MC LC

CHNG 1: MCH KHUCH I ............................................................................ 4

1.1 Khi nim chung....................................................................................................... 4
1.1.1 nh ngha .............................................................................................................. 4
1.1.2 Phn loi................................................................................................................. 4
1.1.3 Cc thng s mch khuch i ................................................................................ 5
1.2 Mch khuch i tn hiu nh .................................................................................. 8
1.2.1 Phn tch mch khuch i dng BJT ch tn hiu nh tn s thp .................... 8
1.2.2 Phn tch mch khuch i BJ T bng s tng ng vt l ........................... 12
1.2.3 Phn gii theo tham s h: ...................................................................................... 18
1.2.4 Phn tch mch khuch i Transistor trng FET ................................................ 19
1.3 Ghp cc tng khuch i ...................................................................................... 26
1.3.1 Ghp lin tip. ...................................................................................................... 26
1.3.2 Mch khuch i Darlington ................................................................................ 30
1.3.3 Mch lin kt chng (Cascode) ............................................................................. 31
1.3.4 Mch khuch i vi sai ......................................................................................... 32
1.4 Mch khuch i cng sut .................................................................................... 36
1.4.1 nh ngha v phn loi ....................................................................................... 36
1.4.2 Mch khuch i ch A .................................................................................... 38
1.4.3 Mch khuch i ch B .................................................................................... 41
1.4.4 Mch khuch i ch C .................................................................................... 46
1.5 Mch khuch i c hi tip................................................................................... 47
1.5.1 Cc khi nim c bn: .......................................................................................... 47
1.5.2 Cc phng trnh c bn ...................................................................................... 48
1.5.3 nh hng ca hi tip m n cc thng s ca mch ........................................ 49
1.5.4 Phng php phn tch b khuch i c hi tip.................................................. 55
1.6 Mch khuch i thut ton v mt s ng dng c bn ..................................... 58
1.6.1 C bn v b khuch i thut ton ...................................................................... 58
1.6.2 Cc tham s c bn ca b khuch i thut ton................................................. 59
1.6.3 Cc s c bn ca b khuch i thut ton .................................................... 61
CHNG 2 : MCH LC TCH CC ..................................................................... 73
2.1. Khi nim mch lc tn s ..................................................................................... 73
2.1.1. Mch lc th ng ............................................................................................ 74
2.1.2. Mch lc tch cc............................................................................................. 75
2.1.3. Tham s c trng mch lc tch cc ............................................................... 75
2.2. Mch lc thng thp ............................................................................................... 79
2.2.1. Mch lc thng thp bc 1 ................................................................................ 79
2.2.2. Mch lc thng thp bc 2 ................................................................................ 81
2.3. Mch lc thng cao ................................................................................................. 83
2.3.1. Mch lc thng cao bc 1 ................................................................................. 83
2.3.2. Mch lc thng cao bc 2 ................................................................................. 85

2


2.4. Mch lc chn lc v lc thng di ........................................................................ 86
2.4.1. Mch lc chn lc ............................................................................................. 86
2.4.2. Mch lc thng di bng tn rng .................................................................... 89
2.5. Mch lc chn di ................................................................................................... 90
2.6. Thit k mch lc tch cc bc cao ......................................................................... 91
CHNG 3. MCH TO DAO NG V NH THI .......................................... 92
3.1. Mch to dao ng iu ha .................................................................................. 92
3.1.1. Mch dao ng di pha ...................................................................................... 93
3.1.2. Mch dao ng cu Wien .................................................................................. 96
3.1.3. Mch dao ng LC ........................................................................................... 97
3.1.4. Dao ng Thch anh......................................................................................... 99
3.2. Mch to xung ...................................................................................................... 102
3.2.1. Khi nim chung ............................................................................................. 102
3.2.2. Mch dao ng a hi lng n...................................................................... 103
3.3. Mch nh thi 555 ............................................................................................... 109
CHNG 4: MCH IU CH V GII IU CH ........................................... 114
4.1. Cc mch iu ch tng t ................................................................................. 114
4.1.1. Khi nim iu ch .............................................................................................. 114
4.1.2. iu ch bin .................................................................................................. 114
4.1.3. iu ch n bin (SSB) ................................................................................. 122
4.1.4. iu tn v iu pha ....................................................................................... 128
4.2. Cc mch tch sng tng t ............................................................................... 132
4.2.1. Tch sng iu bin ........................................................................................ 132
4.2.1.1. Cc tham s c bn ........................................................................................ 132
4.2.1.2. Mch tch sng bin .................................................................................. 133
4.2.2. Tch sng tn hiu iu tn v iu pha .......................................................... 136
CHNG 5: MCH TRN TN V VNG KHA PHA ...................................... 140
5.1. Mch trn tn ....................................................................................................... 140
5.1.1. Nguyn l trn tn .......................................................................................... 140
5.1.2. Mch trn tn n .......................................................................................... 141
5.1.3. Mch trn tn cn bng .................................................................................. 142
5.1.4. Mch i tn cn bng vng ........................................................................... 143
5.1.5. Trn tn dng IC nhn 602. ............................................................................ 145
5.2. Vng kha pha (PLL) ........................................................................................... 147
5.2.1. Cu to, nguyn tc hot ng ........................................................................ 147
5.2.2. ng dng PLL ................................................................................................ 151
CHNG 6. MCH N NH IN P MT CHIU ......................................... 154
6.1. Khi nim chung ................................................................................................... 154
3

6.2. Mch n p tuyn tnh .......................................................................................... 154
6.2.1. Mch n p ni tip ........................................................................................ 155
6.2.2. Mch n p song song .................................................................................... 157
6.3. Mch n p xung .................................................................................................. 159
CHNG 7: MCH CHUYN I TNG T-S V S TNG T ............. 163
7.1. Mch chuyn i tng t-s (ADC) ................................................................... 163
7.1.1. Nguyn tc chuyn i .................................................................................... 165
7.1.2. Tham s c bn ADC ...................................................................................... 167
7.1.3. Cc phng php chuyn i tng t-s ....................................................... 167
7.2. Mch chuyn i s-tng t............................................................................... 175
7.2.1. Nguyn tc chuyn i .................................................................................... 175
7.2.2. c tnh k thut ca DAC ............................................................................. 176
7.2.3. Phng php chuyn i DAC ........................................................................ 178


































4


CHNG 1: MCH KHUCH I
1.1 Khi nim chung
1.1.1 nh ngha
Khuch i l mt qu trnh bin i nng lng c iu khin. Nng lng ca ngun
mt cung cp 1 chiu (khng cha ng thng tin) c bin i thnh dng nng lng xoay
chiu (c quy lut bin i mang thng tin cn thit). Qu trnh khuch i s to ra trn ti
mt nng lng bin i theo quy lut ca ngun tn hiu nhng cao hn v dng in, in
p hoc cng sut.
S khi mt b khuch i trn hnh (1.1)

Hnh(1-1): S khi b khuch i
- Ngun tn hiu: ngun tn hiu xoay chiu cn khuch i.
- Ngun cung cp: ngun mt chiu cp cho mch khuch i hot ng
(phn cc).
- Khuch i: mch khuch i c nhim v chuyn nng lng t ngun
mt chiu cung cp sang tn hiu xoay chiu cn khuch i. Mch ny
c t nht mt phn t tch cc (BJT, FET hoc Op-Amp) .
- Ti: ly tn hiu c khuch i.
1.1.2 Phn loi
Mch khuch i c phn loi theo mt s cch c bn sau:
- Theo dng tn hiu: khuch i tn hiu lin tc (tng t) v khuch i
tn hiu ri rc (xung s).
- Theo tn s: khuch i tn thp, tn cao, khuch i tn hiu 1 chiu,
xoay chiu.
- Theo phn t khuch i: khuch i bng transistor lng cc,
transistor trng hoc khuch i thut ton...
- Theo thng s tn hiu: khuch i cng sut, khuch i in p, khuch
i dng in.
5

- Theo ln tn hiu: khuch i tn hiu nh, khuch i tn hiu ln
(khuch i cng sut).
1.1.3 Cc thng s mch khuch i
1.1.3.1 Cc thng s vo ra
- Cc thng s vo mch khuch i gm: in p vo (Uv), dng in vo
(I
v
), tr khng vo (Z
v
), cng sut vo (P
v
).
- Cc thng s ra mch khuch i gm: in p ra (U
r
), dng in ra (I
r
),
tr khng ra (Z
r
), cng sut ra (P
r
)
1.1.3.2 H s khuch i
- H s khuch i p: tnh bng t l in p ra chia in p vo, c tnh theo cng
thc:
.
j r
u u
v
U
K K e
U

= =
o
u
K
: ln h s khuch i
o : Gc lch pha gia Ur v Uv. Cc b khuch i ni chung thng c =
0 (khuch i ng pha) hoc =t (khuch i ngc pha).
- H s khuch i dng in: tnh bng t l dng in ra v dng in vo, c tnh
theo cng thc:
r
i
v
I
K
I
=
- H s truyn t tn hiu u vo: tnh bng t l tn hiu thc t a vo b khuch
i v ngun tn hiu a vo:
n v
v
n
v
n
R R
R
U
U
K
+
= =



Hnh(1-2): S tng ng ca b khuch i
- H s khuch i cng sut: tnh bng t l cng sut ra chia cng sut vo:
+
-
Ur
Rr
Rt
Rv
Rn
+
-
Un
Iv Ir
Uv
R
n
: in tr ngun tn hiu
R
v
: tr khng vo
R
r
: tr khng ra
R
t
: in tr ti
U
n
: in p ngun tn hiu

6


.
r
P u i
v
P
K K K
P
= =
1.1.3.3 Hiu sut:
Hiu sut ca mch khuch i l t s ca cng sut ra v cng sut ngun tn hiu
1 chiu tiu th:
o
r
P
P
= q

B khuch i nhiu tng th tng tiu th cng sut 1 chiu nhiu nht l tng cng
sut v hiu sut ca tng c ly xp x bng hiu sut ca tng khuch i cng sut.
1.1.3.4 c tuyn bin tn s
c tuyn bin tn s th hin s bin thin ca bin tn hiu khi tn s tn hiu
vo thay i. Ta c h s khuch i in p ca mt mch khuch i:

= =
v
r j
U
U
e K K

. | |

- | | K =|1 (e) : c tuyn bin tn s
- =|2 (e) : c tuyn pha tn s
Vi tn s thp (e khng cao lm), =0 hoc 180
0
th khng xt v gc lch pha .
Cc b khuch i tn thp thng c dng c tuyn bin tn s nh trn hnh (0-3):

Hnh (1-3): c tuyn bin tn s ca b khuch i tn thp
Trong :
f
t
: l tn s gii hn di m ti h s khuch i gim \2 ln
f
c
: l tn s gii hn trn m ti h s khuch i gim \2 ln
K
o
: H s khuch i ln nht t c
Di thng (hay bng thng) ca b khuch i c tnh bng:
c t
B f f =
B khuch i thng thng (di rng) c bng thng B ~ f
c

7

c tuyn bin tn s gim phm vi tn thp ch yu do t ni tng (C
nt
) kt hp vi tr
khng vo (Rv) to b lc thng cao nh trn hnh (1-4).

Hnh (1-4): nh hng ca t ni tng tn s thp
Ti tn s cao, do t k sinh u ra kt hp vi in tr ra R
r
v in tr ti R
t
ca tng
khuch i (R
td
=R
r
// R
t
) nh trn hnh (1-5).

Hnh(1-5): nh hng ca t k sinh tn s cao
1.1.3.5 c tuyn truyn t
Biu th mi quan h gia i lng u ra v i lng vo.






Hnh(1-5): c tuyn truyn t in p
V d c c tuyn truyn t in p nh trn hnh (1-6), ta c:
- Khi U
v
s U
vmin
th U
r
=U
rmin
. y l tp m ca b khuch i.
- Khi U
v
> U
vmax
th U
r
=U
rmax
, th hin tnh cht hn ch ca tng
khuch i.
Yu cu tn hiu a vo b khuch i phi tho mn iu kin:
U
vmin
s U
v
s U
vmax

Di ng ca b khuch i c nh ngha bng t s :
max
min
v
k
v
U
D
U
=
Rv
Cnt
+
-
Ur 1
Rt d
Cks
+
-
Ur
Cks
Rr
Rt
f
|K|
f
|K|
Uv
Ur
B
A
U
vmin
U
vmax

U
rmax

8


1.1.3.6 T s tn hiu trn tp m (S/N)
Tn hiu ra gm c 2 thnh phn: tn hiu (S) v tp m (N)
T s S/N cng ln th nh hng ca tp m cng t v ngc li.
- Tp m sinh ra l do cm ng ca in t trng bn ngoi nh hng vo b
khuch i: Tp m do chnh cc phn t khuch i to nn (diode,
transistor ...)
- Tp m do nh hng va in li thng qua ngun chnh lu
1.2 Mch khuch i tn hiu nh
1.2.1 Phn tch mch khuch i dng BJT ch tn hiu nh tn s thp
gii cc bi ton c lin quan n cc linh kin tch cc, ta phi a chng v cc
dng mch in tng ng n gin.
S tng ng ca Transistor lng cc c ngha l ta biu din linh kin ny di
dng mt s mch in tng ng hoc mt h phng trnh ton m t hot ng ca
n mt ch c th no . Yu cu ca cc s tng ng nh sau:
- n gin, ch yu nn s dng quan h bc 1.
- Tnh chnh xc.
Vi Transistor lng cc, thng s dng 2 kiu s tng ng khi phn tch
mch khuch i tn hiu nh, tn s thp:
- S tng ng theo tham s vt l (r
e
)
- S tng ng theo tham s h (tham s hn hp)
1.2.1.1 S tng ng BJT theo tham s h:
i vi tn hiu nh c th coi BJ T l mt mng 4 cc tuyn tnh nn c th dng h
phng trnh ca mng 4 cc biu din dng v p vo v ra ca Transistor.




Hnh (1-6): S Transistor nh mt mng 4 cc.
Vi BJT, dng phng trnh hn hp theo tham s h l thun li hn c. Cp
phng trnh hn hp nh sau:
2 22 1 21 2
2 12 1 11 1
. .
.
U h I h I
U h I h U
+ =
+ =


Transistor
I
U
Vo

Ra

U
I
9

S tng ng c minh ho trn hnh (1-8)

Hnh(1-7) . S tng ng mng 4 cc tuyn tnh theo tham s h.
Trong :
- h
11
l tr khng vo khi u ra ngn mch, cn c k hiu l h
i
, c tnh
theo cng thc
1
11 2
1
0
U
h U
I
= =
- h
12
l h s hi tip in p khi u vo h mch, cn c k hiu l h
r
, c
tnh theo cng thc:
1
12 1
2
0
U
h I
U
= =
- h
21
l h s khuch i dng in khi u ra ngn mch, cn c k hiu l h
f
,
c tnh theo cng thc:
2
21 2
1
0
I
h U
I
= =
- h
22
l h s dn np khi u vo h mch, cn c k hiu l h
o
, c tnh theo
cng thc sau:
2
22 1
2
0
I
h I
U
= =
phn bit thng s ny s dng cho cu hnh mch CE, CC hay BC ngi ta dng
thm k hiu ph nh bng sau:
Loi mch Thng s h
E chung (CE) h
ie
, h
re
, h
fe
, h
oe
C chung (CC) h
ic
, h
rc
, h
fc
, h
oc

B chung (BC) h
ib
, h
rb
, h
fb
, h
ob


10


V d, xt vi mch E chung, cc thng s c tnh nh trn hnh (1-9).

Hnh(1-8):Tnh cc tham s h ca mch E chung
Tng t ta c vi mi cu hnh mch cc thng s c xc nh theo bng sau:
Thng s h Mch E chung
(CE)
Mch B chung
(CB)
Mch C chung
(CC)
h
i
ie b b
h V I =
ib e e
h V I =
ic b b
h V I =
h
r
re b c
h V V =
rb e c
h V V =

rc b e
h V V =

h
f

fe c b
h I I =
fb c e
h I I =
fc e b
h I I =
h
o
oe c c
h I V =
ob c c
h I V =

oc e e
h I V =
Ghi ch Vi mch CE v CB c: h
r
~ 0
v h
o
~ 0

Cc thng s h ny c cho trong bng thng s k thut ca mi BJ T. Cn ch rng vi
mt BJT xc nh, cc thng s h c th thay i ph thuc vo thng k ca nh sn xut,
nhit lm vicDo , nh sn xut s a ra gi tr ln nht v nh nht. Thng thng,
khi thit k chn gi tr trung bnh gia 2 gi tr ny.
Bng di l thng s ca s tng ng hn hp vi BJ T thng dng m 2N3904:
11


1.2.1.2 S tng ng vt l
T s tng ng theo tham s hn hp ca BJ T phn trn, nhn chung h
r
kh
nh v c th b qua cho vic phn tch tnh ton n gin. M hnh kiu ny c gi l
m hnh tng ng t hay cn gi l s tng ng vt l, c dng rt ph bin khi
phn tch cc mch BJT. im tng ng gia m hnh tng ng vt l vi s tng
ng theo tham s h nh bng trn hnh (1-10).
Hnh(1-9) . S tng ng vt l ca BJT
Trong r
e
l in tr khuch tn Emitter, c tnh theo cng thc sau:
T T
e
EQ CQ
U U
r
I I
~ ~
- U
T
: in p nhit, c gi tr bng 26mV 25
0
C
- I
EQ
, I
CQ
: dng I
C
v I
E
ch tnh ca mch
Loi
mch
S tng ng
tham s h
S ng ng vt
l
S tng ng
gn ng
CC v
CE


h
ie
=|r
e
; h
fe
=|
ac
;
r
o
=1/h
oe

CB


h
ib
=r
e
; h
fe
=-o; r
o
=1/h
ob



12


1.2.2 Phn tch mch khuch i BJT bng s tng ng vt l
1.2.2.1 Nguyn tc chung
Nhn chung, khi phn tch mt mch khuch i tn hiu dng BJ T, chng ta lm theo
cc bc sau:
Phn tch ch mt chiu (DC): Coi ton b cc t in h mch v dng cc
phng php phn tch tm im cng tc tnh nh trong gio trnh Cu kin in t.
Phn tch ch xoay chiu (AC):
- B tt c cc ngun 1 chiu (ngn mch ngun p v h mch ngun
dng).
- Coi tt c cc t in ngn mch ti tn s tn hiu. Cc t ny s c
xt nh hng khi tnh tn s ct thp ca mch.
- Thay BJ T bng m hnh tng ng tn hiu nh tn s thp.
- Gii cc phng trnh tm cc thng s ca mch khuch i nh h
s khuch i dng, h s khuch i p, tr khng vo, tr khng ra.
- Tnh tn s ct thp (f
t
) ca mch khuch i.
Di y s phn tch mt s mch cn bn ca BJT dng s tng ng vt l
(r
e
)
1.2.2.2 Mch Emitter chung (CE):
Xt mch khuch i CE nh trn hnh (2-11a), p dng nguyn tc phn tch xoay
chiu ta c s tng ng xoay chiu tn hiu nh nh trn hnh (1-11b).

Hnh(1-10) : Mch Emitter chung
Trong U
V
l in p vo, i
v
l dng in vo, U
r
l in p ra, i
r
l in p ra. Cc
thng s mch khuch i c tnh nh sau:
13

-
H s khuch i in p:
r
u
v
U
K
U
=

-
H s khuch i dng in:
r
i
v
i
K
i
=

-
Tr khng vo:
v
v
v
U
Z
I
=

-
Tr khng ra Z
r
c tnh khi u vo bng khng (U
v
=0):

0
v
r
r
r
U
U
Z
I
=
=

Ch : Z
r
ca mt mch khuch i khng ph thuc vo ti. Z
r
c tnh bng cch
ngn mch u vo (U
v
=0), thay th ti u ra bng mt ngun gi nh U
r
v ly Z
r
=U
r
/I
r
.
Nhn vo s tng ng hnh (b) ta c:

-
in p ra: U
r
=-i
r
.R
C
=- |i
b
.R
C
-
in p vo:

U
v
=i
b
.|r
e
Do , h s khuch i in p c tnh nh sau:
.
. .
b C C
u
b e e
i R R
K
i r r
|
|

= =
Dng vo c tnh theo cng thc sau:
.
i b e
v b b
B B
V i r
i i i
R R
|
= + = +
- Tng tr vo tnh theo cng thc:
( )
. .
//
( )
v b e e B
v B e
v b v B B e
U i r r R
Z R r
i i V R R r
| |
|
|
= = = =
+ +

Thng R
B
ln hn nhiu so vi |r
e
(thng R
B
>10|r
e
) th ta c : Z
v
~|r
e

- Tng tr ra tnh theo cng thc:
0
v
r
r C
r
U
U
Z R
I
=
= =

- H s khuch i dng in:
.
b r B
i
b e
v B e
b
B
i i R
K
i r
i R r
i
R
| |
|
|
= = =
+
+

Hoc c th tnh K
i
khi tnh c K
u
vZ
v
theo cng thc sau:
. .
r C v v r r
i u
v v v v C C
U R Z Z i U
K K
i U Z U R R

= = = =

14


T cc kt qu tnh ton trn, ta rt ra mt s nhn xt sau v cc tnh cht ca mch
CE:

- K
u
<0 nn in p vo v ra ngc pha nhau hay cn gi mch CE l mch khuch
i o.
- Mch CE thng c h s khuch i dng v p ln, tr khng vo nh vi trm O
(Z
v
~|r
e
) v tr khng ra ln hng kO (Z
r
=R
C
).
- Mch CE c h s khuch i dng, p v cng sut ln thng c s dng
khuch i tn hiu nh trong x l v gia cng tn hiu tng t tn s thp v trung
bnh.
Xt nh hng ca t C
E
xt nh hng ca t C
E
, tnh ton tng t vi mch hnh (1-12).
r
e ib
B C
E
RB
RC
iv ib
ir
+ +
- -
Ur Uv
RB
RC
RE
Vcc
C1
C2
Uv
Ur
a) S mch khuch i CE khi
khng c t C
E
b) S tng ng xoay chiu
RE

Hnh(10-11): Mch CE khi khng c t C
E
- H s khuch i p ca mch:
) ( ) ( . . . .
.
E e
C
E e
C
E b e b
C b
u
R r
R
R r
R
R i r i
R i
K
+
=
+
=
+

=
|
|
| |
|

- Tng tr vo:
) (
). ( . . . .
E e B
B E e
B
i
b
E b e b
i
i
i
R r R
R R r
R
V
i
R i r i
i
V
Z
+ +
+
=
+
+
= =
|
| | |

Nhn xt:
- in tr R
E
c tc nh n nh im cng tc cho mch phn cc BJ T (xem trong
gio trnh Cu kin in t). Tuy nhin n li lm gim h s khuch i do hi tip
m thnh phn xoay chiu.
- khc phc dng t C
E
c tc dng ngn mch thnh phn hi tip m xoay chiu
th trong mch tng ng xoay chiu c R
E
=0 v h s khuch i ca mch s
tng ln.
15

Dnh cho Sinh vin: Tng t hy tnh cc thng s khuch i ca mt s mch CE
trn hnh(1-13).

Hnh(1-12): Mt s dng mch CE
1.2.2.3 Mch Collector chung (CC)
Xt mch collector chung v s tng ng xoay chiu trn hnh(1-14), trong
R
B
=(R
1
//R
2
).

Hnh(1-13): Mch Collector chung
Thc hin phn tch tnh ton cc thng s ca mch khuch i cho mch trn hnh (1-
14). Ta c:
-
in p vo:
v b e r
U i r U | = +

-
in p ra: ( 1)
r r E e E b E
U i R i R i R | = = = +

- H s khuch i p:
( 1)
1
. . ( 1). .
b E r E
u
v b e b E e E
i R U R
K
U i r i R r R
|
| |
+
= = ~ ~
+ + +


16


- Tng tr vo:
. . ( 1). .
// ( )
v b e b E
v B e E
v
v
b
B
U i r i R
Z R r R
U
i
i
R
| |
|
+ +
= = = +
+

- Tng tr ra: c tnh bng
r
r
r
U
Z
i
= khi ni tt u vo (U
V
=0) v
mc ngun U
r
u ra:
r
e
ib
B
C
E
RB RE
ib
ir
+
+
-
-
Uv=0
Ur

Hnh(1-14): S tnh t khng ra
Dng in ra: ( 1)
r b b b
E E
Ur Ur
i i i i
R R
| | = = +
M
(1 )
b o
e E e
Ur Ur Ur
i i
r R r
|
| |
+
= = +
Vy tr khng ra:
1
//
1 1
r e E
r
e E
Ur
Z r R
i
r R
= = =
+

-
H s khuch i dng in:
( 1)
( 1)
b r
i
v b
i i
K
i i
|
|
+
= ~ = +

hoc c th tnh K
i
khi bit K
u
v Z
V
theo cng thc sau:
.
v r r E
i u
v v v E
Z i U R
K K
i U Z R

= = =
Nhn xt:
- H s khuch i in p nh hn v gn bng 1 nn mch khng c kh
nng khuch i p. Mch CC c in p ra gn bng in p vo, tn hiu
vo v ra ng pha vi nhau (K
u
>0) nn cn c gi l mch lp Emitter
(tn hiu ra lp li tn hiu vo cc Emitter.
- Tng tr vo rt ln v tr khng ra nh (ging bin th) nn thng c
s dng phi hp tr khng.
- Tng khuch i C chung c tr khng vo ln, tr khng ra nh v h s
khuch i p ~ 1, Ur v Uv ng pha nhau nn thng c dng lm tng
17

lp hay tng m, c mc u vo cc my o v u ra cc my pht
phi hp tr khng.
- Mch C chung c h s khuch i dng v h s khuch i cng sut ln
nn c s dng khuch i dng, cng sut.
- Tng khuch i C chung c tn s gii hn lm vic cao tng ng tn
s gii hn ca transistor.
1.2.2.4 Mch Baz chung (BC)
Xt mch Baz chung v s tng ng xoay chiu nh trn hnh (1-16).

Hnh(1-15): Mch Baz chung
Tng t nh tnh ton vi cc mch C chung v E chung ta c cc kt qu sau:
- Tr khng vo: //
v
v E e
v
U
Z R r
i
= =
- Tr khng ra: Z
r
=R
C

- H s khuch i p:
.
e c c c r
u
v e e e e
i R R R U
K
U i r r r
o o
= = = ~ (ln)
- H s khuch i dng in:
o
E
. 1 ( do R r )
r C v v r
i u e
v v v c e
U R Z Z i
K K
i U Z R r

= = = = ~ >>
Nhn xt: c im ca mch khuch i Baz chung:
- B khuch i l khng o (K
u
>0)
- H s khuch i p cao t l vi R
C
(vi trm n vi nghn ln tng
ng mch CE). Tuy nhin do tr khng vo thp (in tr tip gip BE
phn cc thun r
e
rt thp) Z
vo
=30300O nn h s khuch i ton
phn thp hn nhiu so vi mch CE. Do phm vi tn s trung bnh
khng dng mch BC.

18


- H s khuch i dng gn bng nn khng dng mch CB khuch
i dng in hoc cng sut
- Tr khng ra bng mch CE (Z
ra
=R
C
=100kO1MO.)
- Tn s gii hn lm vic cao (cao hn so vi s mc cc pht chung)
do in dung hi tip nh. Mch CB thng lm vic tn s cao (ln
hn 100MHz).
ng dng: S dng trong di tn s v tuyn v tr khng vo nh khong vi chc O
ph hp vi tr khng 50O ca antena v ng truyn.
1.2.3 Phn gii theo tham s h:
Dng phng php ny c th tnh c thng s khuch i ca tt c cc dng mc.
Ch cn ch l:
-
Vi mch CE th dng cc thng s h
11e
, h
12e
, h
22e
,h
21e
-
Vi mch CB th dng cc thng s h
11b
, h
12b
, h
22b
,h
21b
-
Vi mch CC th dng cc thng s h
11c
, h
12c
, h
22c
,h
21c
S tng ng tng qut ca mch theo tham s h trn hnh (1-17).

HnHnh (1-16): S tng ng theo tham s h
Trong :
U
n
: Ngun tn hiu vo.
R
n
: in tr trong ca ngun tn hiu vo.
R
t
: in tr ti.
- H s khuch i dng in:
r
i
v
i
K
i
=
m
21 21 22
. ' . ' .
v r
i h i i h i h U = + = +

thay
r r t
U i R =

ta c:
21 22 21 22
. ' . . ' .
v r r t
i h i h U h i h i R = + =
Vy h s khuch i dng:
21
22
1 .
r
i
v t
i h
K
i h R
= =
+

19

- H s khuch i in p:

21 21 21
22 22 22
11 12
11 12 21 11 12 21
22 22
1 1 1
. ( // ) . ( // ) .( // )
1 1
. .
. . ( // ) ( // )
v t v t t
r
u
v v r
v v t t
h i R h i R h R
U h h h
K
U h i h U
h i h h i R h h h R
h h

= = = =
+


- Tng tr vo:
11 12 11 12 11 12
21
11 12 11 12
22
. . . . . . .
. .
1 .
v v r v t r v t i v
v
v t i t
v t
u h i h u h i h R i h i h R K i
u h
Z h h R K h h R
i h R
= + = =
= = =
+


- Tng tr ra l t s gia in p v dng in u ra khi u vo ni tt
(U
S
=0)

12
11
.
r
v
n
h u
i
R h
=
+
m
21 12
21 22 22
21 12
11
22
11
1
.
r r
r v r r r r
n r
n
h h u u
i h i h u i h u Z
h h
R h i
h
h R
= + = + = =
+

+

1.2.4 Phn tch mch khuch i Transistor trng FET
C th dng FET khuch i tn hiu nh nh BJT. Vi BJ T, s thay i dng
in u ra (I
C
) c iu khin bng dng in u vo (I
B
) nhng vi FET th s thay
i dng in cc mng (I
D
) c iu khin bng in th nh u vo (U
GS
). BJ T c
h s khuch i dng in | cn FET c h dn g
m
.
1.2.4.1 S tng ng ca FET
Vi tn hiu nh tn s thp th mch tng ng xoay chiu ca FET nh trn
hnh (1-18).
r
gs g
m
u
gs rd
G D
S S
u
gs
u
ds
+
- -
+
i
D

Hnh(1-17): S tng ng xoay chiu FET
Trong :
- r
gs
l tr khng vo ca FET. Vi J FET, r
gs
khonghng chc n hng
trm MO v vi MOSFET thng hng trm n hng ngn MO. Do
trong thc t c th b qua r
gs
trong mch tng ng.
- r
d
l tng tr ra ca FET c nh ngha nh sau:

20


-
GS
DS
d U const
D
U
r
I
=
A
=
A

in tr cc mng r
d
biu th s nh hng ca in p cc mng U
DS
ti dng cc
mng I
D
khi in p trn cc cng khng i. Nh vy, in tr mng r
d
chnh l tr
khng ra ca FET ch xoay chiu trn cc mng. Gi tr ca r
d
ph thuc vo im
lm vic c th thay i t vi chc kO n vi chc MO. Nu trong mch thit k c R
D

khng ln lm (vi kO) th c th b qua r
d
trong mch tng ng.
- g
m
l h dn ca FET, c trng cho s iu khin ca in p U
GS

n dng I
D
, tnh theo cng thc sau:
D
m
GS
I
g
U
A
=
A

Cch xc nh g
m
trn c tuyn truyn t c cho trn hnh (1-19).
D
m
GS
I
g
U
A
=
A

Hnh(1-18): Xc nh h dn g
m.
V mt ton hc, cch xc nh g
m
nh sau:
Vi JFET v D-MOSFET
Ta c phng trnh hm truyn t:
2
( )
( )
. 1 1
GS D
D DSS GS GS off
GS off DSS
U I
I I U U
U I
| | | |
= = | |
| |
\ . \ .

M
D
m
GS
I
g
U
A
=
A
nn ta c :
( ) ( )
2
1
DSS GS
m
GS off GS off
I U
g
U U
(
=
(
(


y c tr tuyt i |U
GS(off)
| biu th gi tr g
m
lun dng.
t
0
( )
2
DSS
m
GS off
I
g
U
= biu th gi tr g
m
ti U
GS
=0V Ta c:
21

0 0
( )
1
GS D
m m m
GS off DSS
U I
g g g
U I
| |
= = |
|
\ .

Trong U
GS
v I
D
l cc bin thay i tu theo v tr im cng tc tnh Q, cn
dng bo ho I
DSS
v in p ngt U
GS(off)
l cc hng s. Hnh (1-20) minh ho v d tnh
gi tr g
m
ti cc im phn cc khc nhau.
2
8 1
4
GS
D
U
I mA
V
| |
=
|

\ .

