy - Last Moment Revisions

1

Anatomy-Last moment revisions

Study of the microscopic structure of the human organism co related with the development,function and clinical significance.

It

is derived from Greek term” anatome” meaning cutting apart.

EMBRYOLOGY

It is the study of the formation and development of the embryo from the moment of its inceptionuptothe time when it is born as an infant.

Gonads: no: of chromosomes in an organism=23 pairs/46 no.

♂

-----44 autosomes

–

XY

♀

----44 autosomes - XX

Karyotyping : Classification of chromosomes based upon their differences that enable us toidentify each chromosome individually.

Spermatogenisis : The process of formation and development of spermatazoan .

Formed in the wall of the seminiferous tubules of testes.

Spermiogenesis (spermateleosis) : The process of transformation of a circular spermatid to aspermatozoan.

Mature spermatozoan: Has a head, a neck middle piece and a principal piece or tail. Head iscovered with a cap called acrosome.

Length -50-60 microns

Golgi apparatus forms the acrosomic cap.

Nucleus forms head.

Mitochondrion forms the sheath of middle piece.

Proximal centriole comes to lie in the neck.

Distal centriole becomes ring shaped and forms the annulus.

Axial filament grows out from the centriole and is present in middle piece and tail.

Viability of spermatozoa =4 days.

Ovulation

: The shedding of ovum from the ovary.

Corpus luteum- It is an important structure derived after the rupture of ovarian follicle to shedthe ovum.

It secretes hormone progesterone.

Viability of ovum =24 hrs

Menstrual cycle: Divided into 4 phases1.Post menstrual phase

2.Proliferative3.Secretory(premenstrual)

4.Menstrual

Follicular phase ---post menstrual + proliferate phase -~ OestrogenLuteal phase

–

secretory +menstrual phase -~ progesterone

Size of Oocyte

—

120u.

Approximate number of occytes at puberty

—

around 40,000.

2

Approximate number of ova liberated during reproductive period of female

—

around 300 to400.

Time required for formation of spermatozoa from spermatogonium

—

64 days.

Fertilized ovum reaches uterine cavity

—

by 4 days.

Implantation of ovum (fertilized) occurs

—

about 7th day.

Primitive uteroplacental circulation begins

—

by end of 2nd week.

Number of somites in embryo

—

42 to 44.

Time of somite formation

—

21 to 30th day.

Organogenesis

—

from 4th to 8th weeks.

Formation of primary ovary in a female takes place by 8th week

Differentiation of genital organs

1.Persons with two X chromosomes are female; those with one x and one y are male.

2.Y chromosome bears a gene responsible for production of a testis determining factor.

3.Interstitial cells in testis produce testosterone .It forms a complex with certain receptorproteins which attaches itself

to DNA. This causes the mesonephric duct to develop as in male.

4.Presence of dihydrotestosterone .

5.Sertoli cells produce mullerian inhibiting substance .This causes regression of paramesonephricducts.

Genital swellings in male differentiate into scrotum whereas in a female, they form labia majora.

The mesonephric duct in a female develops into Gartner's duct.

The Mullerian ducts in male develop into appendix testes whereas in a female, they develop intouterus and uterine tubes.

In female, the homologue of prostatic glands are paraurethral glands.

FOETAL CIRCULATION

Differs from adult circulation in

a) Source of oxygenated blood is not the lung but the placenta.

b) Oxygenated blood from placenta comes to foetus through umbilical vein and joins the leftbranch of portal vein.

Small portion passes through the substance of the liver to I V, but the greater part passes directto I V through the ductus venosus.

Changes at birth: 1) umbilical artery contracts.

2) Lumen of umbilical veins and ductus venosus occludes and this takes place a few minutesafter birth.

3) Ductus arteriosus occludes by about 10 th day.

4) Pulmonary vessels increase in size.left atrial pressure rises than that of right atrium and leadsto closure of foramen ovale.

Remnant of

Umbilical artery - medial umbilical ligament

Left umbilical vein - ligament teres of the liverDuctus venosus - Ligamentum venosum

Ductus arteriosus - Ligamentum arteriosum

3

OSTEOLOGY

Study of bones.

Bones are divided according to their

1)PositionHuman skeleton -------axial} bones of skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum, hyoid.

-------appendicular} bones of pectoral, pelvic girdle ,upper and lowerlimbs

2) ShapeLong bones: eg: Femur, tibia, humerus, ulna, radius, and fibula

Short long bones: eg: Metacarpals, metatarsals, phalanges

Short bones: eg: Carpals, tarsals

Flat bones: eg : Scapula , sternum, ribs, parietal and frontal.

Pneumatic bones : Maxillary ,sphenoid , ethmoid, mastoid part of temporal bone.

Irregular bones: eg: Vertebrae, skull bones

Sesamoid bone: eg: patella, pisciform, fabella

2)Structure

Compact bone =consisting of haversian system

Cancellous (spongy) bone = consisting of irregularly placed lamellae.

Diploic =consisting of inner and outer tables of compact bone with intervening porous layer.

3)Development

Ecto chondral bones: which develop in membrane (membranous)

Endochondral bones: which develop in cartilage. (cartilageneous)

Total no of bones ---206

Upper limbs-64

Lower limbs-62

Vertebrae-33

Skull - 29(14-facial bones

- 14- cranial bones , hyoid bone )

Sternum-1

Ribs- 12 pairs

Longest bone---femur

Smallest bone---stapes

Strongest part in human body- Enamel of teeth

Largest sesamoid bone --- Patella developing in quadriceps.

Microscopic unit of a bone: Haversian system (secondary osteone)

Ossification

Process of gradual bone formation.

a)Ossification in membrane (direct)

—

easy process

Eg: clavicle, bones of face,vault of skull.

Category:	Uncategorized.
Rating:	(1 Rating)
Upload Date:	04/11/2009
Copyright:	Attribution Non-commercial
Tags:	This document has no tags.

Documents

People