AungLanTheInngu-Yogi Basic

rmwdum
ed'gef; ........................................................................................................... 3
1/ t"dym,fzGifhqdkcsuftajccHodrSwfzG,f........................................................ 5
2/ 0dyemusifhpOftp a&G;cs,fpdppfyHk tajccHodrSwfzG,f .......................... 19
3/ 'd|dESifhwPSm pGJjcif;ESifhjzKwfjcif; tajccHodrSwfzG,f ................................ 26
4/ tIcHtIPf tajccHodrSwfzG,f .......................................................... 36
5/ tmemygeSLIdufrI trSm;trSef odrSwfzG,f ............................................ 53
6/ q&maumif;q&mrSef a&G;cs,fenf; tajccHodrSwfzG,f ........................... 57
7/ w&m;usihfaom a,m*DwdkY vdkufem&rnfh tajccHodrSwfzG,f .................. 76
8/ vufawGUusifhpOf tajccHodrSwfzG,f ...................................................... 91
9/ wPSmESifhcEmoabm tajccHodrSwfzG,f .............................................. 121
10/ taxGaxGodrSwfzG,f ......................................................................... 137
atmifvHq&mawmf\ arwmpm ................................................................ 162
pma&;ol\ 0efcHcsuf ................................................................................ 163
d
earm w b*0awm t&[awm ormorK'
ed'gef;
,ck t cg 0dy emw&m; xGe f; um; jyefY y Gm ;vmNyD
jzpf ojzifh w&m;tm;xk wf a om a,m*Dw dkY rsm;jym;vmum
w&m;&d y f o mrsm;
Nrd K Uwd k i f ; vd k v d k yif
&Sd a eMuNyD
jzpf o nf / w&m;usifhaom a,m*Dtrsm;pkrSm y&d,wd
rwwfuRrf;Muolrsm; jzpfM uojzif h t&d,mjzpfa Mumif;
w&m;
( t&d ,"r )
odjrif
ESHUpyfjcif;
r&SdMuyg/
t&d,mjzpfaMumif;w&m;udk trSefwu,f vdkcsif awmifhw
Muaomfvnf; bk&m;&Sif rnfodkU a[mxm;rSef; rod&SdMuyg/
t&d,m olawmfaumif;wdkY\ tusifhonf rnfodkU &SdrSef;
rodMuojzifh w&m;usifhonfh tcgwGif q&m cdkif;om
usif h& onf b,fv dk ac:vdkU bmcdki f; rS e f; rod ?
bmvk y fv dkU bmusifh&rSef;rodyJ jzpfaeMuonf/ xdkYtjyif
0dyemusifhonf qdk&mwGif b,fu p b,fvdk
usifh&rSef;rod? rdrd tm;udk;rnfh q&mudkvnf; tm;udk;xdkufrI
&Sdr&Sd rodyJ jzpfaeMuonfu rsm;onf/
tcsdKUaom
a,m*DwdkUwGif
enf;vrf;rusaom
NydKifqdkifrIrsm; jzpfaeMuojzifh w&m; usifhjcif;xuf r*f?
t&Sipf Erd m(atmifvH)
zdkvf? PfpOf rsm;udk OD;pGm vdkcsifaeMuonf/ rdrdtm;

t&d,m wpfa,muf[k todt rSwf jyKcHc sifa eMuonf/
tcsdK Uaom w&m;jyq&mwd kY tMum;? &dyfomrsm;tMum;
tNydKiftqdkifpnf;Hk;rI? qGJaqmifrIrsm;
jzpf a eMuonf /
uJ h o d k Y jzpf & jcif ; \ taMumif ; &if ; rS m ]]t&d,mwdkYudk
zl;jrifavh r&SdaomaMumifh? t&d,mw&m; ruRrf;usif aomaMumifh?
t&d,mw&m;
r,Ofaus;aomaMumihf?
olawmfaumif;wdkYudk
zl;jrifavhr&SdaomaMumifh? olawmfaumif;w&m; ruRrf;usifaomaMumifh?
olawmfaumif;w&m; r,Ofaus;aomaMumifh? tMum;tjrifr &Sdaom
aMumifh}}1 jzpfonf/
,ckusrf;pmtkyfi,fonf
t&d,mw&m;
olawmfaumif;
w&m;
trSefwu,f
vdkvm;aom
a,m*DwdkUtwGuf t&d,m olawmfaumif; jzpfapaMumif;w&m;
(t&d,"r) rsm;rS odoifh odxdkufaom tcsufrsm;udk
vdk&if;tESpfcsKyfum a&;om; wifjy xm;jcif; jzpfonf/
aomwmywdr*ful;onftxd
tus,fw0ifh
odvdkygu
pma&;ol
a&;om;xm;aom
aomwmywdr*fIzG,f
usrf;pmtkyfudk 0,f,l zwfIEdkifygonf/ vufawGU
usifhBuH tm;xkwfvdkyguvnf; tajccH (9)&ufpcef;
usifhpOftwGuf
&nf&G,f
a&;om;xm;aom
]](9)&ufpcef;edAmefvrf;}}
usifhpOf
pmtkyfESifh
vufawGUusifhpOf IuGuf "mwfjym;udk 0,f,l rdrdtdrf
usifhBuHtm;xkwfEdkifygonf/
1
Oy&dyPmoygVdawmf jrefrmjyef? 0db*F0*f? ba'u&wokwf-275

ESm-230
a,m*DtajccHodrSwfzG,f
1/ t"dym,fzGifhqdkcsuftajccHodrSwfzG,f
oDv
w&m;tm;xkwfaoma,m*Donf
w&m;usifh&m
tajccH oDvudk od&rnf/ oDv [lonf um,uH
tukodkvf?
0pDuH
tukodkvf?
raemuHtukodkvfwdkY
rjzpfatmif apmifhxdef;jcif;yif jzpfonf/
&[ef;a,m*D onf
pmwkyg&dok'doDv
pifMu,f&rnf/ ,if;rSm--(1) ygwdarmuoH0 &oDv
(tusOf; tm;jzifh
227
oG,fa om odumyk'f vHkNcHKjcif;)
(2) yp , oEd d w oD v (qG r f ; ? ouF e f ; ? ausmif ; ?
aq; ypnf;av;yg; qifjcifoHk;pGJjcif;)
(3) tmZD0yg&dok'doDv (pifMu,faom toufarG;rI&Sdjcif;)
(4) Èd,oH0&oDv
('Gg&ajcmufyg;wdkYrS
udavom
r0ifatmif apmifhxdef;jcif;)
paom oDvav;rsdK;wdkYESifh jynfhpHkjcif;jzpfonf/
vla,m*DwdkUonf tmZD0|ruoDv (toufowfjcif;?
ypnf;cdk;,ljcif;?
umrydkifvGefusL;jcif;?
vdrfvnf
ajymqdkjcif;?
acsmypf
ukef;wdkufjcif;?
Murf;wrf;pGm
qJa&;jcif;? odrfzsif;aom pum; ajymqdkjcif;? rSm;aom
toufarG;jcif;wdkYrS a&SmifMuOfjcif;) ESifh Èd,oH0&oDvwdkY
jynfhpHk&rnf/
0dyemusifhpOf\ tajccH y"metcsufonf jyqdk
cJhaom oDvaqmufwnfjcif;yifjzpfonf/
xdkUaMumifh w&m;&vdkaom a,m*Donf qdkif&moDv

jynfhpHk
pifMu,fap&rnf
jzpfonf/
oDv
pifMu,fjcif;onf
oDv0dok' d
rnf\/
xdkYtwl
w&m;usifhqJ
raemuHoDvudk
xdef;odrf;jcif;onf
w&m;usihfonfrnf\ (oDvr*ifoHk;yg;)/ tI Pf
tuk o d k v f apwod u f (14)vH k ; (0g) (1500)
udavomwdkY
y,fcGmrI\
oefY&Sif;jcif;onf
Èdd,oH0&oDv\ pifMu,fjcif; (oDv0dok'd ) rnf\/
ygwdarmuoH0&oDv \ pifMu,fjcif;rQjzifh 0dyemPf
ESifh
r*fPfudk
wdkufdkuf
tusKd;ray;Edkif/
taxmuftyHhom jzpfaponf/
orm"d
pd w f
(o[d w f r aem0d n mPf ) onf
qd k i f & m
tmHk ajzmif h r S e f p G m wnf a erI u d k orm"d [ k ac:onf /
orx tm;xkwfrnfhpdwfonf if;\ rSD&m uodkPf;tmHk
ajzmifhrSefpGm
tquf r jywf
wnf a ejcif ; ud k
orx,med u
orm"d [ k
ac:onf/
0dyem
Ijrifaeaom
tIPfonf
kyfemrfwdkU\
jzpfwdkif;
ajymif;wdkif;tay: tpOf wajzmifhwnf; wnfaejcif; onf
0dyemorm"d[kac:onf/
psmef
psmef [lo nf tmHk pl; pl ; pdk u fp d ku f Ia ejcif;
(0g) qefUusifbuf w&m;rsm;tm; avmif NrdKufaejcif;udk
ac:onf/ pdwfonf if;\ rSD&m kyfemrf tmHkwdkY tay:

