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YSM Simamora, E. Suharno, M. Syaikhudin, “Active surge control of centrifugalcompressor using self-tuning fuzzy approach”,
Orbith
vol. 5 No. 1 Mar. 2009,pp 222-229; ISSN : 1858-2095
Active Surge Control of Centrifugal Compressorusing Self-Tuning Fuzzy Approach
Yohannes S.M. Simamora, Edy Suharno, Muhamad Syaikhudin
Mechanical Engineering Study Program – Politeknik PurbayaJl. Pancakarya No. 1 Talang, Kabupaten Tegal-Indonesia 52193Phone.: (0283) 3447340; Fax.: (0283) 3447340; e-mail : simamora@me.purbaya.ac.id
Abstracts
Surge in centrifugal compressor is flow stable oscillation with a large-amplitude. Since it decreases performanceand even may damage the compressor, surge is highly undesired in compressor operation. To overcome the surge problem, two common methods applied are surge avoidance and active surge control. The last mentioned method seem more promising since it can extend the compressor operation range. In this paper, we present self-tuning fuzzy(STF) controller as an approach on active surge control method. The controller consists of two level of fuzzycontrollers. The first level controller acts as the plant controller, while the second one provides parameter tuning of the first level controller. By simulations, we demonstrate that STF can manage the compressor operation from getting surge in several reference points in the surge region.
Keywords
: “surge”, “compressor“, “self-tuning fuzzy”
1.Introduction
Surge is a large-amplitude stable
oscillation
of flow of centrifugal compressor, and ischaracterized by limit cycle in compressor map. It occurs when the compression system is unableto keep forward flow through the compressor due to an increasing pressure and flow reversal. Ina compressor map view, compressor undergoes surge if it operates at any point at the left side of the surge line.Surge is an unexpected operating condition of compressor, since it limits the compressor operating range and may even damage the compressor. As an example, problems occur followinga long time surge are temperature rise, compressor load, and stress of compressor components,all occur in every surge cycle (Brown, 2005) .A classic approach to overcome compressor surge is
surge avoidance
or anti surge (Gravdahl,1998), (Willems, 2000) and (van Helvoirt, 2007). The basic idea of surge avoidance is to managethe compressor operating point stay at the right side of the surge line.Still used in many applications, surge avoidance approach, however, has several drawbacks(Gravdahl, 1998). It is worth concluding the drawbacks of surge avoidance approach lie in thenature of the approach itself, that is to limit the compressor operating area.As alternative to surge avoidance approach, active surge control is introduced. Unlike its passivecounterpart, active surge control is intended dealing with the surge, instead of avoiding it.According to Gravdahl (1998), active surge control approach is stabilizing some part of theunstable area in the compressor map using feedback.The aim of active surge control, thus, is to keep the compressor operation stable, even at the leftside of the surge line. It means that compressor have an extended operating area. Hence, anoperating area extension becomes significant advantage of active surge control approach.Introduced in 1989 by Epstein, Ffowcs Williams, and Greitzer (Gravdahl, 1998), research onactive surge control approach has become extensive ever since. Active surge control experimentsusing feedback proportional controller, with variations in sensor and actuator were listed inWillems (2000). Literature also reports active surge control approach using PI and adaptivecontrol (Gravdahl, 1998), fuzzy control (Al-Mawali and Zhang, 2006), and Linear Quadratic1
YSM Simamora, E. Suharno, M. Syaikhudin, “Active surge control of centrifugalcompressor using self-tuning fuzzy approach”,
Orbith
vol. 5 No. 1 Mar. 2009,pp 222-229; ISSN : 1858-2095
Gaussian (van Helvoirt, 2007) with successful results.While linear approaches were applied successfully in active surge control, the use of nonlinear approaches seem more promising, since surge problem itself is a nonlinear one (Al-Mawali andZhang, 2006). A linear approach is usually accurate only in a small range operation thatconsidered linear, while nonlinear counterparts may handle the nonlinearities in a larger one(Slotine and Li, 1991).The aim of this paper is to present self-tuning fuzzy (STF) controller as a nonlinear approach onactive surge control of centrifugal compressor. The controller consists of two level fuzzysystems. The first level acts as a plant controller, while the second controller parameterize bothinput and output of the first one. As a nonlinear approach, it is expected that the controller succeeds dealing with surge nonlinearities.This paper is organized as follows. Section 2 presents compressor model used in this paper.Section 3 presents self-tuning fuzzy controller design. Section 4 presents simulation results anddiscussions. Conclusions of this paper is presented in section 5.
2.Compressor Model
Compression system under study consists of centrifugal compressor, plenum, throttle and controlvalve (Willems, 2000) and (Al-Mawali and Zhang, 2006) as described in Figure 1. Dynamicequations of the system are given by (Al-Mawali and Zhang, 2006) :
˙
=
1
l
c
c
−
(1)
˙
=
14B
2
l
c
−
T
−
CV
(2)where
is nondimensional annulus averaged mass flow coefficient,
l
c
is effective flow passages length of the compressor and its duct,
c
is Moore-Greitzer compressor characteristic(Gravdahl, 1998),
is nondimensional plenum pressure,
T
is throttle mass characteristicand
CV
is control valve mass characteristic.
Figure 1. Compression system with additional control valve (Al-Mawali and Zhang, 2006)
2
YSM Simamora, E. Suharno, M. Syaikhudin, “Active surge control of centrifugalcompressor using self-tuning fuzzy approach”,
Orbith
vol. 5 No. 1 Mar. 2009,pp 222-229; ISSN : 1858-2095
Constant B in (2) is Greitzer B-parameter (Gravdahl, 1998) that is :
B
=
U
2
a
s
V
p
A
c
L
c
(3)where
U
is compressor constant speed,
a
s
is sound velocity,
V
p
is plenum volume,
A
c
isflow area, and
L
c
is duct and compressor length.It is worth noticing
˙
and
˙
in (1) and (2) are first derivations of
and
, respectively,against nondimensional time, that are :
˙
=˙
(4)
˙
=˙
(5)where
is non-dimensional time. Quantity
is given by (Gravdahl, 1998) :
=
Ut R
(6)where
t
is
actual
time, and
R
average compressor radius.Moore-Greitzer compressor characteristic in (1) is a cubic equation, that is (Gravdahl, 1998),(Willems, 2000), and (van Helvoirt 2007) :
c
=
c0
H
[
1
32
W
−
1
−
12
W
−
1
3
]
(7)where
c0
0
is shut-off value, while
H
and
W
are compressor characteristic semi height andsemi width, respectively.Characteristic curve in a
nondimensional
compressor map view is shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2. Compressor characteristic and surge line in a compressor map.
The presence of surge line in the above map is obtained by a transformation to the localmaximum of (7) (Gravdahl, 1998), that is :
max
,
max
=
2
W,
c0
2
H
(8)Throttle mass characteristic and control valve characteristic in (2) are given by (Al-Mawali andZhang, 2007) and (Willems, 2000):3
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