Hnh (1-19): Xc nh h dn g
m
ti cc gi tr im phn cc
Vi E-MOSFET
Vi E-MOSFET, phng rnh hm truyn t nh sau:
( )
2
( ) D GS GS Th
I k U U =
Trong k l hng s c xc nh t im lm vic c trng, U
GS(Th)
l in p U
GS

ngng hnh thnh knh dn.
Gi tr h dn g
m
vn c xc nh theo cng thc
D
m
GS
I
g
U
A
=
A
. Ta c biu thc
ton hc xc nh g
m
cho E-MOSFET nh sau:
( )
( )
2
D
m GS GS Th
GS
I
g k U U
U
c
= =
c

Nguyn l xy dng tng khuch i dng FET cng ging nh tng dng BJT. C 3 s
c bn mc FET trong mch in l cc ngun chung (SC), mng chung (DC) v ca
chung.
1.2.4.2 Tng khuch i cc ngun chung
S khuch i cc ngun chung dng D-MOSFET knh n v s tng ng
xoay chiu c cho trn hnh (1-21).

22


Hnh
Hnh (1-20): Tng khuch i cc ngun chung
in tr R
1
, R
G,
R
D
, R
S
dng xc nh ch lm vic tnh ca FET.
Cc thng s cn tnh cho mch khuch i dng FET cng tng t nh vi mch
khuch i dng BJ T gm c h s khuch i in p (K
u
), tr khng vo (Z
v
) v tr khng
ra (Z
r
). Cch chuyn i sang s tng ng xoay chiu cng tng t nh BJT ch thay
s tng ng BJT bng s tng ng FET.
T ni tng C
1
, C
2
v C
s
kh ln nn coi nh ngn mch xoay chiu nn trong s
tng ng b qua cc t .
Nhn vo s tng ng ta c:
- in p ra: . .( // )
r m gs D d
U g u R r =
- in p vo:
v gs
U u =
Vy c h s khuch i p ca mch l:
. .( // )
( // )
m gs d D
r
u m d D
v gs
g u r R
U
K g r R
U u
= = =
Du m ca biu thc K
u
ch ra rng tn hiu vo U
v
v tn hiu ra U
r
lch pha nhau
180
0
. Nu r
d
>10R
D
th c th ly K
u
~ -g
m
.R
D
.
Tr khng vo ca mch :
1 2
// //
v
v gs
v
U
Z R R r
i
= = . Thng in tr r
gs
rt ln so vi R
1

v R
2
nn c th ly Z
v
~ R
1
//R
2
.
Tr khng ra ca mch:
0
v
r
r
r
U
U
Z
i
=
= =R
D
//r
d
. Nu r
d
>10R
D
ta c th ly Z
r
~ R
D
.
Trng hp khng c t C
S
.
xt nh hng ca t C
S
ta tnh ton cho mch khng c t C
S
nh trn hnh (1-22).
23


Hnh 1-21: S mch cc ngun chung khi khng c C
S

Dng in chy qua in tr r
d
:
.
'
r S r D S
d d
U U U i R
i
r r

= =
Dng chy qua in tr R
D
: ' .
D m gs
i i g u = +
M .
gs G S v S v D S
u U U U U U i R = = =
Vy c :
.
' . .( . )
r D S
D m gs m v D S
d
U i R
i i g u g U i R
r

= + = +
M
r
D
D
U
i
R
= . Thay vo ta c phng trnh :
.
.( . )
r
r S
r D r
m v S
D d D
U
U R
U R U
g U R
R r R
+
= + +
Gii phng trnh ny ta c h s khuch i p :
.
1 .
m D r
u
D S
v
m S
d
g R U
K
R R
U
g R
r
= =
+
+ +

Nu b qua r
d
trong s mch tng ng (khi r
d
ln hn nhiu so vi R
D
v R
S
) th
ta c h s khuch i p c tnh theo cng thc sau:
.
1 .
m D
u
m S
g R
K
g R
=
+

Ta thy so vi trng hp c t C
S
th h s khuch i p gim (1+g
m
.R
S
) ln. Nh vy
khi dng R
S
phn cc cho cc S ca FET th s lm gim h s khuch i. T C
S
c vai
tr ngn mch in tr R
S
ch xoay chiu khc phc nhc im ny. T C
S
c vai tr
tng ng nh t C
E
trong mch E chung ca BJ T.

24


1.2.4.3 Tng khuch i cc mng chung.

Hnh(1-22): S mch cc mng chung
- H s khuch i in p:
. .( // )
m gs d S
r
u
v v
g u r R
U
K
U U
= =
M
GS r v
U U U + =
Nn
. .( // ) .( // ) .
1 .( // ) 1 .
m GS d S m d S m S r
u
v v m d S m S
g U r R g r R g R U
K
U U g r R g R
= = = ~
+ +

H s khuch i K
U
ph thuc vo ti xoay chiu ca tng v h dn ca FET. H s
khuch i tin ti 1 khi tng g
m
v R
S
. V vy vi tng khuch i cc mng chung nn dng
transistor c h dn ln. H s khuch i mang du dng ngha l in p vo v in p
ra ng pha vi nhau. Do tn hiu ra ng pha vi tn hiu v gn bng tn hiu vo (K
u
~ 1)
nn c th ni tn hiu ra lp li tn hiu vo cc ngun nn mch cc mng chung cn c
gi l mch lp cc ngun (tng t mch lp Emitter ca BJ T).
-
Tng tr vo ca mch: Z
v
=R
1
//R
2
-
Tng tr ra: ta thy R
S
song song vi r
d
v song song vi ngun dng in g
m
u
gs
.
Nu ta thay ngun dng din ny bng mt ngun in th ni tip vi in tr
1/g
m
v t ngun in th ny bng 0 trong cch tnh Z
r
ta tm c tng tr ra
ca mch: Z
r
=R
S
//r
d
//(1/g
m
).

25

1.2.4.4 Tng khuch i cc ca chung

Hnh(1-23). Mch khuch i cc ca chung
S mch khuch i cc ca chung dng JFET knh n v s tng ng xoay
chiu c cho trn hnh().
Trc tin ta tnh h s khuch i p :
r
u
v
U
K
U
=
Phng trnh dng in ti nt D:
1 2
.
m gs
i g u i = +
M
1
S D v r
d d
U U U U
i
r r

= = ;
2
r
D
U
i
R
= v
gs v
u U = .
Thay vo phng trnh trn c:
v r r
m v
d D
U U U
g U
r R

= +
Vy h s khuch i p:
//
//(1 )
d D r
u
v d m
r R U
K
U r g
= =
Nu b qua r
d
trong s tng ng, ta c kt qu: .
u m D
K g R =
tnh tr khng vo ta vit phng trnh dng in ti nt S:
v v r
v m gs
S d
U U U
i g u
R r

= +
M
r u v
U K U = v
gs v
u U = . Thay vo phng trnh trn ta c:
v v u v
v m v
S d
U U K U
i g U
R r

= + +
Do K
u
>>1 nn c th b qua s hng cui cng trong phng trnh trn nn ta c tr
khng vo:

26


1
//
v
v S
v m
U
Z R
i g
| |
= =
|
\ .

Tr khng ra ca mch c tnh bng cch ngn mch u vo (U
v
=0) nn ngun
dng g
m
.u
gs
lc ny h mch, tr khng ra Z
r
=(r
d
//R
D
).
1.3 Ghp cc tng khuch i
Trong cc phn trc chng ta kho st cc mch ring l dng BJ T v FET. Cc mch
in t thc t thng ghp cc mch ring l ny li theo cc cch khc nhau nhm t c
mt mc ch no nh tng h s khuch i dng, h s khuch i p, bin i tr
khng...Di y chng ta s cng xem xt mt s cch ghp ni cn bn v c im ca
mi cch ghp ni ny.
1.3.1 Ghp lin tip.
Mt b khuch i ghp lin tip gm nhiu tng khuch i mc lin tip nh trn hnh
(1-25). Mc ch ca vic ghp tng lin tip l lm tng h s khuch i ca b khuch i
nhm t yu cu cn thit. Trong s ny tn hiu ra ca tng trc l tn hiu vo ca tng
sau. Tuy nhin, vic mc lin tip ny cn m bo yu cu tn hiu ra khng b mo.

Hnh (1-24): S khi mch khuch i ghp lin tip
Tng khuch i ghp tn lin tip c mt s c im sau:
- in p u ra tng trc l in p u vo ca tng sau: U
r
(i)=U
v
(i+1)
- H s khuch i ca ton mch bng tch cc h s khuch i ca cc tng:
-
1 2
1 2
1 1 2
rN rN r r
u u u uN
v v v vN
U U U U
K K K K
U U U U
= = =
- Nu tnh theo n v [dB] ta c:
-
1 2
( ) ( ) ( ) ... ( )
u u u uN
K dB K dB K dB K dB = + + +
- Tr khng vo ca tng khuch i c tnh bng tr khng vo ca tng u: Z
v

=Z
v1
.
- Tr khng vo ca tng sau s ng vai tr lm ti ca tng trc: Z
vi
=R
t(i-1)
.
- Tr khng ra ca tng khuch i c tnh bng tr khng ra ca tng cui: Z
r
=
Z
rN.

27

- Vic ghp gia cc tng c th dng t in, bin p hay ghp trc tip. Di y
ta xt c th tng cch ghp ny.
1.3.1.1 Ghp bng t in (ghp RC)
Hnh (1-26) l s ghp 2 tng khuch i lin tip bng t in. Mc ch ca mch
ny l tng h s khuch i in p.
Gi h s khuch i p ca tng tng khuch i ln lt l K
u1
v K
u2
, ta c h s
khuch i ca c mch l:
1 2
.
r
u u u
v
U
K K K
U
= = .

Hnh(1-25): Mch dng t in ghp 2 tng khuch i BJT
- H s khuch i p ca tng thc nht l:
1 2
1
1
( // )

C v
u
e
R Z
K
r

=
- Trong Z
v2
l tr khng vo ca tng th 2, ng thi cng l ti ca tng th
nht c tnh bng cng thc:
v2 3 4 2 2
Z ( // // )
e
R R r | = .
- H s khuch i p ca tng th 2 l:
2
2
2
C
u
e
R
K
r

=
- H s khuch i ca c tng khuch i l:
1 2 2
1 2
1 2
( // )
.
C v C
u u u
e e
R Z R
K K K
r r
= =
- Tr khng vo ca ton mch l:
1 1 2 1 1
( // // )
v v e
Z Z R R r | = = .
- Tr khng ra ca ton mch l: Z
r
=Z
r2
=R
C2

C
1
, C
2
, C
3
l cc t cch tng. Cc t cho thnh phn xoay chiu i qua v cn thnh phn
mt chiu nn phn cc mt chiu khng nh hng ln nhau gia cc tng, im lm vic
tnh cng c cch ly.
Khi dng phng php ghp tng ny cn ch n nh hng ca t in ti cc tn s
vo khc nhau c th lm bin i pha v bin ca tn hiu.

28


- Ti tn s trung bnh c th b qua nh hng ca t in (chn gi tr in
dung sao cho X
C
=0 ti tn s trung bnh f
tb
)
- Ti tn s thp, dung khng X
C
=(1/2tfC) ln nn dn in ca t gim, h
p trn t s lm gim bin b tn hiu u ra mi tng dn n lm gim h
s khuch i min tn s thp. T C
E
cng lm gim h s khuch i v
gim tc ng kh tn hiu hi tip m AC.
- Ti tn s cao: cc tham s ca transistor nh h s khuch i dng in |,
in dung tip gip C
CE
s b nh hng. | gim v nh hng ca t C
CE
lm
gim h s khuch i ca transistor v lm gim h s khuch i ca mch.

Hnh (1-26): c tuyn bin tn s ca b khuch i ghp t in
1.3.1.2 Ghp bng bin p
Cc tng khuch i c ghp vi nhau bng bin p. S ghp 2 tng khuch i
bng bin p nh trn hnh (1-28).

Hnh(1-27): Ghp tng khuch i bng bin p.
Cun s cp ca bin p ng vai tr thay cho in tr ti ca tng khuch i th nht.
Bin p cch ly in p mt chiu gia cc tng khuch i v tng h s khuch i chung
tu thuc vo bin p tng hay gim.
Phng php ny c u im l khng c dng mt chiu trn ti v t hiu sut cao.
Tuy nhin nhc im l cng knh, c tuyn tn s khng bng phng trong di tn nn
khng s dng trong cc mch khuch i tn hiu nh tn s thp m dng trong tn s cao
iu chnh knh thu, bin p to mch cng hng.
29

1.3.1.3 Ghp trc tip
y l mt dng lin kt kh ph bin trong cc mch khuch i nht l trong k thut
ch to vi mch. S mch ghp trc tip dng BJT c cho trn hnh (1-29).

Hnh(1-28): Ghp tng khuch i trc tip
Mch ghp trc tip c cc u im:
- Trnh c nh hng ca cc t ghp tng tn s thp.
- Trnh c s cng knh cho mch.
- in th tnh ca tng u cung cp in th tnh cho tng sau.
Nhc im:
- S nh hng ch tnh ln nhau gia cc tng.
- in p mt chiu cung cp thng c gi tr ln nu dng cng loi BJ T. Vn
chnh trong ghp trc tip l n nh phn cc. Cch tnh phn cc thng
c p dng trn ton b mch m khng th tnh ring tng tng.
Khi tnh phn cc tnh cn ch rng in p mt chiu cung cp cho cc Baz ca BJ T
th 2 (T
2
) l V
B2
do in p ti cc Collector ca T
1
(V
C1
) cung cp: V
B2
=V
C1
.
Thng s mch khuch i:
- Tr khng vo ca mch bng tr khng vo ca tng khuch i th nht:
1 1 2 1 1
( // // )
v v e
Z Z R R r | = = .
- H s khuch i in p :
1 2
.
u u u
K K K =
Trong K
u1
l h s khuch i p ca tng khuch i th nht c tnh theo cng
thc:
1 2
1
1
//
C v
u
e
R Z
K
r
= .
Z
v2
l tr khng vo ca tng khuch i th 2 ng thi gi vai tr l ti ca tng th
nht c gi tr l: Z
v2
=|
2
r
e2

30


H s khuch i p ca tng khuch i th 2:
2
2
1
C
u
e
R
K
r
=
Vy h s khuch i p ca c tng khuch i l:
1 2 2
1 2
1 2
//
C v C
u u u
e e
R Z R
K K K
r r
= =
- H s khuch i dng in:
2
v
i u
C
Z
K K
R
=
- Tr khng ra ca mch: Z
r
=R
C2

1.3.2 Mch khuch i Darlington
L dng lin kt rt thng dng gia 2 transistor (cng loi hoc khc loi)
Mch khuch i Darlington c tc dng tng tr khng vo v tng h s khuch i.
S mch khuch i Darlington dng Transistor cng loi v khc loi trn hnh(1-30).
c) S tng ng
T
1
T2
B
C
E
TD
D
B
C
E
T
1
T
2
B
C
E
a) D ng Transistor c ng loi b) D ng Transistor khc loi

Hnh(1-29): Mch khuch i Darlington
S lin kt gia 2 transistor nh trn tng ng vi mt transistor duy nht c h s
khuch i dng in l |
D
=|
1
|
2
. Nu 2 transistor ng nht th |
D
=|
2
.
V dng lin kt ny rt thng dng v thch hp cho vic nng cng sut nn ngy nay
ngi ta thng ch to cc lin kt ny di dng mt transistor duy nht gi l transistor
Darlington. Bng thng s transistor Darlington 2N999.
Thng s iu kin Min Max
U
BE
I
C
=100mA 1,8V
h
fc
(|
D
)
I
C
=10mA
I
C
=100mA
4.000
7.000

70.000
tm hiu cc c tnh ca mch khuch i Darlington ta xt mch ng dng thng
dng c dng nh hnh (1-31).
31


Hnh(1-30): Mch ng dng transistor Darlington
Cch tnh phn cc tnh cho mch ny cng tng t nh vi mch BJT thng thng,
ta c dng phn cc tnh:
Q
BE
B
B D E
Vcc U
I
R R |

=
+

Cn ch gi tr |
D
v U
BE
thng ln hn trng hp 2 transistor ri mc theo kiu
Darlington.
in p vo:
2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1
) 1 ( ) 1 (
v v v v B v B v B v B BE
r r R r I r I r I r I U | | + + = + + = + = =>
V mt xoay chiu transistor Darlington c mc theo kiu cc gp chung CC) nn c
tng tr vo ln (hng trm kO), tng tr ra nh (c hng chc O)v h s khuch i p xp
x bng 1, h s khuch i dng rt ln (hng nghn). Mch khuch i Darlington c in
tr vo rt ln nn dng vo nh, mch Darlington c nhiu u im nh n nh cng tc
cao, mo tn hiu nh
1.3.3 Mch lin kt chng (Cascode)
lm vic tn s cao thng dng mch khuch i Bazo chung. Tuy nhin tng
khuch i Baz chung c tr khng vo nh nn h s khuch i ton phn thp. Do ,
khc phc nhc im ny mc thm u vo mt tng khuch i Emitter chung to nn
tng khuch i Cascode.
Trong lin kt ny, mt transistor ghp chng ln mt transistor khc. S hnh (1-32)
l mch Cascode vi mt tng cc pht chung ghp chng ln mt tng cc gc chung.

32


T2
T1
RC2
RE
RB1
RB2
RB3
CB
C1
CE
C2
+Vcc
Uv
U
r2
U
r1
re1 ib1
B1 C1
E1
RB r
e2
ie2
E2 C2
B2
RC2 Uv
i
v
Ur1 Ur2
a) S mch Cascode b) S tng ng xoay chiu
RB= RB2//RB3

Hnh(1-31): Mch khuch i xp chng Cascode
T s tng ng xoay chiu ta tnh c cc thng s ca mch Cascode nh sau:
- H s khuch i dng in:
2 1 1 i c b
K i i | = ~
- Tr khng vo:
2 3 1 1
/ // //
v v v B B e
Z U i R R r | = =
- H s khuch i p:
2 2 1 1 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
.
. .
c C b C C r
u
v b e b e e
i R i R R U
K
U i r i r r
|
| |
= = ~ =
- Tr khng ra: Z
r
= R
C2

T cc thng s ca mch khuch i Cascode ta c mt s nhn xt dau:
- Tr khng vo ln (bng tr khng vo ca mch khuch i CE)
- H s khuch i p ton phn ln do tr khng vo ln
- Tn s lm vic ln (bng tn s gii hn ca mch CB)
1.3.4 Mch khuch i vi sai
Khuch i tn hiu 1 chiu:
Trong nhiu trng hp phi khuch i tn hiu bin thin chm (tn hiu 1 chiu), yu
cu bng tn ca b khuch i c tn s ct thp f
t
~0. t c iu ny cn tng gi tr
t ni tng (X
c
=1/eC) gim suy hao tn hiu trn t tn s thp.
Trong thc t khng th tng gi tr t qu ln, gim f
t
cn ghp trc tip gia cc
tng khuch i khuch i tn hiu mt chiu.
Tuy nhin, ghp trc tip c mt s nhc im sau:
- Kh thc hin c ch cng tc cng khuch i (ch A) do s nh
hng mt chiu ln nhau gia cc tng khuch i v ngun tn hiu.
33

- Tri im khng: l hin tng c tn hiu ra khi khng c tn hiu vo.
Nguyn nhn l do cc thng s ca transistor thay i theo nhit dn n
im lm vic ca transistor thay i.
i vi cc mch khuch i tn hiu xoay chiu th khng cn quan tm n hin
tng tri v qua cc t in tri s khng c khuch i. Tri ch nh hng n h s
khuch i ca mch v c khc phc bng hi tip m.
i vi cc mch khuch i tn hiu mt chiu tri cng c khuch i v a n
u ra nh tn hiu nn phi tm cch gim tri s dng mch khuch i vi sai.
Khuch i vi sai:
Cc mch khuch i xt khuch i trc tip tn hiu vo cn mch khuch i vi sai
ch khuch i sai lch gia 2 tn hiu vo nn in p ra ca n ch chu tc ng ca hiu
cc in p tri ca transistor. Do mc tri ca b khuch i vi sai rt thp. Trng hp
mch hon ton i xng th tri c kh hon ton.
1.3.4.1 Dng mch cn bn
Cu to ca mch gm 2 tng khuch i Emitter chung i xng c minh ho trn
hnh (1-33). Cc phn t tng ng ging nhau v mi c tnh: R
C1
=R
C2
=R
C
, R
B1
=R
B2
=
R
B
, V
CC
=V
EE
, R
E
ni chung, hai transistor Q
1
v Q
2
ging nhau v mi c tnh.

Hnh(1-32): S mch vi sai cn bn
Mch c 2 u vo U
v1
v U
v2
v 2 u ra l U
r1
v U
r2
. C 2 phng php ly tn hiu
ra:
- u ra vi sai: Tn hiu c ly gia 2 cc Collector U
r
=U
r1
U
r2

- u ra n cc: Tn hiu c ly gia mt cc Collector v t
Mch c phn cc bng 2 ngun in th i xng c cc in th cc Baz bng
0V.
Tu thuc vo cch a tn hiu vo m mch khuch i vi sai c cc ch hot ng
khc nhau :

34


- Ch n : a mt tn hiu vo (U
v1
hoc U
v2
) cn tn hiu vo cn li ni
t.
- Ch vi sai : a 2 tn hiu vo U
v1
U
v2
.
- Ch ng pha : a 2 tn hiu vo bng nhau U
v1
=U
v2
.
1.3.4.2 Phn tch phn cc tnh
Do mch c tnh cht i xng nn ta c cc dng phn cc tnh qua 2 transistor l nh
nhau : I
C1
= I
C2
=I
C
; I
E1
= I
E2
= I
E
. S phn cc tnh mch khuch i vi sai trn hnh(2-
34).
Xc nh im phn cc tnh:
- Phng trnh u vo: R
B
I
B
+U
BE
+2R
E
I
E
V
EE
=0

2
Q Q
EE BE
E C
B
E
V U
I I
R
R
|

~ =
+

Khi mch hon ton i xng in th cc B bng 0 ta c R
B
.I
B
=0 nn :
2
Q Q
EE BE
E C
E
V U
I I
R

~ =
- Phng trnh ng ti tnh ca mch: V
CC
+V
EE
=R
C
.I
C
+U
CE
+2R
E
.I
E

Coi I
C
~ I
E
U
CEQ
=(V
CC
+V
EE
) (R
C
+2R
E
) I
CQ

Hnh(1-33): S phn cc tnh mch khuch i vi sai
1.3.4.3 Kho st thng s ca mch
a. Ch ng pha:
Trong ch ng pha, 2 tn hiu vo bng nhau U
v1
= U
v2
. Do mch c tnh cht i
xng nn ta c i
b1
= i
b2
v U
r1
= U
r2
= U
r
.
Do mch hon ton i xng nn ta ch xt mt na mch. Ch dng chy qua R
E
l 2I
E
.

35


Hnh(1-34): S tng ng xoay chiu mch khuch i vi sai
H s khuch i ng pha K
ph
c xc nh theo cng thc
1
1
r
c
v
U
K
U
=
Lm tng t nh cc phn trc ta tm c :
- in p ra :
1 1 1 1 1 r c C b C
U i R i R | = =
- in p vo :
1 1 1 1
2 2
v b e e E b e b E
U i r i R i r i R | | | = + ~ +
H s khuch i ng pha:
1
1
2 2
r
C C
C
v e E E
U
R R
K
U r R R
= = ~
+

Nu chn R
E
rt ln th h s khuch i ng pha K
c
s tin n 0.
b. Ch vi sai
Vi ch vi sai ta c U
v1
U
v2
. H s khuch i vi sai c tnh theo cng thc:
1 2
1 2
r r
VS
v v
U U
K
U U

Ta c:

1 1 1 2 1 1 2
( ) ( )
v b e e e E b e b b E
U i r i i R i r i i R | | | = + + ~ + +

2 2 1 2 2 1 2
( ) ( )
v b e e e E b e b b E
U i r i i R i r i i R | | | = + + ~ + +
Vy
2 2 1 2
( )
v v e b b
U U r i i | =
Ta c :

1 1 1 r c C b C
U i R i R | = =

2 2 2 r c C b C
U i R i R | = =
Vy
1 2 1 2 2 1
( )
r r b C b C b b C
U U i R i R i i R | | | = + =
Vy h s khuch i vi sai :
1 2
1 2
C r r
VS
v v e
R U U
K
U U r

= =

36


T s G =K
VS
/K
C
cng ln th thnh phn chung t nh hng n u ra.
Mun tng G phi gim K
C
v tng K
VS
. Nh vy phi dng R
E
ln. Tuy nhin iu ny
lm cho V
CC
v V
EE
phi ln. Phng php tt nht l dng ngun dng in. Ngun dng
in thay cho R
E
phi c 2 c tnh:
- Cp dng in khng i
- C tng tr Z
S
ln thay cho R
E
.
Mch khuch i vi sai c th mt cn bng do cc linh kin th ng nh in tr, t
in hoc cc linh kin tch cc nh diode, transistor khng hon ton ging nhau. Khi mch
mt cn bng th khng cn duy tr c s i xng dn n thnh phn chung c th to ra
tn hiu vi sai u ra.
Gii php khc phc hin tng mt cn bng:
- Chn cc linh kin tht ging nhau
- Gia dng in phn cc nh sai s v in tr to ra in th vi sai nh
- Thm bin tr R

E
cn bng dng in phn cc.
- Ch to theo phng php vi mch.
1.4 Mch khuch i cng sut
1.4.1 nh ngha v phn loi
Tng khuch i cng sut to tn hiu ra c cng sut ln v p ng cc yu cu ca cc
ph ti nh cho loa, cho cc cun li tia (trong tivi), cho m t...Trong thc t, h thng
khuch i gm nhiu tng khuch i ghp vi nhau v tng cui cng thng l tng
khuch i cng sut. Tn hiu vo h thng c mc in p thp c khuch i thng qua
cc khuch i in p ri mi a vo tng khuch i cng sut. Tng khuch i cng sut
s dng cc mch khuch i cng sut.
Mch khuch i cng sut cn p ng cc yu cu sau:
- Tn hiu khuch i phi t c cng sut yu cu.
- mo tn hiu phi nh.
- Hiu sut cao.
Cc mch cng sut c cng sut ra t vi trm mW n vi trm W, bin tn hiu ra
ln, transistor lm vic trong min khng tuyn tnh nn khng th dng mch tng ng
tn hiu nh phn tch nh chng trc m phi dng phng php th.
Da theo ch lm vic ca transistor ngi ta chia mch khuch i cng sut thnh
cc loi chnh sau:
37

- Ch A: Transistor c phn cc cng tuyn tnh. Tn hiu c khuch i
gn nh tuyn tnh. Dng tn hiu ra c gi nguyn ch bin i v bin so
vi tn hiu vo. Ch ny c hiu sut thp (vi ti in tr di 25%) nhng
mo phi tuyn nh nht. im lm vic tnh trong ch A phi nm gia
ng ti tnh.
- Ch B: Transistor c phn cc vng ngt. Tn hiu ra ch c trong mt na
chu k (m hoc dng). Ch ny c hiu sut ln (78%), tuy mo xuyn tm
ln nhng c th khc phc bng cch kt hp vi ch AB hoc dng hi tip
m.
- Ch AB: C tnh cht chuyn tip gia ch A v ch B. Transistor c
phn cc gn vng ngt tham gia vo vic gim mo khi tn hiu vo c bin
nh. Tn hiu ra c hn mt na chu k.
- Ch C: Transistor c phn cc di vng ngt. Tn hiu ra ch c trong nh
hn mt na chu k, hiu sut ln (>78%) nhng mo rt ln. Mch ch C
c dng trong cc mch khuch i cao tn c ti l cc khung cng hng
chn lc tn s mong mun v t hiu sut cao.
- Ch D: Transistor lm vic nh mt kho in t ng m. Di tc dng ca
tn hiu vo iu khin transistor thng bo ho l kho ng, dng I
C
t cc i,
cn kho m khi transistor ngt, dng I
C
=0.
I
C
UCE
A
AB
B
C
V ng ngt
V ng b o
ha
Gi i hn
cng sut

Hnh 1-36: Phn loi mch khuch i cng sut theo v tr im lm vic



38


Hnh 1.37: Dng tn hiu ra ca cc mch khuch i cng sut
1.4.2 Mch khuch i ch A
Mch khuch i ch A hot ng vi tn hiu vo ln hay nh u khuch i tn hiu
vo mt cch tuyn tnh. Mch khuch i ch ny khng gy mo bin v pha ca tn
hiu. im lm vic c chn chnh gia ng ti tn hiu c khuch i ln nht
m khng b mo.
Transistor trong ch A lm vic trong min tch cc trong sut chu k tn hiu. Dng
collector trong mch ch A lun khc khng ngay c khi khng c tn hiu vo do dng
phn cc tnh I
CQ
khc khng. Transistor s tiu th cng sut ngay c khi khng lm vic
(khng khuch i tn hiu). Do hiu sut ca mch khuch i ch A rt thp, ti a l
25% (vi ti in tr), vi ti cun cm hoc bin p th khong 50%.
1.4.2.1 Mch khuch i ch A ti in tr:
Xt mch khuch i cng sut ch A ti in tr n gin trn hnh(). y l mch
khuch i E chung, n gin ta b qua phn tnh ton mch phn cc cho mch ny.
Trong mch khuch i A chung c bn ny cng khng dng cun cm hoc my bin p.
im khc nhau gia mch ny vi mch khuch i tn hiu nh l tn hiu vo (Uv) c
bin ln (hng trm mV).
RC
u
r
u
v uCE
i
C
+
-
Vcc
ti

Hnh 1.38.: Mch khuch i ch A ti in tr
Gi s im cng tc tnh Q nm chnh gia c ti tnh, ta c U
CEQ
=V
CC
/2 v I
CQ
=
V
CC
/2R
C
. Khi a tn hiu xoay chiu u
v
vo, dng i
C
v in th u
CE
(tn hiu u ra) s thay
i quanh im lm vic tnh Q. Khi tn hiu u vo ln, bin tn hiu ra s thay i ln
quanh im Q trong gii hn: i
C
=(0; 2I
CQ
) v u
CE
=(0; Vcc).
Cng sut tiu th tc thi trn transistor l (b qua dng i
B
):
.
Q CE C
p u i =
Vi tn hiu vo dng sin, dng in i
C
v in p u
CE
c vit di dng sau:
( ) sin
C CQ p
i t I I t e = +
39

V ( ) sin
CE CEQ p
u t U U t e = +
Xt trong trng hp tn hiu ra t c bin ln nht ta c: I
p
=I
CQ
v
U
p
=U
CEQ
=V
cc
/2. Do , cng sut tiu th tc thi trn transistor l:
2
(1 sin )
2
CC CQ
Q
V I
p t e =
Ta thy khi khng c tn hiu vo transitor tiu th cng sut ln nht l (V
CC
I
CQ
/2).
Hiu sut chuyn i cng sut ca tng khuch i c tnh theo cng thc sau:
L
S
P
P
q =
Trong :
- L P : l cng sut xoay chiu trung bnh trn ti
- S P : l cng sut trung bnh ca ngun cp V
CC
.
Vi mch khuch i ch A ang xt khi a tn hiu vo dng sin th cng sut ra
trung bnh trn ti l:
1 1
(max)
2 2 2 4
CC CQ
CC
L
p p CQ
V I
V
P U I I = = =
Cng sut trung bnh ca ngun cp V
CC
l:
. S
CC CQ
P V I =
Do hiu sut ln nht ca tng khuch i l:
1
4
(max) 25%
.
CC CQ
CC CQ
V I
V I
q = =
Cn ch rng hiu sut ca tng khuch i s thay i khi ta ni ti vo u ra ca
b khuch i. Hiu sut ny kh thp, do cc mch khuch i ch A kiu ny thng
khng c dng khi cn cng sut tn hiu ln hn 1W.
Trong thc t th in p v dng in ra ln nht s nh hn cc gi tr V
CC
/2 v I
CQ

trnh a transistor vo trng thi bo ho hoc kho to mo phi tuyn. Do , hiu sut
thc t ca cc mch khuch i ch A thng nh hn 20% nn khng tn dng c kh
nng lm vic ca phn t khuch i, cng sut ra thp thng dng khuch i tn hiu
nh.
1.4.2.2 Mch khuch i ch A ghp bin p
Mch khuch i ch A ghp bin p s ti u ho c hiu qu ca ti. Hnh () l
mch khuch i ch A mc kiu E chung vi ti ghp bin p trn cc C.

