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1. ( + )2 = 2 + 2 + 2 .
2. ( )2 = 2 + 2 2 .
3. ( + )3 = 3 + 32 + 3 2 + 3 .
4. ( )3 = 3 32 + 3 2 3 .
5. 2 2 = ( + )( ) .
6. 3 3 = ( )(2 + + 2 ) .
7. 3 + 3 = ( + )(2 + 2 ) .
8. ( + + )2 = 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 .
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2. = .
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8. | x | = | | x = x = .
9. | x | , > 0 x .
10. | x | , > 0 x x .
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3.
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4.
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5. = , ( > 0 , , .
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7. 1 x , 8 ( 1 x 0 .
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= 1 / % /
f (x) = x 2 + x + , ( 8 1 0 .
( = 2 4 % 1 B 1 ( 1
8 , = 1 1 /:
) ( 1 1 /, ( =:
8 B % 8 1 x1 ,x 2 , 1 ' B x1, 2 =
1 ( / x 2 + x + = (x x1 )(x x 2 ) .
(( 1 B ( 1:
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2
x1
x2
x 2 + x +
+
(
) ( 1 1 8, ( =:
8 1 / 1 x 0 (B 1 8 1), 1 ' B x 0 =
1 ( / x 2 + x + = (x x 0 )2 .
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2
1 ( , % x {x 0 } .
) ( 1 1 /, ( =:
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) 2x = 1 2x 1 2x = 2x .
x
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x
x
3. x =
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x
2. x =
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4. x x = 1 .
( B ( B B %, B 8 8:
1
1
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x
x
5. B:
) 1 x 1 , % x (/, B, | x | 1 , % x ).
) 1 x 1 , % x (/, B, | x | 1 , % x ).
6. (x) = x .
7. (x) = x .
8. ( x) = x .
9. x = x .
10. x = x .
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1. x = x = 2 + x = 2 + , .
2. x = x = 2 , .
3. x = x = + , .
4. x = x = + , .
5. .
) x = 1 x = 2 , .
2
) x = 0 x = , .
) x = 1 x = 2 +
,.
2
) x = 1 x = 2 + , .
) x = 0 x = +
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2
) x = 1 x = 2 , .
!!!.
. . H P(x) 8 = x x . B:
0
x 0 1 P(x) P(x 0 ) = 0 .
1, B /: x x 0 % P(x) x 0 1 P(x) P(x 0 ) = 0 .
!!Horner.
/ Horner 1 8 / 1 =, 1 B, /,
1 = = =, 1 ( % 1.
www.dimoshopoulos.gr
/ Horner 1 (:
) 8 % 8 ( 1 / (, 1 ( B, / 1 /
(.
= / Horner:
1 ( / 1 8, ( ( 1 8 /
1 1 B.
1 ( / 1 8, ( ( 1 8 / 1 1 B.
) 8 / / ( B, 1 B / 8 % B 1 =.
%, ( ( B ( ( / %.
) 8 / 8 =. (:
1 ( / 1 8, = 1 /
B 1 /.
1 ( / 1 8, = 1
/ B 1 /, ( 8 % % %
( (/, 1, % 8 1).
.
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1. 1 e x > 0 , % x .
2. e x = e y x = y .
3. e x < e y x < y . J ' % (.
4. e 0 = 1 .
5. ne = 1 .
6. n1 = 0 .
7. 1 nx , 8 ( 1 x > 0 .
8. n(xy) = nx + ny .
9. n
x
= nx ny .
y
10. nx = nx .
11. ne x = x .
12. e nx = x .
13. nx = ny x = y .
14. nx < ny x < y . J ' % (.
www.dimoshopoulos.gr
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1
B ( 1 % % /, (:
) ( / 8 / 1, / 1
/, ( 1 / /
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2
3 5
1 2
2 2
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2
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2
2 5
2 5
=
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3 5
15
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/ % /.
E/, / 8 %:
+ , ( / % 1 .
, ( / % 1 + .
1.
2.
3.
1
2 +1
2
3 2
2
2+ 3
1 ( 2 1)
( 2 + 1)( 2 1)
2 (3 + 2)
(3 2)(3 + 2)
=
2 1
2 12
=
2(3 + 2)
32 2
2 ( 2 3)
( 2 + 3)( 2 3)
2 1
= 2 1 .
