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Aqueous Solutions andColloids
Solutions in living systems are aqueous solution (aq.), that they are madewith water.
Types Of Solutions:
The result of mixing sugar with water is a homogenous mixture called a(solution).Solution : is a homogenous mixture of the molecule, atoms, or ions of two or more different substances.The substances that make up a solution are called (components). There isusually more of one component than the other component in a solution.The component present in excess is called (solvent), the others are called(solutes). In a solution of sugar in water, water is the solvent and sugar isthe solute.
 
 
Solubility :
there is a limit to the amount of solute that can be dissolved in a solvent ata particular temperature. When this limit is reached. No more solute willdissolve in the solvent. In this case the solvent is saturated with the solute(saturated solution).Solubility : is the amount of solute that dissolve in a given quantity odsolute to form a saturated solution.The solubility depends on many factors:1.
 
Kind of solvent2.
 
Kind of solute3.
 
Temperature4.
 
Pressure above the solventRemember always the golden rule (like dissolve like) :
 
 polar dissolve polar.Ex: water is a good solvent for NaCl
 
non polar dissolve non polar Ex: gasoline in a good solvent for greases and oil.
 Liquid in liquid solution:
1.
 
Completely miscible like water and ethanol.2.
 
Partially miscible3.
 
ImmiscibleThe temperature of the solvent affect its solubility, as solutes are moresoluble in hot than cold solvent.But gases solubility decreases with increasing temperature like in boilingwater, as the temperature of water increases gases escape from solution.The solubility of gas is affected by the pressure of the gas above thesolution, so the solubility of gases increase as the pressure of the gasabove the solution is increased.
 
(ex: beverages contain CO
2
dissolved in water and are bottled under high pressure .When the bottle is opened the partial pressure of CO
2
decreases and thesolubility of CO
2
decreases.The solubility of solids and liquids are unchanged with the change in pressure.
Concentration and solutions:
1.w/w %2. Vol./Vol. %4.Wt./Vol. %% by wt. solute =
100(g)solventof wt.(g)soluteof wt. (g)insoluteof wt.
 
Ex: what is the % by wt. of sugar in a solution made bydissolving 10 g of sugar in 90 g of water? Answer: % wt. =
10100901010
 
% by wt. volume solute =
100(ml)solutiontheof volume (ml)soluteof volume
 
Ex: what is the % by vol.. of ethanol in a solutionmade by diluting 10 ml of ethanol to 100 ml with water? Answer: % by vol. ethanol =
101001010
0
 
% by wt./Vol. solute =
100(ml)solutionof voltotal (g)solutetheof .wt
 
Ex: what is the % by wt./vol of NaCl in a solution madeby diluting 1.5 g of NaCl to 100 ml with water? Answer: % by wt./vol NaCl =
1.5100100(ml)1.5(g)
 
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