40


R1
RE
Vcc
C1
R2
CE
RL
a:1
iL
uv
+
-
u2
+
-
u1
. .
Vcc 2Vcc
2I
CQ
ICQ
ng ti tnh, dc =-1/R
E
ng ti ng, dc =-1/R
L
U
CE
I
C
(a) (b)

Hnh 1.38. Mch khuch i ch A ghp bin p
ng ti tnh v ng ti ng trn th hnh (1.38). Nu b qua in tr ca my
bin p v gi s R
E
rt nh, ta c in p U
CEQ
ca im cng tc tnh l:
CEQ CC
U V ~
Tr khng ti my bin p l:
' 2
L L
R a R =
Trong a l t l s vng dy ca cun s cp v cun th cp. tn hiu ra ln nht,
t l s vng dy phi tho mn biu thc sau :
' 2
2
2
CC CC
L L
CQ CQ
V V
R a R
I I
= = =
Cng sut trung bnh ti a a n ti bng cng sut trung bnh ti a a n cun s
cp trong trng hp bin p l tng, do c:
1
(max)
2
L
CC CQ
P V I =
Vi V
CC
v I
CQ
l bin ln nht ca tn hiu dng sin. Nu b qua cng sut tiu th
trn cc in tr phn cc R
1
v R
2
(do dng I
B
nh), ta c cng sut trung bnh ca ngun
cp V
CC
l :
S
CC CQ
P V I =
Do hiu sut chuyn i cng sut max ca mch khuch i ch A ghp bin p
ny l :
(max)
(max) 50%
L
S
P
P
q = =
41

1.4.3 Mch khuch i ch B
1.4.3.1 Mch khuch i y ko i xng b (ngc)
Hnh (1.39) l mch khuch i ch B gm 2 transistor khc loi. Khi khng c tn
hiu vo u
v
=0, c 2 transistor u trong trng thi ngt v in p ra u
r
=0. Gi s in p
U
BE
transitor dn l 0.6V th in p ra s duy tr l 0 khi in p vo trong khong -0.6V s
u
v
s 0.6V.

Hnh(1.39): Mch khuch i y ko b ch B c bn.
Khi u
v
dng v ln hn 0.6V th Q
1
s dn v hot ng nh mt mch lp Emitter s
cung cp dng in i
L
dng trn ti. Q
2
trong trng hp ny s ngt do tip gip B-E phn
cc ngc. Khi u
v
m v ln hn 0.6V th Q
2
dn v hot ng nh mt mch lp Emitter
cung cp dng i
L
m trn ti.
Mch ny c gi l mch y-ko b. Hai transistor Q
1
v Q
2
s thay nhau dn trong
mi na chu k.
Q
2
ngt trong khi Q
1
dn v ngc li. Khng c khuch i p nhng h s khuch i
dng in ln khuch i cng sut. Mi transistor c phn cc ch B v ch dn
trong na chu k. Tuy nhin c mt s suy bin nh c bit khi tn hiu nh (mo im 0).
Mo im 0
Hnh (1.39) l c tuyn truyn t in p ca mch ny. Khi mt trong hai transistor dn,
khuch i in p (hay dc ca c tuyn) v c bn bng 1 (do tnh cht ca mch lp
Emitter). Trong di in p gn 0V, c 2 transistor u ngt v in p ra bng 0 v to ra
mo im 0 nh trn hnh(1.39) vi tn hiu vo dng sin. Mo im 0 ny c th c khc
phc bng cch phn cc tnh vi gi tr nh cho c Q
1
v Q
2
v mch khuch i kiu ny
hot ng trong ch AB. Mch ny s c trnh by trong phn tip theo.

42



Hnh 1.39: c tuyn truyn t v dng sng mch khuch i ch B
Hiu sut
Xt trng hp l tng ca mch trn, khi in p U
BE
transistor dn l 0V, ngha
l mi transistor s dn hon ton trong mt na chu k tn hiu sin. Mch ny l mch ch
B v dng tn hiu ra trn ti s lp li dng tn hiu vo.
im cng tc tnh Q c dng I
CQ
=0 hay c hai transisor u ngt. Do , cng sut tiu
th trn mi transistor khi khng c tn hiu vo bng 0.
in p ra cho mch ch B ny l:
sin
o p
u U t e =
Trong in p ra ln nht U
p
= V
CC.
Cng sut tiu th tc thi trn transistor Q
1
l :
1
1 1
.
Q CE C
P u i =
Dng collector c tnh theo cng thc :
1
sin ; 0
0; 2
p
C L
U
t t
i R
t
e e t
t e t

s s

s s

in p u
CE1
c vit theo cng thc:
1
sin
CE CC p
u V U t e =
Do , tng cng sut tiu th tc thi trn transistor Q
1
l:
( )
1
sin sin
p
Q CC p
L
U
P V U t t
R
e e
| |
=
|
\ .
vi 0 t e t s s
V P
Q1
= 0

vi 2 t t e t s s
43

Do cng sut tiu th trung bnh trn Q
1
l:
1
2
4
CC p p
Q
L L
V U U
P
R R t
=
Cng sut tiu th trung bnh trn Q
2
ng bng cng sut tiu th trung bnh trn Q
1
do
tnh cht i xng.
th hm cng sut tiu th ca mi Transitor theo gi tr in p ra ln nht U
p
. Cng
sut tiu th ln nht l:
1
2
2
(max)
CC
Q
L
V
P
R t
= khi
2
CC
p
V
U
t
=
Cng sut trung bnh trn ti l:
2
1
2
p
L
L
U
P
R
=
Do mi ngun cp dng in trong mi na chu k, dng cp trung bnh l /( )
p L
U R t . Do
, cng sut trung bnh ca mi ngun cp l:
( )
p
S S CC
L
U
P P V
R t
+
= =
Cng sut trung bnh do c 2 ngun cp l:
2. ( )
p
S CC
L
U
P V
R t
=
Hiu sut ca mch l:
2
1
2
4
2. ( )
p
p
L L
p
CC S
CC
L
U
U
P R
U
V P
V
R
t
q
t

= = =
Hiu sut ln nht khi tn hiu ra ln nht vi U
p
=V
CC
. Ta c:
max
78.5%
4
t
q = ~
Ta thy hiu sut chuyn i ca mch ch B ln hn nhiu so vi mch khuch i
ch A tiu chun (ti in tr).
Thc t, hiu sut ca mch ch B thp hn gi tr trn do cc suy hao khc ca mch
v in p ra nh (U
p
) phi nh hn V
CC
trnh a transistor vo min bo ho. Khi bin
in p ra tng th mo tn hiu ra cng tng. mo mc chp nhn c, in p ra
nh U
p
thng nh hn V
CC
vi Volt.

44


Theo kt qu trn ta thy cng sut tiu th ln nht trn transistor khi 2
p CC
U V t = .
Ti gi tr ny, hiu sut ca mch khuch i ch B l:
2.
50%
4 4
CC
p
CC CC
V
U
V V
t t
q
t
= = =
khc phc mo im 0 trong mch khuch i ch B, dng mch y ko ch
AB nh hnh (1.40).

Hnh1.40: Mch khuch i y ko i xng b ch AB
in tr R l in tr phn cc dn dng n 2 diode D
1
v D
2
to in p khng i gia
Q
1
v Q
2
. Hai transistor Q
1
v Q
2
c cng V
BE
nn I
1
=I
2
. Khi in p ri trn diode bng
V
BE
, ta c ti im A v im C c in p bng V
BE
, im B c in p l 2V
BE
.
Hnh b. l c tuyn truyn t. Khi u
v
=0 (khng c tn hiu vo) th u
r
=V
BE
nn khng
c mo im 0.
1.4.3.2 Mch khuch i y ko dng bin p
Dng mch c bn ca mch y ko dng bin p nh sau

Hnh(1.41): Mch khuch i y ko ghp bin p dng n cng loi
Trong s mch hnh (1.41), bin p o pha u vo c nhim v to 2 in p vo
ngc pha nhau a ti 2 transistor Q
1
v Q
2
.
45

Khi khng c tn hiu vo, c Q
1
v Q
2
u ngt, khng c dng in trong mch, in p
ra trn ti bng 0.
Khi c tn hiu vo, trong na chu k dng ca tn hiu, Q
1
dn. Dng i
1
chy qua bin
p u ra to cm ng cp cho ti nn trn ti c na sng dng. Trong na chu k ny, tn
hiu a vo Q
2
m nn Q
2
ngt.
n na chu k tip theo, tn hiu a vo Q
2
dng nn Q
2
dn. Dng i
2
chy qua bin
p u ra to cm ng cung cp cho ti nn trn ti c na sng dng. Trong khi , tn hiu
a vo Q
1
m nn Q
1
ngt.
Do i
1
v i
2
chy ngc chiu nhau trong bin p ra nn in th cm ng bn cun th cp
cng ngc pha nhau, chng kt hp vi nhau to c chu k ca tn hiu trn ti.
Tuy nhin khi bt u mt chu k, transistor khng dn in ngay m phi ch khi bin
vt qua in th ngng V
BE
. Do tng khuch i y ko ghp bin p ch B cng b
mo khi tn hiu vo nh (mo im 0). khc phc dng mch ch AB nh hnh (1.42).

Hnh (1.42): Mch khuch i y ko ch AB ghp bin p
Trong mch ch AB ny, hai in tr R
1
v R
2
dng cp dng in tnh cho Q
1
v
Q
2
ch AB sao cho gi tr dng tnh:
max
)
20
1
10
1
(
c CQ
I I =
I
cmax
l gi tr dng I
C
ln nht.
in tr R
E
l in tr n nh nhit (thng vi O) do transistor cng sut lm vic vi
dng ln nn thng c nhit cao lm thay i cc thng s ca mch.
Trong cc mch khuch i y ko ghp bin p th hiu sut ca tng c tnh nh sau:
q = q
b.a
.q
B

Trong q
b.a
l hiu sut ca my bin p (khong t 80%90%), q
B
l hiu sut khuch
i ca tng khuch i ch B khi khng ghp bin p. Theo kt qu tnh ton phn trn ta

46


c q
B
(max)= 78.54%. Vy c hiu sut ln nht ca tng khuch i ch B ghp bin p
l:
q
max
= q
b.a
.q
B(max)
= 60% 70%
1.4.3.3 Mch khuch i kt cui n vi 1 ngun cung cp
s dng ch 1 ngun cung cp nh s mch hnh (1.43) th ti s phi c ni
vi mt t in c gi tr cao (khong vi trm mF). Trong trng hp ny, in p trn t s
l hng s trong sut chu k hot ng, ging nh mt ngun cung cp th 2. Nu 2
Transistor ging nhau, ti im chung A c in p Vcc/2 v t s duy tr in p ny.
Q2
Q1
+Vcc
uv
Bin p
o pha
u vo
C
RL
UCo
+
A

Hnh1.43 : Mch khuch i kt cui n vi 1 ngun cp
Nh vy, hot ng ca mch s ging nh trng hp 2 ngun cung cp. Khi Q
1
dn,
in p cung cp cho mch s l hiu ca Vcc v in p trn t, tc l bng Vcc/2. Cn khi
Q
2
dn, ch c ngun cung cp bi t l hot ng, cng bng Vcc/2.
T C ng vai tr nh ngun 1 chiu vi gi tr in p l: U
Co
= Vcc/2
iu kin chn gi tr t C nh sau:
1 1

L
d d L
R hay C
C R e e
s >
Trong e
d
l tn s gii hn di ca b khuch i.
V d vi tn s gii hn di f
d
=100Hz, in tr ti R
L
=8O th gi tr ca t C
khong vi nghn F.
1.4.4 Mch khuch i ch C
Mch khuch i ch C transistor c phn cc trong min ngt, im lm vic cn thp
hn im ngt. Ti mt s im khi tn hiu ln vt qu ngng ngt (trong na chu
k dng ca tn hiu) th mi xut hin tn hiu ra. Do trong ch ny transistor ch dn
trong khong nh hn na chu k. Vi tn hiu vo hnh sin, tn hiu ra s l cc xung vi
rng nh hn na chu k nh hnh (1.44). Tn hiu ra ca mch khuch i ch C l nhng
47

xung hp. Mo trong trng hp ny l rt ln nn khng s dng tng khuch i n hoc
tng y ko.
Mch khuch i ch C c kh nng cung cp cng sut ln vi hiu sut ln hn 78.5%,
tuy nhin ch C to mo ln trong tn hiu ra. Cc mch khuch i ch C ch yu c
ng dng trong khuch i tn s cao dng ti cng hng RLC thng dng trong cc my
pht ca Tivi hoc i. y l mt lnh vc cn c xem xt ring (trong phn K thut siu
cao tn) nn trong phn ny khng phn tch cc mch khuch i cng sut ch C

Hnh 1.44 : Dng sng ra ca mch khuch i ch C.
1.5 Mch khuch i c hi tip
1.5.1 Cc khi nim c bn:
Hi tip l vic a mt phn tn hiu u ra (in p hoc dng in) tr v u vo thng
qua mng hi tip.
Hi tip ng vai tr rt quan trng trong k thut mch tng t, cho php ci thin cc tnh
cht ca b khuch i, nng cao cht lng ca b khuch i.

Hnh 1.45: S khi b khuch i c hi tip
K: h s khuch i ; K
ht
: h s hi tip; Xv: Tn hiu vo; Xh: Tn hiu hiu; Xr: Tn hiu ra;
Xht: tn hiu hi tip

48


Ngi ta phn loi 2 loi hi tip c bn:
- Hi tip m: tn hiu hi tip ngc pha vi tn hiu vo lm yu tn hiu vo
- Hi tip dng: tn hiu hi tip ng pha vi tn hiu vo lm mnh tn hiu vo
( thng dng trong cc mch to dao ng)
Mch in ca b khuch i c hi tip c chia lm loi
- Hi tip ni tip in p: Tn hiu hi tip a v u vo ni tip vi ngun tn hiu
ban u v t l vi in p u ra
- Hi tip song song in p: Tn hiu hi tip a v u vo song song vi ngun tn
hiu ban u v t l vi in p ra
- Hi tip ni tip dng in: Tn hiu hi tip v u vo ni tip vi ngun tn hiu
ban u v t l vi dng in ra
- Hi tip song song dng in: tn hiu hi tip v u vo song song vi ngun tn
hiu ban u v t l vi dng in ra

a. Hi tip ni tip - in p b. Hi tip song song- in p

c. Hi tip ni tip dng in c. Hi tip song song dng in
Hnh 1.46: Phn loi mch hi tip
1.5.2 Cc phng trnh c bn

49

Hnh 1.47: S khi ton phn ca b khuch i c hi tip
Tt c 4 loi mch hi tip trn u c th quy v s khi tng qut trn.
T s ta c mi quan h sau:
X
r
=K.X
h
; X
v
=K
n
X
n
X
h
=X
v
X
ht
; X
ht
=K
ht
.X
r

Ta c h s khuch i ca mch c hi tip:
ht v
r
K K
K
X
X
K
. 1
'
+
= =
H s khuch i ton phn:
n
n
r
tp
K K
X
X
K .
'
= =
t: K
v
=K.K
ht
l h s khuch i vng
g =1+K
v
=1 +K.K
ht
: l su hi tip
Khi |g| > 1 => |K| < |K| : tng ng vi hi tip m
Khi |g| < 1 => |K| > |K| : tng ng vi hi tip dng
Trng hp c bit: nu K >>1 th
ht
ht
ht v
r
K
K
K
K K
K
X
X
K
1
1
1
. 1
'
~
+
=
+
= =
Vy nu mch c hi tip c h s khuch i rt ln th hm truyn t ca n ch ph thuc
vo mng hi tip nn s thay i cc tham s ca cc phn t tch cc v tp tn ca n
khng nh hng n cc tnh cht ca b khuch i c hi tip. V vy, mun xy dng cc
b khuch i chnh xc, phi dng linh kin (thng l in tr) chnh xc trong khu hi
tip.
1.5.3 nh hng ca hi tip m n cc thng s ca mch
1.5.3.1 Hi tip m lm gim h s khuch i
Ta c h s khuch i ca mch c hi tip:
g
K
K K
K
K
ht
=
+
=
. 1
'

Hi tip m g >1 nn K

<K hi tip m lm gim h s khuch i.

1.5.3.2 n nh h s khuch i
Cc thng s ca cc phn t tch cc (BJT hay FET) thay i rt nhiu theo nhit v vi
mi linh kin cng loi cng khc nhau. Do khi nhit thay i hoc khi thay i cc
linh kin th h s khuch i ca mch s thay i.
Xt mch c hi tip:
ht v
r
K K
K
X
X
K
. 1
'
+
= =
Ly vi phn 2 v

50


2 2
'
) . 1 ( ) . 1 (
. ) . 1 .(
ht ht
ht ht
K K
dK
K K
dK K K K K dK
dK
+
=
+
+
= =>
ht
K K
K dK
K
dK
. 1
/
'
'
+
=
Vy h s khuch i c hi tip s n nh gp (1+K.K
ht
) ln khi khng c hi tip. Khi thc
hin hi tip m su th h s khuch i ca mch ch cn ph thuc vo mch hi tip.
Thng thng mch hi tip thng c xy dng bng in tr nn h s K
ht
rt bn vng.
1.5.3.3 Gim mo
Gm:
- Mo tn s do khuch i khng ng u cc tn s khc nhau
- Mo phi tuyn do c tuyn khng tuyn tnh ca transistor l pht sinh cc hi chng
ln tn hiu c khuch i lm mo tn hiu u ra.
Vy u ra ngoi thnh phn tn hiu vo c khuch i cn c mt thnh phn nhiu do
mo gi l D.
Tn hiu u ra: X
r
=K.X
v
+D
Khi c hi tip m, nu gi X
v
khng i th tn hiu ra s gim v K

<K ng thi mo cng

gim theo do t l vi K. Khi c hi tip m, mch khuch i K vn cho thnh phn nhiu D
nhng u ra ca mch ton phn nhiu ch cn l D

.
D

=D K
ht
.K.D

=>D

(1+K.K
ht
) =D =>
ht
K K
D
D
. 1
'
+
=
Vy nhiu cng gim i (1+K.K
ht
) ln khi c hi tip m.
1.5.3.4 Gia tng di tn hot ng
Khi c hi tip m di tn ca mch s c m rng (1+K.K
ht
) ln so vi khng c hi tip
Ko
Ko
f
t f
c
f
K
f
t
f
c

Hnh 1.48. Di tn ca mch
Trong : K
o
=K
o
/(1+K.K
ht
): H s khuch i gim (1+K.K
ht
) ln
Bng thng: B = (1+K.K
ht
).B: Bng thng c m rng (1+K.K
ht
) ln
1.5.3.5 in tr u vo
in tr u vo R
v
=U
v
/I
v
51


Hnh 1.49. S tng ng u vo mch khuch i
Chia lm 2 trng hp: hi tip song song v hi tip ni tip
a. Hi tip song song
Thay ngun hi tip bng ngun dng in p dng cng dng in
R
h
Iv I
h
I

I
ht
R
ht
Xr
K
ht
K

Hnh 1.50. S tng ng tnh Zv hi tip song song
in tr ra hi tip bng in tr ra ca ngun hi tip.
I

l dng in chy trn in tr ra cu ngun hi tip : I

=U
v
/ R
ht
( do U
v
gy nn)
Khi khng hi tip I
ht
=0 I
v
=I
h
+I

+R
v
=U
v
/ I
v
=U
v
/ (I
h
+I

)
+Y
v
=1/R
v
=I
h
/ U
v
+I

/U
v
=1/R
h
+1/ R
ht

i vi ngun dng in in tr ra rt ln ( l tng =), i vi ngun in p in tr ra
rt nh ( l tng =0)
Vy c 1/Rr
ht
<<1/R
h
1/Rv ~ R
h
- Khi c hi tip:
I
ht
= 0 Iv =I

+I
h
+I
ht
= I
h
+I

+X
r
.K
ht
=I
h
(1+K.K
ht
) +I

=g.I
h
+I

v
=
v h rht h V V
h
R
g
R
g
R R
g
U
I
U
I g
= ~ + = +
1 .
'


52


Vy
g
R
R
v
v
=
'


Vy b khuch i hi tip song song c in tr vo gim g ln so vi b khuch i khng
hi tip
b. Hi tip ni tip
Thay ngun hi tip bng ngun in p p dng cng in p

Hnh 1.51. S tng ng tnh Zv hi tip ni tip
- R
rht
: in tr ra ca ngun hi tip ( ~ 0)
- U

: l in p ra trn in tr ra ca ngun hi tip do Iv gy nn

U =Iv. R
rht
- Khi khng hi tip: U
ht
=0
U
v
=U
h
+U
R
v
=U
v
/I
v
=U
h
/I
v
+U/Iv =R
h
+R
rht
~ Rh
- Khi c hi tip :
U
ht
=U
h
+U +U
ht
=U
h
+U +Xr.K
ht
=U
h
+U+U
h
.K.K
ht
=g.U
h
+U
Rv =Uv / Iv ~ g.Rv
- Kt lun: B khuch i hi tip ni tip c Rv tng ln g ln so vi khng hi tip.
1.5.3.6 in tr u ra
- Cch tnh in tr ra
U
r
=U
rh
- I
r
R
r
53

+U
rh
: L in p ra khi h mch ti
r
r
Ir
r
r
I
U
I
U
R
A
A
=
c
c
= (Du - biu th Ur v Ir ngc pha nhau)
- Xt trng hp gii hn: H mch v ngn mch
r
r
rng
rh
rh rng
rng rh
r
I
U
I
U
I I
U U
R = =

=
a. Hi tip in p
Thay ngun tn hiu ra bng ngun in p
R
rk
U
rh
X
v
X
h
X
ht
K
ht
R
vht
K
R
t
U
r

Hnh 1.52. S tng ng tnh Zr hi tip in p
Khi cha c hi tip: R
r
=R
rk
// R
vht
, do R
rk
rt nh nn c th ly R
r
~ R
rk

Khi c hi tip:
+U
rh
=X
h
. K
h
=X
v
. K
h
=X
v
.
ht h
h
K K
K
. 1+

+I
rng
=
rk
h h
rk
rh
R
K X
R
U .
=
Khi ngn mch U
r
=0 khng c hi tip X
ht
=0 X
v
=X
h

Vy I
rng
=
rk
h v
R
K X .

in tr ra khi c hi tip:
g
R
g
R
R
K
X
K K
K
X
I
U
R
r rk
rk
h
v
ht h
h
v
rng
rh
r = =
+
= =
.
) . 1 (
.
'

Vy khi hi tip m in p, in tr ra gim g ln so vi khng hi tip

54


b. Hi tip m dng in:
Thay ngun tn hiu ra b khuch i l ngun dng in.
rng
rh
r
I
U
R =
+I
rng
: dng in ra khi ngn mch. H s khuch i khi gi l h s khuch i ngn
mch.
I
rng
=X
h
.K
ng
( K ngn mch) =Xv .
ht ng
ng
K K
K
. 1+

U
rh
=I
rng
.R
rk
=X
h
.K
ng
.R
rk
Trong R
rk
: in tr ra ca b khuch i.
Khi h mch s khng c dng qua in tr vo hi tip ngha l mt hi tip, ta c
X
ht
=0 X
v
=X
h
U
rh
=X
v
.K
ng
.R
rk
.
in tr ra khi c hi tip: R
r

=
rk
ng
h
rk ng v
rng
rh
R g
g
K
X
R K X
I
U
.
.
. .
= =
in tr ra khi khng hi tip: R
r
=R
rk
+R
vht
~ R
rk
( do R
rk
>>R
vht
)
Vy khi c hi tip m dng in th in tr ra s tng g ln so vi khng hi tip.
Tng kt cc loi hi tip:
- Cc loi hi tip:
Hi tip dng
K >K
Hi tip m
K <K
Hi tip in p
X
ht
=K.U
ra
Hi tip dng in
X
ht
=K.I
ra
Hi tip ni tip
U
v
=U
h
+U
ht
Hi tip song song
I
v
=I
h
+I
ht





55

- Thng s k thut
Cc thng s k thut Hi tip
m dng
in ni
tip
Hi tip
m in p
ni tip
Hi tip m
in p
song song
Hi tip m
dng in
song song
Tng tr vo: Z
v
Z
V
.g Z
V
.g Z
v
/g Z
v
/g
Tng tr ra: Z
r

Zr.g Zr /g Zr/g Zr.g
khuch i in
p: K
U

Ku/g Ku/g Ku/g Ku/g
rng bng thng:
B
B.g B.g B.g B.g
Trong g =1K.K
ht

Cc mch khuch i hi tip m lm tng tng tr u vo thng dng cho tng tin
khuch i, khng lm gim bin ca tn hiu hu ch, cc mch hi tip m lm gim
tng tr u ra thng dng cho cc tng cui(cng sut), tng kh nng cp dng cho ti.
Ngoi cc thng s thng k trn, mch hi tip cn c tc dng gim bin nhiu,
gim mo phi tuyn v mo tn s.
1.5.4 Phng php phn tch b khuch i c hi tip
1.5.4.1 Phng php chung
- Bc 1: Phn tch loi hi tip
+Nu l hi tip in p: X
ra
=U
ra
+Nu l hi tip dng in: X
ra
=I
ra
+Nu l hi tip song song cng dng in: X
v
=I
v
; X
h
=I
h
; X
ht
=I
ht
+Nu l hi tip ni tip cng in p: X
v
=U
v
; X
h
=U
h
; X
ht
=U
ht
- Bc 2: Lp cc phng trnh
+X
ra
=K.X
h
K =.
+X
ht
=K
ht
.X
ra
K
ht
=
+X
v
=K
n
.X
n
K
n
=.
- Bc 3: V s khi v p dng cc cng thc tnh K, K
tph

V d 1: Cho mch hi tip nh hnh v

56



Hnh 1.53. Mch khuch i hi tip m in p ni tip
- Bc 1 : Xc nh loi hi tip
+Thnh phn hi tip: in tr R
E
ni t u ra v u vo
+U
ht
=U
r
y l hi tip in p.
+Do phn t hi tip R
E
, ngun tn hiu u vo ca b khuch i (U
BE
) mc ni tip vi
nhau nn y l hi tip ni tip
+U
ht
=U
Re
=U
ra
=I
E
.R
E

Khi U
ht
tng U
BE
=U
h
=U
v
U
ht
s gim I
E
s gim U
r
=U
ht
s gim hi tip
m (chng li s bin i ban u)
Vy y l mch hi tip m ni tip in p
Ta c: X
v
=U
v
X
ht
=U
ht
X
h
=U
h
=U
BE
- Bc 2 : Lp phng trnh
Ur

=f(U
h
) U
r
=f(U
BE
)
U
r
=I
E
.R
E
=I
B
(1+|)R
E
=
E
BE
BE
R
R
U
) 1 ( | +
Ch : R
BE
l in tr xoay chiu ca transistor ( = U
BEo
/R
BEo
) ;
B
BE
BE
I
U
R
A
A
=
+H s khuch i: X
r
=f (X
h
) K =
( )
BE
E
BE
r
h
r
R
R
U
U
U
U | +
= =
1

+H s hi tip
X
ht
=f (Xr) , U
ht
=Ur K
ht
= 1 = =
r
ht
r
ht
U
U
X
X

1kHz
En
n
R
b
i
e
r
B1
R
B2
R
E
R +
-
Vi
2
Cp
E
R
B2
R
B1
R
Q7
1
Cp
Vcc
C
|
|
Uv
Ur
Ur
Uv
B
E
57

+X
v
=f (X
n
) U
v
=f

(U
n
) =
n v
n v
R R
U R
+
.
( thao t s phn p)
Rv

=R
B1
// R
B2
//R
vT
( R
vT
: in tr vo ca transistor )
- Bc 3: v s khi

Hnh 1.54. S khi mch hi tip
1
1
. 1
'
= =
+
=
ht ht
K K K
K
K (nu hi tip m su g >>1)
n v
v
n
ht
n
tf
R R
R
K
K K
K K
K
+
= =
+
=
. 1
.
'
(nu hi tip m su)
1.5.4.2 Phng php chuyn i s khi
Phng php: T s khi thc t vit phng trnh quan h ca tt c cc i lng
trong mch. Sau lp s khi theo cc phng trnh trn v chuyn i s
khi thnh s khi tiu chun bit ca b khuch i c hi tip ri p dng
cng thc tnh cc thng s khuch i.
Mt vi php chuyn i s khi








Hnh 1.55. Mt s php chuyn i s khi

A B
X
1
X
2
X
3
C =A.B
X
1 X
3
A
B
X
1
X
4
C =
A/(1+A.B)
X
1 X
4

58


1.6 Mch khuch i thut ton v mt s ng dng c bn
1.6.1 C bn v b khuch i thut ton
Vit tt OP-amp ( operational amplifier). Khuch i thut ton v c bn l mch s dng
cho tnh ton : cng, tr, bin i cng tr Ngy nay, KDTT c s dng nh mt b
khuch i a chc nng v l cc IC tiu biu trong cc mch tng t.
B khuch i thut ton ging khuch i 1 chiu thng thng l c th khuch i U, P
hoc I. Tuy nhin, n c im khc khuch i thng thng l cc b khuch i thng
thng thng c kt cu khc nhau tu theo yu cu s dng, cn KTT v c bn c kt
cu bn trong ging nhau c to nn t tng khuch i vi sai. Vic s dng ca n khc
nhau tu theo cc phn t mc mch ngoi.
m bo tnh cht trn b KTT cn c nhng c im sau:
- H s khuch i vi sai ln ( K
d
ln)
- H s khuch i ng pha nh ( K
C
nh)
- Tr khng vo rt ln
- Tr khng ra rt nh
- p ng tn s khng i
B KTT l vi mch tch hp c h s khuch i rt ln. Chng thng c hai u vo tn
hiu, mt u ra, hai u vo cp ngun, v cc chn b in p lch, b tn s (thng
thng b KTT l IC c 8 chn dng DIP). S mch v hnh dng thc t ca IC KTT
741.
Hnh 1.56: Cu to bn trong v hnh dng thc t ca IC 741
Chn 7, 4: cp ngun cung cp
+/-V
Chn 2: u vo o
Chn 3: u vo khng o
Chn 1, 5: iu chnh lch 0
Chn 6: u ra
59

Nh vy, KTT thc cht l mt mch bao gm mt b khuch i vi sai tng vo, cc b
khuch i m v cui cng l b khuch i cng sut. Cc mch khuch i ny c th l
transistor lng cc (BJT) hoc transistor trng (FET), v vy cc thng s ca cc b
KTT cng khc nhau t nhiu.
K hiu khuch i thut ton (Hnh 1-57)

Hnh 1-57: K hiu khuch i thut ton
- U
P
, I
P
: in p v dng vo ca thun
- U
N
, I
N
: in p v dng vo ca o
- U
d
: in p vi sai (in p sai lch gia 2 u vo thut ton)
U
d
=U
P
- U
N

Quan h gia u vo v u ra ca KTT

K
d
>0 : H s khuch i vi sai ca KTT ( 10
5
10
6
)
Nu U
N
=0 U
r
=K
d
.U
P
>0 in p ra ng pha vi in p vo ca P
l ca thun
Nu U
P
=0 U
r
=- K
d
.U
N
<0 in p ra ngc pha vi in p vo
ca N l ca o.
Ngoi ra cng mt s cc khc:
Cc cc hi tip m in p gia cc tng vi sai
Cc cc ngun cung cp gia cc tng vi sai
Cc cc iu chnh im khng
1.6.2 Cc tham s c bn ca b khuch i thut ton
1.6.2.1 H s khuch i hiu ( h s khuch i vi sai) K
d

N P
r
d
r
d
U U
U
U
U
K

= =
U
o
=K
d
. U
d
=K

( U
P
U
N
)

60


K
d
> 10
4
rt ln , U
rmax
~ E
c
=(10 20)V
U
d
=U
r
/U
d
rt nh c mV.
1.6.2.2 c tuyn truyn t in p ca khuch i thut ton

Hnh 1-58: c tuyn truyn t ca KTT
Do K
d
ln nn phn khuch i c dc ln. H s khuch i K
d
s suy gim khi ln min
tn s cao do s ph thuc cc tham s transistor v in dung k sinh trong s .
1.6.2.3 Dng vo tnh v in p lch khng
Khuch i mt chiu c hin tng tri im khng do s ph thuc vo nhit ca cc
tham s transistor. cn bng ban u cho OA thng cho mt trong cc u vo ca n
mt in p ph thch hp hoc mt in tr iu chnh dng thin p u vo.
- Dng vo tnh:
2
N P
t
I I
I
+
=
vi U
P
=U
N
=0
- Dng vo lch khng : Io =I
P
I
N
vi U
P
=U
N
= 0 (thng Io = 0.1 It)
- in p lch khng: U o = U
P
U
N
khi U
r
=0
Trong thc t khi U
d
=0 th U
r
vn khc 0 do in p lch khng u vo gy ra. in p
lch khng l in p cn t vo u vo OA U
r
=0
- Cc gi tr I
0
v U
o
u ph thuc nhit khi nhit thay i s dn n hin
tng tri dng lchkhng v in p lch khng.
- Vi KTT l tng th cc gi tr I
o
v U
o
bng 0.
1.6.2.4 T s nn tn hiu ng pha
T s nn tn hiu ng pha CMRR(common mode rejection ratio): Nu t vo u vo o
v u vo khng o cc in p bng nhau th theo l thuyt Ur phi bng 0. Nhng trn
thc t li khng nh vy, lc ny s c:
61

Ur =Kc.Ucm
K
C
: H s khuch i ng pha ( vi khuch i thut ton l tng K
C
=0)
U
cm
: in p ng pha
T s nn ng pha : G = K
d
/ K
c
=(10
3
10
5
) hoc theo n v dB vi:
G[dB]=20log
C
d
K
K
khong (76 100)dB
H s nn ng pha s nh gi kh nng lm vic ca b KTT thc t so vi b KTT l
tng. Vi KTT l tng G .
U
rph
(V)
U
c
(mV) U
cmax+
U
cmax-

Hnh 1-59: c tuyn truyn t in p ng pha
Khi in p ng pha tng th in p ra cng tng. Nu U
C
>U
Cmax
th in p ra tng rt
mnh nn yu cu nhit bin i trong khong cho php U
c
<U
Cmax
1.6.3 Cc s c bn ca b khuch i thut ton
n nh ch cng tc ca KTT s dng mch hi tip m.
to dao ng dng hi tip dng.
1.6.3.1 B khuch i o
S mch khuch i o c bn nh hnh 1-60

Hnh 1-60: Mch khuch i o

62


Ca P c ni t, ca N c ni vi in tr u vo Z
i
v in tr hi tip Z
f
.
Tn hiu vo c a vo ca o. Do OA c R
v
nn dng vo cc ca ~ 0 ( I
P
~ I
N
~ 0)
C: K
d
=U
r
/U
d
=U
r
/ (U
P
U
N
)
M U
P
=0 U
N
=- U
r
/K
d
M K
d
nn U
N
0
Vi KTT l tng coi U
P
=U
N
Phng trnh dng in ti nt N:

i
f
v
r
u v
i
f
r
f
N r
i
N
Z
Z
U
U
K U
Z
Z
U
Z
U U
Z
U Uv
= = = =

. 0
Vy h s khuch i p:
i
f
u
Z
Z
K =
Tr khng vo: Z
i
=V
i
/i
i
=Z
i
Nhn xt:

- Khi tn hiu vo ca N thng qua Z
i
v hi tip l Z
f
th h s khuch i ch ph
thuc vo t s (Z
f
/Z
i
) m khng ph thuc vo h s khuch i thut ton (K
d
)
- K
u
<0 ngha l in p ra ngc pha in p vo, y c gi l mch khuch i
o.
- Tng khuch i o c tr khng vo nh ( = Z
i
). Nu tng tr khng vo s lm
gim h s khuch i.
- Nu cho Z
i
=Z
ht
th

K
u
=-1 to tng o lp li in p
- Nu cho Z
i
=0 th dng in vo I
v
=-U
r
/ Z
f
U
r
=-I
V.
Z
f
in p ra t l vi
dng vo b bin i dng sang p.
1.6.3.2 Mch khuch i khng o
S mch khuch i khng o nh hnh 1-61.