2 1
6+2 2
6+2 2
=
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92
7
2( 2 3)
2
2 3
2( 2 3)
=
23
2( 2 3)
= 2( 2 3) = 2( 3 2) .
1
1
1 (2 2 + 1)
2 2 +1
2 2 +1
2 2 +1
4.
=
=
=
=
=
2
2
2
4 2 1
2 2 1 (2 2 1)(2 2 + 1) (2 2) 1
22 2 1
=
2 2 +1 2 2 +1
=
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8 1
7
1, ( % ( 1 % ( 1 8 %, %
8 , 12 , 32 ..(, ( % /:
www.dimoshopoulos.gr
) % ( 8 % ( 1 ( B =, 1 8
1 8 % ( ( 1, ( 1 1).
) % 8 ( 1 ( 1 % = 8.
1.
8 = 4 2 = 22 2 = 2 2 .
2.
12 = 4 3 = 22 3 = 2 3 .
3.
32 = 16 2 = 4 2 2 = 4 2 .
4.
48 = 16 3 = 4 2 3 = 4 3 .
5.
72 = 36 2 = 62 2 = 6 2 .
2.
;
8 % x 8 1 / 1, 1
1 ( = 1 = B!
' (, 1 8 % % (, ( %,
1), ( = 1 ( B % %
1 1 / 1.
/ 1 8 % x 8 1, ( % 8
1 = B, ( 1 / / ( 8 % x
( / 8 8) ( 8 8 ( (.
E= B 8 / =, 1 B 1.
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) 8 8 ( B, ( = % / = % 8 1 %, = 1 8.
A1 8, % ( % % ( 1 ' (!
) 8 8 () % x, ( = % B % / 1 % ( % % / =.
3.
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8 % x 8 2 / 1, 1
1 ( = 1 8 B! ( B
% 8 % B 1.
% / =, ( 1 ( 1 %
/ 1 1 1 8 B.
) J 1 8 8 x 2 x ( (
(/ 8 / x 2 + x + = 0 ), ( B' / 1.
) ' 1 8 8 ( x 2 x (/ 8 / x 2 + x = 0 ), ( B 1, / x 2 + x = 0 x(x + ) = 0 x = 0 / x + = 0 , (
% 8 B x = 0 / 1 = B, x + = 0 .
) J 1 8 8 ( x 2 8 ( ( (/ 8 /
x 2 + = 0 ), ( B 1 x 2 , (:
www.dimoshopoulos.gr
% B ( ( (( 1 % / x 2 = , > 0 ), (
B 1 1 x = / x = .
% B ( ( (( 1 % / x 2 = , < 0 ), ( 1 1 B (B 1 8 % 1 8 8 ( ().
1 1 1 /, B ( 8 %
1 = B B %.
4. '
!! B | x | 0 , % x .
( 1 /, ( % ( % %
% ( /.
J 8 ' / ( / (/ 1
;
% 1 /), ( 8 ( % 1 8 ( /.
, 0
( ( / 8 ( | | =
, /:
, < 0
) % 1 8 ( / 1 /, ( B 8
( / % 1 8 % % ( 1.
%, 1 | x 2 + 1 | = x 2 + 1 , / 1 x 2 + 1 > 0 , % x .
) % 1 8 ( / 1 /, ( B 8
( / % 1 8 % 1 (.
%, 1 | x 2 1 | = x 2 + 1 , / 1 x 2 1 < 0 , % x .
) ( % 1 8 ( / 1 (, (, B % (, 8 1 B =:
( % 1 8 ( / 1 /, ( B 8
( / % % 1 8 ( 1.
( % 1 8 ( / 1 /, ( B 8
( / % % 1 8 1 (.
%, | x 1 | , / % x 1 8 ( (, 1
x 1 , x 1 0
x 1 , x 1
| x 1 | =
| x 1 | =
.
(x 1) , x 1 < 0
1 x , x < 1
5.
= 8 1 1 8 1 / B ( 8 (/, 8 1 ( % 8 , 8
% 8 8 1, / % B 8 % 8 ( 8).
) 1 8 1 ( /, ( % (
| x | = , > 0 x = / x = ,
B B 8 =:
www.dimoshopoulos.gr
= 1 % (, 8 8 ( /, 18 (
8 % B 1 B, % 1 (% B (
8 x = ).
