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Acid and Bases
Fluids in our bodies are solution and colloidal dispersions. The concentrationsof solutes in these solutions are balanced in a healthy person.Particularly important is the balance between acids of hydrogen andhydroxide ions in aqueous solution.
The pH scale:
The pH is a way to state hydrogen ion concentration
[ ]
+
 H 
.
[ ][ ][ ]
pH 
 H  H  H  pH 
−+++
×=−==
101log1log
 Ex:The
[ ]
+
 H 
of pure water at 25
˚C is
7
101
−
×
M. its pH can be calculated as:
[ ]
7101,101
7
=∴×=×=
−−+
 pH  M  H 
pH 
 
 
The values of pH range from zero for
+
 H 
=1M(
0
101
×
)To 14 for
[ ]
+
 H 
=
14
101
−
×
M.The pH and
[ ]
+
 H 
are inverse of each other.An acidic solution has a pH values less than 7, and a basic solution has a pHvalue more than 7.A change of one unit in pH from 1 to 2 represents a change of factor of 10 in
[ ]
+
 H 
, a change of 2 units from 1 to 3 represents a 100-fold change in
[ ]
+
 H 
.
+
 H 
and
−
OH 
are related by the ion product constant of water (K
w
[ ]
+
 H 
). If weknow the molar concentration of either or
[ ]
−
OH 
, we can easily calculatethe other and the same for pH and pOH.The molar concentration of all substance, and
[ ]
+
 H 
are written as in thefollowing:Body fluids differ in their acidity stomach acid is the most acidic ( pH=1-3).
[ ]
14101)101)(101( 101
14
=+×==×× ×=
−−−−−
 pOH  pH K OH 
w pOH  pH  pOH 
 
Ex: if the pH=5 , its pOH=?Answer:
9514pH14pOH
=−=−=
 
[ ]
m
n H 
10
×=
+
 
Ex: calculate the pH of a solution whose
+
 H 
is
3
101.5
−
×
.Answer:
[ ]
2.8220.82pH log10log6.66pH)10log(6.66101.51logH1logpH
223
=+=+=×=×==
−+
 Ex:Calculate the
[ ]
+
 H 
of a solute whose pH = 5.25.pH = - log
[ ]
+
 H 
 log
+
 H 
=- pH= - 5.25= - 6
+
0.75
[ ]
+
 H 
= 5.62X10
-6
 
 
Blood plasma is slightly basic (pH = 7.35 – 7.45), if pH changes outside therange the ability of blood to transport oxygen is reduced. So maintaining thepH of blood plasma within a narrow range is important to human life. UrinepH (7- 8.4) is a wide range, it can be acidic, basic or neutral. This is due to thefact that many acidic and basic substances are removed from the body throughthe urine to help maintain the pH of blood plasma.Measuring pH:1.the most accurate method of measuring the pH in the laboratory is by a pHmeter.2. using the indicator. The indicator is an organic compound that changescolor with a pH range, like the litmus. The color of litmus is red at pH < 5(basic) and blue at pH > 7.8 (alkaline).
Acid- Base titrations:
Titration is a method of determining the amount reaction between an acid anda base.
Normality :
O H  NaCl NaOH  HCl
2
+→+
 1 mole HCl neutralizes 1 mole NaOH.
O H SO Na NaOH SO H 
24242
2
+→+
 1 mole
42
SO H 
neutralizes 2 moles so 1mole
42
SO H 
equivalent to 2 moles HCl.The gram-equivalent weight of an acid is :The weight of an acid, in grams, that supplies 1 mole of hydrogen ions isdefined as the gram-equivalent weight of that acid.Also:The weight of a base, in grams, that supplies 1 mole of OH
-
+
 H 
or reacts with onemole of is defined as the gram-equivalent weight of that base.Gram-equivalent weight of an acid:Gram-equivalent weight of an acid:
Ex: it takes 35.2 ml of a 0.1 M HCl to neutralize 25mlof NaOH. What is the concentration of NaOH solution.35.2X 0.1 = 25 X MM =
NaOof0.141250.135.2
=×
 
molecule per hydrogenacidicof no acid anof wt  M gram
 
. ...
=
 
molecule per oxidebasic hydr of no baseaowt  M gram
 
. f ...
=
 
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