tedp 'ku tew [laom vuPma&; oHk;yg;jzifh
pl;pl;pdkufpdkuf Ivsuf ud a vomwd k Y ud k w'*F 0d u r e
tm;jzif h avmif N rd K uf y,fowfjcif;onf vuPlyedZmef
rnf\/ uodkPf;tmHk pl;pl;pdkufpdkuf Iaejcif;onf
tm&rPlyedZmefjzpf\/ psmeft*Fg {u*wm [laom
orm"dapwoduf
yg0ifaeonf/
xdkUaMumifh
psmefudk
orm"dvkyfief; [k ac:qdkEdkifonf/ oDvr*if orm"d
r*ifxdkufaom tusifh[k ac:qdkEdkifonf/ pwkwpsmef
orm"dudk ormorm"d[kac:onf/
orx
orx[lonf
pdwf(o[dwfraem0dnmPf)udk
udavom wdkY\ ESdyfpufavmifNrdKufrIrS Nidrf;at;apjcif;
jzpfonf/* uodkPf; ynwftmHkudk rSD wnfaomorxESifh
y&rwfkyfemrf tmHkudk rSD wnfa om orx[l ESp fr sKd;
&Sdo nf/
uodk Pf; ynwf
tmHkonf
pdw fud k
Nidr f; at;apouJho dkY
0dy em\
tmHk
jzpfaom
kyfemrfwdkYonfvnf; pdwfudk Nidrf;at;aponf/
0dyem
0dyem [lonf r&Sdynwf trsKd;rsKd;udk y,fcGm
t&Sd y&rwf kyfemrf (um, a0'em pdw "r ) wdkY\
*
tmHk\tpGrf;jzifh udavomtylNidrf;ae at;csrf;aeaom pdwf[lvdk
oabm oufoufudk tedp 'ku tewvuPma&;

oHk;csufwifum Pftjrifjzifh Ijcif;udk ac:onf/
bm0em
bm0em
[lonf
Budrfzefrsm;pGm
yGm;rsm;jcif;
jzpfonf/ xdkbm0emonf orxbm0em? 0dyembm0em
[l ESpfrsKd; &Sdonf/ orxbm0em[lonf uodkPf; paom
ynwftmHkudk tajccH psmef tqifhqifh NrJatmif
yGm;rsm;jcif; jzpfonf/ wenf; tm;jzif hq dka omf pd wf udk
uod k P f; tmHk NrJa tmif yGm;aejcif; jzpfonf/ 0dyem
bm0em [lonf r*if&Spfyg;jzifh y&rwfkyfemrfwdkY\
oabmtay: tedp 0dyemPfudk yGm;rsm; edp
(NrJjcif;) tpGJudk pGefYaejcif;? 'ku0dyemPf yGm ;rsm;
ok c (csrf; omjcif; ) tpGJ ud k pG e fY a ejcif ; ? tew
0dyemPf yGm;rsm; tw(ig)tpGJudk pGefYaejcif;? tokb
vuPmudk
yGm;
okb(om,mzG,f&m)
tpGJudk
pGefYaejcif;onf bm0emrnf\/
ur|mef;
ur|mef;
[lonf
pdwfpkpnf;&m
ae&mudk
ac:onf/ (ur=tvkyf Xme=wnf&m) wenf;tm;jzifh
qdkaomf psmef r*f zdkvf &aMumif; usifh&rnfha e&m
(I&mtmHk) jzpfonf/ psmef &aMumif ; usif h & rnf h
t&mXme
wd k Y onf
ur | mef ; (40)yif
jzpfonf/
r*fzdkvf&aMumif; usifh&rnfh t&mXmewdkYonf um, a0'em

pdw "r [l (4)Xme &Sdonf/
i,fxdyf
pdwfwnf&mxm;jcif;?
avESifh
ESmoD;0xdcsuf
pdwfwnf&m
xm;jcif; ?
Adkuf\
azmif;&mydef&m
pdwfwnf&m
xm;jcif;?
a&SUpdwfudkaemufpdwfjzifh
Ivsuf
pdwfwnf&mxm;jcif;?
(32)aum|moedr d wf
pdwf w nf& mxm;jcif; ?
"mwfa v;yg;
pdwfwnf&mxm;jcif;
ponfjzifh
rdrdESpfouf&mae&m(ur|mef;)
pdwfpkpnf;
orm"dxlaxmifEdkifonf/
Adkvfig;yg; (0g) tm;ig;yg;
o'gAdkvf=,HkMunfrItm;BuD;jcif;
bk&m;? w&m;? oHCm? tusifhodum? uH uH\
tusdK; ay: ,HkMunfrItm;BuD;jcif;/
jrwfpGmbk&m;vufxufawmfu "emeDykaP;rBuD;onf
ajcacsmfvufacsmf wpfckck jzpfwdkif; vuftkyfcsDvsuf
]]earm Ak'}}[k jrwfpGmbk&m;udktmHkjyK &Sdcdk;avh&Sdonf/
bmomjcm;
cif y G e f ; onf
yk P m ;BuD ; u
ol U q&m
bmomjcm; jA[ P q&mrsm;tm; qGr f; yifh a uR;onf h
&ufw Gi f yka P; rBuD; tm; Ak' jrwfp Gm udk toHx Gu f
&Sdc d k; jcif;
rjyK&ef
wm;jrpf onf/
yk a P ; rBuD ; u
vuf r cH E d k i f o jzif h tBud r f B ud r f awmif ; yef aomfv nf;
r&onfht qHk; oHv suf" m;udk udki fv suf xdkA k' jrwfpGmudk
10
toHxGuf &Sdcdk;vQif "m;jzifh tydkif;ydkif; ckwfrnf[k

Ncd r f ; ajcmuf o nf /
aemuf w pf a eY
yk P m ;BuD ; \
q&mrsm;
vmonfhtcg ykaP;rBuD;onf ajcacsmf
emusifoGm;aomtcg
vuftkyfcsDvsuf
]]earmAk'}}[k
jrwfpGmbk&m;udk
tmHkjyK
&Sdcdk;vdkufonf/
uJhodkY
bk&m;&Sif rwkefrvIyf toufpGefY MunfndKaom o'grsdK ;
&Sd& rnf/ w&m;ay:vnf; uJhodkY toufESifh vJEdkifaom
o'gAdkvfrsdK;&SdolwdkYtwGuf w&m;xdkifvQif jzpfay:vmaom
'kua0'emonf pmrzGJUavmufyg/
0D&d,Adkvf=vHkYvjyKrItm;BuD;jcif;/
oDvt&m?
orx
0dyem
bm0emwdkY
rqkwfrwGefY raMumuf &GHU aom 0D & d , ? cE m ES ifh touf
riJh u G u f y J
tm;xkwfaom
0D&d,wdkY
tm;BuD;rIjzifh
jynfhpHk&rnf/ uJhodkY r[k w f y J rd r d usif h p Of
Mumw,f ? Murf ; w,f ? emw,f ? aMumufw,f? ysif;p&m
aumif;w,f [l nnf;nL aps;qpf aejcif;onf 0D&D,
tm;xkwfrI enf;yg;jcif;aMumifh jzpfonf/ MumMumxdkifwm
w&m;r[kwfbl;[l TefMum; ajymqdkjcif;onf 0D & d ,
tm;enf ; aom yk * d K vf \ T e f M um;csuf jzpf o nf /
0D & d , Adk vf \ oabmobm0udk atmuf y g bk & m;a[m
a'oemwGif awGUjrifEdkifonf/
&[ef;wdkY
igonf
odkY
y#dporkyg'fw&m;udk
aumif ; pG m
a[mtyf
ay:vG i f a ptyf
zG i f h v S p f t yf
tpk w f t jywf