B 1 % (, 8 8 ( /, 18 1
B 8 % B 1 B, % 1 (% B ( 8 x = ).
1 = 0 , ( 8 1 | x | = 0 , ' ( B x = 0 , / (
% 8 8, ( % (, 8 8 ( /, 18 8
B 1 B.
1 < 0 , ( 8 1 | x | = , < 0 , / 8 ( | x | < 0 ,
1 B, B 1 | x | 0 , % x .
1. 1 | x 1 | = 5 8
x 1 = 5
x = 6 / x = 4 .
| x 1 | = 5
x 1 = 5
2. 1 | x 2 1 | = 5 8
x 2 1 = 5 x 2 = 6
x 2 = 6 x = 6 / x = 6 .
| x 2 1 | = 5 2
x 1 = 5 x 2 = 4 ()
) 1 8 B ( 8, ( % ( | x | = | | x = / x =
B B 8 =:
= 1 % (, 8 8 ( / = 8, 18
% 8 8 B ( / B 1 B, % 1 (% B ( 8 x = ).
B 1 % (, 8 8 ( / = 8, 18
1 % 8 8 B ( / B 1
B, % 1 (% B ( 8 x = ).
. 1 | x 2 | = | 2x + 5 | 8
x 2 = 2x + 5 x = 7
x = 7 / x = 1 .
| x 2 | = | 2x + 5 |
x 2 = 2x 5 3x = 3
6.
;
= ( 8 1 (:
) | x | , > 0 x (% <).
) | x | , > 0 x / x (% >).
=, (, 8 8 ( / ( 8
1 ( 8 8 (.
) B 1 / | x | , B / 1 8 %
% 8 8 ( /.
8 % = = B, ( ( x 8 (/ =) ( 8 1 ( %.
www.dimoshopoulos.gr
x 8 /, ( 1 1 1 8 ' ( (,
= % 8 1 ( x.
8 8 = = B, % 8 (/ B B) / / / / %, ( % B =, B 1 % ,
8, % / B= .
1. 1 | x 1 | 2 8
| x 1 | 2 2 x 1 2 2 + 1 x 1 + 1 2 + 1 1 x 3 x [1, 3] .
2. 1 3 | 1 x | 1 8
1
1
1
1
1 x 1 1 1 x 1
3
3
3
3
2 4
4
2
4
2
2
4
x x x x , .
3 3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3 | 1 x | 1 1 3(1 x) 1
) B 1 / | x | , ( % % 8 8 ( / %' , 1 % B ( ( 1 % ( ( 1 B 8 % 1 B = B.
1. 1 | x 3 | 4 8
| x 3 | 4 x 3 4 / x 3 4 x 7 / x 1 x (,1][7,+ ) .
2. 1 | 2x + 1 | 3 8
2x + 1 3
2x 2 x 1
| 2x + 1 | 3
x (, 2][1,+ ) .
2x + 1 3
2x
4
x
7.
1 = 8 B 1 ( ( 8 O, 1 ( 1 ( 1 B (!
!
% 8 ( ( 1 ' 8 8, = x 2 8 ( /, B 8
8 8!!
= 8 % 1 1 B = 8 ( 8).
E1 / =:
) = 8 B 1 x1 ,x 2 ( 1 x1 < x 2 ), ( % ( 1
x 2 + x +
x1
(
x2
(
+
(
% / B B 1, /:
8 1 x 2 + x + > 0 , ( % B x (,x1 ) (x 2 ,+ ) .
8 1 x 2 + x + 0 , ( % B x (,x1 ][x 2 ,+ ) .
www.dimoshopoulos.gr
8 1 x 2 + x + < 0 , ( % B x (x1 ,x 2 ) .
8 1 x 2 + x + 0 , ( % B x [x1 ,x 2 ] .
. B 1 x 2 3x + 2 > 0 .
. = = 8 8 1 = (3)2 4 1 2 = 9 8 = 1 , (
8 B % 8 1,
x1, 2 =
3 1
31
3+1
3 1
4
2
=
x1 =
/ x2 =
x1 =
/ x 2 = x1 = 2 / x 2 = 1 .
2
2
2
2
2
2
E= ( 1
1
+
x 2 3x + 2
+
+
' ( B ( x (,1) (2,+ ) .
.
) 1 B 1 x 2 3x + 2 0 , ( ( ' % / ( 8 8 x (,1][2,+ ) .