Hnh 1-61: Mch khuch i khng o
in p vo (V
i
) c t vo ca thun. Mch hi tip in p t vo ca o.
63

Do U
P
=U
N
V
i
=V
1
=V
2

V
i f
i i =


f
f
Z
V V
i
2 0

=


i f i
i
Z
V
Z
V V
Z
V
i
2 2 0 2
=

=> =

Vy h s khuch i p:
i
f
i
V
Z
Z
V
V
A + = = 1
0

Nhn xt:
- Z
f
, Z
i
c th c bt k dng no.
- V
0
v V
i
cng c th c bt k dng no.
- Khi Z
f
, Z
i
l in tr thun th u ra V
0
s c cng pha vi u vo V
i
(nn mch
c gi l mch khuch i khng o v u vo (+) c gi l u vo khng
o).
- Z
f
cng ng vai tr hi tip m. tng khuch i A
v
, ta c th tng Z
f
hoc
gim Z
i
.
- Mch khuch i c tn hiu 1 chiu khi Z
f
v Z
i
l in tr thun. Mch cng gi
nguyn tnh cht khng o v c cng cng thc vi trng hp ca tn hiu xoay
chiu.
- Khi Z
f
=0 ta c A
v
=1 V
0
=V
i
hoc Z
i
= ta cng c A
v
=1 v V
0
=V
i
(hnh 1.62 ). Lc
ny mch c gi l mch voltage follower thng c dng lm mch m
(buffer) v c tng tr vo ln v tng tr ra nh nh mch cc thu chung BJT

Hnh 1.62: Mch m in p
1.6.3.3 Mch khuch i tng
S mch nh hnh 1.63

64


R
1
V
1
V
2
V
n
R
2
R
n
i
1
i
2
i
n
V
2
=0
V
1
R
f
i
f
V
0

Hnh 1.63: Mch khuch i tng
Cc dng in chy qua cc in tr l:
n
n
n
R
V
i
R
V
i
R
V
i = = = ;....; ;
2
2
2
1
1
1

Tng cc dng in ny chy qua R
f
v to thnh V
0
nn ta c:

=
= =>
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + + =
n
j
j j
n
n
f
v k V
R
V
R
V
R
V
R V
1
0
2
2
1
1
0
.....
Trong :
n
f
n
f f
R
R
k
R
R
k
R
R
k = = = ;.... ;
2
2
1
1

Nu: R
f
=R
1
=R
2
=...=R
n
th ta c:

=
=
n
j
j
v V
1
0

Tn hiu u ra bng tng cc tn hiu u vo nhng ngc pha. Ta ch l V
i
l 1 in th
bt k c th l mt chiu hoc xoay chiu
1.6.3.4 Mch khuch i hiu
Dng mch c bn hnh 1.64.
R
i
V
1
V
2
V
m
R
f
V
0
V
n
R
i
R
f


Hnh 1.64: Mch khuch i hiu
65

Ta c:
i f
f
n m
R R
R
V V V
+
= =
1

Dng in vo t V
2
qua R
i
s qua R
f
nn:
f
m
i
m
R
V V
R
V V
0 2

=

Thay tr s ca V
m
vo biu thc trn ta tm c:
( )
2 1 0
V V
R
R
V
i
f
=
Nu R
f
=R
i
ta c: V
0
=(V
1
-V
2
)
1.6.3.5 Mch tch phn
S mch nh hnh 1.65.
R
1
V
1
V
2
V
n
R
2
R
n
i
C
i
V
0

Hnh 1.65: Mch tch phn
Dng in u vo:
n
n
R
V
R
V
R
V
I + + + = ...
2
2
1
1

Dng ny np vo t C v to ra V
0

} } |
|
.
|

\
|
+ + + = =
t
n
n
t
dt
R
V
R
V
R
V
C
dt I
C
V
0 2
2
1
1
0
. ...
1
.
1
0

Hay
} |
|
.
|

\
|
+ + + =
t
n
n
dt V
C R
V
C R
V
C R
V
0
2
2
1
1
0
. .
1
... .
1
.
1


}

=
= =>
t
n
j
j j
dt V k V
0
1
0
. .

66



Vi k
J
l h s khuch i ca cc u vo: k
j
=1/R
j
.C
c bit khi R
1
=R
2
=. =R
n
=R th:
}

=
= =>
t
n
j
j
dt V
RC
V
0
1
0
. .
1

Vy in p ra s bng tch phn ca in p vo chia cho hng s thi gian t =RC
Bin t c th c nh ngha nh l thi gian cn thit cho in p Vr t ti bin bng
vi in p vo, bt u t iu kin 0 v vi in p vo l hng s.
Nu xt n iu kin ban u U
C0
l in p trn t C ti t = 0 th ta c:
v
0
=
0
1
1
C
t
o
n
j
i
U dt v
RC
+
}

=

Xt c tuyn bin tn s
i vi khuch i thun hoc khuch i o th h s khuch i khng ph thuc vo tn
s tn hiu vo (e) vi KTT l tng. Nhng trong thc t th n s suy gim tn s cao
do s ph thuc ca K
d
vo tn s c dng nh hnh 1.66.

Hnh 1.66: Suy gim h s khuch i khi tn s tng.
i vi mch tch phn ta c |K
u
| =+(e)
Xt tn hiu vo dng sin vi bin U
vm
ta c: U
v
=U
vm
. sinet v in p ra ban u (trn t
C) =0 ta c:
RC RC U
U
K
RC
U
U
t U
RC
dt t U
RC
dt t Uv
RC
U
o
o
vm
rm
u
vm
rm
vm vm r
e
e
e
e
e e
e
e
e
1
;
1
cos .
1
. sin .
1
) (
1
= = = = =
= = =
} }

Ku[dB] =20log|Ku|=20loge
o
20 loge =b-a.x, y l phng trnh ng thng vi :
67

- b =20loge
o

- a =20
- x =loge
Ta c c tuyn bin tn s ca mch tch phn nh hnh (1.67)

Hnh 1.67: c tuyn bin tn s ca mch tch phn
- Khi x =loge =0 |Ku| dB =b =20 loge
o

- |Ku| dB =0 khi log e =loge
o
e =e
o

- Khi |K
u
|dB =0 Ku =1 gi e
o
l tn s n v.
c tnh tn s ca ca mch tch phn gim khi tn s tng , y l mch lc thng thp.
nh hng ca in p lch khng
Xt vi b KTT thc, ta c th tm c in p lch khng, xut hin nh l in p DC ti
u vo v khi c tch phn s xut hin ti u ra nh l mt in p tng tuyn
tnh.Tng t, mt phn ca dng thin p cng c tch phn, to nn s thay i ca in
p ra.
Hai nguyn nhn gy li trn thc t s a b KTT n trng thi bo ho. y chnh l
mt hn ch ca mch. Vn ny s c khc phc bi vic ni thm 1 in tr gia u
vo khng o v t, b nh hng ca dng thin p; ng thi thm in tr mc song
song vi t C trung ho nh hng ca in p lch nh sau.

Hnh 1.68: Mch tch phn thc t
ng dng ca mch tch phn c dng rng ri trong cc my tnh tng t gii cc

68


phng trnh vi phn v trong s m phng cc h vt l. Trong cc mch nh vy t c
np vi tr s ban u cn thit v in p c duy tr vi h mch ph cho ti khi vic
gii c bt u vi t = 0.
1.6.3.6 Mch vi phn


Hnh 1.69: S mch vi phn
Tn hiu vi np vo t C bng dng in i
i
c tr s:
dt
dv
C i
i
i
=
y cng chnh l dng in chy qua in tr R, vy:
dt
dv
RC V
i
=
0

Du tr biu th s ngc pha ca U
r
v vi phn ca U
v

Xt quan h theo tn s: cho tn hiu vo dng sin: U
v
=U
vm
.sin et
=>
RC
C R
U
U
K U C R U
t U RC
dt
t d
U C R t Ur
o
o vm
rm
u vm rm
vm vm
1
; . . | | . . .
cos . .
sin
. . . ) (
= = = = =
= =
e
e
e
e e
e e
e

Theo n v dB: K
u
[dB] =20loge - 20loge
o
=ax b phng trnh ng thng vi e
o
l
tn s n v.
Mch vi phn c tnh cht ca mch lc thng cao do K
u
tng khi tn s tng.
|Ku|dB
log w
-20log w
o
log w
o

Hnh 1.70: c tuyn bin tn s mch vi phn

R
f
C
i
f
V
i
V
0
69


Vn tp m
Tp m lun xut hin trong cc mch in t s tr nn mnh hn trong cc mch ly vi
phn. Tp m c xu hng thay i t ngt, bt ng to ra cc xung nhn. V tn hiu ra
ca b vi phn thc t t l vi tc bin thin ca tn hiu vo nn nhng thay i t
ngt lm tng tp m ti u ra. c bit khi tn s cao th tp m cng c khuch
i nhiu do K
u
tng khi tn s tng. C th gim c vn tp m nu s dng tn
s thp.
khc phc mt phn no, mc thm mt in tr ni tip vi t C u vo nh hnh
1.71. Lc ny mch ch c c tnh vi phn tt khi tn s ca tn hiu nh hn 1/2tR
i
.C.


Hnh 1.71: Mch vi phn thc t
1.6.3.7 Mch so snh
Mch so snh s so snh bin in p a vo vi mt in p chun (U
ch
). Thng thng
in p chun c nh trc c nh.
Mch so snh mc 0 khi in p chun c a vo ca o, in p vo a ti ca thun
(Hnh 1.72)

Hnh 1.72: Mch so snh mc 0 in p vo ca khng o
Hot ng:
- Khi E
i
<V
ref
th U
d
=E
i
- V
ref
<0 V
o
=- U
rmax
mc bo ho m

70


- Khi E
i
>V
ref
th U
d
=E
i
- V
ref
>0 V
o
=+U
rmax
mc bo ho dng
Hiu in p U
d
s xc nh hm truyn t ca n.
Mch so snh mc 0 khi in p chun a vo ca thun, in p vo a vo ca o
(Hnh 1.73)
- Khi E
i
<Vref th Ud =E
i
- V
ref
>0 Vo =+Urmax mc bo ho dng
- Khi E
i
>Vref th Ud =E
i
- V
re
f<0 Vo =- Urmax mc bo ho m

Hnh 1.73: Mch so snh mc 0 in p vo ca khng o
Ta c th thy rng mch in rt n gin khng cn c thm cc linh kin ngoi. ng dng
ch yu ca mch l b pht hin qua mc 0 v mch to xung vung.
1.6.3.8 Mch khuch i loga
Mch to hm loga cho in p u ra: U
r
=o
1
.ln(o
2
.U
v
)
Mun vy ta dng biu thc ca dng in qua diode :
) 1 .(
.
=
T
AK
mU
U
S D
e I I
- I
S
l dng ngc bo ho
- U
T
l hiu th nhit ( = 26mV nhit phng)
- U
AK
l in p t nn it
Trong min lm vic I
D
>>I
S
nn c th coi gn ng
S
D
T AK
mU
U
S D
I
I
U m U e I I
T
AK
ln . .
.
= = y chnh l hm logarit cn tm.
thc hin quan h ny c th s dng mch nh hnh 1.74
71


Hnh 1.74: Mch khuch i loga
Nu KTT l l tng s c:
I
D
=U
v
/R v U
ra
=-U
AK
U
ra
=-mU
T
.ln(U
v
/I
S
.R)
C th thay diode bng transistor mc kiu diode s loi tr c h s m v m rng phm vi
lm vic ca mch.
U
r
=-U
BE
=- U
T
ln(U
v
/I
S
.R)
1.6.3.9 Mch i loga (hm m)
Mch i loga s dng cc phn t phi tuyn nh diode v transistor ( tng t mch
loga). S mch nh hnh 1.75.

Hnh 1.75: Mch i loga
Vi mch dng diode c:
T
v
U m
U
S r
e I R U
.
. . =

Vi mch dng transistor c:
T
v
U
U
S r
e I R U . . =

1.6.3.10 Mch nhn/ chia tng t:
Mch nhn (chia) tng t c thc hin bng mch khuch i loga v i loga. S khi
mch nhn (chia) tng t nh hnh 1.76.
Ur
Uv
R
T
Ur
Uv
D
R
Ur
Uv
T
R
D
R
Uv
Ur

72



Hnh 1.76: S khi mch nhn/chia tng t




























73

CHNG 2 : MCH LC TCH CC
2.1. Khi nim mch lc tn s
Mch lc tn s l mch chn lc ly tn hiu trong mt hay mt s khong tn s no cn
cc tn hiu tn s khc th b loi tr. Cc b lc in hin nay c ng dng rt rng ri
trong cc h thng vin thng v truyn dn d liu. B lc c dng lc nhiu, chia tch
knh trong cc h thng ghp knh, la chn di thng, lc b cc hi khng cn thit...
Nu phn chia theo di tn s th c cc loi mch lc sau:
- Mch lc thng thp
- Mch lc thng cao
- Mch lc thng di
- Mch lc chn di
- Mch lc pha
Khi biu din mch lc tn s thng qua h s truyn t in p th c th ni mch lc l
tng l mt mng 4 cc c h s truyn t K = 1 trong di thng v K =0 ngoi di thng.
Ngha l mch lc l tng s khng gy suy gim tn hiu trong di thng v trit tiu hon
ton tn hiu ngoi di thng, mch ny c vng chuyn tip thng ng v khng gy di pha
tn hiu.
Vi cc b lc l tng ta c cc dng c tuyn nh sau:
Mch lc thng thp
Mch lc thng thp cho qua cc tn s t 0 ti f
c
v chn tt c cc tn s t f
c
tr ln v f
c

gi l tn s ct ca mch.
Mch lc thng cao
Mch lc thng cao chn tt c cc tn s t 0 ti f
c
v cho qua tt c cc tn s t tn s ct f
c

tr i
Mch lc thng di
Mch lc thng di cho qua cc tn s nm trong khong t f
1
ti f
2
v chn tt c cc tn s
nm ngoi di ny.
rng ca d thng c tnh bng B = f
1
- f
2
tn s trung tm fo =
2 1
.f f
Mch lc chn di
Mch lc chn di cho qua cc tn s nm trong khong nh hn f
1
v
ln hn f
2
, v chn tt c cc tn s nm trong khong (f
1
- f
2
). rng ca di chn c tnh
bng B = f
1
- f
2


74


Mch lc pha
Mch lc pha khng c di chn, n cho qua tt c cc tn s nhng gia u vo v u ra c
s dch pha.


Hnh 2.1: c tuyn truyn t ca mch lc
2.1.1. Mch lc th ng
Mch lc th ng l mch cha cc phn t th ng R, L, C m khng c cc phn t tch
cc nh BJT hay KTT. Mch lc th ng n gin nht c xy dng t cc khu RC.
Hnh (2.2) l mch lc th ng thng thp v thng cao. Cc mch lc ny l phn t c bn
to cc mch lc phc tp hn. tnh tn s ct ca cc mch lc ny dng cng thc
chia p, vi mch lc thng cao hnh (a) ta c:
I
0
I

=
R
R
2
+X
c
2



Hnh 2.2 : Mch lc thng cao (a) v thng thp (b)
Tn s ct c xc nh ti bin tn hiu gim 3dB hay 1/ 2 ln. Ti tn s ct
c R=X
c
nn c:
75


Do c tn s ct ca mch:

Lm tng t ta c c tn s ct ca mch lc thng thp. Vi 2 mch lc bc 1 ny ta cn
ch nhng im sau:
- Khi kt ni lin tip cc khu lc ny thnh chui dn n p ng tn s, dc ca
c tuyn tn s s tng thm 20dB/Dmi khu lc.
- Tn hiu vo v ra ra ca lc thng thp v thng cao s lch pha nhau.
Mch lc th ng c h s truyn t K(w)<1 .Cc mch ny hu ht lm vic tn s cao
( >1MHz) v khu vc tn s thp cc mch ny c kt cu nng n v h s phm cht gim.
Mt s mch lc th ng thng gp v c tuyn truyn t minh ha trn hnh 2.3.
2.1.2. Mch lc tch cc
Mch lc th ng RLC c suy gim ln , cng knh v kh ch to di dng IC
di tn thp. Vi tn s nh hn vi trm KHz thng dng mch lc RC kt hp vi cc
phn t tch cc (BJ T, Op-Amp ) gi l mch lc tch cc. Mch lc tch cc c cc u im
so vi mch lc th ng nh:
- Linh hot trong xy dng v thit k
- S dng tt di tn thp do khng c cun cm nn kinh t v gn nh.
- Cc ng dng tn thp ti 1Hz
- Tr khng vo ln v tr khng ra nh nn c chc nng lm b m.
- C kh nng khuch i nn tn hiu vo khng b suy gim nh lc th ng.
- D iu chnh hn lc th ng
2.1.3. Tham s c trng mch lc tch cc
Mi b lc c c trng bng mt c tuyn tn s, l th ca khuch i hoc
suy hao theo tn s. Ti mt tn s xc nh l tn s ct, bin ca c tuyn bt u gim.
dc ca c tuyn th hin tc suy gim ca bin quanh tn s ct.
Bn dng p ng tn s l tng ca b lc (hnh 2.3 ), dc ca p ng thng ng.
Trong thc t khng th t c dng l tng ny, tuy nhin b lc cng phc tp th
dc c tuyn s cng ln.


76



Hnh 2.3: Mch lc th ng v c tuyn truyn t

77


Mt mch lc tch cc c c trng bi 3 tham s:
- Tn s cte
c
l tn s ti h s khuch i suy gim 2ln (hay -3dB). Ti tn s
ny bin ca p ng tn s bt u gim.
- Loi b lc: xc nh dng c tuyn tn s quanh tn s e
c
v trong di thng. Mch
in ca cc loi b lc ny ging nhau, ch khc nhau v gi tr RC. C 3 loi b lc:
Bessel, Butterworth v Tschbyscheff. c tuyn bin tn s ca 3 loi b lc ny
nh hnh (2.4).
10
0
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
1
2
3
4
|K| (dB)

Hnh 2.4 .c tuyn bin tn s ca mch lc thng thp bc 4
1-Lc th ng; 2-Lc Bessel; 3-Lc Butterworth; 4-Lc Tschebyscheff.
- Mch lc Butterworth (3) c c tuyn trong di thng phng nht. Khng c gn
sng trong di thng v tn s ct c ly mc 3dB. Ch trong hnh (2.5), di
chn nm trong khong 0Hz n f
c
. Trong thc t khng c trng hp ny v h s
khuch i nh nht t c trong khong gia im A v f
c
. c tuyn bin
phng ca lc Butterworth tt cho tn s gn 0Hz nhng khng tt vng cnh di
thng v dc ca c tuyn khng ln. Lc Chebysev s khc phcnhc imny.


78


Hnh (2.5).c tuyn tn s mch lc Butterworth.
- Mch lc Chebyshev (4) c gn sng trong di thng. Tuy nhin pha ngpi di
thng bin s suy gim nhanh hn so vi lc Butterworth. gn sng cng cao
th tnh chn lc ca b lc cng tt. xc nh di thng khng d nhng thng
ly ti nh gn sng c tn s ln nht.V d trong hnh (2.6) l c tuyn ca mch
lc thng cao Chebyshev c gn sng l 0.5dB v tn s f
r
=1kHz, do c tuyn
ca n s thay i 0.5dB t tn s 1kHz tr i v khuch i s gim nhanh
chng tn s nh hn 1kHz.
Roll-off
Pass band
Frequency
(Hz)
Stop band
Gain
(dB)
fc
Pass band
0.5 dB
3 dB
fr
Ripple

Hnh (2.6).c tuyn tn s mch lc Chebyshev.
- Mch lc Bessel c c tuyn gim u t khu vc thng sang khu vc chn v c
p ng xung gn nh l tng . Tu yu cu c th, c th chn loi mch lc thch
hp.

79

Hnh (2.7 ). p ng xung ca mch lc thng thp.1-Lc th ng; 2-Lc Bessel; 3-
Lc Butterworth; 4-Lc Tschebyscheff
- Bc ca b lc xc nh dc ca c tuyn tn s ngoi di tn. Bc b lc cng
cao th dc ca c tuyn tn s cng ln v tin gn n dng c tuyn l tng.
Bc ca b lc bng s khu RC trong b lc. Thng thng khng cn thit dng cc
b lc c bc ln hn 4. Thng thng s to b lc bc cao bng cch ghp lin tip
cc b lc bc 1 v bc 2. Vi b lc Chebyshev, s nh gn sng trong di thng s
xc nh bc ca b lc.
- Hm truyn t ca b lc tng qut
n
n
n
n
p a p a p a a
p b p b p b b
p K
+ + + +
+ + + +
=
...
...
) (
2
2 1 0
2
2 1 0

+n: bc ca b lc
+p =je/e
C
l bin phc chun ho.
+a, b l cc s thc dng
- Hm truyn t tng qut ca mch lc thng thp
n
n
p a p a p a a
b
p K
+ + + +
=
...
) (
2
2 1 0
0

2.2. Mch lc thng thp
2.2.1. Mch lc thng thp bc 1
Lc bc 1 ch dnh cho thng thp hoc thng cao. Dng mch cn bn mch lc thng thp
bc 1 hnh 2.8.
R2
C
R1
Vi
Vo

Hnh 2.8: Mch lc thng thp bc 1
Vi l tn hiu vo c tn s f. Tng tr hi tip

v f t e 2 =
C j
R
C j
R
Z
Y
e
e
1
1
2
2
+
=

80



H s khuch i p ca mch
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
= = =
C j
R C j
R
R
R
Z
V
V
K
f
i
u
e
e
1
2
1
2
1
0

Vy h s khuch i p ca mch
. 1
. . 1
| |
0
1
2
2
1
2
e
e
e
j
R
R
R C j
R
R
K
u
+
=
+
= vi
C R
2
0
1
= e
Nhn xt:
+khi e cn thp th |K
u
| ~ R
2
/ R
1
+Khi tn s ln cao th |K
u
| gim dn mch lc thng thp
+Tn s ct l tn s ti |K
u
| gim \2 ln. Nhn vo cng thc trn ta c tn s ct
C R
f
c
2
2
1
t
=
+Nu chn R
1
=R
2
th |K
0
| =1
+ thit k mch ny ta lm cc bc sau:
B1: Chn tn s ct
B2: Chn gi tr t C
B3: Tnh gi tr R t cng thc tn s ct trn.\
Ngoi ra cn dng mch Hnh 2.9 lm mch lc thng thp bc 1. y l mch khuch i
khng o nhng do khng c in tr ni t u vo (ca o) nn h s khuch i bng
+1. Thng chn R
f
=R gim dng lch khng.
Rf=R
R Vi V1
C

Hnh 2.9. Mch lc thng thp bc 1 khuch i khng o

81


Ta c :
i i
V
RC j
C j
R
C j
V V
e
e
e
+
=
+
=
1
1
1
1
0

Ti tn s ct
C
e ta c 1 = RC
C
e =>
RC
f
c
t 2
1
=

c tuyn bin tn s mch lc thng thp bc 1 trn Hnh 2.10.

Hnh 2.10: c tuyn bin -tn s mch lc thng thp bc 1
2.2.2. Mch lc thng thp bc 2
Trong thc t mun tng dc ca c tuyn bin - tn s t gn ti c tuyn ca b
lc l tng phi s dng cc b lc bc cao. Trong thc t thng s dng b lc bc 2 v:
+Cu trc n gin
+H s phm cht cao
+D iu chnh
+n nh
B lc thng thp bc 2 c h s truyn t p nh sau:
o
o
u
a p a p a
b
K
+ +
=
1
2
2

Dng mch cn bn Hnh 2.11.

82


R
f
=2R
R V
i
V
0
V
0
C1
V
B
R
C
2
=2C
1

Hnh 2.11. Mch lc thng thp bc 2

Ta c:
2
0 0
C
B B B i
Z
V V
R
V V
R
V V
+

M:
1
1
0
.
C
C B
Z R
Z V
V
+
=
Vy:
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
1
0
1
C
B
Z
R
V V
Thay vo phng trnh trn ta tm c:
3 1
2
1
0
.
2
1
1
C C
C
i
Z Z
R
Z
R
V
V
+
+
=

Nu chn C
2
=2 C
1
ta c:
) 2 ( ) 2 1 (
1
1
2
1
2 2
0
RC j C R V
V
i
e e +
=
Ti tn s ct, ligim i ln, tc:
( ) ( ) 2 2 2 1
2
1
2
2
1
2 2
= + RC C R e e => 1 2 1 4
2
1
2 2 4
1
4 4
= => = C R C R e e
Vy tn s ct :
1
2
1
RC
c
= e

Gc pha:
0
2
1
2 2
1
90
2 1
2
= => >

=
e
e

C R
RC
Arctg

83

Vy mch lc thng thp bc 2 c h s khuch i gim 40dB (100 ln) khi tn s tng 10
ln. c tuyn bin tn s nh Hnh 2.12.
1
0.707
0.01
|Av| Av(dB)
0dB
-3dB
-20dB
-40dB
10
c
f
0.1
c

Hnh 2.12: c tuyn bin tn s mch lc thng thp bc 2
Trong thc t cc bc thit k mch lc thng thp bc 2 trn nh sau:
- Chn tn s ct mong mun
- Chn gi tr t C
1
( nn chn 100pF < C
1
<1F)
- Ly C
2
=2C
1

- Tnh gi tr R t cng thc tn s ct
- Ly R
f
=2R
2.3. Mch lc thng cao
2.3.1. Mch lc thng cao bc 1
Dng mch cn bn nh Hnh 2.13.


Hnh 2.13. Mch lc thng cao bc 1
Ta c :
i i
V
RC
j
V
C j
R
R
V .
1
1
1
1
0
e e

=
+
=

84


H s truyn t p .
1
1
1
0
RC
j
V
V
K
i
u
e

= =
Nhn xt:
- H s khuch i p ca mch s tng khi tn s tng
- Tn s ct e
C
l tn s ti K
u
gim \2 ln. Da vo cng thc trn ta tm c:
- Tn s ct:
RC
RC
RC
c c
c
1
1 1
1
= => = => = e e
e
hoc
RC
fc
t 2
1
=
- Gc pha

0
0
1
0
45 707 . 0
45 2
1
1
1
Z =
Z
=

=
j V
V
i


C th dng mch dng khc thc hin mch lc thng cao (Hnh 2.14).

Hnh 2.14. Mch lc thng cao bc 1 v c tuyn
H s truyn t p :
RC
j
R
R
C
j R
R
V
V
K
f
f
i
u
e e
1
1
1
0

= =

Tn s ct ti :
C C
C
f
RC RC
t e
e
2
1
1
1
= = => = hay
C f
R
C
t 2
1
=

Trong thit k ta dng 4 bc:
1. Chn tn s ct
C
e hoc
C
f
85

2. Chn 0.001 F <C <0.1 F
3. Tnh
C
R
C
e
1
=
4. ChnR
f
=R
2.3.2. Mch lc thng cao bc 2
Hnh 2.15 minh ha mt dng mch lc thng cao bc 2, gm 2 khu thng cao bc 1.

Hnh2.15: Mch lc thng cao bc 2 v c tuyn bin -tn s
Ta c:
C
B B i
C
B i
Z
V V
R
V V
Z
V V
0
2

|
.
|

\
|
+ |
.
|

\
|
+ = =>
R
Z
V
R
Z
V V
C C
B i
2
1
2
2
0

Nhng: |
.
|

\
|
+ = =>
+
=
R
Z
V V V
Z R
R
V
C
B B
C
1 .
0 0

Thay tr s V
B
vo biu thc trn ta tm c:
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + =
2
2
0
2 2
1
R
Z
R
Z
V V
C C
i

Hay
RC
j
C R
V
V
A
i
V
e e
2 2
1
1
2 2 2
0

|
.
|

\
|

= =
Ti tnsct
C
e :
2
2 2
1
2
2
2 2 2
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ |
.
|

\
|

RC C R
C
e e


86


Hay: 414 . 1 2 4
4 4 4
= = => = RC C R
C C
e e
-
C
R
C
e
414 . 1
=
Ngi ta chn R
f
= R gim dng lch khng u vo.
Thc t thit k mch ta theo 4 bc sau:
1. Chn tn s ct
C
e hay
C
f
2. ChnC1 = C2 = C thchhp 100 pF <C <0.1 F
3. Tnh
C
R
C
e
414 . 1
=
4. Chn R
2
=R/2;R
1
=R
2.4. Mch lc chn lc v lc thng di
Mch lc thng di l mch m tn hiu u ra ch c mt di tn gii hn no trong ton
b di tn ca tn hiu u vo.