tcsKyf t zm
r&S d a om
yk q d k ; opf u J h o d k Y
a0zeftyfonf
&Sdaomf
o'gw&m;jzifh
&[ef;jyKaom trsdK;aumif;om;onf ta& taMum
tdk;om<uif; udk,f tom; taoG; ukefcef;
ajcmufaoGUapOD;awmh?
a,musfm;wdkYtm;tpGrf;
a,musfm;wdkY\vHkYv a,musfm; wdkY\ tm;xkwfrIjzifh
a&muftyfaom
t&[wzdkvfodkY
ra&muf r l
vHk Y v\ &yf w H h j cif ; rjzpf t H h [ k tm;xkwfjcif;iSm
oifhvQifomwnf;/2
owdAdkvf=owdxm;rItm;BuD;jcif;
&[ef ; wd k Y
Oyrmaomf u m;
]]aumif ; jcif ;
jynf h < u,f
wd k i f ; BuD ; r,f
aumif ; jcif ; jynf h < u,f
wd k i f ; BuD ; r,f } }
[k
(ajymMuum)
rsm;pG m aom
vltaygif;onf
pka0;&m\?
xdkaumif;jcif;jynfh<u,f
wdkif;BuD;r,fonf uonf &Sdaomf aumif;jrwfaom
ud k , f [ ef trl t &m &Sd & m\? oD q d k o nf &S d a omf
aumif ; jrwf a om oH a eoH x m; trl t &m&S d & m\?
&[ef;wdkY
]]aumif;jcif;jynfh<u,f
wdkif;BuD;r,fonf u\ oDqdk\}}[k rsm;pGmaom
vltaygif;onf twdkif; xuftvGef pka0;&m\/
xdktcg
touf&Sifvdkaom
raovd k a om
csrf ; omvd k a om qif ; &J j cif ; ud k pufqky faom
2
ed'ge0*oH,kwfygVdawmf jrefrmjyef? ed'geoH,kwf? 'oAv0*f?

'kwd,'oAvokwf-22 ESm-267
11
12

a,musfm;onf
vm&m\
xdkoltm;
]]tarmifa,musfm; tem;ESifhtnD jynfhaeaom
qD c G u f u d k yG J o bif B uD ; ES i f h aumif ; jcif ; jynf h < u,f
wdkif;BuD;r,f\
tMum;odkY
aqmif,loGm;tyf\?
xdkqDukd tenf;i,frQ usaom t&yfyif oif\
OD;acgif;udk jzwftHh}} [k (ajymum) oefvQuf
rdk;aeaom a,musfm; onfvnf; oif\ aemufrS
tpOf
vdkufvwHU[k
odkY
ajymqd k & m\/
&[ef ; wd k Y
xd k t &mud k
tb,f o d k Y
rSwfxifukefoenf;? pifppftm;jzifh xdka,musfm;onf
xd k q D c G u f u d k
ES v H k ; roG i f ; rl
jyif y tm Hk
aMumif h
arhavsmhum
aqmif,l&moavm?
toQifbk&m; odkY rjzpfEdkifyg/
&[ef;wdkY teufudk odapjcif;iSg Oyrmudk
igjyK\?
qdkvwHUonfum;
t&m
teufaywnf;?
&[ef;wdkY
]]tem;ESifhtnD
jynfhaeaom
qDcGuf}}[laom
trnfonf
um,*wmowd\
trnfwnf;/
&[ef;wdkY
xd k Y aMumif h
omoemawmf
od k Y
usif h & rnf
]]igwdkYonf
um,*wmowdudk
yGm;rsm;tyf Budrfzef rsm;pGm jyKvkyftyf ,mOfuJhodkY
jyKtyf wnf&mouJhodkY jyKtyf tzefzef wnfaptyf
tzefzef
avhusuftyf
aumif;pGm
tm;xkwftyfonf
jzpfvwHU}}?
&[ef;wdkY
odkYvQif oifwdkY usifh&rnf[k (rdefYawmfrl\)/3
r[m0*oH,kwfygVdawmf jrefrmjyef? owdy|meoH,kwf? emvE0*f?