) 1 B 1 x 2 3x + 2 < 0 , ( ( ' % / ( 8 8 x (1, 2) .
) 1 B 1 x 2 3x + 2 0 , ( ( ' % / ( 8 8 x [1, 2] .
J ( 1 (B = 1 1) / = 1!!
) = 8 1 / 1 x 0 , ( 1 ( /
x 2 + x + = (x x 0 )2 ,
( % 1 B = 8 1 % (x x 0 )2 .
H, (, ( 1 /, 8 ( ( = 8, = / x 2 1 (, 8 % ( > 0 , (:
8 1 (x x 0 )2 > 0 , ( % B x {x 0 } .
8 1 (x x 0 )2 0 , ( % B x .
8 1 (x x 0 )2 < 0 , ( % ( 1 1 B .
8 1 (x x 0 )2 0 , ( B (
(x x 0 )2 = 0 x x 0 = 0 x = x 0 (/ 1).
www.dimoshopoulos.gr
. B 1 x 2 4x + 4 > 0 .
. = = 8 8 1 = (4)2 4 1 4 = 16 16 = 0 , (
8 / 1, x 0 =
4
x0 = 2 .
2 1
O 1 x 2 4x + 4 = 1 (x 2)2 x 2 4x + 4 = (x 2)2 , 8, 8 1
(x 2)2 > 0 , ' ( B x {2} .
.
) 1 B 1 x 2 4x + 4 0 , ( 8 1 (x 2)2 0 ,
( 8 8 x (B 1 (x 2)2 0 , % x ).
) 1 B 1 x 2 4x + 4 < 0 , ( 8 1 (x 2)2 < 0 ,
1 B (( 1 (x 2)2 0 , % x ).
) 1 B 1 x 2 4x + 4 0 , ( 8 1 (x 2)2 0 , '
( 1 ( (x 2)2 = 0 x 2 = 0 x = 2 (/ 1), B 1 1
(x 2)2 < 0 .
) = 8 8 1, ( /, ( 1 /, 8 8
( ( = 8, = / x 2 1 (, 8 % (
= 1 (, % x , (:
8 1 x 2 + x + > 0 , ( % B x .
8 1 x 2 + x + 0 , ( % B x .
8 1 x 2 + x + < 0 , ( % ( 1 1 B ((
1 x 2 + x + > 0 , % x ).
8 1 x 2 + x + 0 , ( % ( 1 1 B (( 1 x 2 + x + > 0 , % x ).
. B 1 x 2 + x + 1 > 0 .
. = = 8 8 1 = 12 4 1 1 = 1 4 = 3 < 0 , (
1 x 2 + x + 1 > 0 , % x .
( 1 ( B 1 1 % x .
.
) 1 B 1 x 2 + x + 1 0 , ( 8 % 8 ( x .
) 1 B 1 x 2 + x + 1 < 0 , ( 8 ( 1 B (( 1 x 2 + x + 1 > 0 , % x ).
) 1 B 1 x 2 + x + 1 0 , ( 8 ( 1 B (( 1 x 2 + x + 1 > 0 , % x ).
www.dimoshopoulos.gr
8.
8 = / =, 1
8, 1 1 / 8 /
1 B / ( %, B 1 1, / B, B).
) , ( %
1 = = 8 B , %,
/ x ( = = B) 1 (, ( 1 / x 2 ( = 8 B) 1 (.
% 8 1, 1, = /, 1 % % ( B
1 /) , %, % % 1 % ( %.
% = B, % () % ( 1 (+) % ( 1.
% 8 B % (+) 8 ( 1 () % 1.
( 1 / 1, ( = ( 8 % /,
% / % = B 1.
1 = (, = 8 % = 1 (/ 8) B!
B 1 (x 1)(x 2 5x + 6) < 0 .
1 . (1 1 % % 1).
x 1 = 0 x = 1 .
x 2 5x + 6 = 0 x = 2 x = 3 .
2 . (E= ( 1).
x 1
x 2 5x + 6
3 . (E1 B 1 ( 1 / / / 1
(/ ()).
( 1 B ( x (,1) (2, 3) .
) ,
, % (, 8.
B 1 (e x 1)(x 2 5x + 6) < 0 .
1 . (1 1 % % 1).
e x 1 = 0 e x = 1 x = n1 x = 0 .