Hnh 2.16: c tuyn bin tn s mch lc thng di
Thng s ca mch lc thng di (Hnh 2.16)
- e
r
: Tn s cng hng ti in th u ra max
- e
L
: tn s ct thp ti in p u ra gim \2 ln
- e
H
: tn s ct cao ti in p u ra gim \2 ln
- Bng thng c nh ngha: B = e
H
- e
L

Khi B <0.1e
r
mch c gi l mch lc di thng bng tn hp hay mch lc chn lc
(mch lc cng hng)
Khi B >0.1e
r
mch c gi l mch lc thng di bng tn rng
T s :
B
Q
r
e
= c gi l h s phm cht ca mch (quality factor)
2.4.1. Mch lc chn lc
Dng mch lc chn lc c cho trn Hnh 2.17
87


Hnh 2.17: Mch lc chn lc
thun tin cho vic phn tch v thit k mch thng chn:
- R
2
=2R
1

- C
1
=C
2
=C
Ta c ti nt B:
1
0
2 3 1 C
B
C
B B B i
Z
V V
Z
V
R
V
R
V V
+ + =

Ti ca N (V
N
=V
P
=0) nn:
2
2
0
2
0
2
C B
C
B
Z
R
V
V
R
V
Z
V
= => =
Thay vo phng trnh nt B c:
1
0
2 1 3 1 1
1 1 1 1
C C C
B
i
Z
V
Z Z R R
V
R
V

|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + + =
t: R=R
1
//R
3
ta c:
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + + =
1
1
2
1
1 2
2 1
1
2 1
0
.
'
.
C C
C C
i
Z
R
R
R
Z R
Z R
R R
Z R
V V
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + =
2 2
1
1 1
2 2
1 1
2
1
0
'
.
C R R
R
C R j
C R
C R
R
R
V V
i
e
e
Vy h s khuch i
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

= =
2 2
1
1 1
2 2
1 1
2
1 1
0
'
.
1
C R R
R
C R j
C R
C R
R
R V
V
A
V
e
e

Ti tn s cng hng c:
2 1 2
1
2 2
1
1 1
'
1
0
'
C C R R
R C R
R
C R
r r
= => =
e e
e
n gin trong ng dng thng chn:
C
1
=C
2
=C; R
2
=2R
1
Tm bng tn B
Ti
L
e v
H
e ta c:

88


1
' 2
1
2
1
= |
.
|

\
|

C R
C R
e
e
Ta c 2 phngtrnh:
1
' 2
1
1
=
C R
C R
e
e (a)
- 1
' 2
1
1
= +
C R
C R
e
e (b)
T phng trnh (a) ta tm c:
( )
2
1
2
1
2
' 2
' 2 ' '
C R R
C R R C R C R + +
= e
T phng trnh (b) ta tm c:
( )
C R R
C R R C R C R
1
2
1
2
' 2
' 2 ' ' +
= e
Ta ch ly nghim dng v:
( )
2
1
2
1
2
' 2
' 2 ' '
C R R
C R R C R C R
H
+
= e
( )
2
1
2
1
2
' 2
' 2 ' '
C R R
C R R C R C R
L
+
= e
V B=
H
e -
L
e =
C R C R C R R
C R
2 1
2
1
2 1
' 2
' 2
= =
tnh R
3
ta ch :
2
2
3 1
2 1
2 1 2
2
. . '
1
C R
R R
R R
C C R R
r
+
= =
e

Thay
3 2
2
3
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
2 R R
C R R R
R
r
+
= => =
e

M
2 2
2
1 1 1
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
BQ
r r
e

3 2
2
3
2
2
2
2 2
2
2
2
2
2 4
1
.
2
1
R R
C R R
Q
C R
Q
C R
BQ +
= =
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

=>
3 2
2
3
3 2
3
2
2 ) 4 )( (
2 4
1
R R Q R
R R
R
Q
+ = =>
+
=
89

=>
2
4 2 4
2
2
2
3
Q
R
Q
R
R ~

=
Trong thit k thng chn:
- C
1
=C
2
=C
- Chn bng tn B v tn s cng hng e
r
. T suy ra Q= e
r
/B
- Cc in tr R
1
, R
2
, R
3
c tnh t cc phng trnh:
2
4 2 4
;
2
;
2
2
2
2
3
2
1 2
Q
R
Q
R
R
R
R
BC
R ~

= = =
2.4.2. Mch lc thng di bng tn rng
to mt mch thng di bng thng rng thng dng hai mch lc thng cao v thng
thp mc ni tip vi nhau nhng phi tho mn iu kin tn s ct e
2
ca mch lc thng
thp phi ln hn tn s ct e
1
ca mch lc thng cao.
LPF
V
i
B =
A
Vr
H.P.F
V
0
(HPF) (LPF)
-
0.707A
Vr
AV

Hnh 2.18: S v c tuyn bin tn s ca lc thng di bng tn rng
Bn cnh c th s dng dng mch Hnh (2.19)

Hnh 2.19: Mch lc thng di bng tn rng
Tnh ton tng t ta c kt qu sau:
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
+ +

= = =
1 2
2 1
1
2
2
1 2 2 1 1
1 2 0
1
1
) 1 )( 1 (
C R
C R j
C
C
R
R C R j C R j
C R j
Z
Z
V
V
A
i
f
i
V
e
e
e e
e

T tm c 2 tn s ct l ;
1
2 2
1
C R
= e
1 1
2
1
C R
= e


90


Phi chn R
1
, R
2
, C
1
, C
2
sao cho
2 1
e e <

Tnh tn s cng hng v h s phm cht Q<10.
2.5. Mch lc chn di
loi b mt di tn s no trong ton b di tn ngi ta dng mch lc chn di. C
rt nhiu cch mc mch nn chn lc. Cch thng dng nht l dng 2 mch thng cao v
thng thp song song vi nhau nh hnh sau (Hnh 2.20) vi yu cu tn s ct ca mch lc
thng thp e
1
nh hn tn s ct e
2
ca mch lc thng cao.

Hnh 2.20: Dng mch v c tuyn bin tn s mch nn chn lc

Hnh 2.21: S mch lc chn di
S mt mch lc chn di trn Hnh 2.21. Phn gii mch ny tng i phc tp. Ta chp
nhn kt qu thit k nh sau:
B
1:
Chn C
1
=C
2
=C tr thch hp trong khong 100pF n 0.1F
B
2
: Tnh R
2
theo cng thc R
2
=2/B.C
B
3
: Tnh R
1
=R
2
/4Q
2

B
4
: Chn R
a
thch hp ( thng chn R
a
=1kO)
B
5
: Tnh R
b
t cng thc R
b
=2Q
2
.
R
a
91

2.6. Thit k mch lc tch cc bc cao
u im ca mch l c tuyn bin tn s vung gc gn vi mch lc l tng. thc
hin mch lc tch cc bc cao ta ghp ni tip cc b lc bc 1 v bc 2. Hm truyn t lc
ny s l: K
d
=K
d1
.K
d2
V d : Mch lc thng thp bc 3 s l ghp ni tip ca mch lc thng thp bc 1 v thng
thp bc 2. S nh Hnh 2.22.
V
0
R
f2
=R
R
2
R
2
R
3
=R
V
01
C
3
R
f1
=2R
R
2
=R
R
1
=R
V
i
C
1 C
2
-40dB/dec -20dB/dec

Hnh 2.22. Mch lc thng thp bc 3
Tng t s mch lc thng cao bc 3 nh Hnh 2.23.

Hnh 2.23. Mch lc thng cao bc 3






92



CHNG 3. MCH TO DAO NG V NH THI
Mch to dao ng l mch c kh nng to c tn hiu ti u ra. Hay ni cch khc mch
to dao ng bin i nng lng mt chiu thnh nng lng xoay chiu. Tng qut, ngi
ta chia mch to dao ng thnh hai loi: Dao ng iu ha (harmonic oscillators) to ra cc
sng hnh sin v dao ng tch thot (relaxation oscillators) to ra cc sng dng xung (xung
rng ca, xung tam gic, xung vung).
3.1. Mch to dao ng iu ha
Mch dao ng iu ha gm mt khi khuch i v mt khi chn tn c kt ni trong
vng hi tip.







Xt mch khuch i vi hi tip dng:
o i fb i e
v v v v v . | + = + =
( )
o i u e u o
v v K v K v . . . | + = =
Trong :
- v
e
(error): Tn hiu u vo ca mch khuch i khng c hi tip
- v
i
(in): Tn hiu u vo ca mch khuch i c hi tip
- v
fb
(feedback): Tn hiu hi tip
- v
o
(out): Tn hiu u ra
- K
u
: H s khuch i ca mch khi khng c hi tip
- : | H s truyn t ca mch hi tip
H s khuch i ca vng kn l:
| . 1
u
u
i
o
K
K
v
v
K

= =
Khi khuch i

Khi hi tip

v
i
v
o
v
fb
v
e
Khi khuch i

Khi hi tip

v
o
Hnh 3.1. S khi ca mch dao ng
93

Nu: 1 . = |
u
K th K , tc l ngay c khi 0 =
i
v th vn c tn hiu u ra 0 =
o
v ,
chnh l iu kin dao ng ca mch.
Vy iu kin t kch to dao ng: 1 . > |
u
K , iu ny tng ng vi hai iu kin:
- iu kin v pha: Tng dch pha trong mch khuch i v mch hi tip
phi bng ( )
o
N 360 vi ... , 2 , 1 , 0 = N hay: 0 = +
|

K

- iu kin v bin : 1 . > |
u
K
i vi mch dao ng, hm truyn t hi tip hay mng chn tn phi sinh ra mt dch
pha bng 180
0
dch pha ca ton mng bng 0. i vi mch dao ng ti tn s
0
,
iu kin to dao ng phi tha mn ti ch mt tn s.
3.1.1. Mch dao ng di pha










Xt mch dao ng di pha vi cc Op-Amp ng vai tr l tng m. Op-Amp cui cng
ng vai tr l khi khuch i vi h s khuch i:
R
R
K
f
u
=
Ta c:
RC j
RC j
R
C j
R
v
v
o
e
e
e
+
=
+
=
1
1
1

RC j
RC j
R
C j
R
v
v
e
e
e
+
=
+
=
1
1
1
2

2
v
+
-
1
R
C
o C
R
+
-
v
C
Rf
v
+
-
R
v
i
Hnh 3.2. Mch dao ng di pha s dng Op-Amp

94


RC j
RC j
R
C j
R
v
v
i
e
e
e
+
=
+
=
1
1
2

Vy h s khuch i ca mch hi tip:
3
2 1
2 1
1
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
= = =
RC j
RC j
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
i
o o
i
e
e
|
( )
( ) | | ( ) | |
2 2
3
3
3 3 1
1
.
RC RC j RC
RC j
R
R
RC j
RC j
R
R
K
f f
u
e e e
e
e
e
|
+
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
: 1 . = |
u
K th ( ) 0 3 1
2
0
= RC e hay:
RC . 3
1
0
= e
Khi :
R
R
K
f
u
8
. = |
Vy iu kin t kch: 8 1 > >
R
R
K
f
u
|
Mi khu RC ng vai tr di pha 60
o
, 3 khu s di pha 180
o
. m bo iu kin pha to
dao ng.








Trn hnh 3.2, hai Op-Amp u tin ch ng vai tr l tng m ch khng c vai tr khuch
i, c th xt mch dao ng di pha khc ch cn s dng mt Op-Amp ng vai tr l tng
khuch i m khng s dng tng m nh trong hnh 3.3.
Ta cng tnh ton ging nh trng hp trn tm iu kin dao ng.
H s khuch i:
R
R
K
f
u
=
C
1
o
+
-
R v
Rf
R
v
C
v
C
i
R
v
2
Hnh 3.3. Mch dao ng di pha s dng Op-Amp
95

u vo o chnh l im t o:
RC j
RC j
R
C j
R
v
v
i
e
e
e
+
=
+
=
1
1
2

( )
( )
2
1
2
3 1
1
1 1
//
1
//
RC RC j
RC j RC j
C j C j
R R
C j
R R
v
v
e e
e e
e e
e
+
+
=
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
C j
Z
Z
v
v
o
e
1
1
1 1
+
=
Trong :
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
C j
Z R Z
e
1
//
2 1
;
( )
RC j
RC j R
Z
e
e
2 1
1
2
+
+
=
Vy:
( ) | |
( )
2
2
1
3 4 1
3 1
RC RC j
RC RC j R
Z
e e
e e
+
+
=
( ) | |
( ) ( )
3 2
2
1
1 1
6 5 1
3 1
1
RC j RC RC j
RC RC j RC j
C j
Z
Z
v
v
o
e e e
e e e
e
+
+
=
+
=
H s khuch i ca khu hi tip:
( )
( ) ( )
3 2
3
1
1
2
2
6 5 1 RC j RC RC j
RC j
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
o
i
o
i
e e e
e
|
+
= = =
Vy:
( )
( ) ( )
3 2
3
6 5 1 RC j RC RC j
RC j
R
R
K
f
u
e e e
e
|
+
=
- iu kin pha:
t
|
n
K
2 = + th: ( ) 1 6
2
0
= RC e , hay:
Tn s dao ng:

RC 6
1
0
= e
- iu kin v bin :

96


2
E
C
E
1
+V
cc
'
o
v
C
R
C C C
R R
R
R R
R
Hnh 3.4. Mch dao ng di pha s dng BJ T
( )
( )
1
29
1
6 / 1 5
6 / 1
5
2
2
> =

=
R
R
R
R
RC
RC
R
R
K
f f f
u
e
e
|
Vy: 29 >
R
R
f

Trong hnh 3.4 m t s mch dao ng di pha s dng BJT. Trong BJT ng vai tr l
phn t khuch i. Mch khuch i c mc theo kiu Emitter chung, tn hiu ti cc C
o pha so vi tn hiu ti cc B. Ba khu RC ng vai tr l khu hi tip c nhim v di pha
180
0
.







3.1.2. Mch dao ng cu Wien
Mch dao ng cu Wien c m t nh hnh di, gm mt mch khuch i khng o v
mt mch hi tip c gi l cu Wien (gm 1 khu (R//C) v mt khu (RntC) mc ni tip
vi nhau).







H s khuch i ca mch khuch i khng o:
1
1
f
u
R
K
R
| |
= +
|
\ .

Hm truyn t ca khu hi tip:
p
R1
R
+
-
v
R
Rf
o
C
C
v
Hnh 3.5. Mch dao ng cu Wien
97

( )
2
1
//
1 1
//
1 3
p
o
R
v
j C
v
R R
j C j C
j RC
j RC RC
e
|
e e
e
e e
= =
| | | |
+ +
| |
\ . \ .
=
+


Vy:
( )
2
1
1 3
f
u
R
j RC
K
R
j RC RC
e
|
e e
| |
= +
|
+ \ .

- iu kin pha:
( )
2
0
1 RC e = hay:
0
1
RC
e =
- iu kin bin :
1
u
K | >
Hay:
_1+
R
]
R
]
1
3
1
R
]
R
2
3.1.3. Mch dao ng LC
a) Mch dao ng Colpitts







Mch dao ng Colpitts cn c gi l mch dao ng ba im in dung.
T C
1
ng vai tr l ti ca tng khuch i, khi h s khuch i:
v
i

v
o
cc
+V
1
E
C
E
2 1
2
3
L
R
R
R
R C C
C
C
v
o
cc
+V
1
E E
2 1
2
3
RFC
L
R
R
R C C
C
C
Hnh 3.6. Mch dao ng Colpitts


98


be
L C
u
r
R R
K
//
0
= |
Trong : ( )
( )
2 1
2 1
2 1
//
C L C
C L C
C L C L
Z Z Z
Z Z Z
Z Z Z R
+ +
+
= + =
Nn:
( )
( ) ( )
1 2
1 2 1 2
0
C L C
C
u
be
C L C C C L C
Z Z Z
R
K
r
Z Z Z R Z Z Z
|
+
=
+ + + +

Hm truyn t ca khu hi tip:
2
2
0
C
i
C L
Z
v
v Z Z
| = =
+

Vy:
( ) ( )
1 2
1 2 1 2
0
. . .
C C
c
u
be
C L C C C L C
Z Z
R
K
r
Z Z Z R Z Z Z
| | =
+ + + +

phn thc phn o

- iu kin v pha:
2
K
n
|
t + = th: phn o ca mu s
1 2
0
C L C
Z Z Z + + = (Do t s l
thun thc), vy:
0
0 1 0 2
1 1
0 j L
j C j C
e
e e
+ + =
1 2
0
1 2
1 C C
LC C LC
e
+
= =
Trong :
1 2
1 2
C C
C
C C
=
+

Tn s dao ng:
0
1
2
f
LC t
=
- iu kin bin :
2
1
1
0 0
2
. . . . . 1
C
c c
u
be C be
Z
R R C
K
r Z r C
| | | = = >
Thng thng, ngi ta thng thay th in tr
C
R bi cun dy RFC, c gi l cun
chn cao tn (Radio-Frequency Choke). Trong ch tnh, cun RFC c in tr rt thp,
99

nhng ti tn s cao, tr khng ca cun dy rt ln nn c tc dng cch ly ngun 1 chiu
vi tn hiu cao tn.
b) Mch dao ng Hartley (dao ng ba im
in cm)
Cun cm L
1
v L
2
cn c tc dng tng h, h s
h cm bng M.
Tn s dao ng:
0
1
2
f
LC t
=
Trong :
1 2
2 L L L M = + +

3.1.4. Dao ng Thch anh
Mt trong nhng c tnh quan trng nht ca mt b dao ng l kh nng cung cp mt
tn s dao ng n nh vi iu kin ti u ra thay i. Nhng yu t nh hng n tn s
dao ng: nhit , ti, ngun cung cp mt chiu. t c tn s dao ng c tnh n
nh cao thng thng ngi ta s dng mch dao ng thch anh.
Dao ng thch anh rt n nh i vi nhit v thi gian, tn s dao ng ch ph thuc
vo bn thn tinh th thch anh m khng ph thuc vo gi tr ca cc linh kin mch ngoi.
Tinh th thch anh l linh kin in t th ng m c s dng ch yu nh l mt b cng
hng c kh nng to dao ng vi tn s khong t vi trm KHz n vi trm MHz vi
tnh n nh v h s phm cht cao. Thch anh c th c s dng ch to cc thit b to ra
xung nhp ng dng trong ngnh in t hoc cng c th s dng to ra cc tn s
mu hiu chnh cc dng c m nhc. Tn s dao ng ca thch anh ph thuc ch yu
vo kch thc ca tinh th, c bit l ph thuc vo b dy ca tinh th.
Tinh th thch anh c s dng trong mch dao ng l mt lt mng, c din tch khong
mt vi cm2, phng, mng vi mm.







2 1
2
E E
+V
cc
o
v
1
1
L L
C
C
C
R
R
R
RFC
Hnh 3.7. Mch dao ng Hartley
Hnh 3.8. Hnh dng thc t ca thch anh


100


Nhng tinh th thch anh u tin c s dng bi chng c tnh cht p in , c
ngha l chng chuyn cc dao ng c hc thnh in p v ngc li, chuyn cc xung in
p thnh cc dao ng c.







H s t cm L rt ln, c vi vi trm Henry, t in C
s
c gi tr in dung rt nh, c
khong vi fF (femto Fara), t C
p
c khong vi pF. Ngoi ra, thch anh c h s phm cht Q
rt cao nn c th b qua gi tr ca in tr thun r trong s tng ng ca tinh th
thch anh.












Thch anh c 2 tn s cng hng:
Tn s cng hng ni tip:
Tn s cng hng song song:
1 1 1 1
2
p
s p
f
L C C t
| |
= + |
|
\ .

1
2
s
s
f
LC t
=
Hnh 3.10. th tr khng ca thch anh
Tn s c bn
Cm khng

Dung khng
T
r

k
h

n
g

c

a

t
h

c
h

a
n
h

Hnh 3.9. S tng ng ca thch anh

101

Do
p s
C C << , nn
s p
f f ~ .
Chng ta nhn thy trn th tr khng ca thch anh:
- : thch anh mang tnh cm khng
- hoc : thch anh mang tnh dung khng
Xt mt mch dao ng s dng thch anh. Trong di tn gia f
s
v f
p
, tinh th thch anh hot
ng nh mt cun cm, khi , mch dao ng thch anh hot ng tng t mch dao ng
Colpitts. Do in khng ca thch anh th hin tnh cht in cm ch trong di tn hp t f
s

n f
p
, nn tn s dao ng ca thch anh cng b gii hn trong khong tn hp, tuy nhin c
n nh rt cao, t b thay i theo gi tr dng phn cc v nhit . Tn s dao ng thch
anh c gi tr khong vi chc KHz n vi chc MHz.











Mch dao ng Pierce
Mt s mch dao ng thch anh thng hay c s dng na l mch dao ng
Pierce. Trong mch Pierce, thch anh c s dng nh mt phn t trn ng hi tip do
khng c s cng hng. Mch dao ng Pierce s dng phn t khuch i l JFET
cung cp tr khng u vo cao.
Trong s mch n gin, thch anh xc nh tn s dao ng cho mch v hot ng vi
tn s cng hng ni tip. Bin ca tn hiu ti u ra c gii hn bi in p ti cc
mng.



2
R
o
R
E C1
CC
v
1
C
C2
+V
1
R
R
Q
X C3
Hnh 3.11. S mch dao ng Colpitts s dng thch anh

102








3.2. Mch to xung
3.2.1. Khi nim chung
to ra cc dao ng khng sin ngi ta thng dng cc b dao ng tch thot c tham s
dng in hoc in p bin thin mt cch khng lin tc theo thi gian. Trong b dao ng
tch thot lun xy ra hai qu trnh song song l tch tr nng lng v gii phng nng
lng: T in C c np in sau phng in n mt mc no li c np li. Qu
trnh tch v thot nng lng c lp i lp li dn n kt qu l ti u ra to nn mt tn
hiu xung.








Cc kha K1 v K2 lm vic ln lt nh thit b chuyn mch.
Nu kha K1 thng v K2 ngt: T C c np in
Nu kha K1 ngt v K2 thng:T C phng in qua in tr R
Dao ng tch thot cn c gi l dao ng a hi. Cc mch dao ng a hi c th lm
vic ba ch :
Ch hai trng thi n nh (Dao ng a hi lng n)
Ch mt trng thi n nh (Dao ng a hi n n)
Ch t dao ng (Dao ng a hi t kch)
Ngun cp
Thit b
chuyn mch
Mch phng in
Phn t tch nng
lng
Hnh 3.13. S khi ca mch dao ng tch thot
103

3.2.2. Mch dao ng a hi lng n
Mch dao ng a hi lng n l mch c hai trng thi n nh u ra hay cn gi l
mch Trig. Vic chuyn trng thi u ra ca mch t trng thi ny sang trng thi kia
Mch dao ng a hi lng n s dng Transistor trn hnh 3.14.
Mch c s hon ton i xng:
















Cp in tr v to nn vng hi tip dng.
Nguyn l hot ng
Khi cp ngun cho mch mc d cc linh kin hon ton i xng nhng khng th xy
ra trng hp ng thi c v cng thng v cng ngt. iu c gii thch nh
sau:
Khi bt u cp ngun c th c hai Transistor cng thng nhng do tnh cht i xng
khng l tng ca cc linh kin ch cn mt s chnh lch v cng nh gia dng v
s dn n s khc bit ln gia hai dng v Do s tc ng ca vng hi tip dng
nn chnh lch ny tng ln mt cch nhanh chng.
Gi s ban u, , tng lm gim, in p ny qua phn cc
cho lm cho gim dn n dng gim nn dn yu hn.
Hnh 3.14. Mch dao ng a hi lng n

104


Khi dn yu hn th gim lm cho tng v qua in tr phn cc cho lm cho
dn mnh hn. Qu trnh dn n trng thi l thng bo ha v ngt. Nu khng
c s tc ng ti u vo th mch s mi trng thi ny. l trng thi th nht ca
mch.
Phng php kch i trng thi ca FF
thay i trng thi ca FF ngi ta phi tc ng mt xung c bin v cc tnh thch
hp t vo cc Base ca hoc .
- Nu mun thay i trng thi bo ha ca th ngi ta phi tc ng mt xung m
vo cc .
- Nu mun thay i trng thi ngt ca th ngi ta phi tc ng mt xung dng
vo cc .
Tuy nhin, trn thc t ngi ta ch cn tc ng duy nht mt xung (hoc xung dng hoc
xung m ) kch i trng thi ca mch v thng l xung nhn. Ngi ta c th thc hin
phng php kch i mt bn hoc kch i hai bn nh s mch bn di.
Mun to ra xung nhn kch i trng thi ca FF ngi ta s dng xung u vo l xung
vung, qua mch RC vi h s thi gian ca mch nh th thu c in p ra trn R gm
hai xung nhn: mt xung dng v mt xung m. Ty theo cch mc D m ta nhn c xung
iu khin c cc tnh thch hp kch i trng thi ca mch.
Trong phng php kch i mt bn (hnh 3.15), gi thit mch ang trng thi: thng
bo ha v ngt. Khi D c nhim v loi b xung dng v ch a xung m t ti
cc , in p ti cc t ngt gim xung lm cho ang t trng thi thng bo ha
chuyn sang trng thi ngt, in p ti cc ang t mc thp nhy ln mc cao v qua
in tr phn cc cho lm cho t trng thi ngt chuyn sang trng thi thng bo
ha. thng bo ha, in p v qua in tr lm cho tip tc trng
thi ngt mc d khng cn tn ti xung m na. Nh vy, mch FF chuyn t trng thi
thng bo ha v ngt sang trng thi ngt v thng bo ha.









Hnh 3.15. Kch i trng thi mt bn
105


iu khin mch bi mt tn hiu duy nht ti u vo, ngi ta s dng phng php kch
i hai bn (hnh 3.16). Khi in p ti hai im A v B xp x in p ti hai cc v .
Khi tc ng xung vung ti u vo th ti hai im A v B s xut hin cc xung nhn c
cc tnh ging nhau. Nu ng thi xut hin xung dng, khi v s cch ly xung
dng vi mch, khi mch vn gi nguyn trng thi c. Nu xut hin xung m ti c hai
im A v B: ang trng thi thng bo ha , xung m lm gim t
ngt in p ti im A v thng qua t ti cc lm cho chuyn sang trng thi
ngt, a in p ti cc ln trng thi cao v lm cho chuyn sang trng thi thng bo
ha. Mt khc, do khi trng thi ngt th nn mc d c s xut hin
ca xung m nhng in p ti im B vn mc cao, diode b phn cc ngc nn xung
m khng c tc ng ti Transistor

Hnh 3.16. Kch i trng thi hai bn
t

t
t




106


Mch FF ngoi ng dng lm cc phn t nh n cn c ng dng lm mch m xung
trong cc mch o lng, iu khin.
3.2.2. Mch dao ng a hi n n
Mch dao ng a hi n n cng c hai trng thi nhng c mt trng thi n nh (trng
thi bn vng) v mt trng thi khng n nh (trng thi to xung). Mch dao ng a hi
n n cng ging mch dao ng a hi a n l khi bt u c cp ngun th mch s
mi mt trng thi n nh nu khng c tc ng ti u vo. Khi u vo nhn c mt
xung kch th mch s i trng thi v to xung u ra nhng ch tn ti trng thi ny
mt thi gian sau li v trng thi n nh ban u. Chnh v vy m c gi l mch dao
ng a hi n n.
Mch dao ng a hi n n cn c gi l
mch nh th v rng xung c to ra ti
u ra ca mch c th iu chnh c nh
cc thng s ca mch. Mch dao ng a hi
n n c s dng ph bin trong cc lnh
vc iu khin t ng trong cc thit b in
t v in t cng nghip.
Nguyn l hot ng
Khi cp ngun cho mch, t in C c np
in thng qua in tr to dng in
ln phn cc cho transistor lm cho
t trng thi thng bo ha, in p ti cc : (mc thp) qua cu phn p
v to nn mt in p m t ti cc lm cho ngt. in p t vo t c gi tr xp
x in p ngun .
Khi xut hin xung m tc ng ti u vo, in p ti cc gim mt cch t ngt lm
cho transisor ang trng thi bo ha chuyn sang trng thi ngt, a in p ti cc
ln mc in p cao, qua cu phn p v phn cc cho Transistor chuyn t trng
thi ngt sang trng thi thng bo ha. Khi in p ti cc ni vi bn cc dng ca
t C c in p xp x 0,2V, do bn cc m ca t ni vi cc s mang in p m lm
cho tip tc trng thi ngt mc d khng cn tc ng ca xung m na. Nh vy mch
chuyn trng thi . Lc ny t C phng in qua in tr . Khi t phng in th in
p dng dn ln v li chuyn t trng thi ngt sang trng thi thng bo ha ng
thi li chuyn v trng thi ngt, hay mch li chuyn v trng thi n nh. Vy khong
thi gian to xung ti u ra chnh l khong thi gian t C phng in. Qu trnh phng v
np ca t in c th xy ra to nn tn hiu xung vung ti u ra .


Hnh 3.18. Mch dao ng a hi n n
107

Gin xung















Mt s mch dao ng a hi n n ci tin










3.2.3. Mch dao ng a hi phi n
Mch dao ng a hi lng n v n n mun thay i trng thi u phi c s tc ng
ca xung kch ti u vo, nhng vi mch dao ng a hi phi n th c kh nng chuyn
trng thi ca mch m khng cn tc ng ti u vo. Mch dao ng a hi phi n hot
Hnh 3.20. Mch n n s dng t gia tc C*
Hnh 3.21. Mch n n s dng diode cch ly D
1


Hnh 3.19. Gin xung ti u vo v cc u ra
t
t
t
t






T C phng in

108


ng theo ng nguyn tc ca mch dao ng khi t to tn hiu xung ti u ra m khng
cn tn hiu iu khin ti u vo.










Nguyn l hot ng
Cng ging nh mch dao ng a hi lng n v n n th mch dao ng a hi phi n
cng c hai trng thi: thng bo ha v ngt hoc ngt v thng bo ha.
Gi thit, thng bo ha v ngt. Khi t c np y trc bt u phng
in qua tip gip qua in tr (t bn cc tri ca t qua tip gip
bn cc phi), ng thi t c np in:
. Khi t phng in th in p ti cc dng dn ln v
khi t c gi tr 0,6V th Transistor bt u thng, lm cho in p ti cc Collector
t ngt gim xung, a in p ti bn cc tri ca t hay in p ti cc Base v gi
tr m, do Transistor ngt (ngng dn). Nh vy, mch a hi i sang trng thi
ngt v thng bo ha.
Ngc li, nu ngt v thng bo ha, th t s phng in v t s np in. C
th, qu trnh phng v np in ca hai t c ln lt lp i lp li lm thay i
trng thi u ra ca mch a hi, to nn tn hiu xung vung ti u ra m khng phi tc
ng bt c tn hiu g ti u vo. Chnh v vy m mch dao ng a hi phi n ngi ta
cn gi l mch dao ng a hi t kch.





Hnh 3.22. Mch dao ng a hi phi n
109

Gin xung















Chu k xung:
Trong :
l thi gian t phng in qua vi hng s thi gian
l thi gian t phng in qua vi hng s thi gian
Vy, chu k xung
3.3. Mch nh thi 555
Mch nh thi 555 l mt linh kin kh ph bin vi vic d dng to xung vung v c th
thay i tn s ty thch, s mch n gin v c kh nng thay i c rng xung.
N c ng dng hu ht trong cc mch to xung hoc trong cc mch to dao ng khc
(LM555, NE555, NE7555).
Cc tham s ca IC 555
in p u vo: 2-18V
Dng in cung cp: 6mA-15mA
in p logic mc cao: 0,5-15V
in p logic mc thp: 0,03-0,06V
Cng sut cc i: 600mW
t


Hnh 3.23. Gin xung mch dao ng a hi phi n
t


T C
2
phng in

t
T C
1
phng in

t

110









ng dng ca IC 555
L thit b to xung chnh xc
My pht xung
iu ch rng xung (PWM)
V c bn th IC 555 gm 2 mch so snh iu khin trng thi ca FF, t iu khin trng
thi ca Transistor v u ra.
Chc nng tng chn ca IC 555
Chn s 1(GND): l chn ni t ly dng cp cho IC
Chn s 2 (TRIGGER): l chn u vo (kch khi), vi mc in p chun l
, khi t mt in p nh hn gi tr th u ra o , do a
in p u ra ln mc cao
Chn s 3 (OUTPUT): l chn u ra, thng mc in p thp v ch trng thi
mc in p cao trong mt khong thi gian nh th
Chn s 4 (RESET): Khi in p ti chn ny nh hn 0,4V th chu k nh th b
ngt v a IC 555 tr v trng thi khng c xung kch. Khi khng s dng chn s 4
c ni vi ngun cp .
Chn s 5 (CONTROL VOLTAGE): in p iu khin, chn s 5 c ni vi
mc in p chun . C th c mt in tr ni t hoc mt in p ngoi
c ni vi chn s 5 thay i cc mc in p so snh. Hoc cng c th ni vi
mt t c in dung lc nhiu.
Chn s 6 (THRESHOLD): Ngng, mc in p so snh l , nu in p
t ti chn ny ln hn th FF c Reset a u ra v in p mc thp.
Chn s 7 (DISCHARGE): ni ti cc Collector ca Transistor
Chn s 8 ( ): c ni vi ngun cp




Hnh 3.24. IC 555
111






u vo u ra
Chn s
6
Chn s
2
R S
1 1 1 0
0 0 0 1
1 0 1 1
0 1 0 0
Hnh 3.25. S bn trong ca IC 555
Hnh 3.26. Mch so snh trong IC 555




112


Mch dao ng a hi phi n s dng IC555









Mch dao ng a hi n n s dng IC555
Hnh 3.27. Mch dao ng a hi phi n dng IC555
Hnh 3.28. Mch dao ng a hi n n dng IC 555
Hnh 3.29. Gin xung ca mch dao ng a hi n n dng IC 555
113

3.4. Mch to dao ng iu khin bng in p VCO
Mch to dao ng iu khin bng in p (Voltage Controlled Oscillator) l mch dao ng
c tn s c iu khin bi in p u vo. Mch VCO cng c th c phn loi theo
dng tn hiu ti u ra: mch to dao ng iu ha v mch to dao ng tch thot.
Mch to dao ng iu ha hay tuyn tnh sinh ra sng dng sin. Thng thng, mch to
dao ng iu ha gm mt mch cng hng v mt mch khuch i nhm b li s tn
hao ca mch cng hng ng thi cch ly mch cng hng vi u ra. Mch dao ng LC
v mch dao ng thch anh cng c gi l nhng mch VCO. Trong , ngi ta s dng
diode bin dung thay i c tn s dao ng ca mch.
Mch dao ng tch thot c th sinh ra sng dng xung rng ca hoc dng xung vung.
Thng thng nhng mch VCO tch thot c ch to di dng IC nn c th hot ng
trong di tn rng vi s lng linh kin ngoi ti thiu.
Mch VCO iu ha c nhng u im vt tri hn so vi mch VCO tch thot:
n nh ca tn s trong mch dao ng iu ha tt hn
C kh nng iu chnh tn s chnh xc hn, do tn s dao ng ca mch iu ha
c iu khin bi thch anh hoc mch cng hng
Tuy nhin vi mch dao ng tch thot th ngi ta c th thc hin ch to IC mt cch d
dng hn rt nhiu.