Zey'uvsmPDokwf-386 ESm-153
13
txufyg a'oemawmfwGif ]]tem;ESifhtnD jynfhaeaom

qDcGuf}}udk
o,faom
a,musfm;onf
owdwpfcsuf
vGwfonfESifh qDzdwfpifoGm;um toufqHk;yg;oGm;Edkifonf/
xdkuJhodkY owdudk wpf c suf r Q rvpf & atmif touf E S i f h
&if ;
xm;&aom
owd xm;jcif; rsdK ;onf
w&m;
tm;xk wf& m
tvdk &Sdt yfa om
tm;BuD;aom
owd(owdAdkvf)jzpfonf/
orm"dAdkvf=orx? 0dyemtmHk wnfNidrfaompdwf
w&m;awGUvdkaom
a,m*Donf
qdkif&m
ur|mef;tmHk cdkifNrJaom orm"d \ tm;BuD;rI &Sd&rnf/
w&m; usifhaepOf &d,mykxfudk wvIyfvIyf w&G&GESifh
rwnfrNidrf
jzpfaejcif;onf
pdwfrwnfNidrfojzifh
kyfrwnfNidrfaejcif; jzpfonf/ yXrpsmef orm"dqdkufaom
a,m*Donf (10)em&DMumrQ usifhaepOf rSuf jcif ,if
udkufaeaomfvnf;
wqHcsnfrQifpmrQyif
rvIyfawmhyg/
0dy emPf
qd ku f NyD
qd kv Qif
onfh xuf y d k
wnf Nidr fr nf
jzpfo nf/
um,da È
ysufa eaom
a,m*Do nf
yXrpsmef
t&mvnf;rqdkuf?
0dyemPfESifhvnf; rudkufnDay/
ynmAdkvf=tjym;tm;jzifh oabmobm0trSefudk odjcif;
w&m;usifhaom a,m*Donf w&m;usifh&m bk&m;&Sif
tvdkawmfus
enf;rSefvrf;rSefjzifh
usifhBuHxm;aom
q&morm; xH vdktyfonfh t&d,mjzpfaMumif;w&m;ESifh
14
ywfoufaom
ynmA[kokwrsm;
em,lrSwfom;jcif;
jynfhpHk&rnf/
ESHjynfpkwfiSufi,fonf EG,fESifh csnfaESmifcHxm;&vQif
vGwfajrmufatmif kef;rxGufEdkif/ xdkEG,fjzifh qifajymifBuD;udk
wkyfaESmifxm;vQif
qifajymifBuD;onf
wkyfaESmif
xm;onf[kyif rrS w f , l / xd k Y twl o' g ? 0D & d ,
paom
tm;ig;yg;
enf;vGef;aomyk*dKvfrsm;twGuf
rvIyfrjyifyJ wpfem&Dxdkifjcif;\ 'kuonf rcHpm;EdkifzG,f&m
jzpfonf/ qifajymifBuD;ozG,f o'g? 0D&d, paom
tm;ig;yg;
BuD;rm;aomolwdkYtwGuf
wpfem&Dru
(10)em&DM umrQ
rvIy f r jyify J
xdki f& jcif; onf
qif; &J ' k u[ k rSwf,lp&m r&Sdyg/
w&m;usifhaom
a,m*Donf
b0rsm;pGm
aojcif;qif;&J? &Snfvsm;pGm cHpm;&aom tyg,fab;qif;&Judk
trSefwu,fom aMumufrnf qdkvQif tm;xm;&mjzpfaom
bk&m;\ tqHk;trudk cE m ES i f h touf riJh u G u f y J
vk d u f e monf /
w&m;awmf
w&m;usifhonfhtcg
onfw&m;rS r&vQif ig\ tm;udk;&mrJhNyD jzpfojzifh o'g?
0D&d,? owd paom tm;ig;yg; vufudkif xm;vsuf
w&m;r&rcsif;
rxawmhbl;[l
cdkifrmjywfom;aom
qHk;jzwfcsufrsm; arG;jrLvmrnfjzpfonf/
w&m;usif h a om a,m*D w d k Y tm; wpf e m&D r QtwG i f ;
cEmtdrfudk vIyfvdku vIyf? jyifvdku jyif? idkufvdku
idkufEdkif&ef
cGifhjyKxm;Mujcif;onf
tm;ig;yg;
,kwfavsmhaeaom q&mwdkYu wynfh w d k Y tm; tm;ig;yg;
15
,k w f a vsmh a eaom
tusif h r sm;?
tm;ig;yg;
,kwfavsmhaeaom TefMum;csufrsm; ay;aejcif; jzpfonf/
onfxufqdk;onfrSm
aomwmyefjzpfzdkYta&;?
w&m;
xdkifusifhp&mrvdk?
w&m;emHkESifh
NyD;onf
[l
enf;ay;TefMum; aeMujcif; jzpfonf/
orx,meduusihfpOf\t"dym,f
orx,medu[lonf pdwfudk edrdwf trSDjyKvsuf
psmef t *F gwd kY jzifh wPSm ESi f h eD 0 &Pw&m;rsm;udk w'*F
0du r e tm;jzifh oG,f 0 dk uf y,f c Gm NyD; Oayu m {u* wm
orm"dodkY a&mufNyD;rS tIcH y&rwf kyfemrfw&m;rsm;udk
Iaomenf; jzpfonf/
orx,meduusifhpOfjzifh tm;xkwfaom a,m*Donf
a&S ; OD ; pG m
yXrpsmef
&&Sd a tmif
tm;xk w f N yD ;
,if ; yXrpsmef
orm"d u d k
cd k i f c H h a tmif
0oD a bmf
ig;wef j zif h
quf v uf
yGm;rsm;&rnf
jzpfonf/
yGm;rsm;&onfh
taMumif;rSm
pdwfonf
txufyg
eD0&PtnpftaMu;wdkYrSvGwfrI
cdkifNrJap&efjzpfonf/
xdktajccH
orm"d
cdkifNrJrSomvQif
usefaeao;aom
psmeftmHk ESp f ouf uyfN ida om eED& m*udk tqifh qif h
y,fc Gm Ed k i f r nf
jzpfonf/
yXrpsmef
usifh&jcif; \
taMumif;&if;onf cEm\ "mwfav;yg;azmufjyefrIaMumifh
cHpm;aom'kua0'emrS wEHkUEHkU qif ; &J a om a'gre ES i f h
ouf o mvd k cE m ud k , f u d k jyKjyifvdkaom tbdZmrS
16
vGwfajrmufatmif
qdkif&m
uodkPf;
tmHk
psmeft*Fgig;yg;ESifh pdwfudk odrf;qnf;jcif; jzpfonf/
yXrpsmeform"d
cdkifcHhoGm;NyD
jzpfojzifh
pdwfukd
uodkPf;edrdwf wif a y;aom 0d w uf ES i f h xd k e d r d w f r S
uG m roG m ;atmif
oHk;oyfaom
0dpm&[laom
psmeft*FgESpfyg;udk pGefYvTwfNyD;om; jzpfoGm;onf/ xdkYa Mumifh
0dwuf? 0dpm& ESi fh ,SO faompdwf csKyfj yefonf/
xdk' kwd,psmefudkvnf; cdkifNrJatmif 0oDabmf ig;wefjzifh
qufvuf
yGm;rsm;&rnf
jzpfonf/
'kwd,psmefrS
yDwdonfvnf;
eED&m*ESifh
,SOfaeojzifh
pdwfrpifMu,fao;yg/ xdkYaMumifh 'kwd,psmef\ t*Fgjzpfaom
yDwdudk pGefYvTwf&onf/ xdk t cg yD wdE Si f h ,SO fa ompdw f
csKyf jyefonf/ wwd, psmef orm"dodkY a&muf&SdNyD jzpfonf/
if;psmefudkvnf;
cdkifNrJatmif
0oDabmfig;wefjzifh
qufvufyGm;rsm;&rnfjzpfonf/
xdkwwd,
psmeform"d
cdkifcHhoGm;aomtcg wwd,psmefrS okcpsmeft*Fg onfvnf;
eED&m*ESifh ruif;ojzifh xyfrH pGefYvTwfvdkuf&rnf/ xdktcg
okcESifh ,SOfaompdwf csKyfonf/ pwkwpsmefwnf;
[laom
orm"daÈ odkY
a&muf &SdNyDjzpfonf/
xdkpsmefpdwfonf ok c a0'emES i f h 'k u a 0'emrS cG m NyD ;
jzpf o G m ;onf ( a0'eH 0duarwGm)/ tbdZm ESifh a'gre
pdwf
(0dure y[mef
tm;jzif h )
r,S O f o jzif h
Oayu m aMumih f xuf 0 ef ; usif pifMu,faom owdESifh
wnfaeonf/
'kudaÈ?
a'gredaÈ?
ok c d a È ?
aomred a È w d k Y
csKyf N yD
jzpf
Oayu d a È
17
pdwfwnfaeNyD
jzpfonf/
pwkwpsmef
ra&mufrD
txufazmfjyyg y,fcGmcJhrIwdkYonf 0dyemPfudk ydwfqdkY
wm;qD;wwfaom w&m;rsm;jzpfonf/
0dyem,meduusihfpOf\t"dym,f
0dyem,meduqdkonfrSm pdwfonf edrdwfcsKyf&m
(tedr dw ) ud k tmHkjyKvsuf opm av;csuf wNydK ife uf
yg0ifa om avmuDy kA bm*r*fjzifh wPSm ESi f h eD0 &P
w&m;rsm;udk w'*F 0dure wdkufdkuf y,fcGmNyD; Oayum
{u* wmorm"d odkY a&mufN yD; rS tIc Hy &rwf ky fe mrf
w&m;rsm;udk Iaomenf; jzpfonf/
0dyemusifhpOf\ tajccHoabmw&m;onf Oayum
{u* wmorm"d
(orm orm"d)
a&mufa tmif
edr d wfc sKyf & m
(tedrdwapawmorm"d)
tmHkjyKvsuf
tbdZmESifh a'greudk w'*F 0dure y,fcGm
usifhaomenf; jzpfonf/ tajccH um,du'kua0'emrS
a'goudk jzpfaponfh wPSmudk ydkif;jcm; jrif N yD; w'*F
0du r e orka p' tm;jzifh y,f owf vsuf (32)aum|mo?
"mwfa v;yg; paom avmuD c Em wd kY ud k Iaomenf;
jzpfonf/
"mwfav;yg;
azmufjyefrI
um,du'kuudk
cHpm;aom 'kua0'em(emrf)ESifh ,SOfzufpdwf rD;ESifh wlonfh
'd|dESifh
a'goapwodufwdkYtm;
wPSmonf
qufpyfavmifNrdKuf ap\ ('kua0'em yp,m wPSm)/ xdktcg
pdwf a'gorD; awmufavmifojzifh 0dyem rIyGm;Edkifyg/
18
,if;tusdK;w&m;
a'goudk
csKyfNidrf;ap&ef
taMumif;w&m;jzpfaom
'kua0'emrS
wPSmudk
avmuDykAbm*r*fjzifh w'*F 0dure orkap'y[mef tm;jzifh
wdkufdkufy,fowfvsuf
pdwfpifMu,foGm;um
tIcH
kyfemrfrsm;udk Iaomenf;jzpfonf/
w&m;usifhaoma,m*DwdkYonf
rdrdusifhpOf
(odkY)
rdrdq&m
jyaomusifhpOfonf
orx,meduvm;?
0dyem,meduvm;
[l
uGJjym;pGm
od&rnf/
orx,meduESifh 0dyem,medu wd k Y ud k cG J j cm; rod y J
a&maxG ; aeygu w&m;usih f p Of raygufajrmufawmhay/
www
2/ 0dyemusifhpOftp a&G;cs,fpdppfyHk tajccHodrSwfzG,f

1/
2/
3/
4/
5/
6/
7/
8/
9/
*
tmoD0daomyrokwefjzifh pdppfyHk
a>rBuD;av;aumif
[lonf
"mwfBuD;av;yg;jzifh
zGJUpnf;xm; aom lyum,udk ac:onf/*
tqdy fa v;rsKd;
[l onf
xdk " mwfa v;yg;wdkY
jyif; xefp Gm azmufjyef azmfjyvmrIudk ac:onf/
wpfaumifaom
a>rudkufjcif;\
oabmudk
azmfjyjcif;onf
"mwfwpfyg;yg;\
jyif;xefyHkudk
azmfjyjcif; jzpfonf/
axmifusom;[lonf w&m;Iol\ pdwfudkac:onf/
axmif[lonf b0oHk;yg;udk ac:onf/
tjypfusL;vGefjcif;onf
uHoHk;rsKd;
jyKxm;jcif;udk
ac:onf/
xdka>rav;aumifudk wG,fwmESpfoufaejcif;udk azmfjyjcif;
onf w&m;Iol\ pdwf oum,(kyf) tay:wGif
wPSm rme 'd|d jzpfaejcif;udk ac:onf/
rdwfaqGaumif;[lonf jrwfpGmbk&m;ESifh ur|mef;jyq&m
paom olawmfaumif;wdkYudk ac:onf/
a>rav;aumif
vdkufjcif;onf
"mwfBuD;av;yg;
jyif;xefpGm azmufjyefvmjcif; jzpfonf/
blwkyfav;yg; t&Sdoabmoufoufudk azmfjyjcif; jzpfonf/