1: e x 1 > 0 e x > 1 x > n1 x > 0 % 1 e x 1 < 0 .
www.dimoshopoulos.gr
x 2 5x + 6 = 0 x = 2 x = 3 .
2 . (E= ( 1).
e x 1
x 2 5x + 6
3 . (E1 B 1 ( 1 / / / 1
(/ ()).
( 1 B ( x (,1) (2, 3) .
! 1 8 % x
9. 8, T 8 1 B.
;
! !!
8, ( % 1 .. =
8 ( (, % / x (% B 1 = 1).
. 1 8 / /
f (x)
> 0 (1 % =), (
g(x)
8 B/ f (x)g(x) > 0 , / 8 8
1 % ( 8 % 8.
1 8 % /, % B 8 8 % ( /
% % % x, ( 8 ( ( = 8, % %f (x)
= 1 8 % /
> 0 , ( % ( 8
g(x)
%.
1
x 2
B 1 2
0.
x 1
1 . (8 ( /).
8 1 x 2 1 0 x 2 1 x 1 x 1 .
2 . (8 % ().
1 1 B (x 2)(x 2 1) 0 .
3 . (E= ( 1).
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x 2
x 2 1
4 . (E1 B 1 ( 1 / / / 1
(/ (), % ' ( ( (!).
( 1 B x (,1][1, 2] .
( B B (, % 8 ( x (,1) (1, 2] .
2
x
B 1
e +1
> 1 .
e x 1
1 . (8 ( /).
8 1 e x 1 0 e x 1 x n1 x 0 .
2 . (8 ( 8 8 = % % =).
1
ex + 1
ex + 1
e x + 1 +e x 1
2e x
>
1
+
1
>
0
>
0
>0.
e x 1
e x 1
e x 1
e x 1
/ 1 e x > 0 , % x , ( 1 1 8
e x 1 > 0 e x > 1 x > n1 x > 0 .
8 1 1 1 8 1 / 1-
10. , 1 % 8 8 ( ' 8 8 (/
( 8) 1. 1 % %
(, ( % ( ' B %.
%, = / 8 1 1 8 (, % 1 % ( 1 1 B / 1
;
(.
8, % 1 8 1, 1 /
=:
) % % (, / 1 8 /
f (x) = , , (:
1 > 0 , B B 8 % B 1 B.
8, B / 1 /, % ( (.
1 = 0 , ( 1 8 / f (x) = 0 , ' ( B f (x) = 0
B 1 /.
1 < 0 , ( 1 1 B (B 1 f (x) 0 , % x B
( ( 8).
www.dimoshopoulos.gr
) % % % x, / 1 8 /
f (x) = g(x) , ( 8
( g(x) 0 B B ( f (x) 0 .
8, B B 8 %, B 1 B 8
B 1 1 /, 8% ( 8.
11.
;
/ 1 1, ( % 1 8 B.
8 = 1 / / B (
8: e x = e y x = y .
8 = = ( 1 /
e x = , > 0 , B 1 1 x = n .
(, = 1 / e f (x ) = , > 0 , B 1 1 f (x) = n
( f (x) 1 / % x).
1 1 = 0 / < 0 , ( 1 1 B (( 1 e x > 0 ,
% x ).
1. e x = 1 x = n1 x = 0 .
2. e x = 2 x = n2 .
3. e x =
1
1
x = n x = n1 n2 x = n2 .
2
2
4. e x = 0 , B, ( 1 e x > 0 , % x .
5. e x = 1 , B, ( 1 e x > 0 , % x .
1
2
6. e = 2 x = n 2 x = n2 x =
1
n2 .
2
7. e 2x = 1 2x = n1 2x = 0 x = 0 .
2
8. e x = 2 x 2 = n2 x = n2 x = n2 .
( 1 1 ' ( 1 = =.
12. ( % 1 (, 1 B "=" 1
;
B "<" (/ / % % 1).
1. e x < 1 x < n1 x < 0 .
2. e x > 2 x > n2 .
3. e x
1
1
x n x n1 n2 x n2 .
2
2
4. e x < 0 , B, ( 1 e x > 0 , % x .
5. e x < 1 , B, ( 1 e x > 0 , % x .
x
1
2
6. e < 2 x < n 2 x < n2 x <
1
n2 .
2
www.dimoshopoulos.gr
7. e 2x 1 2x n1 2x 0 x 0 .
