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Cell
Nucleus
•
Nuclear membrane
•
Nucleoli – site of ribosomal formation
•
DNACytoplasm
•
Organelles
•
Golgi apparatus – processing of synthesized proteins e.g. glycosylation
•
Endoplasmic reticulum
•
Rough ER – protein and lipid synthesis
•
Smooth ER – involved in lipid metabolism
•
Lysosomes – degradation of ingested products, organelles
•
Peroxisomes – breakdown hydrogen peroxide
•
Ribosomes – 60S/40S
•
Mitochondria
•
Centrosomes – spindle formation, signalingCytoskeleton
•
Microtubules – involved in motion in cell
•
Microfilaments – supportive framework of cell
•
Intermediate filaments - supportive framework of cellCell membrane
•
Intercellular connections
•
Tight (occluding) junction
Surround apical margins of cells
Tie cells together 
Prevent movement of ions, solutes across epithelium
Site of attachment of intracellular microfilaments
•
Anchoring junctions
•
Actin filament attachment sites
•
Cell-cell adherens junctions ( adhesion belts)
•
Cell-matrix adherens junctions (focal contacts)
•
Septate junctions ( inverts only)
•
Intermediate filament attachment sites
•
Cell-cell (desmosomes)
Join adjacent cells together 
Anchoring points for intermediate filaments
•
Cell-matrix (hemidesmosomes)
Attaches cells to basal lamina
•
Communication junctions
•
Gap junctions
Permit passage of water, small molecules and ions from one cellto another without crossing the ECF
Diameter affected by Ca
++
, pH, voltage
•
Chemical synapses
Allow rapid passage of electrical impulses, chemical messages
•
Cilia
Move fluid, mucous or cells over the cell surface
•
Cell adhesion molecules
 
Protein synthesisDNA
•
Adenosine-Thymine, Cytosine-GuanineTranscription
•
DNA → RNAPost-transcription processingTranslation
•
RNA → proteinPost-translation modificationTypes of RNA
•
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
This will later be translated into a polypeptide.
•
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
This will be used in the building of ribosomes: machinery for synthesizing proteinsby translating mRNA.
•
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
RNA molecules that carry amino acids to the growing polypeptideMechanism of action of antibioticsAminoglycosides→ misreading of genetic codeChloramphenicol→ prevent association of ribosomes with mRNATetracycline→ inhibit tRNA binding to ribsomesCellular transportFactors:
•
Molecular weight/size
•
Polarity
•
Charge
•
Lipid solubilityConcentrations in ICF & ECFICFECFENa+15150+60K+155-90Cl-10120-70Substance cross cell membranes by:
•
Simple diffusion
•
Via lipid
•
Down the conc. gradient
•
“Unassisted” ie no enegry from the cell’s store
•
E.g. O2, CO2, CO, nicotine, heroin, anesthetics, (Osmosis)Diffusion is a process by which a gas or solute in solution expands because of themotion of its particles to fill all the available volumeOsmosis
•
Is the diffusion of a solvent through a semipermeable membrane from aregion of low solute concentration to a region of high solute concentration.
•
The semipermeable membrane is permeable to the solvent, but not to the
 
solute, resulting in a chemical potential difference across the membranewhich drives the diffusion
•
Osmotic pressure =nRTVn is the no. of particlesR is the gas constantT is the temperatureV is the volumeSolvent drag occurs when the net movement of solvent (bulk flow) drags along thesolute
•
Facilitated diffusion
•
Via proteins
•
Down the conc. gradient
•
“Unassisted” ie no enegry from the cell’s store
•
Channel proteins
•
Ion channels e.g. Ca
++
, K+, Cl-
•
Gated
•
Voltage
•
Ligand
•
Intracellular – Ca
++
, cAMP, G-protein
•
Extracellular 
•
Hormones
•
Neurotransmitters
•
Stretch
•
Non-gated
•
Porins
Small molecules up to 600 Da
•
Aquaporins
Water molecules in great quantity e.g. kidney, rbc
•
Active Transport
•
Via protein “pumps”
•
Up the conc. gradient
•
Energy required (directly from ATP or indirectly via electrochemical gradient
•
Endergonic; thermodynamically unfavorable
•
Enables a cell to maintain a constant intracellular non-equilibrium concentrationof specific ions etc
•
Direct
•
Transport coupled directly to exergonic reaction, ATP hydrolysis
•
Three types of transporters
•
P-type ATPases “phophorylation”
•
Na-K ATPase
•
H-K ATPase
•
Gastric
•
Renal
•
V-type ATPases “vesicle”
Pump protons into organelles of EMS
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