OPTICAL TESTING

Daniel Malacara Hernndez Centro de Investigaciones en Optica, Optica A. A C C.

S September, b 2010

TESTING OPTICAL ELEMENTS

Plane surfaces Spherical surfaces Concave Convex Aspherical surfaces Concave Convex Lenses and prisms

An Optical Surface can be made only as good d as you can t test t it

Modern Instruments require optical surfaces with complicated shapes and deviations smaller than a small fraction of the wavelength of light

OPTICAL TESTING METHODS Interferometric Tests

Newton and Fizeau Twyman-Green T G Lateral Shearing Other Oth Shearing Sh i Multiple Beam

Classical Cl i l Geometric G i Tests T

Foucault Ronchi Wire Hartmann Optical and Mechanical Profilometry

Newton and Fizeau Interferometers

Tested and Reference Interfering Wavefronts

Field due to interference between a a) Wavefront under test and a b) Reference flat wavefront

Irradiance in an interference pattern produced by interference between a) Wavefront under test and a b) Reference flat wavefront

Newton Interferometer

Fizeau Interferometer

Optical Path Difference in a Fizeau Interferometer

t = Physical path difference n = Refractive index in cavity

Testing g Concave Surfaces

Longitudinal g Modes in a Laser with Cavity Length L

Visibility y in an Interferometer vs. OPD

Twyman-Green y Interferometer
Twyman (1918)

Twyman-Green Interferometer

Optical Path Difference in a Twyman-Green Interferometer

t = Physical path difference n = Refractive index in cavity

Coherence in a Twyman-Green Interferometer

Testing Glass Plates and Lenses in a Twyman-Green Interferometer

Testing Lenses and Spherical Surfaces in a Twyman-Green Interferometer

Twyman Green Twyman-Green Interferograms of Primary P i Aberrations

Lateral L t l Shear Sh and Other Shear Interferometers

Wavefronts in Shear Interferometers

Wavefronts in a Lateral Shear Interferometer

Optical O ti l Path P th Difference Diff in a Lateral Shear Interferometers

t = Physical path difference n = Refractive index in cavity

For a small shear S the optical path difference is

Hence radial shear interferometers Measure the wavefront tilt in the shear direction NOT the wavefront deformation

Wavefront Evaluation in Lateral Shear

Murty Lateral Shear Interferometer

Testing Concave Surfaces in Murty Lateral Shear Interferometer

Lateral Shear Interferograms of Primary Aberrations

Foucault Test
Foucault (1858)

Foucault or Knife Edge Test

Foucault or Knife Edge Test

Foucault Pattern of an Aspherical p Wavefront

Shape of Aspheric Wavefront

Ronchi Test
R Ronchi hi (1923)

Ronchi Test

Ronchi Test

Ronchigram of Aspherical Surface

Hartmann Test
Hartmann (1900)

Hartmann Test

Hartmann pattern of a paraboloidal mirror

Wavefront Slope and Ray Tranverse Aberration

Relation between the wavefront slopes and the ray transverse aberrations TA

L = Di Distance t from f wavefront f tt to measuring plane

Calculation of wavefront deformations from R Ray transverse t aberrations b ti or wavefront slopes

Tests that measure wavefront shape Newton Interferometer Fizeau interferometer Twyman-Green interferometer

Tests that measure wavefront slope Lateral Shear interferometer Ronchi Test Hartmann test

Increasing Precision

Multiple Beam Interferometry

Two beam interferogram

Multiple beam interferogram

Increasing Precision

Phase Shifting Interferometry

Phase Shifting Interferometry with a Twyman-Green Interferometer

Irradiance I di vs. Ph Phase Diff Difference in Phase Shifting Interferometry

Interferograms in Phase Shifting Interferometry

Detuning Insensitive Phase Shifting Algorithm

Phase Shifting Interferometry Mathematics Phase equation: ti

Sampling functions:

Detuning Insensitive Phase Shifting Algorithm

Wrapped Phase Obtained in Phase Shifting Interferometry

Unwrapped Phase from Phase Shifting Interferometry

TESTING ASPHERICAL SURFACES

Autocompensating Configurations

Autocollimating Configurations For Conic Surfaces

Testing of Aspherical Convex Surface

Testing of Convex Hyperboloids

TESTING ASPHERICAL SURFACES

Null Compensators with
Lenses Mirrors Diffracting Elements

Interferograms of p Wavefronts Aspherical

Non-null Non null test

Null test

Dall Compensator For Parabolic Mirrors

Lens Offner Compensator for Parabolic Mirrors

Mirror Offner Compensator for Parabolic Mirrors

Wyant Hologram Compensator for Aspherical Surfaces

TESTING ASPHERICAL SURFACES

Non-Null Tests
Phase Shifting Interferometry Spatial Carrier Interferometry

Undersample d Interferogram (Nyquist limit Exceeded)

Aspherical wavefront shapes with three different reference spheres

Aspherical wavefront slopes with three different reference spheres

Interferograms For different focus settings (Different reference spheres)

Interferogram Analysis with a Linear Carrier (wavefront tilt)

Without linear carrier

With linear carrier

TESTING ASPHERICAL SURFACES

Non-Null Tests
Infrared Interferometry Multiple Wavelength Interferometry White Light Interferometry

Group formed by two waves with different wavelengths

Group Length formed by two waves with two different wavelengths

Conclusion:
Optical testing is an old but exciting field of fat tremendous d practical ti l i importance. t It has a very fast developing speed but many new developments are expected and g y needed. urgently

 Gracias G por su Atencion !

dmalacara@cio.mx www.cio.mx