8. e 2x 2 2x n2 x
n2
1
x n2 .
2
2
9. e x > 2 x , ( 1 e x > 0 , % x .
13.
;
8 = 1 / / B
( 8 nx = ny x = y .
1 / 1 1 1, 8 1
( x > 0 ( 8 8 ( % 1,
= 1 ( ( ( %
%).
8 = = ( 1 / nx = , , B
1 1 x = e .
(, = 1 / nf (x) = , , f (x) > 0 , B 1 1
f (x) = e ( f (x) 1 / % x).
1. 1 nx = 0 8 1 x > 0 8
nx = 0 x = e 0 x = 1 .
2. 1 nx = 1 8 1 x > 0 8
nx = 1 x = e 1 x = e .
3. 1 nx = 3 8 1 x > 0 8
nx = 3 x = e 3 .
4. 1 nx = 2 8 1 x > 0 8
1
nx = 2 x = e 2 x = 2 .
e
3
5. 1 nx = 8 1 x > 0 8
4
3
3
1
1
4
nx = x = e x = 3 x =
.
4
3
4
e
4
e
6. 1 2nx = 5 8 1 x > 0 8
5
5
x = e 2 x = e 5 x = e 4 e x = e 2 e .
2
7. 1 2n(x + 1) = 1 8 1 x + 1 > 0 x > 1 8
2nx = 5 nx =
1
1
2n(x + 1) = 1 n(x + 1) = x + 1 = e 2 x + 1 = e x = e 1 .
2
8 8 B 1 (, / B e 1 > 1 .
1
e 1 > 1 e > 0 , B, / B x = e 1 1 /.
www.dimoshopoulos.gr
14.
;
( 1 1 ' ( 1 = =.
( % 1 (, 1 B "=" 1
B "<" (/ / % % 1).
1 8 B ( =, ( 8
1 B ( 1 1 / B 8 ( 8 /.
1. 1 nx < 0 8 1 x > 0 8
nx < 0 x < e 0 x < 1 .
% ' (, (, (, % 8 ( 0 < x < 1 x (0,1) .
2. 1 nx 1 8 1 x > 0 8
nx 1 x e 1 x e .
( ( B ( B ' / 1.
3. 1 nx > 2 8 1 x > 0 8
1
.
e2
( ( B ( B ' / 1.
nx > 2 x > e 2 x >
4. 1 2nx < 5 8 1 x > 0 8
5
5
2nx < 5 nx < x < e 2 x < e 5 x < e 4 e x < e 2 e .
2
(, (, B B, % 8 ( 0 < x < e 2 e x (0 , e 2 e ) .
5. 1 n(x 1) > 3 8 1 x 1 > 0 x > 1 8
n(x 1) > 3 x 1 > e 3 x 1 >
( B 1 ().
www.dimoshopoulos.gr
1
1
x >1+ 3 .
3
e
e
1
. .
1.!!!!!!!;
J 1 8 / (x ,y ) 8
(x ,y ) ( B , ( 8 1
( B = (x x ,y y ) .
E/ 1 ( 1 (x ,y ) 8 % 8 / / (
8 1 , 8 8 = (x ,y ) .
2.!!!!!!!;
J 1 8 (x ,y ), (x ,y ) B 1, ( (/ 1 () 1 ( B () = (x x )2 + (y y )2 .
3.!!!!!!!!!!;
J 1 8 (x ,y ), (x ,y ) B 1, ( 8 (x ,y ) -
x + x y + y
B / 8 8
,
.
2
2
4.!!!!!!!;
J 8 % = (x ,y) 8 8 8, ( 8 1 | |
1 ( B | | = x 2 + y 2 .
1 (, 8 % 8 1, ( 8 8 1 1 1!
5.!!!!!!!!;
1 . J 1 8 8 B % = (x1 ,y1 ) , = (x 2 ,y 2 ) , (
( ( 1 1 ( B = x1x 2 + y1y 2 .
2 . J 1 8 8 B %, ( (
( 1 ( B = | | | | , ( 1 1 1
, (0 180o ) .
: = 0 .
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6.!!!!!!!;
J 1 8 8 B % = (x1 ,y1 ) , = (x 2 ,y 2 ) , ( %
1 , 1 det( , ) , (
x y
det( , ) = 1 1
x 2 y2
= x1y 2 x 2y1 .