umr ly tly
tukodkvfûkodkvf um,uH 0pDuH raemuH
20
10/a>rBuD;av;aumif
ab;rS
ajy;jcif;onf
"mwfBuD;av;yg; jyif;xefpGm azmuf jyefEdSyfpufrIwdkYrS
pdwfudk
vGwfatmif
qdkif&mur|mef;tmHkodkY
ydkYaqmifjcif;ESifh wlonf/
11/ a>rBuD;av;aumif
ab;rS
vGwf&m[lonf
"mwfBuD;av;yg;
ES d y f p uf r I r S
vG w f & m
qd k i f & mur | mef ; wnf a eaom orm"dudkac:onf/
12/ ajy;&mvrf; aMumif; onf orx,med u ES i fh 0d y em
,medu usifhpOfudk qdkvdkonf/
13/a>rBuD; av;aumif
tE& m,fr S
vGw fjcif; onf
"mwf BuD; av;yg; azmufjyefrI um,du 'kua0'emudk
taMumif;cH jzpfaom 0Dwdurudavom (avmb?
a'go?
arm[)wdkU
w'*F
0durey[meftm;jzifh
vGwfajrmufjcif;jzpfonf/
okweft&
w&m;usifholwdkif;
lyum,
"mwfav;yg; ygvmNyD; jzpfojzifh av;yg;aom rnfonfh
&d,mykxfrqdk a>rav;aumif E S i f h w l a om "mwf a v;yg;
tqd y f w uf o vd k azmuf jyefa ernf jzpf onf/ 'ku E S i f h
pwifa wGU BuHK &rnf jzpfonf/ xdk ' ku u dk cHp m;aom
a0'emaMumifh
qif; &J r I
jzpf vmrnf/
xdk qif; &Jr S
vGw fa tmif
orx,meduenf; jzif h
jzpfap?
0dyem,meduenf;jzifhjzpfap?
w[kefxdk;
vGwfatmif
ajy;&rnf[k a[mMum;xm;onf/
xdkUaMumifh
w&m;usifhpOftponf
um,du
21
'kua0'emrS ausmfvGefaMumif; tusifhyif jzpfonf/

0rduokwefjzifhpdppfyHk
&[ef ; ]]wH c g;usnf ; rif ; wk y f } } [l a om
trnfonf rodrI]t0dZm}\ trnfwnf;/
wHcg;usnf;
rif;wkyfudk
z,fypfavmh?
rodrI
]t0dZm}udk y,fpGefYavmh? ynm&S d "m;vuf e uf u d k
,l
tqif h q if h w l ; avmh
[l a om
0gusonf y if
jyem\
teuf
t"dym,fwnf;/ (8)
&[ef ; ]]zm;}} [l a om trnf o nf
tm;BuD;aom trsufxGufjcif;\ trnfwnf;/ zm;udk
z,f y pf a vmh ? tm;BuD ; aom trsuf x G u f j cif ; ud k
y,fpGefYavmh?
ynm&Sd
"m;vufeufudk
,l
tqifhqifh wl ; avmh [l a om 0gusonf y if
jyem\ teuft"dym,fwnf;/
&[ef ;
]]vrf;ESp fc G }}
[l a om
trnf o nf
awG; awm,H kr S m;jcif ; \
trnf w nf; /
vrf;ESp fc Gu dk
z,fy pf a vmh?
awG; awm,H kr S m;jcif ; udk y,fp Ge fY avmh ?
ynm&Sd
"m;vuf e uf u d k
,l
tqif h q if h w l ; avmh
[l a om 0gusonf y if jyem\ teuf
t"dym,fwnf;/ (10)
okweft&
w&m;pusifhaom
a,m*Donf
awmifydkUESifh wlaom "mwfav;yg; azmufjyefrIaMumifhjzpfaom
'kua0'emrS tm;BuD; aom trsufxG uf jcif; (a'go) udk
22
y,fo wf onfh
jzpfonf/
tvkyfonf
usifhpOf\
yxrvkyfief;
r[mowdy|meokwefjzifh oHk;oyfjcif;
]]avmau-a0'Ekyg'geuEm[laomavmu/
tbd Z ma'greH - a0'emud k wyfa omtm;jzifh
a&S;IBuHjcif;[laom avmb? a&S;IBuHwdkif; r&jcif;
aMumifh ESvHk;rom,mjcif;[laom a'greudk/
0dae,s-w'*F 0duretm;jzifh azsmuf/}}4
tcsufudk &nfTef; t|muxm tzGifh ]]a0'eH

5
0duarwGm 0dyeH 0aaEm}} [k t|muxmq&m rdefYqdkonf/
a0'emcGmonf
[lonfrSm
'kua0'emudk
ESvHk;roGif;jcif; jzifh
y,fazsmufjcif;
( 'kua0'eH
treoduma&e 0daema'wGm) yif jzpfonf[k #Dumq&mu
xyf rdefYqdkjyefonf/6 "mwfav;yg; azmufjyefr Iudk
tmHkjyefr jyKjcif;
(0g)
ESvHk;roGif;jcif;onf
"mwfBuD;av;yg;azmufjyefrIrS
vGwf&modkY
w&Sdefxdk;
ajy;jcif;udk
qdkvdkonf/
&d,mykxfudk
jyifay;jcif;
r[kwfyg/ ,if;uJhodkU jyKjcif;onfyifvQif w&m;usihfpOf\
tpjzpfonf/
4
r[mowdy|meokwf ed,? q&mawmfOD;Ak"frl? ESm-44

'DCedum,f? r[m0*ygVdawmft|uxm? r[mowdy|meokwftzGifh?
twGJ-2? ESm-340
6
r[m0*#Dum 'k-wGJ? ESm-283
5
23
psmefav;yg;jzifh oHk;oyfjcif;
&[ef ; wk d Y omoemawmf &[ef ; onf
umrwdkYrS
qdwfomvQif
tukodkvfw&m;wYdkrS
qdwf omvQif BuHpnfrI ]0dwwf}ESihfwuGjzpfaom
oHk;oyfrI ]0dp m&}ESi hfwuG jzpfaom eD0&P
qdwfjcif;aMumihf jzpfaom ESpfodrfhjcif; ]yDwd}
csrf;omjcif;
]okc}
&Sdaom
yXrpsmefodkY
a&muf&Sdae\? jzpfay:vmaom 'kudaÈ onf
yXrpsmef
t<uif;rJhc sKyf \/
&[ef;wdkY
&[ef;udk
'kudaÈcsKyf&mudk
odNyD;ol
xdk'kudaÈcsKyf&m (yXrpsmef ) tusKd ; iS m pd w f u d k
uyf aqmif o l [ k qdktyf\/7
txufyg a'oemawmft& orx,medu \ yxr

usifhpOf jzpfaom yXrpsmef aqmufwnf&jcif; udponf
"mwf a v;yg; azmuf j yef r I 'k ud a È E S i f h ES v H k ; rom,mrI
a'gred a È w d k Y rS vG w f a jrmuf a tmif usif h a omtusif h
jzpf o nf r S m xif &S m ;aeonf / tmoD 0 d a omyrok w e f t &
"mwfav;yg; (a>rBuD;av;aumif)rS vGwfatmif ajy;xGufjcif;?
0rd uok we ft & zm;wnf; [la om a'goud k z,f &Sm ;jcif; ?
r[mowdy |meokwf t & tbd ZmESi fh a'greudk w'*F
0dure cGm&jcif;? orx,medut& 'kudaÈudk yXrpsmefjzifh
ausmfvTm;jcif;wdkYonf
vdk&if;tm;jzifh
wpfoabmwnf;jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh rnfonfh &d,mykxf?
7
r[m0*oH,kwfygVdawmf jrefrmjyef? Èd,oH,kwf? okcdÈd,0*f?