Hnh 3.31. Mch VCO s dng IC 555

Hnh 3.30. Mch VCO s dng Op-Amp

114


Chng 4: Mch iu ch v gii iu ch
4.1.Cc mch iu ch tng t
4.1.1. Khi nim iu ch
iu ch l qu trnh ghi tin tc vo dao ng cao tn nh bin i mt thng s no nh
bin , tn s hay gc pha ca dao ng cao tn theo tin tc. Thng qua iu ch, tn tc
min tn s thp c chuyn ln vng tn s cao bc x truyn i xa. Cng sut v t l
tn hiu/ tp m (SNR) ca tn hiu c iu ch bng phng php tng t (AM, FM)
hoc s (FSK, PSK,QPSK) s tng nn c th truyn c i xa. Trong qu trnh iu ch cn
phn bit mt s khi nim sau:
- Tin tc c gi l tn hiu iu ch
- Dao ng cao tn c gi l sng mang hoc ti tin.
- Dao ng cao tn mang tin tc gi l dao ng cao tn c iu ch.
i vi ti tin iu ho (dng sin) ta chia ra 2 loi iu ch l iu bin (AM) v iu ch gc
(gm iu tn FM v iu pha PM). Trong chng ny chng ta s phn tch cc k thut iu
ch ny v cc mch thc hin chng.
4.1.2. iu ch bin
iu ch bin l qu trnh bin i bin ca sng mang theo tin tc. Phng php ny
ch yu c dng khi cn cng sut u ra cao trong truyn dn thng tin c ly di. Hnh
(4.1) minh ho tn hiu sng mang c tn s v bin khng i c iu ch bng mt tin
tc dng n. Trong thc t c th dng nhiu tn hiu iu ch sng mang.


Hnh 4.1. Tnh hiu trong iu ch AM
Sng mang
Tn hiu iu ch (tin tc)
Sng mang c iu ch

115

4.1.2.1. Ph ca tn hiu iu bin
Gi thit tin tc U
S
v ti tin U
t
u l tn hiu iu ho v tn s tin tc bin thin t
e
Smin
e
Smax
ta c:
t U t Us
t U t U
S S
t t t
. cos . ) (
. cos . ) (
e
e
=
=

Biu thc ca tn hiu iu bin:
t t m U t t U U U
t S t t S S t db
e e e e cos ). cos 1 ( cos ). cos . ( + = + =
Trong :
t
S
U
U
m = l h s iu ch
H s iu ch phi tho mn iu kin m s 1 nu khng tn hiu iu bin s b mo
(hnh 4.2 ).

Hnh 4.2 : th thi gian ca tin tc v tn hiu iu bin khi m>1 v m< 1
Bin i cng thc trn c:
t
U m
t
U m
t U U
S t
t
t S
t
t t db
) cos( .
2
) cos( .
2
cos e e e e e + + + =
Vy tn hiu iu bin ngoi thnh phn ti tin cn c 2 bin tn
- Bin tn trn c tn s t (e
t
+e
Smin
) (e
t
+e
Smax
)

116


- Bin tn di c tn s t (e
t
- e
Smax
) (e
t
- e
Smin
)
Ph ca tn hiu iu bin c minh ha trn hnh 4.3.
Hnh 4.3 : Ph ca tn hiu iu bin
4.1.2.2. Quan h nng lng trong iu ch bin
Trong tn hiu iu bin, cc bin tn cha tin tc cn ti tin khng mang tin tc. Ta xem xt
nng lng c phn b nh no trong tn hiu iu bin.
Cng sut ca ti tin l cng sut trung bnh trong mt chu k ti tin, t l vi bnh phng
in p ti tin.
P
t
~
2
2
1
t
U
Cng sut bin tn t l vi
P
bt
~
2
2
.
2
|
|
.
|

\
|
t
U m

Cng sut ca tn hiu iu bin l cng sut trung bnh trong mt chu k ca tn hiu iu
ch, bng tng cng sut ti tin v hai bin tn
P
b
=P
t
+2P
bt
=P
t
(1+m
2
/2)
Cng sut tn hiu iu bin ph thuc vo h s iu ch m. Quan h cng sut gia 2 bin
tn v ti tin:
2P
bt
=m
2
P
t
/2
M tn hiu iu bin khng b mo th m <1 nn cng sut ca 2 bin tn nh hn so vi
cng sut ti tin (max =P
t
/2). Ta thy phn ln cng sut pht x c phn b cho ti tin
cn cng sut ca tin tc chim phn nh. y chnh l nhc im ca iu bin so vi n
bin.
117

4.1.2.3. Nguyn tc v phn loi mch iu bin
Cc mch iu bin c xy dng da vo hai nguyn tc sau y:
- Dng cc phn t phi tuyn: cng ti tin v tn hiu iu ch trn c tuyn ca phn
t phi tuyn . Cc phn t phi tuyn dng iu bin c th l n in t, n bn
dn, in tr c tr s bin i theo in p t vo.
- Dng phn t tuyn tnh c tham s iu khin c: nhn ti tin v tn hiu iu ch
nh phn t tuyn tnh .
Cc kiu mch iu bin:
- iu bin n: Ch dng mt phn t tch cc nh diode hoc transistor.
- Mch iu bin cn bng: gim c mo phi tuyn. C th dng diode hoc transistor.
- Mch iu bin vng: thc cht l 2 mch iu bin cn bng c chung ti.
Sau y s ln lt xt tng loi mch iu bin.
4.1.2.4. iu bin n (dng 1 diode)
S mch nh hnh 4.4

Hnh 4.4 : Mch iu bin n dng mt diode
Do diode l phn t khng ng thng nn khi c 2 tn hiu t vo diode s c cc thnh
phn hi bc 1, 2, 3, ...
in p t nn diode l:
U
D
= U
t
cose
t
t + U
S
.cose
S
t
Dng in qua diode c biu din theo chui Taylor nh sau:
i
D
= a
1
. u
D
+ a
2
. u
D
2
+ a
3
. u
D
3
+...
Thay biu thc U
D
vo ta c:
i
D
= a
1
.(U
t
cosw
t
t+U
s
cosw
s
t) + a
2
.(U
t
cosw
t
t+U
s
cosw
s
t)
2
+ a
3
. (U
t
cosw
t
t+ U
s
cosw
s
t)
3
+...
Ch ly 3 s hng u tin ta c i
D
theo cng thc sau:
I
D
=A.cose
t
t +B.cos 2e
t
t +C.cos3e
t
t +A

.cose
S
t +B

.cos 2e
S
t +C

.cos3e
S
t+D.
Udb
Us
Ut

118


i
D
gm cc thnh phn tn s:
e
S
2e
S
3e
S
.
e
t
2e
t
3e
t
..
e
t
e
S
e
t
2e
S
e
t
3e
S
..
2e
t
e
S
2e
t
2e
S
2e
t
3e
S
..
Ph ca tn hiu iu bin n trn hnh 4.5.

Hnh 4.5. Ph ca tn hiu iu bin n
ly ra tn hiu iu bin cn dng b lc c tn s trung tm l e
t
v di thng > 2e
S
.
Thc t ta thu c c hi bc 2 (e
t
2e
S
) do c tuyn khng l tng ca b lc, nn to
mo khng ng thng.
) (
) 2 (
2
s t
I
s t
I
k
= =
= =

= = 0
Nhc im c bn ca iu bin n 1 diode l mo khng ng thng ln. Cng c th
dng BJ T lm mch iu bin n.
4.1.2.5. iu bin cn bng dng 2 diode
S mch in nh hnh (4.6). in p trn cc diode l:
U
D1
= U
S
+ U
t
U
D2
= - U
S
+ U
t


119


Hnh 4.6 : Mch iu bin cn bng dng 2 diode.
D
1
v D
2
ging ht nhau. Dng in qua it khai trin theo chui Taylor:

+ + + =
+ + + =
......
......
2
2 2 2 1 2
2
1 2 1 1 1
D D o D
D D o D
U a U a a I
U a U a a I

Trong cc h s a
0
, a
1
, a
2
... ca cc diode ging nhau do c tuyn V-A ging nhau. Thay
h phng trnh dng trn vo h phng trnh p ta c:

+ + + + + =
+ + + + + =
...... ) ( ) (
...... ) ( ) (
2
2 1 2
2
2 1 1
t S t S o D
t S t S o D
U U a U U a a I
U U a U U a a I

+ + + + =
+ + + + + + =
..... . 2
..... . 2
2
2
2
2
2 1 1 2
2
2
2
2
2 1 1 1
t S t
S
t S o D
t S t
S
t S o D
U U a U a U a U a U a a I
U U a U a U a U a U a a I

Dng in qua ti
| |
t B t B t
t t U U a t U a
t t U U a t U a I
U U a U a I I I
t S t S S
t S t S mt mS S mS
t S mt mS S mS
t S S D D
) cos( ) cos( A.cos
) cos( ) cos( 2 cos 2
..... cos cos 4 cos 2
..... . 4 2
2 1
2 1
2 1 2 1
e e e e e
e e e e e
e e e
+ + + =
+ + + =
+ + =
+ + = =

Trong cc h s : A = 2a
1
.U
mS
; B = 2a
2
.U
mS
U
mt

Nu tnh n cc thnh phn bc 3 ca c tuyn diode U
3
D
th ta c thm cc thnh phn:
e
t
3e
S
; 2e
t
e
S
; 3e
t
3e
S
..
th ph tn hiu iu bin cn bng trn hnh 4.7.
Rt
Ut
I
D2
D1
- Us
Us

120


Hnh 4.7: Ph tn hiu iu bin cn bng
ly c tn hiu iu bin dng b lc c tn s trung tm l e
t
v rng > 2e
S
. Sau khi
lc, tn hiu ly ra c 2 bin tn e
t
e
S
, khng c thnh phn sng mang nn phi cng thm
tn s sng mang sau iu bin.
Do thnh phn ra khng c thnh phn bc 2, thnh phn bc 3 c bin d nh nn mo phi
tuyn rt thp so vi mch iu bin n.
C th s dng transistor nh mch hnh(4.8). Cc tnh cht ging mch iu ch cn bng
dng diode nhng bin ra ln hn nhiu do tnh khuch i ca transistor .

Hnh 4.8: Mch iu bin cn bng dng BJ T
4.1.2.6. iu bin vng
Mch iu bin vng l kt hp ca mch iu ch cn bng. S mch nh hnh (4.9).
+
Vcc
T1
T2
Rt
Ut
I
- Us
Us
121


Hnh 4.9: Mch iu bin vng

Hnh 4.10 : Ph tn hiu iu bin vng
i
1
: l dng cm ng do D
1
v D
2
gy ra trn ti
i
2
: l dng cm ng do D
1
v D
2
gy ra trn ti
i
1
c tnh tng t nh trong mch iu bin cn bng
i
1
t B t B t
t S t S S
) cos( ) cos( A.cos e e e e e + + + =
Tnh i
2
Ta c: U
D3
= - U
S
U
t
U
D4
= U
S
U
t

Tnh tng t nh phn tnh i
1
ta c:
i
2
= i
D3
i
D4
t B t B t
t S t S S
) cos( ) cos( A.cos - e e e e e + + + =
Dng chy qua ti:
i

= i
1
+ i
2
t B t B
t S t S
) cos( 2 ) cos( 2 e e e e + + =
T kt qu cho thy thnh phn tn hiu ra ch c 2 bin tn ca tn hiu iu bin nn khng
cn dng b lc. So vi iu bin cn bng th iu bin vng c bin tng gp i. Ging
iu bin cn bng, tn hiu ra khng c thnh phn sng mang, mun c th cng thm sau
iu ch. iu bin vng thc cht cng l mch nhn 2 i lng.

122


4.1.2.7. iu bin dng mch nhn
S khi ca mch iu bin dng mch nhn trn hnh (4.11).

Hnh 4.11.S khi ca mch iu bin dng mch nhn.
Tn hiu ra c tnh nh sau:
t U U t U U t U E
t t U U t U E
U U U E U U E U
t S mt mS t S mt mS t mt o
t S mt mS t mt o
t S t o t S o r
) cos(
2
1
) cos(
2
1
cos
cos cos cos
) (
e e e e e
e e e
+ + + =
= + =
+ = + =

Ph ca tn hiu ra nh hnh (4.12)

Hnh 4.12. Ph tn hiu iu bin dng mch nhn
Tn hiu ra ch c thnh phn ti tin v 2 bin tn chnh l tn hiu iu bin nn khng cn
dng lc.
4.1.3. iu ch n bin (SSB)
Theo l thuyt iu bin AM ta thy tn hiu iu bin bao gm 3 thnh phn: ti tin (sng
mang), bin tn trn (USB) v bin tn di (LSB). Nu tn hiu iu bin khng phi l sng
sin n m l tng hp ca mt di tn s t f1 ti f2 th ph ca tn hiu ny sau khi iu ch
s c dch trn hoc dch di sng mang (xem hnh trang bn).
T cho thy sng mang khng cha thng tin, khi n l hng s v mt bin cng
nh c lp vi tn s ca tn hiu c iu ch. Hn na, hai bin tn l hon ton nh
nhau. Nh vy ta c th thy rng thng tin c ghi y trn mt bin tn (hoc bin tn
trn USB hoc bin tn di LSB), vic truyn sng mang v c hai bin tn l khng cn
thit.
123

Xut pht t phn tch ngi ta a ra 3 loi iu ch bin l iu ch n bin (SSB)
nu ch pht i mt bin tn (n bin p ti tn), iu ch song bin (DSB) nu pht i c hai
bin tn (song bin p ti tn) v iu ch AM y nu pht i hai bin tn v c ti tn
(sng mang).
Vy iu ch n bin l qu trnh iu ch nhm to ra mt bin tn cu tn hiu iu bin.
u im ca iu ch n bin:
- rng di tn gim mt na
- Cng sut bc x yu cu thp hn v khng cn ti tin
- Tp m pha thu gim do di tn gim mt na.
Tuy nhin iu ch n bin s phc tp v tn km hn.
Biu thc ca iu ch n bin
t U
m
t
U
U
t S mt t S
mS
db
) cos(
2
) cos(
2
e e e e + = + =
(m = U
mS
/U
mt
)
Ta thy tn hiu n bin va bin i v bin , va bin i v gc pha. iu bin n va
iu ch bin va iu ch gc pha. Trong trng hp ny m khng cn ngha l su
iu ch m mang ngha nn ti tin. Do , trong iu ch n bin m c gi l h s nn
ti tin c th nhn gi tr t 0 . C mt s phng php iu ch n bin nh sau:
- Phng php lc
- Phng php quay pha
- Phng php lc v quay pha kt hp
4.1.3.1. iu ch n bin theo phng php lc
Khi a tn hiu iu ch v ti tin vo phn t khng ng thng (Diode hoc transistor)
nh trn ta bit c cc thnh phn sng hi:
e
S
2e
S
3e
S
.
e
t
2e
t
3e
t
..
e
t
e
S
e
t
2e
S
e
t
3e
S
..
2e
t
e
S
2e
t
2e
S
2e
t
3e
S
..
ly ra bin tn trn phi dng b lc c tn s trung tm =e
t
+e
S
v c di thng nh
hn hoc bng 2e
S
.

124



Hnh 4.13. Lc ly bin tn trn
Vic to b lc nh trn rt kh thc hin v e
t
v (e
t
+e
s
) rt ln nn di thng rt rng.
loi b cc tn s bn cnh khc phc bng cch dng iu bin cn bng hoc iu bin vng.
Khi khng c thnh phn ti tin nn vic lc d dng hn, tuy nhin cng khng th loi
b c bin tn di (e
t
- e
s
), khc phc dng iu bin vng cn bng 2 ln. Mch iu
ch n bin ny c cho trn hnh (4.14).


Hnh4.14 : iu bin vng cn bng 2 ln
Ph tn hiu ti cc im a, b, c, d trn s b iu ch n bin dng iu bin vng cn
bng 2 ln nh hnh (4.15).
125

u

b
i

n

v

n
g

c

n

b

n
g

1

l

n
t
S
m
A
S
t
S
S
t


-
S
t


+
S
t

+
2

S
t


+
3

S
t1
t

-
S
a
t1 - S t1 + S t1
Lc 1 2m
t1 + S t1
t2+ t1 - S t2
Lc 2
n
n
n
b
c
d
t2
d
t2+ t1 + S
t2+ t1 + S

u

b
i

n

v

n
g

c

n

b

n
g

2

l

n


Hnh 4.15. Ph tn hiu mch iu bin vng cn bng 2 ln
Tn hiu sau mch iu bin vng ln 1 v b lc ly bin tn trn c bin tn (f
t1
+ f
S
).
Qua iu bin vng ln 2, sau khi lc ly bin tn trn c bin tn (f
t1
+f
t2
+ f
S
) = f
t
+ f
S
.
Tn s ca ti tin ca tn hiu iu ch n bin s bng tng tn s ti tin 1 v tn s ti tin 2.
Do f
t1
nh nn (f
t1
+ f
S
) cng nh v di thng ca b lc 1 s nh nn c th loi c bin
tn di (f
o
cng ln th di thng ca b lc cng ln). Khi iu bin vng ln 2, bin tn
di cch bin tn trn rt xa bng 2 ln (f
t1
+ f
S
) nn b lc 2 d dng tch c bin tn di.
4.1.3.2. Phng php quay pha
S khi phng php quay pha nh hnh (4.16).

126



Hnh 4.16. S khi phng php quay pha
Hai tn hiu U
t
, U
S
c trc tip a vo iu bin vng 1. Hai tn hiu U
t
v U
S
c quay
pha ri a vo iu bin vng 2.Tn hiu ra ca iu bin vng 1 v 2 c tr cho nhau nn
tn hiu ra s l tn hiu iu ch n bin.
Gi s: U
S
(t) =U
mS
.cose
S
t
U
t
(t) =U
mt
.cose
t
t
Tn hiu sau khi quay pha 90
0
l:
U
S
(t)
90
=U
mS
.sine
S
t
U
t
(t)
90
=U
mt
.sine
t
t
Tn hiu sau khi qua b iu bin vng 1:
| | t t
A
t U U t U U
t t U U U
t S t S
t S mt mS t S mt mS
t S mt mS db
) cos( ) cos(
2
) cos(
2
1
) cos(
2
1
cos cos
1
e e e e
e e e e
e e
+ + =
+ + =
= =

Tn hiu sau khi qua b iu bin vng 2:
| | t t
A
t U U t U U
t t U U U
t S t S
t S mt mS t S mt mS
t S mt mS db
) cos( ) cos(
2
) cos(
2
1
) cos(
2
1
sin sin
2
e e e e
e e e e
e e
+ + =
+ + =
= =

Tn hiu sau khi qua mch tr:
U
b n
(t) =U
b1
U
b2
=Acos(e
t
+e
S
).t
127

Do tn hiu ra ch c 1 thnh phn bin tn nn khng cn phi lc. tn hiu ra ca 2 b
iu bin vng bng nhau v gi tr tuyt i yu cu 2 b iu bin vng phi hon ton
ging nhau.
Vi phng php ny phi m bo gc quay pha ng. Quay pha ti tin rt d v l tn hiu
iu ho. Tn hiu iu ch thng l mt di tn nn rt kh thc hin quay pha 90
0
trong di
tn . Do nhc im ny nn phng php ny ch thc hin iu ch tn hiu iu ho
(hnh sin). Vi tn hiu iu ch gm mt di tn s dng phng php lc v quay pha kt
hp.
4.1.3.3. Phng php lc v quay pha kt hp
Phng php ny ch thc hin quay pha ti tin cn tn hiu iu ch khng cn quay pha m
c a trc tip vo iu bin vng. S khi nh hnh (4.17).

Hnh 4.17. S khi phng php lc v quay pha kt hp
i vi iu bin vng 1, a trc tip U
S
, U
t
vo. Tn hiu ra U
b1
l:
t U U t U U
t t U U U
S t mt mS t S mt mS
t S mt mS db
) cos(
2
1
) cos(
2
1
cos cos
1 1 1 1
1 1 1
e e e e
e e
+ + =
= =

iu bin vng 2 , U
s
c a trc tip cng U
t1
th quay pha 90
0
. Ta c tn hiu ra
ca b iu bin vng 2 l:
t U U t U U
t t U U U
S t mt mS t S mt mS
t S mt mS db
) sin(
2
1
) sin(
2
1
sin cos
1 1 1 1
1 1 2
e e e e
e e
+ + =
= =

Dng b lc 1 v 2 lc ly 2 bin tn trn (e
t
+e
S
)
+Lc 1: t
A
t S
) cos(
2
1
e e +

128


+Lc 2: t
A
S t
) sin(
2
1
e e +
iu bin vng 3 a trc tip U
t2
v tn hiu sau lc 1 l t
A
t S
) cos(
2
1
e e + . Ta c:
t
A
t
A
t t
U U
U
S t t S t t
t t S
mt mS
db
) cos(
4
) cos(
4
cos . ) cos(
2
1 2 2 1
2 1
1
3
e e e e e e
e e e
+ + + =
= + =

iu bin vng 4 a U
t2
quay pha v tn hiu sau lc 2 l t
A
t S
) sin(
2
1
e e + . Ta c:
t
A
t
A
t t
U U
U
S t t S t t
t t S
mt mS
db
) cos(
4
) cos(
4
sin . ) sin(
2
1 2 2 1
2 1
1
4
e e e e e e
e e e
+ + + =
= + =

Tn hiu iu bin n u ra:
U
b n
=U
b3
U
b4
= t
A
t
A
S t S t t
) cos(
2
) cos(
2
2 1
e e e e e + = + +
Phng php ny khng quay pha tn hiu iu ch m ch quay pha ti tin nn m bo
quay pha 1 cch chnh xc. Phng php ny dng iu bin n vi tn hiu iu ch l
mt di tn. Do tn hiu ra ch c 1 thnh phn bin tn nn khng cn phi lc.
4.1.4. iu tn v iu pha
iu tn v iu pha l qu trnh ghi tin tc vo ti tin, lm cho tn s hoc pha tc thi ca
ti tin bin thin theo dng tn hiu iu ch (bin tn hiu iu ch).Tn hiu iu tn c
minh ho nh hnh (4.18).

Hnh 4.18. Tn hiu iu tn
(a) Sng mang cao tn (b) tin tc m tn (c) sng mang iu tn
129

H s iu ch | c tnh trong trng hp tn hiu iu ch c tn s v bin khng i:

S
f
f
|
A
=
Trong :
- Af : Lng di tn cc i
- f
S
: Tn s ca tn hiu iu ch.
4.1.4.1. Cc cng thc c bn v mi quan h ca iu tn v iu pha
Gia tn s v mt gc pha ca mt dao ng c quan h:
dt
d
e = (1)
Vi ti tin l dao ng iu ho ta c:
) ( cos ) cos(
0
t U t U U
mt t mt t
e = + = (2)
T cng thc (1) ta c :
) (
0
) (
) (
t
t
t
dt t e + =
}

Thay vo (2) ta c:
(

+ =
}
) (
0
cos
t
t
t mt t
dt U U e
Gi thit tn hiu iu ch l n m: U
S
=U
mS
.cose
S
t.
Khi iu ch tn s hoc iu ch pha th tn s hoc gc pha ca dao ng cao tn bin thin
t l vi tn hiu iu ch v chng c xc nh ln lt theo biu thc:
t U k t
t U k t
S mS dp
S mS dt t
e
e e e
cos ) (
cos ) (
0
+ =
+ =

Trong e
t
: tn s trung tm cua tn hiu iu tn
t: k
t
.U
mS
=Ae
m
v k
p
U
mS
=A
m
ta vit li 2 biu thc trn nh sau:
t t
t t
S m
S m t
e
e e e e
cos ) (
cos ) (
0
A + =
A + =

iu ch tn s, gc pha u khng i nn (t) =
o
. Nn c biu thc ca dao ng iu tn
nh sau:
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
A
+ =
o S
S
m
t mt dt
t t U U e
e
e
e sin cos
Vy lng di tn cc i khi iu tn l:
mS dt m
U k = Ae
Vi iu ch pha, tn s khng i e =e
t
=const. Nn biu thc ca dao ng iu pha:

130


( )
o S m t mt dp
t t U U e e + A + = cos cos
Vy lng di pha t c khi iu pha: t
S m
e cos A = A
Lng di tn t c khi iu pha: t
dt
d
S S m
e e

e sin A =
A
= A
Do lng di tn cc i khi iu pha l:
S m m
e e A = A
T cc cng thc trn ca iu tn v iu pha, ta thy c iu tn v iu pha u c gc pha
thay i nn gi chung l iu ch gc. iu khc nhau c bn gia iu tn v iu pha l
lng di tn khi iu pha t l vi bin ca tn hiu iu ch v tn s iu ch cn lng
di tn khi iu tn ch t l vi bin tn hiu iu ch m thi.
Minh ho mi quan h gia iu tn v iu pha nh hnh (4.19).
}
dt

a. S mch iu ch tn s thng qua iu ch pha.
dt d /

b. S mch iu ch pha thng qua mch iu ch tn s.
Hnh 4.19. Mi quan h gia iu tn v iu pha
4.1.4.2. Mch iu tn dng diode bin dung
C th dng mch iu tn trc tip hoc gin tip thng qua iu pha.Cc mch iu tn trc
tip c thc hin bng cc mch to dao ng m tn s ca n ph thuc vo in p t
vo (VCO) hoc bng cc mch bin i in p tn s.
Nguyn tc thc hin mch iu tn trong cc b to dao ng l lm bin i tr s in
khng theo in p t vo. Phng php ph bin nht l dng diode bin dung v transistor
bin i in khng.
B iu ch thng dng nht trong cc h thng FM l b iu ch in khng. B iu ch
ny dng phng php thay i in khng (dung khng hoc cm khng) theo tn s mch
dao ng. Vi b dao ng Colpitt s dng cc b iu ch dung khng. Vi b dao ng
Hartley s dng cc b iu ch cm khng.
Vi diode bin dung, in dung ca diode ph thuc vo rng min in tch khng gian
khi c phn cc thun hoc ngc. Do in dung ca diode thay i theo in p t
vo lm thay i tn s dao ng. y cng l nguyn tc hot ng ca b chuyn i in
p- tn s.
B iu ch FM in hnh dng diode bin dung trn hnh (4.20).
131


Hnh 4.20: S mch iu tn dng diode bin dung v c tuyn ca Cv
L, C
v
to khung cng hng dao ng ca mt mch dao ng
C
1
: T ngn thnh phn 1 chiu
C
2
: T thot cao tn n nh phn cc cho C
v
.
RFC: Cun chn cao tn
R
1
: Tr ngn cch gia mch cng hng v ngun cung cp khi R
V
thay i.
in p phn cc ngc thay i theo tn hiu iu ch nn in dung C
V
thay i lm thay
i tn s dao dng ring ca mch dao ng =
1
2nIC
v
_
dn n qu trnh bin i
tn s ca dao ng theo tin tc (tn hiu iu ch) to ra dao ng c iu ch tn s.
4.1.4.3. iu pha theo Amstrong

Hnh 4.21. Mch iu pha Amstrong v th vector.
Ti tin t b to dao ng thch anh s c a n b iu bin B1 v B2 lch pha 90
0
.
Tn hiu iu ch V
S
a n 2 mch iu bin ngc pha.
in p ra trn 2 b iu bin l:

132



Tng V=V
b1
+V
b2
l mt dao ng iu ch v pha v bin . iu bin y l iu
bin k sinh ( hn ch chn A nh vi A <0.35 th iu bin k sinh <1%). Mch c
nhc im l lng di pha nh.
4.2. Cc mch tch sng tng t
Tch sng l qu trnh ly li tn hiu iu ch. Yu cu vi tn hiu sau khi tch sng (U
S
)
phi ging dng tn hiu ban u, do cn gim mo phi tuyn ca b tch sng.
Tng ng vi cc loi iu ch c cc loi tch sng l tch sng iu bin, tch sng
iu tn, tch sng iu pha.
4.2.1. Tch sng iu bin
4.2.1.1. Cc tham s c bn
- H s tch sng:
K
TS
=U
RTS
/U
VTS
o U
VTS
: tn hiu vo b tch sng (tn hiu iu bin)
o U
RTS
: Tn hiu ra b tch sng bin
K
TS
cng ln th hiu qu tch sng cng cao. Nu K
TS
l mt hng s th khng gy
mo phi tuyn, gi l b tch sng tuyn tnh.
- Tr khng vo b tch sng
VTS
VTS
VTS
I
U
Z =
Thng thng dng v p lch pha nhau nn Z
VTS
l mt s phc

- Mo phi tuyn:
% 100 .
...
2
3
2
2
S
S S
I
I I
k
e
e e
+ +
=
Trong I
2eS
; I
3eS
... l cc thnh phn sng hi ca tn hiu iu ch xut hin khi
qua mch tch sng. Khng cn quan tm n sng hi ca dng in cao tn v c th
d dng lc b chng.
133

4.2.1.2. Mch tch sng bin
Tch sng bin c thc hin theo 2 cch:
- Dng cc b chnh lu (cc phn t phi tuyn)
- Cc mch dng cc phn t tuyn tnh tham s.
a. Mch tch sng bin dng mch chnh lu

a) Tch sng ni tip b) Tch sng song song
Hnh 4.22. Mch tch sng bin dng diode chnh lu.
Dng in qua D:
I
D
=S.U
D
khi U
D
> 0
I
D
=0 khi U
D
<0
Diode ch thng i vi 1/2 chu k dng ca dao ng cao tn pha u vo. Hnh bao ca
dao ng nhn c nh s phng np qua t C. Dng in qua diode :
i
D
=S ( U
b
U
C
)
M ta c:
- U
b
= t U t t m U
t db t S t
e e e cos . cos ). cos 1 ( = +
- ) cos 1 .( t m U U
S t db
e + =
Thay vo biu thc tnh i
D
ta c:
i
D
=S ) cos . (
C t db
U t U e
Bit rng khi e
t
t =u th i
D
=0, vy ta c:
0 =S ) cos . (
C db
U U u
gc dn in ca diode: cosu =
db
C
U
U

Thay vo ra i
D
= ) cos .(cos u e t U S
t db

V dng qua it l mt dy xung hnh sin nn c th phn tch theo chui Furie nh sau:
t n I t I t I I i
t n t t o D
e e e cos ... 2 cos cos
2 1
+ + + + =
Trong theo Furier tnh c:
R C
D
D
C
R
U
b U
S
U
b U
S

134


.... 3 ; 2 ; 1
cos
2
1
0
0
=
=
=
}
}
n
t td n i I
t d i I
t
t t D n
t
t D o
e e
t
e
t

Thay i
D
vo ri ly tch phn c:
) cos sin (
.
) cos (sin
.
1
u u u
t
u u u
t
=
=
db
db
o
U S
I
U S
I

Trong I
o
l thnh phn 1 chiu thun tu
T dng mt chiu I
o
xc nh in p ra trn ti:
U
C
=R.I
o
= ) cos (sin
. .
u u u
t

db
U S R

Thay vo biu thc tnh gc dn ta c:
) cos (sin
. .
cos u u u
t
u = =
S R
U
U
db
C

tgu - u =
R S.
t

Ta thy gc dn in u khng ph thuc vo tn hiu vo nn tch sng tn hiu ln
khng gy mo phi tuyn.
Gi thit u =t/2 th : I
o
=
t
db
U S.
; I
1
=
2
.
db
U S
... v biu thc dng qua diode di dng Furier
l:
(

+ + =

+ =

=
) 2 cos
) 1 4 (
) 1 ( 2
cos
2
1 1
) cos 1 ( .
) 2 cos
) 1 4 (
) 1 ( 2
cos
2
1 1
( .
2
1
2
1
t n
n
t t m U S i
hay t n
n
t U S i
t
n
n
t S mt D
t
n
n
t db D
e
t
e
t
e
e
t
e
t


- Nhn xt:
- T cng thc trn ta thy ph dng in i
D
gm cc thnh phn 1 chiu e
t
; e
S
; e
t

e
S
; ne
t
e
S
.
135

- Thng thng e
t
>>e
S
nn cc thnh phn e
t
, e
t
e
S
; ne
t
e
S
c lc nh
mch lc thng thp ch cn li thnh phn c ch i
S
= t
U S m
S
mt
e
t
cos
. .
tch
sng tn hiu ln khng gy mo th trc khi tch sng phi khuch i tn hiu
ln tch sng tuyn tnh.
- iu kin chn hng s thi gian t =RC:
-
t
e
1
<<t =RC<<
S
e
1


- Nu t qu ln (C qu ln) th v th 2 ca bt ng thc khng tho mn th in
p ra khi t phng khng bin thin kp vi bin in p vo gy mo tn hiu
- t phi ln dng in p ra ti gn vi dng hnh bao ca in p cao tn u
vo.

Hnh 4.23. th theo thi gian ca tn hiu trc v sau tch sng.
Trong 2 s tch sng hnh 4.22, s tch sng ni tip c tr khch vo ln hn. Ngoi
ra trn ti ca mch tch sng song song cn thnh phn cao tn nn cn dng b lc lc
b. V nhng l do trn so tch sng song song ch dng trong trng hp cn ngn thnh
phn mt chiu t tng trc n.
b. Tch sng bin dng cc phn t tuyn tnh tham s:
Xt b tch sng dng mch nhn tng t hnh 4.24.