7.!!!!!!;
J B B , 1 %, ( B det( , ) = 0 1!
E/ 1: / / det( , ) = 0 .
/ 1 8 B % ( 8 % B, B (
% ' 1 8.
1 B: / / = , .
8 % B 1 8 % 1.
8, B: 1 , , 1 % = det( , ) = 0 .
. .
1.!!!!!!!!;
( ( B / B 1 1
/:
1 . J 1 8 B 1 (x ,y ), (x ,y ) ( 1 8 1 (B, / 1), ( / B/ 1
y y
.
x x
2 . J 1 1 1 1 % x'x.
H, 1 / 1, ( B = .
3 . J 1 ( 1 % % 1.
H, (1 ),(2 ) 1 B 1, % B , B: 1 / /2 = .
1
8 / 1 / B B =, ( B 1 %.
4 . J 1 ( 1 % % 1.
H, (1 ),(2 ) 1 B 1, % B , B: 1 2 = 1 .
1
8 / 1 / B B =, ( B 1 %.
5 . J 1 1 1 / 1:
/ x + y + = 0 , ( / B/ 1 = .
/ y = x + , ( / B/ 1 = .
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2.!!!!!!!;
1 . J 1 B 1 (x ,y ), (x ,y ) ( 1 8 1, (
y y
1/ 1 : y y = (x x ) / : y y = (x x ) , =
x x
% 1.
2 . J 1 8 1 A(x 0 ,y 0 ) ( 1 8 / B/ , ( 1/ 1 : y y 0 = (x x 0 ) .
3 . J 1 ( 1 8 ( / (, ( 8 1
: y = x .
( 8 =, 1 / B/ , .
4 . J 1 ( 1 1 % % x'x 1 8 x 0 ,
( 8 1 : x = x 0 .
5 . J 1 ( 1 1 % % x'x 1 8
y 0 , ( 8 1 : y = y 0 .
3.!!!!!;
( 1 1 B B 1 1 1 B, 1 1/
1 / x + y + = 0 1 / y = x + .
/ 1 /:
1 . 8 x = 0 1/ .
H B 1 % y. y ( 1 1 1
% y'y.
2 . 8 y = 0 1/ .
H B 1 % x. x ( 1 1 1
% x'x.
3 . H B % 1 8 8 1 8.
. % 1 : 2x + 4y 1 = 0 .
1 . 8 x = 0 1/ 8 4y 1 = 0 4y = 1 y =
% y'y = 1 0 ,
1
.
4
2 . 8 y = 0 1/ 8 2x 1 = 0 2x = 1 x =
1
% x'x = 1 , 0 .
2
3 . = 1 8 B 1.
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1
.
4
1
.
2
:
( 8 x = 0 1 1, ( 1 B 8 / % y'y.
( 8 y = 0 1 1, ( 1 B 8 / % x'x.
H 1 1 / 1 %!
( 1 B 1 1 ( 1 ( / 8 ( /
(.
( 8 1, ( % % 1 8 1
1/ / x (% ( x = 0 ).
H, / y, ( 1 / 1 (x ,y) 8, 88
/ ( 8 B 1.
. % 1 : y = 2x .
1 . 8 x = 1 B y = 2 1 y = 2 .
2 . = 1 (1, 2) B 8, = / (
8 B 1.
4.!!!!!!!;
% B, %, 8 % ' (:
1 . J ( ( 1 ( 1
1 1 %.
( B = 8 / ( (
/ 1 ():
, 1 1 1 1 () 8
%, ( 1 1 1 =,
( ( 1
1
() = ()() .
2
/, (, 1 () = | x | , () = | y | , (
= 1 () =
1
| x | | y | .
2
( 1 B 1 ( (.
x ,y , 8 % / 8 % = 3,
= 1 / 1 %.
2 . J ( ( 1 ( 1 1 % 1
( ( 1 %.
H, (x ,y ), (x ,y ), (x ,y ) 1 1 % 1, 1 1
1
1 , ( ( 1 ( B () = det( , ) .
2
1 ( 1 = (x x ,y y ) , = (x x ,y y ) .
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( (:
. = 8 , ( % B.
. ( det( , ) ( ( B 1 B %.
. 8 8 1 % B B =.
5.!!!!!!!!!!;
1 1 8 % 1 / : x + y + = 0 ( 1,
% 1 % 8 ' / /).