Oy#dyg#duokwf ESm-194
24
rnfonfh ae&mwGif jzpfap? rnfonfhenf; rnfonfhrljzifh

jzpfap usifhapumrl 0dyem ,medujzifh w&m;usifhrnf
qdkvQif tyg,fav;yg;odkY ydkYrnfh a'goESifh wPSmudk w'*F
0dure orkap' y[meftm;jzifh yxrqHk; y,faMumif;
tusihfonf w&m;pusifhol wdkY\ yxr usif h p Of o mvQif
jzpf o nf /
w&m;usif h a om
a,m*D o nf
rnfonfhenf;jzifhusifhusifh
rnfonfhq&mESifhusifhusifh
um,du 'kua0'ema'go vGwfajrmufatmif pdwfudk
rdrdur|mef;
tmHkodkU
ydkUaqmifaom
tusifhonf
w&m;usifhpOftp (odkU) w&m;pwif usifha om tvk y fy if
jzpf onf [k rS wf, l& rnf/ orx,medu usifh p Ofr S m vnf;
uJ ho dkY omvQif jzpf onf/ xdkYaMumifh 0dyemw&m;
usifhonfqdkonfrSm OD;wnfrd&m pdwful;rSef;&m? BuHqrd&m
usifhcsifovdk usifh r&aMumif;? tajym0dyemESifh
tusifh0dyem
uGmjcm;rI
&SdaMumif;
a,m*DwdkY
txl;owdjyKyg/
w&m;usifhaom a,m*DwdkYonf w&m;usifhpOf\
tp
"mwfa v;yg;azmufjyefr I
um,d u'ku u dk
rausmf vTm ;Edki fu ppfrSefaom tIcH kyfemrfw&m;rsm;udk
IjrifEdkifrnf r[kwfyg/ xd k Y aMumif h
'k u a 0'emud k
a&S m if v T J w&m;jyaomq&m? 'kua0'emudk t&if;wnf
w&m;usifhjcif;udk tjypfwifaom q&m? 'kua0'emudk
ausmfvTm;atmif
rjyEdkifaom
q&mwdkYonf
w&m;ppfw&m;rSefudk
jyoEdkifonfh
q&mr[kwfyg/
25
xdkq&mwdkYxH
wynfhcH
w&m;usifhBuHu
w&m;r&EdkifaMumif; a,m*DwdkY txl;owdjyKyg/
www
3/ 'd|dESifhwPSm pGJjcif;ESifhjzKwfjcif; tajccHodrSwfzG,f

'd|dwPSm jzpfyHk
'd| d[ la om tjrif r Sm ; t,lr Sm ;ES i fh tmHk udk
pGJv rf; wyf ES p f o uf a om wPS m wd k U onf arm[
OD ; aqmif a om
tukodkvfemrfw&m;rsm;
jzpfonf/
arm[OD;aqmifonfESifhtrQ
tw'd|d
(ig)
ygNyD;om;
jzpfaeonf/
igwnf;[laom
twonf
tmHk udk
wyfE Sp f ouf onf/
qefU usif bufjzpfv Qif
a'go
jzpfonf/ jynfhpHkvQifrmejzpfonf/
'd | d o nf
vl
wd & d p m ef
opf y if
a&ajr
awmawmif
paom
tmHkwd kU tay:
tjrifr Sm ;
t,lr Sm ;jcif; jzpfonf / vlt &Sdxif p GJ ojzifh a,muf sm;
rde f; r [la om tjrif t &Sdp G J jzpfay:vmonf/ a,mufsm;
rdef;rrS taz tar tudk tr om;orD; ta': OD; av;
tzdk; tzGm ; rd wfa qG oli ,fc sif; paom xyfqif h
tjrif r Sm ;vmonf/ xd k odkU yk* dK vf ow0 g t&SdpGJrIaMumifh
cspfjcif;ESifhwuG
oHa,mZOfrsm;
rkef;jcif;ESifhwuG
a'gow&m;rsm; NydKifqdkifaerI remvdkrIrsm; paom udavom
rsm; jzpfay:vmonf/ xdkenf;wlpGm wd&dpmefrsdK;pHk opfyifrsdK;pHk
ypn f; 0wK rsd K ;pH k wd kU tay:vnf; uda vomrsm; jzpfa y:
vmonf/ if;udavomrsm;onf tqif; toH teHU t&om
tawG U paom tmHk i g;yg; k y f w &m;rsm; tjrif r S m ;
t,lrSm;jcif;aMumifh xdktmHkay: wyfrufrIwPSm &,lrI uH?
27
xdkt mHkr sm;&Sd& m bHkX meudk awmifh wjcif; ESi h f xd kbH kX meodkU
a&mufaMumif;
jyKvkyfrI
yknmbdocFg&rsm;
jzpfay:vmonf/
xd k u mrtmHk r sm;
vd k c sif r I a Mumif h
avmb
a'go
paom
tukodkvfw&m;rsm;vnf;
jyKvkyfusL;vGefMuonf/ txufyg taMumif;w&m;rsm;tm;
w&m;udk,faumufaomf
trSefrodrI
arm[?
wyf r uf r I w PS m ?
igwnf ; [l a om
'd | d w d k U aMumif h
jzpfonf/ onfum; kyfudk taMumif;cH 'd|dwPSm
jzpfyHk tusOf;rQomjzpfonf/
um,mEkyemowdy|mefjzifh'd|djyKwfyHk
0d y em qd k o nf r S m Pf \ t&m jzpf o nf /
'd | d jyKwfvdkvQif 'd|dp GJ&m tmHk tjrifrSm;jcif;udk
tjrifrSe f ( 0g) 0dZmPfjzpfatmif jyefIjcif;yif jzpfonf/
rlvtajccHjzpfaom vl [ k pG J , l x m;rI ynwf t rS m ;pG J u d k
(32)aum|mo
cG J j cm;
I j rif v suf
tpm;xd k ;
ajymif ; od u m
y,f c G m vd k u f o nf /
(32)aum|mo
(Oyrm-tdk ; pk ) ynwf tmHk j yKEd k i f o jzih f a,musfm; rdef;r
ajc vuf udk,f acgif; ynwfcsKyfNidrf;onf/ ,SOfbuf'd|dpGJ
wPSmpGJrsm;
tMurf;pm;
uGmoGm;rnf/
tdk;pk[k
oda eao;vQif
orxtmHk
jzpf onf/
xdk orx
bm0emudk
pGJ NrJ a tmif
r&yfr em;
yGm ;&rnf/
tdk; pke dr dw f pdw fw nf oGm;ojzifh vlpGJ yk*dKvfpGJtrsdK;rsdK;
jyefrpGJawmhyg/ xdktdk;pk\ oabmudk 0d y emPf jzih f
oHk; oyfa omtcg 0dy em bm0em jzpfonf/ tdk;pk[k
28
odjrifaevQif umrwPSmvnf; rjzpfy g? a'govnf;

rjzpf y g? NydK ifq dki fvd kr I vnf; r&Sdy g? oHa,mZOfvnf;
rwG,fawmhyg? jrif&mtqif;ay: cHpm;aom a0'emrS
'd| dE Si f h wPSm rul; awmhy g/ xdk U aMumifh Oyg'gef
rpGJa wmhy g/
Oyg'gef
rpG Ja wmh vQif
b0csKyf
edA m ef0 ifr nf
jzpf onf/
wenf; tm;jzifh qdka omf
jrif jrif u mrQ &yf vsuf uda vomESi fh ,SO fa om pdwfr sm;
I q J
jzpf y suf qHk; onf/
a&SUudavomESifh
,SOfaompdwfudk
aemufpdwfjzifh
jzpfysuf[k
I v Qif
rqH k ; yg/ tusd K ;owf jzpf a omaMumif h jzpf o nf /
xdkoabmudk Oyrmaqmifjy&vQif--uwDygxkyf Oyrm
c&D;oGm;ol wpfa,mufonf c&D;oGm;aepOf a&SUrvSrf;
rurf ;
uw D y gxk y f w pf x k y f u d k
awG U vd k u f o nf
qd k y gpd k Y / 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om jzpfvsuf odkY qifjcifrd\/
uwDygESifh xk y f x m;ojzif h a&T aiG ausmuf o H y w j rm;
&Sd v d r f h r nf [ k aocsmayguf wG ufq um wyfr ufa om
wPSm jzpf vm\/
xdkYaMumifh cyfoGufoGuf avQmuf
uwDygxkyfudk ajzMunfh&m pu L pk w f r sm;ud k awG U &ojzif h
rvd k c sif rMunf h c sif a wmh y J vTifhypfvdkufonf/ xdkOyrmudk
qef;ppfMunfhvQif --1/ uwDygxkyf\jyifytmHkwnf;[laomtqif; oabmudkom
jrif twGif;oabmudk trSefrjrifjcif; (t0dZm)
29
2/ xkdt xky fxJwGi f