Hnh 4.24: S tch sng dng mch nhn tng t
Hai u vo mch nhn:
- Tn hiu iu bin cn tch sng: U
b
=U
mt
(1 +mcose
S
t)cose
t
.t
- Ti tin: U
t
=U
mt
.cos(e
t
t+)

136


u ra ca mch s c tn hiu:
U
r
=U
b
.U
t
.K
+K: h s nhn ca mch nhn tng t
U
r
= ) 2 cos( )
2
cos 1
( . cos ) cos 1 (
2
.
2
2
e
e
e +
+
+ + t
t m
U K t m
U K
t
S
mt S
mt

Dng mch lc thng thp c th tch c thnh phn hu ch:
e cos ) cos 1 (
2
.
2
' '
t m
U K
u
S
mt
S
+ =
Nhn xt:
- Trong ph in p ra khng c thnh phn ti tn nn khng cn lc.
- in p U
t
t vo u vo th 2 phi c tn s ng bng tn s ti tin ca tn
hiu iu bin.
- So vi b tch sng dng diode th b tch sng ny c t thnh phn t hp u
ra hn.
4.2.2. Tch sng tn hiu iu tn v iu pha
Tch sng tn hiu iu tn thc hin qu trnh ngc vi iu tn, chuyn i s thay i tn
s sang s thay i bin . Trong phn ny s trnh by hai phng php gii iu ch thng
dng hay c dng trong thc t l b gii iu ch dng vng kho pha PLL v b tch
sng t s.
4.2.2.1. B tch sng t s
Hnh (4.25) l s mch tch sng t s thng dng trong cc ng dng vin thng. My
thu dng mch ny thng c mt b gii hn bng thng tng trc . Mch C
1
L
1
v
C
2
L
2
cng hng vi tn s sng mang. Diode chnh lu D
1
v D
2
c tc dng lm in p
DC qua C
a
v C
b
c cng cc tnh. T C
3
ni gia B v D phi c in khng khng ng k.
Mch s hot ng sao cho in p V
2
v V
1
c lch pha l 90
0
.
.

Hnh 4.25. S mch tch sng t s
Xt mch iu hng hnh (4.26 ). V mch cng hng nn V
1
ng pha vi I v dng I
L

chm pha vi V
1
mt gc 90
0
. Trong th vector hnh (4.27), V
EC
s nhanh pha so vi V
BA

137

=V
DA
mt gc 90
0
. Khi tn s u vo tng ln hn tn s trung tm (tn s sng mang f
c
)
nn cun th cp s tng tnh cm khng v V
EC
s dch chuyn theo chiu kim ng h (hnh
(4.27a) Nu tn s vo gim nh hn f
c
, cun th cp s tng tnh dung khng v V
EC
s dch
chuyn ngc chiu kim ng h so vi v tr 90
o
(hnh 4.27c) Trong hnh (4.27), ch rng
khi tn s thay i th V
BA
=V
EC
vn gi nguyn.

Hnh 4.26. S mch iu hng

Hnh 4.27. th vector mch tch sng t s
Trong hnh (4.25), xt trng hp nu thay th t C
c
bng ngun mt chiu E
x
. Khi in p
nh-nh ca tn hiu vo nh hn E
X
th hai i t D
1
v D
2
s khng dn v in p ra s
bng khng. in p ra ch c khi in p nh-nh ca tn hiu vo ln hn E
X
. ng thi,
in p trn R
1
v R
2
cng c ghim mc E
X
. Do , E
X
ng vai tr nh mt b hn ch
bin khi bin tn hiu iu ch u vo thay i. Khi thay th ngun E
X
bng t C
c
,
hng s thi gian C
C
(R
1
+R
2
) s duy tr in p khng i trn R
1
v R
2
cng nh C
a
v C
b
.
Gi e
a
l in p trn C
a
, in p ny t l vi V
EA
. Gi e
b
l in p trn C
b
, in p ny t l
vi V
CA
v ta c (e
a
+ e
b
)=E
X
v in p ti im A (im ni gia R
1
v R
2
) bng hng s (=
E
X
/2). Xt 3 trng hp. Nu f= f
c
th V
EA
=V
CA
, e
a
= e
b
v in p ra bng 0. Nu f < f
c
th
V
EA
>V
CA
, e
a
> e
b
, in th ti F s tng cao hn ti A v in p d.c u ra s dng. Ngc
li, nu f > f
c
th V
EA
<V
CA
, e
a
< e
b
, in th ti F s nh hn ti A v in p d.c u ra s
m. Do , in p ra s ph thuc vo tn s tn hiu vo v cc tnh ca in p ra tu thuc
vo tn s ln hn hay nh hn f
c
quyt nh.

138


Trong mch tch sng ny, ch c t l gia e
a
v e
b
thay i nn mch c gi l mch
tch sng t s.
4.2.2.2. B tch sng tn s dng vng kho pha PLL
Vng kho pha PLL s c trnh by k trong chng 5. Vi ng dng l mch gii iu ch
tn hiu iu tn c s khi nh hnh (4.28). y l b gii iu ch thng dng v n
gin nht trong cc h thng thng tin.

Hnh 4.28: S khi b tch sng tn s dng PLL
- Khi so pha c 2 u vo, mt u vo t b dao ng iu khin bng in p VCO
(f2) v u vo kia l tn hiu iu tn FM (f1). B so pha s so snh pha ca VCO vi
pha ca tn hiu iu tn. u ra ca b so pha s t l vi lch pha ca 2 tn hiu
u vo.
- B lc thng thp s lc b cc thnh phn tn s cao khng cn thit, u ra ca b
lc s iu khin b VCO, kho n vo tn hiu u vo FM.
- VCO (B dao ng iu khin bng in p) c nhim v bm tn hiu iu tn FM
u vo trong phm vi lch tn ca h thng. Tn hiu gii iu ch FM c ly t b
lc thng thp (in p lch). tuyn tnh ca u ra ch ph thuc vo c tnh
chuyn i in p-tn s ca VCO.
Hnh (4.29) l v d mt b dao ng iu khin bng in p (VCO) da trn b dao ng
dch pha. B VCO thay th 2 t in trong b to dao ng nguyn bn bng cc i t bin
dung (Varactor).
139

Hnh 4.29. B dao ng iu khin bng in p VCO
Ngun cp
in p
iu khin
Diode bin dung

Khi phn cc thun, diode s dn in, khi phn cc ngc s hnh thnh vng ngho tip
xc p-n nn cc ht dn khng i qua c vng ny v diode khng dn in. Diode phn
cc ngc s c in dung tnh theo cng thc sau:
C
d
=
eA
J

- d l rng ca min ngho
- A l tit din ca tip xc p-n.
Tng in p ngc t vo diode s tng khong cch gia 2 bn cc t lm gim in dung
ca t nn ta c:
C
d
{I}=
eA
J{I}
Hiu ng ny xy ra vi tt c cc diode thng thng khc nhng vi diode bin dung c
ch to c bit to s bin thin mnh ca in dung diode khi in p thay i.
Bng cch thay th cp t in thng thng trong mch to dao ng di pha bng cc diode
bin dung (VC) s c mch dao ng c tn s bin i theo in p iu khin, in p
ny s phn cc ngc cho diode. T c th dng VCO to tn hiu FM (hoc PM)
dng mch iu ch vi tn hiu iu ch dng lm in p iu khin.

140


CHNG 5: MCH TRN TN V VNG KHA PHA
5.1. Mch trn tn
5.1.1. Nguyn l trn tn
Trn tn l qu trnh dch chuyn tn s ca tn hiu iu ch ln cao ( my pht ) hoc
xung thp ( my thu) m vn gi nguyn cu trc ph ca n (dng tn hiu ban u). Trn
tn c u im quan trng nh d dng dch chuyn tn hiu n tn s cn thit, tng chn
lc, thun tin x l tn hiu. Trn tn c k hiu l du nhn (x) trong cc s mch.
Hnh (5.1) minh ha s khi ca mch trn tn pha thu v pht.
(a)
(b)
Hnh 5.1. (a) S khi mch trn tn my pht
(b) S khi mch trn tn my thu
Trong :
- BPF: lc thng di
- IF: lc trung tn
- m, n l cc s nguyn
i tn da trn tnh phi tuyn ca phn t tch cc. Khi t in p v vo phn t phi tuyn
th dng in tng hp c khai trin theo chui Taylor:
i
D
= a
0+
a
1
. v+ a
2
. v
2
+ a
3
. v
3
+...+ a
n
. v
n

Khi trn 2 tn hiu u vo b i tn, ti u ra ca n s c nhiu thnh phn tn s f
s
, f
0
,
mf
0
, nf
s
. Thng thng chn m=n=1 mc tn hiu ra ln nht (trn tn c bn). B lc
trung tn IF hoc BPF s chn lc cc thnh phn tn s cn thit. Tn hiu ra c ph ging
nh tn hiu u vo ca mch trn tn nhng c dch chuyn ln vng tn s cn thit
thun tin cho vic x l tn hiu. tn s cao, phn t phi tuyn dng trong i tn dng
FET, MOSFET tt hn BJT, diode.
141

5.1.2. Mch trn tn n
S hnh 5.2 l mch trn tn n dng diode, BJT v FET. Mch trn tn dng diode c
ng dng rng ri mi tn s, c bit phm vi tn s cao nhng c nhc im lm suy
gim tn hiu. Mch trn tn dng FET c u im so vi BJ T l mi quan h gia dng I
D
v
in p vo V
GS
l quan h bc 2 nn tn hiu ra ca mch trn tn gim c thnh phn ph
v hn ch c hin tng iu ch giao thoa, gim c tp m v tng c di rng ca
tn hiu vo.



Hnh 5.2. Mch i tn n dng Diode, BJT, FET v c tuyn i(v).
Tn hiu vo: v
s
=V
s
.cos
s
t.
Tn hiu dao ng ni v
o
=V
o
.cos
0
t.
iu kin V
o
>>V
s
v
0
>>
s
.
Hai tn hiu trn cng li thnh v =v
o
+v
s
=V
o
cos
o
t +V
s
cos
s
t.
in p tng cng t vo phn t tch cc c c tnh phi tuyn sau:
i = i
0
+ av + bv
2
+ cv
3
+ dv
4
+
i = i
0
+ a(V
0
cos
0
t + V
s
cos
s
t) + b(V
0
cos
0
t + V
s
cos
s
t)
2
+ c(V
0
cos
0
t + V
s
cos
s
t)
3
+

142


i
o
- thnh phn mt chiu; a, b, c, d - cc h s.
Gi s c tuyn c dng hm bc hai n gin phn tch:
bv
2
= b(V
0
cos
2

0
t + 2V
0
V
s
cos
0
t.cos
s
t + V
s
cos
2

s
t)
trong : cos
2

0
t =1/2.[l + cos2
0
t] ; cos
2

s
t =
.[l + cos2
s
t];
cos
0
t.cos
s
t =1/2. [cos(
0
-
s
)t + cos(
0
+
s
)t]
Qua b lc trung tn IF ch cn thnh phn:
I
IF
= bV
0
V
s
cos(
0
-
s
)t = bV
0
V
s
cos
IF
t.
Bin dng trung tn i
IF
= bV
0
V
s
= g
c
.V
s
.
g
c
= bV
o
h dn i tn. Bin dao ng ni Vo cn ln h dn i tn ln.
Tn hiu ra ca b i tn c bin t l vi bin tn hiu vo Vs tn s trung tn
IF

=
o
-
s
tc l ph tn hiu cao tn c dch chuyn xung vng tn s trung tn m
vn gi nguyn dng tn hiu ban u trc khi i tn.
Mch trn tn dng diode c ng dng rng ri mi tn s, c bit phm vi tn s cao
nhng c nhc im lm suy gim tn hiu. Mch trn tn dng FET c u im so vi BJ T
l mi quan h gia dng I
D
v in p vo V
GS
l quan h bc 2 nn tn hiu ra ca mch trn
tn gim c thnh phn ph v hn ch c hin tng iu ch giao thoa, gim c tp
m v tng c di rng ca tn hiu vo.
5.1.3. Mch trn tn cn bng
Mch trn tn cn bng dng 2 phn t phi tuyn tch cc (diode, BJ T hoc FET) m in p
tn hiu (v
s
) t ln 2 phn t ny ngc pha nhau cn in p ngoi sai (v
0
) th ng pha nhau.
S mch trn hnh 5.3.
Hai v ca b trn tn cn bng phi ging nhau. Gi s c tuyn V - A ca diode v
I
D
(V
GS
) ca FET c dng:
i = i
o
+ av + bv
2
Khi v
s
= 0, ngun dao ng v
o
tc ng n 2 u vo nh nhau, dng i
1
= i
2
nhng ngc
chiu nhau cun s cp T
2
, in p ra bng khng.
Khi c in p vo v
s
0, cun th cp bin p T
1
c hai in p cng bin
ngc pha
1
2
:
s
cng vi in p cao tn v
o
a n 2 u vo ca phn t tch cc.
143



T
2
v
o
= V
o
cos
o
t
v
s
= V
s
cos
s
t
T
1


Q
1
Q
2
i
1
i
2
+V
DD
DSB
CF

IF
=
o
-
s

Hnh 5.3. Mch trn tn cn bng dng diode, FET
Nu I
uS1
=:
0
+
1
2
:
s
th I
uS2
=:
0

1
2
:
s
. Dng ra cun s cp T
2
l
i
p2
=(i
1
i
2
) =(i
0
+oI
uS1
+bI
uS1
2
) (i
0
+oI
uS2
+bI
uS2
2
)
=o(I
uS1
I
uS2
) +b(I
uS1
2
I
uS2
2
) =o:
s
+2b:
s
:
0
=oI
s
cos
s
t +2bI
0
I
s
cos
0
t +cos
s
t
Trong cos
s
t +cos
0
t =
1
2
[cos(
s
+
0
)t +cos (
0

s
)t]
Lc trung tn IF s a ra thnh phn tn s
IF
=
o
-
s
.
u im i tn cn bng l d lc tn hiu mong mun, tng chn lc so vi i tn n
v khng c thnh phn
o
, cc thnh phn t hp
o
2
s
b trit tiu. Tuy nhin yu cu
mch phi i xng.
5.1.4. Mch i tn cn bng vng
Mch i tn cn bng vng (hnh 5.4) l mt dng i tn cn bng gm 2 b i tn cn
bng dng chung ti, cho php trit tiu cc thnh phn t hp phch l
o
3
s
; 2
o

3
s
; 2
o

s
; kh tp m ca ngun dao ng ni: u ra ch cn thnh phn tn s
o

s
d lc. Cht lng tn hiu i tn tt hn so vi cc trng hp khc nn thng c
s dng, c bit siu cao tn, thng tin v tinh, LNB.

144



t v v
s s s
e cos =
t v v
0 0 0
cose =

Hnh 5.4. i tn cn bng vng.
Mt dng ring ca i tn cn bng l iu ch cn bng. S khc bit ch u ra dng
b lc BPF ly thnh phn
c
=
o
+
s
. Cc dng mch i tn cn bng (iu ch cn
bng) trn hnh 5.5.

Hnh 5.5. Cc dng i tn khc.
Nu tn hiu nh, dng diode Ge c in p on - off nh. Diode Si dng tt tn s cao.
Diode shotky lm trn tn rt tt VHF, UHF, viba. BJ T lm trn tn cho gi r, cht lng
khng cao. Dng phn cc I
C
khong 1 mA; V
s
=(5 10) mV; V
o
=(100 200) mV. FET
ci thin cht lng hn BJT ch nhiu t, d phi hp tr khng, hot ng tt cc tn
s cao, khuch i ln. MOSFET thng c dng VHF, UHF cho cch ly cao gia
2 ngun tn hiu.
Cc my thu thng tin i tn 2 ln loi tn s nhiu nh (hnh 5.6).

145


Hnh 5.6. i tn 2 ln loi tn s nh (nhiu f
IM
= 2f
IF1
+ f
s
).
5.1.5. Trn tn dng IC nhn 602.
NE 602 (hnh 5.7) c hai b trn cn bng, dng ngun (4,5 8)V. Tn s hot ng
ti 500MHz, trong khi IC nhn LM l496 hay CA 3028 ch di 120MHz. Mch dao ng ni
ti 200MHz. H s nhiu NF <5 dB. NE 602 dng nhiu trong in thoi v tuyn, my thu
M.
a) b)
c)
Hnh 5.7. IC nhn NE602
a) S chn. b) S khi. c) Mch tng ng

146



Hnh 5.8. i tn dng IC nhn NE 602

Hnh 5.9. My thu AM i tn trc tip dng IC NE 602.
147


Hnh 5.10. i tn my pht VHF dng MOSFET

Hnh 5.11. i tn ln my pht truyn hnh v i tn xung TV.
5.2. Vng kha pha (PLL)
PLL - H thng hi tip vng kn, trong tn hiu hi tip dng kha tn s v pha ca
tn hiu ra theo tn s v pha tn hiu vo. Tn hiu vo c th dng sin hoc s. PLL c
tch hp trong IC kch thc nh, tin cy, gi r, d s dng, a nng, ng dng ph thng:
lc, tng hp tn s, gii iu ch, iu ch, iu khin t ng.
5.2.1. Cu to, nguyn tc hot ng
Vng kho pha (Phase-locked loop) gm: B tch sng pha, b lc thng thp, b dao ng
iu khin bng in p (VCO). S khi vng kha pha trn hnh 5.12.
Input
(f
s
)
Lc thng thp
(LPF)
Khuch
i
VCO
(f
s
f
0
)
(f
s
-f
0
)
f
0
f
0
Output 2
Output 1
Tch sng pha
(Phase Detector)

Hnh 5.12. S khi vng kha pha.

148


PLL hot ng theo nguyn tc vng iu khin. Trong PLL i lng vo v i lng ra
u l tn s v chng c so snh vi nhau v pha.PLL c nhim v pht hin v iu
chnh nhng sai s nh v tn s gia tn hiu vo v tn hiu ra ngha l PLL lm cho tn s
ca tn hiu so snh (f
o
) bm theo tn s vo f
S.
.
Xem xt mch khi khng c tn hiu v, u ra ca b tch sng pha khng c in p sai
khc v VCO s hot ng vi tn s t do (f
N
) )c ci t bi in tr, t in ngoi .
Khi a u vo vi tn s f
S
, b tch sng pha s to mt in p sai khc t l vi sai
pha gia 2 tn hiu. u ra ca b tch sng pha gm tng v hiu ca cc tn hiu (f
s
f
0
).
B lc thng thp s lc ly thnh phn hiu ca 2 tn hiu (f
s
- f
0
) v khuch i ln ri a
vo iu khin VCO.
Khi vng b kho, tn s ca VCO s ng bng tn s chun nhng khc pha. S sai khc
pha s to ra in p sai khc duy tr hot ng ca b to dao ng ti tn s chun.
Khi khng c tn hiu a vo PLL s khng c in p sai khc a vo b to dao ng.
Nu tn hiu a vo gn vi tn s dao ng, b tch sng pha s to ra cc tn s tng v
hiu.Nu tn s hiu to ra in p sai khc nm ngoi bng thng ca b lc thng thp th s
khng c s hiu chnh no c a n b to dao ng. Nhng khi tn s chun gn vi
tn s cu b to dao ng th s c 1 im ti tn s chun s thuc bng thng ca b
lc thng thp v dn n vng lp b kho. Do , di bm ca vng c th l c nh
ngha l di tn c khuch i. Di bm ny ph thuc rt nhiu vo c tnh cu b lc
thng thp bc. Khi PLL bm c n s duy tr kho vi tn hiu vo trn di tn s rng
hn gi l di kho.
- Di kha (Lock range): khong tn s ln cn f
N
ca VCO m PLL ng nht c
tn s f
o
vi f
s
. Di ny cn gi l ng chnh (Tracking range), k hiu B
L
= f
max
-
f
min
. Cc tn s f
max
, f
min
l tn s cc i v cc tiu m PLL thc hin c kha pha
(ng b). Di kha ph thuc hm truyn t (h s khuch i) ca b tch sng
pha, khuch i, VCO. N khng ph thuc vo p tuyn b lc LPF v khi PLL
kha pha th f
s
f
0
= 0.
- Di bt (capture range): di tn s m tn hiu vo ban u phi lt vo PLL c
th thit lp ch ng b (ch kha). Ni cch khc l di tn s m PLL c
th t c s kha pha khi vic kha pha cha thc hin. Khi PLL cha kha pha: f
i

f
o
. Khi PLL kha pha f
i
= f
o
. ch kha pha, dao ng f
o
ca VCO bm ng
b theo f
i
trong di tn kha B
L
rng hn di tn bt B
C
.
Di bt B
C
=f
2
f
1
, trong f
2
v f
1
l tn s cao nht thp nht m PLL c th
vo ch kha ng b. B
C
ph thuc vo bng thng LPF. PLL t c s
kha pha th hiu (fs - f
N
) khng vt qu bng thng LPF. Nu vt qu s khng
t c kha pha, v bin in p sau LPF gim nhanh. Ni cch khc, di kha
ph thuc in p V
out
u vo VCO v h s chuyn i VTOF ca VCO, trong khi
di bt ph thuc bng thng LPF.
149

a) b)

Hnh 5.13. a) Di kha b) di bt
- B tch sng pha (Phase Detector): cn gi l b so snh pha. Hnh 5.14 l b
tch sng pha tng t dng mch nhn hay b (analog Mix) c tn hiu ra t l
vi bin tn hiu vo, ngoi ra cn c loi s (Digital phase Detector) thc
hin bi mch s EX-OR, AND, RS Flip Flop, c tn hiu ra bin i chm
(DC) ph thuc rng xung u ra tc l ph thuc sai bit v pha (hay tn s
tc thi) gia hai tn hiu vo, loi tch sng pha ly mu (sampling phase
Detector).
Trong b tch sng pha tng t hnh 5.14, b i tn hay mch nhn thc hin
nhn hai tn hiu.

Hnh 5.14. B tch sng pha tng t
u ca n c in p:
v
d
=Asin[(
i
t +
i
) (
o
t +
o
)] +Asin[(
i
t +
i
) +(
i
t +
o
)]

Qua b lc thng thp LPF, ch cn thnh phn tn s thp. Khi kha pha (
i
=
o
)
c V
d
= Asin(
i
-
o
). in p ny t l vi bin in p vo A v sai pha
e

=
i
-
o
. Nu
e
nh, hm truyn t ca b tch sng pha coi nh tuyn tnh.
Di kha gii hn trong |
e
|</2. Ta c li tch sng pha k

tnh c theo cng

thc: k = A (V/rad).
- Lc thng thp LPF: thng bc 1, tuy nhin cng dng bc cao hn trit
thnh phn AC theo yu cu. LPF c th dng mch th ng hay tch cc.

150


u ra b tch sng pha gm nhiu thnh phn fo, fs, fs - fo, fs + fo, Sau LPF
ch cn thnh phn tn s rt thp (f
s
- f
o
) n b khuch i li tn s VCO bm
theo f
s
. Sau vi vng iu khin hi tip PLL ng b (kha pha) c fs = fo, tn
s phch (fs - fo) = 0. in p phn cc VCO c kha. Tc l b so snh pha
thc hin so snh hai tn s vo fs, fo cho ti khi thit lp ch kha ng b fs
= fo s chuyn sang ch so snh pha. S khc v pha gia hai tn s vo bng
nhau c bin i thnh in p iu khin VCO. Vng kha pha hot ng
chnh xc khi tn s vo fs, fo thp khong vi trm KHz tr li.
- Khuch i : khuch i tn hiu bin i chm (DC) sau b lc thng thp LPF.
li khuch i k
A
. C th dng mch khuch i n BJT hoc khuch i
thut ton.
- VCO (voltage controlled oscillator) - dao ng iu khin bng in p. Khi in
p phn cc ngc cho cc diode bin dung D1, D2 thay i, tn s dao ng a
hi thay i (hnh 5.15). c tuyn vo - ra ca VCO c dng nh hnh 5.16. Khi
in p vo VCO bng 0, tn s dao ng t do l f
N
. Khi in p iu khin thay
i mt lng Vo, tn s ra thay i mt lng fo. li chuyn i V sang f
ca VCO:
k =

0
I
0
_
Ez
I
_

Hnh 5.15. Mch dao ng iu khin bng in p
151


Hnh 5.16. c tuyn vo-ra ca VCO
- li vng (Loop gain): xt PLL trng thi kha. Ta c: V
o
=k
A
.V
d

li vng k
Loop
=k

.k
A
.k
o
(KHz/rad).
5.2.2. ng dng PLL
PLL c tch hp trong IC kch thc nh, tin cy, gi r, d s dng, a nng, ng dng
ph thng: lc, tng hp tn s, gii iu ch, iu ch, iu khin t ng Di y s
trnh by mt s ng dng c bn ca PLL
5.2.2.1. Gii iu ch FM
Gii iu ch FM dng PLL thc hin bng cch ci t tn s dao ng t do f
N
bng tn s
trung tm tn hiu FM ng vo c bin khng i. Trong nhiu ng dng c th, trc
tch sng pha PLL c mch khuch i - hn bin . Xem trong chng 4, phn 4.2.2.2.
5.2.2.2. Gii iu ch AM
Tn hiu AM c dng v
AM
(t) =V
1T
[1 + m(t)] cos
o
t. Trong , tn hiu iu ch thp m(t)
=V
m
cos
m
t c th c gii iu ch bng cch nhn vi tn hiu sng mang V
LO
(t)=
Acos(
o
t +
o
) (hnh 5.17).


Hnh 5.17. Gii iu ch AM bng mch nhn
V
(t)
=V
1T
[1 +m
(t)
] cos
o
t.Acos(
o
t +
o
) =v
AM(t)
.V
LO(t)
I
(t)
=
I
11
.A[1+m
(t)
]
2
[cos0
0
+cos(2
0
t +0
0
)]
Qua LPF cn thnh phn tn s thp u ra

152


I
o(t)
=
I
11
.A
2
[1+m
(t)
]cos0
0

Vo(t) t l vi m(t) tc l t l vi tn hiu gii iu ch AM. y l kiu tch sng AM trc
tip khng cn i tn, c u im khng dng trung tn, khng cn chn lc tn s nh.
bin tn hiu ra ln nht th gc pha o phi bng khng, dao ng ni V
LO(t)
phi kha pha
vi sng mang, kiu gii iu ch ny cn gi l tch sng ng b hay tch sng nht qun
(coherent Dectector), c cht lng hn tch sng khng nht qun khi t s S/N nh.
PLL dng tch sng AM c dng trn hnh 5.18.
Trn y l trng hp VCO v tn hiu AM ng pha. Nu b tch sng pha ng chnh
(Lock) vi dch pha 90
o
gia tn s VCO v tn s vo th ng ra VCO cn dch pha 90
o

trc khi n b nhn vi tn hiu vo (hoc dch pha 90
o
tn hiu vo). Mt s IC PLL bao
gm c mch nhn d dng thc hin gii iu ch AM.

Hnh 5.18. Gii iu ch AM dng PLL

5.2.2.3. Dch pha
Nhiu phng php iu ch, gii iu ch cn c dao ng ni dch pha 90
o
. Mch PLL
hnh 5.19 cho php thc hin mc ch .

Hnh 5.19. Mch dch pha 90
o
dng PLL.
153

Tn s VCO gp hai ln tn s chun
r
, tn s ra ca Flip-Flop bng tn s
r
nhng gc pha
gia hai u ra I v Q lch pha 90
o
.
v
o
I
Q
90
0
t
t
t

Hnh 5.20. Dng sng mch dch pha hnh 5.19.
















154


CHNG 6. MCH N NH IN P MT CHIU
6.1. Khi nim chung
Hin nay trong cng nghip c rt nhiu ng dng dng in p mt chiu do nhng u im
vt tri ca n. in p mt chiu c s dng trong cc my vn chuyn, trong truyn
ng my ct gt, trong giao thng ng st: t chy in, xe ra bc d hng,ng c
mt chiu c mmen m my ln, iu chnh trn c tc v rt a dng trong vic la
chn cng sut. Tuy nhin, vic dng ng c mt chiu c mt s hn ch l dng in mt
chiu khng s dng rng ri, ch to phc tp, cng knh. Thng thng, c c dng
mt chiu ngi ta phi bin i t dng in xoay chiu nh ngun n p mt chiu.
Ngun n p mt chiu l mt my in bin dng in xoay chiu tn s 50Hz thnh dng
in mt chiu c in p ty da vo yu cu ca ph ti. in p u ra c th gi c nh
trong mt khong in p no nh vo tn hiu xung iu khin Transistor. Ngun n p
gm bn khi chnh sau:
- Bin p: Bin i in p t in li 220V tn s 50Hz thnh in p thp ph
hp vi u vo ca b chnh lu bn dn.
- Khi chnh lu: L b bin i in p xoay chiu u vo thnh in p mt
chiu u ra.
- Khi lc: C nhim v lc bt thnh phn sng hi bc cao, san phng in p
chnh lu
- Khi n p: C nhim v duy tr in p ti mt khong nht nh khi ph ti
thay i t ngt.





Mch n p c nhim v n nh in p ti u ra khi in p ti u vo thay i t ngt
trong mt phm vi nht nh. Mch n p thng c t sau mch chnh lu v mch lc
trong khi ngun.
Mch n p c phn thnh hai loi chnh:
Mch n p tuyn tnh
Mch n p xung
6.2. Mch n p tuyn tnh
Mch n p tuyn tnh cn c gi l mch n p c hi tip. Mch n p tuyn tnh c
phn chia thnh hai loi c bn:
220V/50Hz
Ngun DC
Hnh 6.1. S khi ca b ngun mt chiu
Bin p
ngun

Mch
chnh lu

Mch lc

Mch
n p

155

Mch n p ni tip
Mch n p song song
6.2.1. Mch n p ni tip


Phn t iu khin c nhim v iu chnh in p u vo v in p u ra. in p ra c
ly mu v so snh vi in p p chun.
Nu in p u ra tng (hoc gim) th mch so snh s cung cp tn hiu a ti phn t
iu khin nhm lm gim (hoc tng) in p u ra, do n nh c in p u ra.
6.2.1.1. Mch n p ni tip c bn
Trn hnh 6.3 l s mch n p ni tip n gin s
dng mt transistor v mt Diode Zener. Transistor T ng
vai tr l phn t iu khin, Diode Zener to ngun in
p chun.
Hnh 6.2. Mch n p tuyn tnh
Phn t iu
khin
Mch so snh
Mch ly
mu
Mch to in
p chun

Mch n p ni tip
V
in
V
out
6.3. Mch n p ni tip n gin

156


Nu in p ti u ra gim in th ti cc Emitter gim, khi in p tng,
lm cho Transistor dn in mnh hn, dng tng, do lm tng c in p u ra.
Nu in p ti u ra tng in th ti cc Emitter tng, khi in p gim,
lm cho Transistor dn in yu hn, dng gim, do lm gim c in p u ra.

6.2.1.2. Mch n p b
Trn hnh 6.4 biu din s mch n p b. Hai
in tr v to nn cu phn p ng vai tr
nh mt mch ly mu, diode Zener to in p
chun, transistor iu khin dng thay i
dng qua nhm duy tr in p khng i ti u
ra.
Mch c hot ng nh sau:
Gi s, nu in p u ra tng, qua cu phn p
v lm cho in p tng, khi in p
s tng, do khng i, do
dng qua transistor tng nn dng gim,
transistor dn yu hn, dng qua ti gim tc l lm cho in p u ra gim. Nh vy, gi
in p u ra mt gi tr khng i.

Vy, in p u ra c xc nh bi cng thc:

6.2.1.3. Mch n p ni tip dng
Op_Amp
Trong s mch n p ni tip s dng
Op_Amp, mch ly mu gm v to
nn cu phn p, diode Zener to in p
chun, Op_Amp ng vai tr l mch so
snh v phn t iu khin chnh l transistor
.
in p u ra c xc nh bi cng thc:

Hnh 6.4. Mch n p b

Hnh 6.5. Mch n p ni tip dng Op_Amp
157

bo v mch n p khi b qu ti hoc ngn mch ngi ta thm vo s mt mch hn
ch dng (hnh 6.6)















Trong s mch hn ch dng ci tin s lm gim c in p ra v dng in ra bo v ti
khi qu dng (hnh 6.7). Vi s mch ny c thm b phn p v , b phn p ny
s ly mt phn in p ra ca transistor . Khi dng qua ti tng n gi tr cc i th in
p ri trn ln m transistor hn ch dng.
6.2.2. Mch n p song song
Mch n p song song thc hin n p bng dng tiu hao song song vi ti n nh in
p ra (Hnh 6.8). Nguyn l hot ng ca mch n p song song cng tng t mch n p
ni tip. Mch ly mu c nhim v a tn hiu hi tip n mch so snh so snh vi
in p chun, nu c s chnh lch gia in p u ra vi in p chun th mch so snh s
cung cp tn hiu ti phn t iu khin iu khin dng qua phn t iu khin tc l iu
khin dng qua ti nhm gi in p u ra gi tr n nh.