H, 1 / 1 1 () 1 % / M(x 0 ,y 0 ) 1
8 1, 1 / 1 ((, /, ( B ( 1
8!), ( ( () 1 d(, ) 1 ( B
d(, ) =
. .
| x 0 + y 0 + |
2 + 2
1. J 8 B 8 8 / ( 1 , ( 8
1 c : x 2 + y 2 = 2 .
( B 1, / ( 8 B 8 1
2
2
2
c : x + y = , ( 8 8 / ( 1 .
8 B B, 1 (x1 ,y1 ) , 8 1 : x1x + y1y = 2 .
B 8 / ( 1 1 8 1 B 8 1
x 2 + y 2 = 1 1.
2. J 8 B 8 8 1 (x 0 ,y 0 ) 1 , ( 8 1
c : (x x 0 )2 + (y y 0 )2 = 2 .
( B 1, / ( 8 B 8 1 c : (x x 0 )2 + (y y 0 )2 = 2 , ( 8 8 1 (x 0 ,y 0 ) 1 .
3. 1 c : x 2 + y 2 + x + y + = 0 .
8 % 1, = ( ( = 2 + 2 4 , (:
1 =
) 1 > 0 , 1 % B 8
,
.
2
2
2
.
) 1 = 0 , 1 % 1
,
2
2
) 1 < 0 , 1 % 1.
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. .
1.!!!!.
H 1 () 8 1 , ( (). % /,
1 1 B 1 (), ( ( C
1 8, 1 8 ( ().
1 / 1 B (), ( 8 1 1
/ 8 / .
2.!!,!!!!!!!!x'x.
1 c : y 2 = 2px .
p
1 , 0 .
2
EB : x =
p
.
2
8 1 (x1 ,y1 ) : y1y = p(x + x1 ) .
3.!!,!!!!!!!!y'y.
1 c : x 2 = 2py .
p
1 0 , .
2
EB : y =
p
.
2
8 1 (x1 ,y1 ) : x1x = p(y + y1 ) .
. .
1.!!!!.
H ' B 1 ( 8. % 8, 1
1 ' , ( ( C 1 8,
1 % % ( ' 1 ( B '.
( ( % 1, /, 2 ( = '
2.
( ' % / ( 8.
2.!!,!!!!!!!!x'x.
1 c :
x2
y2
+
=1.
2
2
1 ( , 0) , '( , 0) .
B 2 = 2 + 2 .
/ % % 2.
/ B % 2.
/ ( 2.
8 % % (, 0) , '(, 0) .
8 B % (0, ) , '(0, ) .
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( =
<1.
8 1 (x1 ,y1 ) :
x1x
y1y
2
=1.
3.!!,!!!!!!!!y'y.
x2
y2
1 c : 2 + 2 = 1 .
1 (0, ) , '(0, ) .
B 2 = 2 + 2 .
/ % % 2.
/ B % 2.
/ ( 2.
8 % % (0, ) , '(0, ) .
8 B % ( , 0) , '( , 0) .
( =
<1.
8 1 (x1 ,y1 ) :
x1x
y1y
2
=1.
J 1 8 8, 8 1 (.
1.!!!!.
. . H ' B 1 ( 8. % /, 1
1 ' , ( ( C 1 8,
1 ( / % % ( ' 1
/ ( '.
( / % % % 1 / ( 1
% / 2, = ( = 2.
( ' % / ( /.
2.!!,!!!!!!!!x'x.
1 c :
x2
y2
=1 .
2
2
1 ( , 0) , '( , 0) .
B 2 + 2 = 2 .
/ ( 2.
8 (, 0) , '(, 0) .
>1.
B 1 : y = x , 2 : y = x .
( =
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8 1 (x1 ,y1 ) :
x1x
y1y
=1 .
2
/ / c : x 2 y 2 = 2 . (% 1 = 2 .
2
3.!!,!!!!!!!!y'y.
1 c :
y2
x2
=1 .
2
2
1 (0, ) , '(0, ) .
B 2 + 2 = 2 .
/ ( 2.
8 (0, ) , '(0, ) .
>1.
B 1 : y = x , 2 : y = x .
( =
8 1 (x1 ,y1 ) :
y1y
x1x
=1 .
2
/ / c : y 2 x 2 = 2 . (% 1 = 2 .
2
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