a&T
aiG
&Sdrnf[k
ESvHk;oGi f; rSm ;aompdwf ('d|d0dyvmo pdw0dyvmo
onm0dyvmo)
3/ uwDygESihfxkyfojzihf
a&TaiG&Sdrnf[k
pGJ,laompdwf
(Oyg'gef)
4/ zGifhMunfhvdkaom pdwfapwem (uH ocFg&)
5/ txkyf&Sd&modkY oGm;vdkaompdwfESifh oGm;jcif;(ur0#f)
6/ a&TaiGudkvdkcsifaompdwf (wPSm)
txuf y g
ocFg&?
wPSm ?
Oyg'gef ?
uHE S i fh ,SO fa om
udavompdwfwdkY
jzpf&jcif;onf
tusKd;w&m;
jzpf
uwDygxkyf\
twGif;oabmudk
trSefrodjcif; (t0dZm)onf taMumif;w&m; jzpfonf/
pdwfyif t0dZm ocFg& wPSm Oyg'gef uHjzpfonf/
,if; uda vomwd kY
csKyfvd kv Qif
xdk p dw f \
rS D& mtmHkjzpf a om uwDy gxky f \ t&Sdoabmudk zG i fh
Munfh& rnf/ puL pk wf wnf;[laom t&Sdypnf;rsm;udk
ydkif;jcm;odvdkufonf (ynmac: 0dZmESifh ,SOfaom pdwf
jzpfonf) ESifh wNydKifeuf rlvu &Sdaom txkyf\
twGif;oabmudk trSefrodonfhpdwf (t0dZm)? xdk txkyfudk
vdkcsifaompdwf(wPSm)?
xdktxkyftwGif;
a&TaiGrsm;
&Sdrnf[laompdwf(umrkyg'gef)rsm;
tvdkvdk
csKyfaysmuf
oGm;onf/
uw Dy gxky fu dk
ajzrMunfhr D
a&T
aiG
&dSr nf[ la om a&SU pd wf udk aemufp d wf jzif h jyef Iv Qif Iq J
30
a&SU pdwf w'*F csKyfrnf/ xdkuJhodkYcsKyfrIonf edAmefr[kwfyg/

IpdwfvGwfonfESifh a&S U uda vompd wfr sm;
jyefa y:rnf
jzpf onf/ a&SU uda vom pdw fr sm; jzpfc G i fhr &atmif
taMumif; jyK ydw fq dkU aejcif; ES i fh wlaeonf (Oap'tpGef;)/
xdkodkU
jzpfysufIrIonf
edAmefr0ifyg/
txuf y g
&S i f ; jycJ h o nf h t wd k i f ;
ud a vom
jzpf a Mumif ;
uw Dy gxky fu dk trSe f &Sdonf ht wdki f; trSe f oda tmif cGJj cm;
IMunfhrIonfom udavomcsKyfaMumif; enf;aumif;jzpfonf/
txufyg
OyrmuJhodkY
y&rwfkyfemrftpkudk
ajzrMunfh Edkifoa&GU 'd|dpdwf? wPSmpdwf? Oyg'gefpdwf?
tusKd;w&m;pdwfudk aemuftIPfpdwfu vdkufowfvQif
rcsKyfNidrf;yg/ pdwfonf r*f a pwod u f r sm;ES i f h aygif ;
t&Sd y &rwf t xk y f
jzpf a om
uwDy gxky fE S i fh w lo nfh
vl[ l xif xm;aom cEm xky ft m; trSef&Sdonfhtwdkif;
ajzMunfhaomtcg puLpk wfESifhwlonfh
qH y if
arG ; nif ;
paom
(32)aum|mo
t&Sd y p n f ; rsm;
jrif & avonf /
xd k t cg
vl r &Sd a Mumif ; ?
wPS m wG , f p &m?
wPSmuyfp&m
r&SdaMumif;?
oHa,mZOfwG,fp&m r&SdaMumif;udk odoGm;onf/ xdkodkU
jrifatmif Munfhjcif;onf orm'd|dpdwf? 0dZmpdwfjzpfNyD;
a,musfm;?
rdef;r?
taz?
taz
(yk*vynwf?
emrynwfrsm;) paom t0dZm? wPSm? 'd|d wdkYESifh
,SOfaom rlvtusdK;w&m; jzpfaom pdwfrsm; tvdkvdk
csKyfNidrf;oGm;onf/ xdktukodkvfpdwfrsm;udk jzpfysufqHk;atmif
vdkufIjcif;r[kwfyg/ ,if ; t0d Z m ? (1500)ud a vomwd k Y
31
pd w f csKyf N id r f ; jcif ; onfyifvQif oOyg'daooedAmef

jzpfonf/ um,mEkyem owdy|mef yxrtqifh (0g)
kyfay: 'd|djyKwfyHk yxrtqifh jzpfonf/
qH y if
arG ; nif ;
paom
(32)aum|mo
tpk t a0; wdkYonf trSef&Sdygvm;[k Pfjzifhydkif;jcm;
pdppfIrSwfNyD;aom tcg? xd k k y f w &m;wd k Y \ t&Sdo abmud k
xyf q if h I r S w f oHk;oyfjyefonf/ xdktcg wif;rI
awmifhrI ylrI at;rI wGef ;rI uefrI ,dkpD;rI zGJUpnf;rIrsm;om
&Sdonfh "mwfav;yg;oabmom trS e f &Sda Mumif; xyf qif h
ydki f; jcm;
Ij rif& jyefonf/
xd kod kY
jrif o jzif h
(32)aum|mo
[l a om
r&Sd y nwf
pG J , l x m;rI
(oP m ef y nwf ? orl [ ynwf ) csKyf N id r f ; t&Sd y &rwf
"mwfav;yg;udkom
PfrSm
odjrifaeawmhonf/
"mwfav;yg; [k od a eao;vQif orxtmHk jzpf o nf /
"mwf a v;yg;\
oabmudk
vuPma&;oHk;yg;jzihf
oHk;oyfaomtcg 0dyem jzpfonf/ (32)aum|mo paom
ynwft&SdpGJ 'd|djyKwfonf/ umr &m* a'gowdkY tIPf
w'*F csKyfonf/ &m*a'go tMurf;pm; tIPf w'*F
y,fonf/ um,mEkyem owdy|mef 'kwd,tqifh(0g)
kyfay:'d|djyKwfyHk 'kwd,tqifh jzpfonf/
"mwfav;yg;
tpka0;om
&Sdonf
[laom
Pftjrif
aygufNyD;aomtcg
xdk"mwfav;yg;ay:
rmonf? aysmhonf ? at;onf ? yl o nf ? wif ; onf ?
awmif h o nf ? w&G &G wrG r G w&Sd w f &Sd w f &Sd o nf [l a om
ynwf
usef a eao;onf /
xdk"mwfav;yg;wdkU
32
ay:vmaomtcg xdkazmfjyrI kyfw&m;wdkU tay: k y f \

t&S d b uf r S Pf j zif h axmuf I a omtcg azmufjyefr I
oabmom
&Sd o nf ud k
Pfjzifh
jrifvmonf/
azmfjyaomkyfw&m; ylw,f? wif;w,f? awmifhw,f?
xHkw,f? at;w,f ponfh tajymrygaMumif; t&Sdy&rwfESifh
r&Sdynwf uGJjym;pGm odjrifjcif;aMumifh jzpfonf/ xdktcg
tIPf yx0D ynwf? awaZmynwf ? tmaygynwf?
0ga,mynwf?
w&G&G
wrGrG
w&dyf&dyf
paom
ynwftpGJ rsm;
qdwfokOf;oGm;onf/
kyfay:
'd|dtMurf;pm;ESifhwPSmtMurf;pm;
acgif;yg;oGm;onf/
um,mEky emowdy |mef wwd ,tqifh (0g) ky fa y:
'd|djyKwfyHk wwd,tqifh jzpfonf/
txufy g
tI Pfp dwf onf
twGi f; tjyifa vmu
tm;vH k ; tm;
uvmyf r I e f
"mwf r I e f r Qom
od a eawmh o jzif h
A[d'odkU
tmHkr,dkpD;awmhyg/ xdkUaMumifh pdwfonf csKyfNidrf;rI ESifhom
wnfaeawmhonf/
azmufjyefrI
oabmoufoufrQom
od a evQif
ynwf t &Sd x if
pG J x m;aom
ynwf w &m;rsm;ES i f h
uda vomtjrif r sm;
csKyf Nid r f; oGm ;onf/
xdkp dw fo nf
tmHk
ajcmufyg;?
kyfw&m;wdkYtay: pdwfrTwfawmhyg/ pdwfrTwf ojzifh
edrdwfcsKyfonf/ xdkedrdwfwdkYtay: awGUxdrI csKyfonf/
cHpm;rIcsKyfonf/ xdka,m*D\pdwfonf edrdwfcsKyfrI (odkY)
edrdwfESifh ,SO fa om pd wf \ csKyf r I wnfa eawmho nf/
tESp f r &S d& mrS m
pdwfrwnfcsifawmhyg/
tmHkwdkUonf
33
ylavmifrSef; odvmonf/ rNrJr Se f; vnf; od vmojzif h

