Nanomaterials

Lecture 6: Carbon Nanomaterials

Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University

Carbon Nanomaterials
STM Image

7 nm

AFM Image

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Fullerenes

C60 was established by mass spectrographic analysis by Kroto and Smalley in 1985 C60 is called a buckminsterfullerene or buckyball due to resemblance to geodesic domes designed and built by R. Buckminster Fuller G. Timp, Nanotechnology, Chapter 7
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Endofullerenes

Endohedral doping of fullerenes leads to the formation of a dipole moment that influences solubility and other properties. G. Timp, Nanotechnology, Chapter 7
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Electronic Structure of Molecular and Solid C60

G. Timp, Nanotechnology, Chapter 7

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Single Molecule STM Spectroscopy of C60

3-D STM Topograph Dangling Bonds C60
70 x 70

Structure of C60

Spectroscopic variation among surface features

1.0 0.8 dI/dV (A.U.) 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -2 -1 0 Energy (eV) 1 2 C60
Si Dangling Bond H-passivated Si

Si

LUMO peak

Ge

Calculated local density of states for Si(100)

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Rolled Up From Graphene Sheets: Carbon Nanotubes

G. Timp, Nanotechnology, Chapter 7

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Carbon Nanotube Synthesis: Carbon Arc Discharge

P. G. Collins and Ph. Avouris, Scientific American, 283, 62 (2000).

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Carbon Nanotube Synthesis: Chemical Vapor Deposition

P. G. Collins and Ph. Avouris, Scientific American, 283, 62 (2000).

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Carbon Nanotube Synthesis: Laser Ablation

P. G. Collins and Ph. Avouris, Scientific American, 283, 62 (2000).

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Chirality of Carbon Nanotubes

G. Timp, Nanotechnology, Chapter 7

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Energy Band Diagrams of Carbon Nanotubes

G. Timp, Nanotechnology, Chapter 7

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Electrical Properties of Graphite

P. G. Collins and Ph. Avouris, Scientific American, 283, 62 (2000).

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Electrical Properties of Straight Nanotubes

P. G. Collins and Ph. Avouris, Scientific American, 283, 62 (2000).

Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University

Electrical Properties of Twisted Nanotubes

P. G. Collins and Ph. Avouris, Scientific American, 283, 62 (2000).

Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University

Bandgap of Semiconducting Nanotubes

G. Timp, Nanotechnology, Chapter 7

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Electrical Properties of MWNTs

MWNT bandgap is proportional to 1/d At room temperature, MWNTs behave like metals since d ~ 10 nm Only the outermost shell carries current in an undamaged MWNT
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Other Properties of SWNTs

P. G. Collins and Ph. Avouris, Scientific American, 283, 62 (2000).

Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University

Other Properties of SWNTs

P. G. Collins and Ph. Avouris, Scientific American, 283, 62 (2000).

Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University

Nanotubes as Interconnects

P. G. Collins and Ph. Avouris, Scientific American, 283, 62 (2000).

Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University

Current Carrying Capacity of MWNTs

Although a cross-sectional view of a MWNT shows several cylindrical shells, only the outermost shell carries current in an undamaged MWNT.
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Representative MWNT I-V Curve:

8 A/m )
2 13

Maximum current density: 6.8 x 10 A/m 7 Maximum electric field: 1.6 x 10 V/m

13

Current density (x10

0 0 2 4 6 8 10 6 Electric field (x10 V/m) 12 14 16

Maximum current densities of potential interconnect materials: Metals: 1010 1012 A/m2 Superconductors: Jc ~ 1012 A/m2 MWNTs: >51013 A/m2
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Electrically Stressed MWNTs

Before Electrical Stress After Failure

1 m2 AFM image

1 m2 AFM image

Experimental method: Monitor the current as a function of time while stressing the MWNT at a fixed voltage.
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Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Failure

P. G. Collins, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett., 86, 3128 (2001).

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Device Applications of Nanotube Junctions

G. Timp, Nanotechnology, Chapter 7

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Engineering Carbon Nanotubes Using Electrical Breakdown

P. G. Collins, et al., Science, 292, 706 (2001).

Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University

Engineering Carbon Nanotubes Using Electrical Breakdown

P. G. Collins, et al., Science, 292, 706 (2001).

Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University