Hnh 6.6. Mch n p hn ch dng
Hnh 6.7. Mch n p hn ch dng ci tin

158
























6.2.2.1. Mch n p song song n gin s dng Transistor
Trong mch n p song song n gin (Hnh 6.9), diode Zener to in p chun,
transistor T ng vai tr l phn t iu khin dng qua ti nhm n nh in p u ra ca
mch.
in p ra trn ti c xc nh bi cng thc:

Gi s, in p ra gim, theo cng thc
trn s lm cho gim theo dng gim
dng gim theo. Khi , dng qua ti tng nn s
ko in p ra tng tr li n nh in p u ra.




To in
p chun
Mch so
snh
Phn t
iu khin
Mch ly
mu
Mch n p
song song
Hnh 6.8. S khimch n p song song
Hnh 6.9. Mch n p song song n gin
V
in
V
out
159

6.2.2.2. Mch n p song song s dng hai Transistor

Trong s mch hnh 6.10, transistor
l phn t iu khin, diode Zener to
in p chun.
in p u ra c xc nh bi cng
thc:


6.2.2.3. Mch n p song song s dng
Op_Amp
Cu phn p v ng vai tr l
mch ly mu:

Op_Amp c nhim v so snh in p ly
mu v in p chun do diode Zener cung cp.
Nu c s chnh lch gia in p ly mu v
in p chun th Op_Amp s a tn hiu ti
Transistor T iu khin dng qua Transistor ,
qua iu khin dng qua ti nhm n nh
in p u ra.
6.3. Mch n p xung
Mch n p xung l mch n p dng kha in t lm phn t iu khin. Kha in t
c nhim v ng ngt in p theo mt chu k lm vic thay i theo cc yu cu ca ti. u
im ca mch n p xung l do Transistor hot ng trong ch kha in t nn cng
sut tiu tn phn t rt thp, do n rt hu hiu v thch hp cho cc ng dng c yu
cu dng ti ln.
Khi Transistor thng th n dn nng lng t ngun ngoi n phn t tch ly nng lng
(c th l cun cm ca my bin p hoc t in). Khi Transistor ngt th phn t tch ly
nng lng s cung cp nng lng cho mch sao cho trn ti lun c in p ra. Mun vy
th cn phi c b lc thng thp san phng cc xung in p ti u ra thu c in p
mt chiu khng i. Tn s ng ngt ca kha Transistor thng nm trong di t vi chc
Hz n vi chc KHz.
Hnh 6.12 m t s khi ca mch n p xung v hnh 6.13 m t cu to bn trong ca b
iu khin.in p u ra c so snh vi in p chun. in p sai lch gia in p
Hnh 6.10. Mch n p song song dng 2 Transistor
Hnh 6.11. Mch n p song song dng Op_Amp

160


ra v in p chun c dng iu ch rng xung do b to dao ng pht ra. Chui
xung ny s iu khin Transistor T vi tn s c nh nhng c rng xung thay i c.
Ti cc Emitter ca Transistor, chui xung dng s c lc qua b lc LC thu c
in p bng phng ti u ra.




























B iu
khin
Hnh 6.12. S khi mch n p xung
Mch to
dao ng
Mch iu ch
rng xung
(PWM)
Tn hiu
iu khin
in p
chun

Hnh 6.13. Cu to ca b iu khin
Hnh 6.14. in p u ra t l thun vi rng xung
T
1
on/off
T
1
on/off
T
1
on/off
161

B iu ch c thit k sao cho khi in p u ra gim th tn hiu iu khin s cho
chui xung c rng ln hn nhm lm cho dng trung bnh qua Transistor tng ln, do
lm cho tng tr li n nh in p. Nh vy, in p ti u ra t l thun vi
rng xung chuyn mch. Nh vy, in p u ra t l thun vi rng xung chuyn mch
(Hnh 6.14).
Trong hnh 6.15 (a),(b), (c) ln lt m t s ca mch n p xung trong ba trng hp:
gim p, tng p v o cc tnh. Trong cc s mch phn p , v ng vai tr l
mch ly mu, diode Zener cung cp in p chun. in p trn ph thuc vo in p
u ra theo cng thc:

in p qua c a ti u vo o ca Op_Amp so snh vi in p chun do diode
Zener cung cp. u ra ca Op_Amp c a ti khi to dao ng v iu ch rng
xung iu khin dng qua Transistor , t iu khin in p ti u ra. Diode D c
nhim v bo v qu p cho Transistor do khi ngt th c mt dng ngc rt ln do t
C phng qua mch.
Trong s mch gim p, do Transistor hot ng trong ch xung nn in p trung bnh
ti u ra nh hn in p u vo (Step-down).









Trong s tng p, khi Transistor thng, dng qua cun cm L. Khi ngt, t
trng qua cun dy t ngt gim mnh, s sinh ra mt sc in ng cm ng chng li
s gim ca t trng. Sc in ng cm ng sinh ra mt dng in cm ng cng chiu
vi dng in khi Transistor thng. Do , in p ti u ra ln hn in p u vo (Step-
up).
Vi s mch n p xung o cc tnh: Khi Transistor thng th dng qua cun cm L v
khi Transistor ngt th t trng qua cun dy bin thin s sinh ra mt sc in ng cm
ng chng li s bin thin . Dng in cm ng cng chiu vi dng in qua cun
cm khi Transistor thng. Do khi Transistor ngt th dng in qua t ch c mt chiu duy
nht, do nu in p np cho t c gii hn th in p ti u ra s mang cc tnh m.
T
1

Hnh 6.15a. Mch n p xung (gim p)
Mch dao ng
& mch iu
ch rng xung


162































T
Hnh 6.15b. Mch n p xung (tng p)
Mch dao ng
&mch iu ch
rng xung
Hnh 6.15c Mch n p xung (o cc tnh)
Mch dao ng
&mch iu ch
rng xung
T
1
163

CHNG 7: MCH CHUYN I TNG T-S V S TNG T
Trong thc t, cc tn hiu hu ch nh ting ni, tn hiu chuyn i o lng (nhit , tc
, p sut) l cc tn hiu lin tc v bin v thi gian gi l cc tn hiu tng t. Tuy
nhin, hin nay trong cc h thng thng tin, truyn thng, in t dn dng s dng ch
yu l phng php s do tn hiu s c nhiu u im hn so vi tn hiu tng t nh: tng
t l tn hiu trn tp m S/N, c th ghp nhiu ng thng tin, t ng ho cc qu trnh o
v in kt qu
Tn hiu s ch c 2 trng thi ri rc l 0 v 1 trong khi tn hiu tng t lin tc v tn ti
trong mt di in p rng. chuyn i gia hai min tng t v s cn cc phng php
v mch in c th.
Cc b chuyn i tn hiu tng t sang tn hiu s (ADC) v s sang tng t (DAC) s
thc hin cng vic ny kt ni th gii tng t v th gii s vi cc cng logic v vi x
l. Qu trnh x l tn hiu c m t nh trn hnh (7.1).

Hnh 7.1: Qu trnh x l tn hiu.
Trong khun kh ca mn K thut in t tng t, ch xem xt phn ADC v DAC, cn
cc phn khc ta s nghin cu trong cc mn hc: x l tn hiu s, l thuyt tn hiu, k
thut s, h thng truyn dn...
7.1. Mch chuyn i tng t-s (ADC)
Mt cch tng qut, mi tn hiu tng t S(t), u c th biu din di dng cc tn hiu nh
phn (tn hiu s) theo hm:
S(t)=b
n-1
.2
n-1
+b
n-2
.2
n-2
+...+b
1
.2
1
+b
0
.2
0

Trong S(t) l tn hiu trng t; b
i
l tn hiu s b
i
nhn 2 gi tr 1 huc 0. V d mt tn
hiu thi im t c bin l 13V, c th biu din n gin bng s nh phn l:
13 =1.2
3
+1.2
2
+0.2
1
+1.2
0

cng thc trn b
n-1
c gi l bt c trng s ln nht, k hiu l MSB (Most Significant
Bit), v b
0
c gi l bt c trng s nh nht, k hiu l LSB (Least Significant Bit).
Hoc c th m t bng c tuyn nh hnh (7.2); Vi mt b bin i N bit nh phn, th
mc lng t Q c nh ngha nh sau:
Q = U
LSB
=
1 2
max

N
A
U


164


- U
Amax
: tr cc i cho php ca in p tng t u vo
- Q: gi l mc lng t.
- U
LSB
: ln ca bit LSB.
Do tn hiu s l tn hiu ri rc, nn trong qu trnh chuyn i tng t-s (AD) xut hin
sai s gi l sai s lng t ho, c xc nh:
Q U
Q
2
1
= A













Chuyn i AD cn ly mu tn hiu tng t, nn khi phc li tn hiu t cht lng th
phi tun theo nh l ly mu, tc l tn s tn hiu ly mu f
m
phi tho mn iu kin ln
hn hoc bng 2 ln tn s ln nht ca tn hiu tgn t vo: f
m
>2f
thmax
=2B (B: bng tn tn
hiu tng t).
Theo thuyt lng t ho, qu trnh lng t ho sinh ra tp m, tp m ny phn nh khi
thc hin php bin i ngc DA, c th coi qu trnh lng t ho l qu trnh cng tn hiu
X
A
v tn hiu tp m X
ta
, ngi ta chng minh c tp m lng t ho c th coi l tp m
trng, khi Q/2 s X
A
s Q/2. V mt ph cng sut ca tp m c xc nh:
S
ta
(e) = ta U
Q
2
2
12
=
Trong ta U
2
: gi tr trung bnh bnh phng ca in p tp m
Nu ni vi mt in tr ti, c th xc nh c cng sut tp m phn nh ti l:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
0000
0010
0001
0100
0011
0110
0101
1000
0111
1010
1001
1100
1011
Q
AU
Q

Hnh 7.2 : c tuyn truyn t ca b bin i ADC
U
D
U
A
165

R
Q
P
R
. 12
2
=
T s tn hiu/ tp m S/N c xc inh bi cng thc:
) 1 2 ( 6 lg 20
. 2
lg 20 ) (
max
= =
N
ta
A
U
U
dB
N
S

7.1.1. Nguyn tc chuyn i
V nguyn tc, thc hin chuyn i mt tn hiu tng t (S
A
) sang tn hiu s (S
D
) cn
thc hin cc qu trnh : ly mu, lng t ho v m ho nh minh ho trn hnh (7.3).

Hnh 7.3 : Qu trnh chuyn i tn hiu tng t-s
Ly mu v gi mu
chuyn mt tn hiu tng t sang tn hiu s, khng th bin i mi gi tr ca tn hiu
tng t m ch c th bin i mt s gi tr c th bng cch ly mu tn hiu theo mt
chu k xc nh nh mt tn hiu c dng xung. Hn na, mch bin i cn mt khong thi
gian c th do cn gi mc tn hiu bin i trong khong thi gian ny mch c th
thc hin vic bin i chnh xc.
Lng t ho
Tn hiu sau khi ly mu c a n lng t ho lm trn s. S d sau lng t ho l
sai s. Tn hiu ri rc c lm trn vi chnh xc l Q/2, theo cng thc sau:
Z
Di
=int
Q
X
Q
X
Q
X
Ai Ai Ai
A
= ;
Trong :
X
Ai
- tn hiu tng t thi im i
Z
Di
- tn hiu s thi im i
AX
Ai
- S d trong php lng t ho
M ho
Sau mch lng t ho l mch m ho, thng lng t ho ra m nh phn, qu trnh m
ho c th nguyn m ny hay bin thnh cc m khc nh BCD, Gray, D 3, Gray d
3...Qu trnh ny c th thc hin sau lng t ho hoc thc hin ng thi.
Tn hiu sau mi qu trnh ny c minh ho trn hnh (7.4).

166






























Hnh 7.4. Tn hiu trn mch ADC
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
S(t)
Ri rc ho tn hiu
t

1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
S(t)
Tn hiu ri rc
t

1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
0000
0010
0001
0100
0011
0110
0101
1000
0111
1010
1001
1100
1011
Lng t ho tn hiu ri rc
U
D
U
A
167

7.1.2. Tham s c bn ADC
Di bin i ca in p tn hiu tng t u vo: l khong in p m b chuyn i AD
c th chuyn i c, gi tr ny c th m, dng, hoc di t m sang dng, thc t ta
cn kt hp vi cc mch nh hn bin, nn, nn... trc khi a n IC chuyn i AD.
chnh xc: thng c trng bi s bit, s lng bt lng t ho cng nhiu th chnh
xc cng cao, thng ta c cc IC chuyn i AD 8bit, 10 bit, 12bt, 16 bt, 20bt,
32bt...Ngoi ra cn c cc thng s khc nh hng n chnh xc nh : Sai s lch khng,
sai s khuch i....
Tc chuyn i: cho bit s kt qu chuyn i trong mt giy, tc l tn s chuyn i fc,
thng s ny phn nh kh nng lm vic thi gian thc ca h thng, trong h thng vin
thng n l thng s tch lu tr ca tn hiu, thng s ny(fc) phi cng ln cng tt.
7.1.3. Cc phng php chuyn i tng t-s
C nhiu cch phn loi ADC. Cch hay dng hn c l phn loi qu trnh chuyn i v mt
thi gian. Phn loi theocachs ny cho php phn on mt cch tng qut tc chuyn i.
C 3 phng php chuyn i c bn sau: Chuyn i song song, chuyn i ni tip theo m
m, chuyn i song song ni tip kt hp.
7.1.3.1 Chuyn i ADC theo phng php song song
Tn hiu tng t c so snh cng lc vi nhiu gi tr chun. Do tt c cc bit cxc
nh ng thi v a n u ra. S mch thc hin trn hnh 7.5.
Tn hiu tng t c ng thi a vo tt c cc b so snh. Nu s bit m ho l n th s
b so snh l 2
n
-1. in p chnh lch gia cc b so snh l mc lng t ha. Vi lng t
ho tuyn tnh th chnh lch gia cc in p so snh l bng nhau. Vi lng t ho phi
tuyn th mc lng t ho khc nhau. to nn in p so snh ny dng in p chun
khng i t vo dy cc in tr mc ni tip nhau. Trng thi ra ca b so snh v nh
c gi gia 2 ln chuyn i bng trig D c iu khin bng xung ly mu. u ra cc
triger D c a vo b m ho c s 2. Gia hai ln ly mu, tn hiu tng t SA thay i
nhng u ra Trig D khng bin i m phi ch n khi c xung ly mu tip theo th li
tip tc nh c.


168

.
.
.

.
.
.

.
.
.

.
.
.
1 2
n Q
2 2
n Q
3 2
n Q
1 2
n M
2 2
n
M
3 2
n
M
2 2
n
SS
1 2
n
SS
3 2
n
SS

Hnh 7.5. Mch chuyn i ADC phng php song song
V d c tn hiu tng t u vo c bin ln nht S
Amax
=7.2V. B chuyn i s tng
t c U
ch
=7V v s bit m ho l n=3. Ta c:
U
SS1
=1V
U
SS2
=2V
Nu tn hiu vo ti mt thi im c S
A
=5.2V >U
SS1
; U
SS2
. U
SS5
.
Nn M1 =M2 =M3 =M4 =M5 =1
S
A
=5.2 V <U
SS6
, U
SS7
nn M6 =M7 =0
Ti thi im ly mu c: Q
1
=Q
2
=Q
3
=Q
4
=Q
5
=1
Q
6
=Q
7
=0
qua b m ho c tn hiu s ra l 101. Chi tit cc gi tr khc cho trong bng 7.1.
Phng php chuyn i song song c u im l tc chuyn i nhanh nhng c nhc
im l s bit ln th yu cu s b so snh ln.
V d: n =3bit th s b so snh l 7 b so snh
n =8 bit th s b so snh l 255
n =12 bit th s b so snh l 4095

169


V
A


1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Nh phn

0 <V
A
<1

1 <V
A
<2

2 <V
A
<3

3 <V
A
<4

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1 0 0 0 0 0 0

1 1 0 0 0 0 0

1 1 1 0 0 0 0


0 0 0

0 0 1

0 1 0

0 1 1

Bng 7.1. Cc gi tr chuyn i ADC phng php song song
7.1.3.2 Chuyn i ADC phng php ni tip theo m m
Trong phng php ny qu trnh so snh c thc hin tng bc theo quy lut m m.
Kt ca chuyn i c xc nh bng cch m s lng gi tr chun c th cha c
trong gi tr tn hiu tng t cn chuyn i.
Hnh 7.6. l s mch chuyn i ADC ni tip 3 bit.


Hnh 7.6. Mch chuyn i ADC ni tip 3 bit
Bt trc c trng s gp i bit tip theo do ta c th thc hin so snh lin tip nhau vi
mc so snh bit sau s nh hn 2 ln so vi mc so snh bit trc . Trng thi ra ca mi
b so snh chnh l trng thi ca bit .
Nguyn tc lm vic:
- Nu U
A1
>U
SS1
=U
Amax
/2 b
2
=1
- Nu U
A1
<U
SS1
=U
Amax
/2 b
2
=0
- Qua D/A 1 bit nu b
2
=1 U
A1
= U
SS1
=U
Amax
/2
Nu b
2
=0 U
A1
= 0

170


- in p ra U
A1
s c tr vi U
A1
to ra U
A2
v qu trnh li tip tc nh vy vi
tng so snh 2, so snh 3
V d: gi s c U
Amax
=7V U
SS1
=U
Amax
/2 =7V/2 =3.5V; U
SS2
=1.75V; U
SS3
=0.875V
Gi s U
A1
=5.2V (ti mt thi im) > U
SS1
b
2
=1 U
A1
=U
SS1

U
A2
=5.2V 3.5V =1.7V <U
SS2
=1.75V b
1
=0
U
A2
=0 U
A3
=U
A2
U
A2
=1.7V >U
SS3
b
o
=1
Vy tn hiu s ra s l chui 101 khi tn hiu vo l 5.2V.
Trong phng php chuyn i ni tip th c bao nhiu bit th c by nhiu b so snh nn
mch in n gin hn rt nhiu so vi b so snh song song. Rt thch hp vi so snh s
lng bit ln.
so snh chnh xc th in p cc b so snh cn phi gim chnh xc 2 ln mi b so
snh. Kh khn ny c khc phc bng cch cho U
SS
ging nhau nhng in p ra sau mi
ln chuyn i D/A c nhn gp i s cho kt qu nh nhau. Cch ny s gip tt c cc
b D/A hon ton ging nhau d dng tiu chun ho.
Nhc im ca phng php ny l tc chuyn i chm hn so vi chuyn i song
song.
7.1.3.3 Phng php chuyn i song song v ni tip kt hp




Hnh 7.7. Mch ADC chuyn i song song v ni tip kt hp
Vi phng php ny qua mi bc so snh c th xc nh c ti thiu 2 bit ng thi. So
mch trn hnh 7.7.
Gi s trong khi chuyn i song song c N
1
bit th chng ta s cn 2
N1
- 1 b so snh song
song cho mt tng so snh ni tip.
Gi s bit l N th s tng ni tip l =N/N
1
. Vy s b so snh ca b chuyn i hn hp l:
(2
N1
- 1).(N/N
1
)
Phng php ny tc cao hn chuyn i ni tip v mch n gin hn mch song song.
V d: Vi N=8
+Vi phng php song song th cn 255 b so snh
171

+Vi phng php ni tip th cn 8 b so snh
+Vi phng php hn hp cn (2
4
-1) .(8/4) =30 b so snh ( Vi N
1
=4)
7.1.3.4 Phng php chuyn i dng vng hi tip


Hnh 7.8. S mch chuyn i ADC dng vng hi tip
trng thi ban u th trng thi ra ca tn hiu s bng 0 ( mi bit bng 0), qua b D/A c
U
M
=0.
Nu c U
A
>0 th U
h
=U
A
- U
M
>0 nn tn hiu ra ca b so snh A
+
=1, A
-
=0. Lc ny
m thun lm vic, trng thi s ca u ra tng dn tu theo s xung ca b so snh nn U
M

tng, U
h
gim lm cho A
+
=0, A
-
=0v b m ngng m. Trng thi ra ca tn hiu s (b
m) chnh l tn hiu s tng ng vi tn hiu tng t cn chuyn i.
Nu c U
A
<0 th U
h
=U
A
- U
M
<0 nn tn hiu ra ca b so snh A
+
=0, A
-
=1 Lc ny
m ngc lm vic, trng thi s ca u ra s gim dn tu theo s xung ca b so snh nn
U
M
gim dn, U
h
tng dn cho n khi U
h
th A
+
=0, A
-
=0

v b m ngng m. Trng
thi ra ca tn hiu s (b m) chnh l tn hiu s tng ng vi tn hiu tng t cn
chuyn i.
Phng php ny U
M
tin dn n gi tr ca in p n chuyn i U
A
nn cn c gi l
phng php xp x ni tip.
u im mch in n gin, chnh xc cao thng dng o cc tn hiu tng t
chuyn thnh s trong o lng.
7.1.3.5 Phng php tch phn n gin
Nguyn l lm vic ca phng php ny trc ht da trn vic biu din in p rng ca
v cc b so snh SS
1
, SS
2
. Mch thc hin trn hnh 7.9.

172



Hnh 7.9. Mch in ADC theo phng php tch phn n gin.
B so snh 1 SS
1
s so snh in p vo V
A
vi in p chun rng ca V
C
- Nu V
A
>V
C
th u ra b so snh V
SS1
=1
- Nu V
A
<V
C
th u ra b so snh V
SS1
=0
B so snh 2 so snh in p rng ca V vi mc 0, sau in p cc b snh SS1 v SS2
c a n mch AND. Xung ra V
G
ca mch AND th nht c rng t l vi ln
ca in p vo V
A
vi gi thit xung rng ca V
C
c dc khng i. Mch AND th 2 ch
cho ra cc xung nhp trong thi gian tn ti V
G
(ngha l 0<V
A
<V
C
). Mch m u rasex
m s xung nhp . S xung ny t l vi ln ca V
A
. Gin xung c minh ha trn
hnh 7.10.
173





Hnh 7.10. a) s mch tch phn
b) Gin xung
B to xung rng ca thc cht l mch tch phn (hnh 7.10). Dng in p chun 1 chiu
V
Ch
np cho t C qua R.
in p ra mch tch phn I
C
=
R
2
R
1
.[
1
RC
I
ch
Jt
t
0
=o.t
Trong o =
R
2
R
1
.
v
ch
RC
=const
Gi s ti t=t
m
th V
C
=V
A
ta c V
A
=a.t
m
t
m
=V
A
/a=
v
A
v
Ch
.
RCR
2
R
1

Tn s xung nhp ca b to dao ng l f
n
th s xung nhp N m c trong thi gian t
m
l
N=f
n
.t
m
=
n
v
A
v
Ch
.
RCR
2
R
1
. Vy s xung nhp s t l vi in in p vo V
A
.


174


Vi phng php chuyn i ny gim sai s cn chn mch tch phn c R,C loi tt,
xung nhp f
n
phi ln
7.1.3.6 Phng php tch phn hai sn dc
Phng php tch phn 2 sn dc s ly tch phn c in p chun v in p vo. S
mch hnh 7.11

Hnh 7.11. Mch tch phn 2 sn dc
trng thi ri kho K h mch. in p ra khi b tch phn bng khng. Khi bt u o,
kha K ni n 1. V vy in p vo c ly tch phn, trong khi b m s m xung t
ngun dao ng chun tn s f
n
. V
A
c tch phn trong thi gian t
1
cho n khi b m b
trn (thi im t
1
). Lc ny mch logic s iu khin chuyn kha K sang 2 v tip tc ly
tch phn V
ch
nhng vi chiu ngc li v V
A
v V
ch
ngc cc tch nhau. Khi tnh iu ra ca
b tch phn V
C
gim v 0 th mch so snh s ng cng. Ni dung ghi trong b m l kt
qu bin i ADC t l vi thi gian tch phn in p chun t
2.
in p np cho t C trong thi gian t
1
nh mch tch phn V
A
l:
I
Ct1
=
I
A
RC
t
1

in p np cho t C trong thi gian t
2
theo chiu ngc li nh mch tch phn V
ch
l:
I
Ct2
=
I
ch
RC
t
2


175

V
C
dc do V
A
to ra
t
1 t
2
V
SS
N
0
N
t
t
t
dc do V
ch
to ra

Hnh 7.12. Gin thi gian hot ng ca mch
Trong thi gian t
2
in p trn t C gim xung 0:
|I
Ct1
| =|I
Ct1
|
I
A
RC
t
1
=
I
ch
RC
t
2
t
2
=
I
A
I
ch
t
1

S xugn N
o
m c trong thi gian t
1
:
N
0
=f
n
.t
1
t
1
= N
0
/ f
n

Do s xung m c ca b m v a ra kt qu trong thi gian t
2
l
N =t
2
.
n
=
I
A
I
Ch
.N
0

Vy kt qu b m t l vi in p cn chuyn i V
A
. u im ca phng phng ny l
kt qu khng ph thuc vo thng s mch tch phn RC, tn s dao ng chun f
n
nh
phng php tch phn n gin nn kt qu chnh xc khng cn tng f
n
cao. Tuy nhin
n nh ca f
n
phi cao trong c thi gian t
1
v t
2
u khng i f
n
.
Phng ny c sai s do tnh khng n nh ca V
ch
, f
n
, b tch phn v b so snh.
7.2. Mch chuyn i s-tng t
7.2.1. Nguyn tc chuyn i
Chuyn i s tng t l qu trnh ti to li tn hiu tng t t tn hiu s (N bit) vi
chnh xc l mt mc lng t t 1 LSB. S khi nguyn tc chuyn i D/A trn hnh
7.13.


176


DA LPF
S
D
V
M
V
A
PAM

Hnh 7.13: S khi nguyn tc chuyn i DAC
Tn hiu s ri rc S
D
sau khi qua b chuyn i DA l S
M
c dng l mt dy xung c ng
bao ging nh tn hiu tng t. ng bao ny c ph l tn s thp nn dng b lc thng
thp LPF s ly c ng bao .
th thi gian ca qu trnh chuyn i nh hnh 7.14.

V
A
V
M
t

Hnh 7.14. th thi gian ca tn hiu sau chuyn i DAC
Hu ht cc h thng s dng h nh phn nn mun to tn hiu tng t ti u ra cn n
nh mt thang chuyn i cho cc gi tr s. Do nu mun chuyn i to u ra tng
t trong khong 0V n 5V t tn hiu s 8 bit khng du ta c bng trng s bit nh bng 7.1.

Bng 7.1: Trng s cc bit ca b DAC 8bit khng du
Tng ca tt c cc bit ny s c in p u ra 5V; bit c trng s thp nht (LSB) c gii
tr l 19.6mV nn y s l gi tr thay i nh nht ti u ra b chuyn i (bng sai khc
gia cc gi tr nh phn k tip).
7.2.2. c tnh k thut ca DAC
7.2.2.1. Trng s bit
V tr ca cc bt trong s nh phn cho cc gi tr bin i khc nhau, hay tr bin i ca mt
bt tu thuc vo trng lng ca bt . Nu gi in p ton di l U
Amax
th bt LSB c gi
tr l:
max
/(2 1)
n
A
LSB U =
V bit c trng s ln nht MSB:
1
max
.2 /(2 1)
n n
A
MSB U

=
177

Trong n l s bit chuyn i ca b DAC. Hnh 7.15 l c tuyn truyn t l tng ca
mt s nh phn 3 bit.

Hnh 7.15: c tuyn truyn t l tng ca b DAC 3 bit
7.2.2.2. phn gii
phn gii ca b chuyn i DAC bng vi s bt ca tn hiu s u vo. S bit cng ln
th phn gii cng cao.
7.2.2.3. Sai s
Sai s dch chuyn (Offset error)
L lch khng i gia c tuyn truyn t thc t v c tuyn truyn t l tng bt
k bc nhy no.
Sai s tng ch (Gain error)
L lch gia dc ca ng c tuyn truyn t thc t v l tng o ti bc nhy
cui cng.

178



Hnh 7.16. Sai s chuyn i DAC.
7.2.3. Phng php chuyn i DAC
7.2.3.1. Chuyn i DAC bng phng php in tr trng s
S mch chuyn i DAC 4 bit bng in tr c cho trn hnh (7.17). Mch chuyn i
ny ch s dng 1 in tr cho mi bit. Do trng s ca mi bit hn hoc km nhau 2 ln cho
nn phng php ny mi bit s to ra mt in p ra gp i nhau bng cch dng in p
vo mt chiu ging nhau nhng h s khuch i th tng gp 2 ln sau mi bit bng cch
gim 2 ln in tr mc u vo b khuch i thut ton.

Hnh 7.17 : Mch chuyn i DAC bng in tr trng s
Tn hiu iu khin chnh l tn hiu s cn chuyn i, bit c ngha nh nht LSB c a
n iu khin kho ni vi in tr ln nht (8R), bt c ngha tip theo vi cc in tr 4R,
2R v MSB vi in tr R.
Nu mt bit c gi tr 0 th kho tng ng ni t ca mch, nu l 1 th ni vi ngun p
chun V
REF
nhm to nn dng in t l nghch vi tr s in tr ca nhnh , tc l I
0
c
tr s nh nht, tip n l I
1
, I
2
v ln nht l I
3
.

179

Dng in sinh ra trong cc nhnh in tr c a n u vo KTT, in p ra u ra
c tnh bng cng thc:

3 2 1 0 3
3 2 1 0
1 2 1 0 1
1 2 1 0
. (2 2 2 2 ). . 2
(2 2 ... 2 2 ). . 2
OUT F REF F
n n n
n n REF F
V R I b b b b V R R
b b b b V R R


= = + + +
= + + + +

(trong n l s bit ca b DAC)
Nu R
F
=R th c:
1 2 1 0 1
1 2 1 0
(2 2 ... 2 2 ). 2
n n n
OUT n n REF
V b b b b V


= + + + +
V d vi dy bit vo ti mt thi im l 1101 ( n = 4) th ta c in p ra l:
3 2 1 0 3
(2.1 2.1 2.0 2.1). 2 13 8
OUT REF REF
V V V = + + + =
Phng php in tr n gin nhng chnh xc ph thuc nhiu vo gi tr in tr. Do
cc in tr hn km nhau 2 ln sau mi bit nn kh to chnh xc cc in tr dn n
chnh xc ca phng php khng cao. Mt b chuyn i DAC 8 bt dng phng php ny
cn c t l gia in tr ca bit LSB v MSB l 128:1. thc hin t l in tr ny trn
mt IC thng s dng 2
n
in tr ging ht nhau v ni li thnh mt chui to ra cc
in tr trng s. Nh vy in tr LSB s gm 128 in tr v MSB ch c 1 in tr. Mch
chuyn i DAC phng php ny thng dng cho cc ng dng vi s bt nh ( khong 4
hoc 6 bt) v khng yu cu chnh xc cao.
ng m chuyn mch kha K ngi ta dng mch in t nh hnh (7.18).

Hnh 7.18 : Mch ng m kho K.
7.2.3.2. Phng php in tr bc thang
Phng php chuyn i DAC ny s khc phc c nhc im ca DAC dng in tr
trng s trnh trn. B chuyn i dng phng php ny ch s dng 2 gi tr in tr
nn d ch to t chnh xc cao v tch hp trn IC. B chuyn i DAC dng in tr
bc thang c th c thc hin theo s hnh (7.19).
DAC dng in tng t nh b chuyn i DAC in tr trng s, dng in c to ra
theo trng s nh phn nh hnh (b). in tr nhnh dc c gi tr gp i nhnh ngang, nn
Uch
Ur
ht
R
N
R
U1
I DEAL
bi
R2
R1
Q2
PNP
Q1
NPN

180


dng i qua mi khu in tr gim i mt na. Dng in ng vi bt LSB i qua (N-1) khu,
dng c gi tr k tip i qua (N-2) khu..., dng ng vi bt MSB khng qua khu no (a
trc tip vo KTT). Mng in tr c sp xp nh vy s m bo mt na dng t mi
nt s i n nt ca vo ca b khuch i thut ton (nu tn hiu s l 1) hoc i xung t
(nu tn hiu s tng ng l 0). Do dng tng i n u ra s ph thuc trc tip vo tn
hiu s a n cc kho chuyn mch.
S ny c nhc im l s in tr dng nhiu. chuyn i DAC vi N bit cn 2(N-1)
in tr (Phng php in tr trng s ch cn dng N in tr).

Hnh 7.19 : DAC in tr bc thang
(a) DAC dng in, (b) hot ng ca b chia dng








181


TI LIU THAM KHO
[1] Xun Th . K thut in t. Nh xut bn gio dc, 2005
[2] ng Vn Chuyt. K thut mch in t, Nh xut bn gio dc, 2005
[3] Donald A.Neamen. Electronic Circuit Analysis and Design, McGraw-Hill, 2001.
[4] Andrew Leven. Telecommunication Circuits and Technology, Butterworth-
Heinemann, 2008.
[5] David L. Terrell. OP AMPS Design, Application,and Troubleshooting.
Butterworth-Heinemann, 2005.