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CANCER BIOLOGY and CHEMOTHERAPY
Cell is the basic unit of life, it is also the basic unit of disease
A LECTURE PRESENTATION IN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
PRESENTED BY
PROFESSOR DENNIS N. MUÑOZ, RNThe Integumentary System
A.k.a., the integumentCovers the entire bodyAccounts for about 7% of total body weightPliable, yet durableThickness: 1.5 to 4.0 mm
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Composed of the epidermis and dermis
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considered an organ or an organ
system
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body’s largest organ
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‡organ of greatest surface area:15-20 sq ft. (1.5-2 m2)
Functions of the Integumentary System
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Protection
o
Chemical Barriers (skin secretion and melanin)
Skin secretions (acid mantle)
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Low pH and sebum slow bacterial growth on skin surface
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Human defensin – natural antibiotic
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Cathelicidins – proteins that prevent Strep A infection inwounded skin
Melanin – chemical pigment that prevents UV damage
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Physical/Mechanical Barriers – continuity of the skin and hardness of keratinzed cells
Continuity prevents bacterial invasion
Glycolipids prevent diffusion of water and water-solublesubstances between cells
Substances that are able to penetrate the skin:
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Lipid-soluble substances (i.e., oxygen, carbon dioxide,steroids, and fat-soluble vitamins)
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Oleoresins of certain plants (ex. Poison ivy and poison oak)
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Organic solvents (ex. Acetone, dry cleaning fluid, and paintthinner)
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Salts of heavy metals (ex. Lead, mercury, and nickel)
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Penetration enhancers
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Biological Barriers – Langerhans’ cells, macrophages, and DNA
Langerhans’ cells in epidermis present antigens to lymphocytes
Dermal macrophages (2
nd
line of defense) – attack bacteria andviruses that have penetrated the epidermis
DNA structure – the electrons in DNA absorb UV radiation andconverts it to heat
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Body Temperature Regulation
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Production of copious amounts of sweat to dissipate heat
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Constriction of dermal blood vessels to retain heat
>temp ‡ sweat glands, flushing
<temp ‡ arrector pili, pale
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Cutaneous Sensation – cutaneous sensory recptors (nervous system)
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Meissner’s corpuscle and Merkel cells – detect changes in pressure
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Pascinian receptors – detect deep pressure contacts
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Hair follicle receptors – movement across the surface of the skin
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Nerve endings – detect painful stimuli
Additional information :
Important Definitions
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Receptors are the "Transducer" in a sensory system.
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Receptors respond to a particular stimulus called a "proper stimulus".
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Their function is to change the form of energy of the proper stimulus into theelectrochemical energy of the Nervous system.
Name of ReceptorProper Stimulus
Meissner's CorpusclesTouchMerkel's Discs in glabrous skinTouchKrause's End-bulbsTouchPacinian CorpusclesPressureFree Nerve EndingsPain & Temperature
Metabolic Functions
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Synthesis of Vitamin D – increases calcium absorption in the body
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Chemical conversion of many substances
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Blood Reservoir – preferential shunting of blood as needed
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Excretion
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elimination of nitrogen-containing wastes, salt, and water
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affects fluid & electrolyte balance
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sweat glands release: water, salts, ammonia
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oil glands release: lipids, acids
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nonverbal communication
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eg. humans and other primates have much more expressive faces thanother animals
Layers of Skin:1.Epidermis2.Dermis3.Hypoderms
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A Lecture Presentation in Anatomy and Physiology
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| Upload Date: | 04/14/2009 |
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