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 RURAL-URBAN LINKAGES: AN EMERGING POLICY PRIORITY
UNDP
Bureau for Development PolicySeptember, 2000
(Not to be quoted or used without UNDP’s permission)
For more information please contactJonas.rabinovitch@undp.org
 
Acknowledgements
Writing this publication was an accomplishment of a host of people who contributedto varying degrees and brought this task to completion. The overall preparation of the paperwas co-ordinated by Mr. Jonas Rabinovitch, Senior Urban Development Advisor, Bureau forDevelopment Policy (BDP) under the guidance of Mr. G. Shabbir Cheema, Director,Management Development and Governance Division/ BDP. The Bureau for DevelopmentPolicy is directed by Ms. Eimi Watanabe.The BDP appreciates the comprehensive inputs received from the consultantsinvolved in producing this work. We are grateful to Dr. Michael Douglass, Professor,Department of Urban and Regional Planning, University of Hawaii who was instrumental incomposing, editing the publication and helping us in the formulation of an overall framework for policy action. We are also grateful to Ms. Simone Mangal and Ms. Uzma Nomani forcontributing to research, drafting and finishing this work.The publication represents the joint efforts of all participants who presented theirpapers at the Workshop on Rural-Urban Linkages held in Curitiba, Brazil in March 1998,organized by UNDP in co-operation with the Government of the State of Parana, in Brazil.We are grateful to the support provided by Governor Jaime Lerner and his enthusiastic team.The knowledge and experience of Dr. Michael Douglass, Dr. Alfredo Apey, Dr. SomrudeeNicro, Ms. Francois Navez-Bouchanine, Mr. Youssef Hiasat, Mr. Hartmut Schmetzer, andMr. Chris Ikporukpo was incorporated into the publication. The text also used and benefitedfrom the case studies and comments of Dr. lai Olurode, Mr. Paul Munro-Faure, Dr. Kawik Sugiana, Mr. Ali Pirzadeh, Mr. Jac Smit, Dr. Won Bae Kim, Dr. Peter M. Ngau, and Mr.Alain Durand-Lasserve.Finally, we would like to thank Mr. Rafael Dely who directs the Rural VillagesProgramme in Parana, Brazil and Mr. Osni Tadeu de Oliveira, Chief Protocol, RuralEducation Programme, Parana, Brazil. We are also grateful to the Nepal Rural-UrbanPartnership Programme (RUPP) of UNDP, the United Nations Centre for Human Settlements(UNCHS), the Poverty Alleviation Programme through Rural-Urban Linkages (PARUL),Indonesia of UNDP, and United Nations Centre for Regional Development Africa Office forproviding us with several of the case studies.UNDPBureau for Development PolicyNew York October 2000
 
F
OREWORD
 
This UNDP policy discussion paper is an attempt to contribute to the policy debate byidentifying key forces driving rural-urban linkages along with several key emerging issuesthat need to be addressed. It is evident that the solutions to many urban problems lie outsideof urban areas while solutions to many rural problems can be found in urban areas. Thechallenge to policy makers is to broaden the focus of policies so that resources are moreefficiently applied to solve development problems and to ensure that solutions for urban-related problems do not result in rural-related problems and vice versa. Therefore, theoverarching policy issue is how to manage processes linking rural and urban areas in acomplimentary manner that benefits both rural and urban populations and promotessustainable human development.This paper explores both the
conceptual
and
 practical
reasons for limited success inpromoting balanced rural and urban development. It emphasises lessons learned fromcurrent approaches to rural-urban development planning and combines these with theexperience of innovative approaches to managing rural-urban linkages in order to sketch away forward in rural-urban policy making and management.
 B
 ACKGROUND
 
UNDP and its Urban Development Co-operation have been actively involved inpromoting exchange of experience and promising initiatives on urban and rural governanceand linkages. This discussion paper has grown out of emerging interest among policy makersin rethinking traditional positions on rural-urban linkages. It is the product of ongoing effortsof UNDP to promote the exchange of ideas and disseminate information to support thedevelopment of sound policies to manage the rural-urban transformation underway indeveloping countries. The paper is developed primarily from the critical issues raised at theInternational Workshop on Rural Urban Linkages, which was held in Curitiba in March1998. This workshop, which was sponsored by the UNDP and State of Parana Brazil,brought together a range of NGOs, governments, researchers and policy makers to discussthe emerging issues in rural and urban relations in developing countries. The main ideas thatemerged and case studies presented at the conference are incorporated with publishedliterature and empirical studies on rural and urban linkages to produce this much needed andtimely discussion on rural-urban policy making and management.The issues raised in this policy discussion are not a comprehensive treatment of rural-urban linkages or a description of rural-urban linkages in all developing countries.Obviously, a range of rural-urban characteristics is found across the developing world.Rather, this paper is an entry point into identifying predominant patterns, understanding thekey driving forces, and identifying areas for further policy development. Instead of offeringprescriptions, this discussion is intended to point in the general direction of solutions and tostimulate a broader discussion by integrating the experience of the UNDP with the widerknowledge on rural-urban linkages emerging among civil society and researchers. The
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