pdwf onf twdwf ? tem*wf? ypKyeftmHkedrdwfwdkYESifh
rqufqHawmhojzifh
ynwfESifh,SOfaom
pdwfrsm;
csKyfaeonf/
xdkedrdwfwdkY \csKyf&m
tedrdwapawm
orm"d usifhp Ofu dk
pma&;ol \
aomwmywdr *f Iz G ,f usrf;
a&;om;azmfjyxm;onf/
if;usifhpOftwdkif;
orm"d
xlaxmif
aomtcg
or m orm"d (tbd Z m a'greES i f h arm[rS vG wf
aeaompdw f) od kU a&muf &Sdo Gm ;onf/ xd k orm"d jzifh
'Gg&ajcmuf p Hk t m;
Ij rifa omtcg
tqif; ESi f h
rsuf p d t Munf wd k u f q d k i f v Qif pu K yom' wnf a om
l y gHk \ oabm?
em;tMunf E S i f h t oH
wd k u f q d k i f o nfht cg
aomwyom'
wnfaom
o'gHk\oabm? ESmtMunfESifhteHU wdkufqdkifonfh tcg
ESmtMunfay:aom
*EmHk\oabm?
vQmtMunfESifh
t&om wdkufqdkifonfhtcg vQmtMunfay:aom &omHk\
oabm?
udk ,f t MunfE S i fh
tawGU tmHk
wdk uf qdk i fo nf ht cg
tawGUtmHk\oabm?
awG;awmBuHpnf& m
tmHktrsdK;rsdK;ESifh
raemtMunf
wdkufqdki f onfhtcg
raemtMunf
ay:aom
"rmHktrsdK;rsdK;wdkU \oabm
paom
y&rwf
kyfw&m;rsm;udk
ydki f; jcm;jrifN yD;
tmHka jcmufy g;ESi fh
xdkt mHkwd kU rS D& m tMunf ajcmufpHkwdkUtay: trSefjrifvsuf
'd|djyKwfonf/ kyfur|mef; ouf o uf I p &m qH k ; NyD (0g)
um,mEk y emowd y |mef 'eudp qHk; NyD jzpfo nf/
34
ky fa y:
'd| d jyKwfNyD
jzpfo nf/
um,mEky emowdy |mef pwkw t qifh (0g) ky fa y:
'd|djyKwfyHk pwkwtqifh jzpfonf/ wPSmtMurf;pm;vnf;
ydk ydk acgif;yg;vmonf/
txufyg tIcHw&m;rsm;rS (32)aum|mo? yl
wif; xHk usif paom "mwfav;yg; w&G&G wrGrG paom
kyfur|mef; wd k U ud k I j rif E d k i f j cif ; onf wk P 0d y em
(tm;enf ; aom 0d y em) tqif h r S m om &Sd a o;onf /
tMunf a jcmuf p H k
tmHkajcmufyg;
tp&Sad om
tm,wew&m;wdkUudk IjrifEdkif rS omvQif Av00dyem
(tm;BuD;aom0dyem) tqifhodkU a&muf&Sdrnf (0g)
t&d,mr*fqdkufrnfjzpfonf/
pu K tMunf r S l y gH k u d k I j rif o nf qd k o nf r S m
oifa,m*D\
rsufeuf0ef;tv,f&Sd
oef;OD;acgif;
yrmPrQom
&Sdaom
tMunf"mwfESifh
if;tMunf
wnfaeaom kyfw&m; wdkUudk ydkif;jcm;jrif&jcif;rsdK;udk
qdkvdkonf/
"rmHkkyfw&m;rsm;udk
jrif&rnfqdkonfrSm
oifa,m*Dtdrfruf ruf&mwGif tdrfrufxJ vl acG ; opf y if
ponf w d k U ud k jrif a e&ouJ h o d k U rd r d w &m; IrSwfaepOf
rdrd\ pdwftMunf (b0if) udk ydkif;jcm;jrifae&NyD;
xdkb0ifodkU a&muf&Sdvmaom ypKyeftmHkESifh twdwf
tem*wf
tmHkwdkUudk
ydkif;jcm;jrifae&jcif;rsdK;udk
qdkvdkonf/ tu,f oif a ,m*D o nf rd r d \ tarud k
ES v H k ; oG i f ; vd k u f v Qif
pdwftMunf
rdrd\
taryHk&dyf("rmHk)udk ydkif;jcm;jrifae&onf/
35
w&m;usif h a om
a,m*D o nf
txuf y g
tusOf ; rQ &Sif;jycJhaom tqifhqifhaom kyfw&m;rsm;udk
orm"dtqifhqifh wufum ydkif;jcm;IjrifEdkif&rnfjzpfonf/
a0'empdwm"rmEkyemowdy|mef
kyfw&m;wdkUonf
om,mzG,f
|*kPfESifh
om,mzG,f
r&Sdaom
ted|*kPfwdkU
&SdMuonf/
cEmig;yg;wdkUonf twlwuG jzpf Mu ysufM uonf/
om,maomky fE Si fh
awGU BuH K onfht cg
ky f \
om,mzG, f& m*kPf
aumif; &orsm;ud k
a0'emu E m rS
cHpm;onf/ onmuEmrS rnfodkU aumif;w,f rnfonfht&m
jzpfw,f[k
trnfrSnfhonf/
ocFg&uEmrS
kyfay:
ESvHk;oGif; BuH p nf o nf / 0d n mPu E m onf k y f t mHk u d k
od o nf /
a0'emuEmonf a0'emEkyemowdy|mef/
onm? ocFg&
ponfwdkYESifh ,SOfaom 0dnmPfonf
pdwmEkyemowdy|mef/ xdkkyfemrfw&m;wdkY Ivsuf edpp GJ?
okcpGJ? twpGJrsm; csKyfNidrf;&ef vu P ma&;oH k ; yg;jzif h
yG m ;rsm;aejcif ; onf "r m Ek y em owdy|mef rnf\/
www
36
4/ tIcHtIPf tajccHodrSwfzG,f
txuf y g
&Si f; jycJha om
emrfc Em av;yg;udk
ESp fr sdK ;
jyefcGJ&rnf/
yxremrftkyfpkonf
'Gg&ig;ayguf&Sdaom
tmHkESifh
,S O f z uf
emrf c E m av;yg;ES i f h
b0if o d k U usa&muf q J
cP
jzpfay:vmonfh
t[dwfraem0dnmPfwdkU
yg0ifonf/
xdkyxr tk y f p k o nf uk o d k v f tuk o d k v f rjyKvk y f w wf ?
aumif ; rI ?
raumif; rIu dk vnf;
rcH ,l wwfa om
tky fp kjzpfo nf/
'kwd ,
emrftkyfpkonf
o[dwfraem0dnmPftkyfpk [l tkyfpkESpfrsdK; &Sdonf/
pdwfqdkwdkif; wpfrsdK;wnf; r[kwfaMumif; odxm;&rnf/
xd k ' kw d, tky fp ko nf tuko dk v f uko dkv f psmef r*f
zdkv fE S i fh edAmefudk tmHkjyKaompdwf jzpfonf/ ow0gwdkU
ig[k ighpdwf[k pGJ,lxm;aompdwfjzpfonf/
om,mzG,fkyf\
okc&oudk
cHpm;aom
okca0'emudk? a0'em\ obm0vu P m[k rod b J
igcH p m;onf [ k
'd|u
d yfjcif;
jzpf\/
okc&oudk
wyfrufojzifh wPSmpdwfjzpf\/ igrS cHpm;Edkifonf[k
rmepdwf jzpf\/ aemufwzef cHpm;Edkif&ef awmifhwaompdwf
jzpf\/ xdkokctmHk ysufpD;rnfudk pdk;&drfjcif; aomupdwf
jzpf\/ iguJhodkU tjcm; olwyg; rcHpm;apvkdjcif;
mpaom
udavompdwfrsm;
jzpfay:vmonf/
igcHpm;onf r[kwf? e*dkobm0cHpm;wwfaom emrfw&m;
olUtvkyfolvkyf
aeygvm;[k
a0'emuEm\
37
y&rwfoabmudk
ydkif;jcm;IjrifvQif
a0'emrS
'd | d j yKwf o nf /
,S O f z uf w PS m tMurf ; pm;vnf ;
csKyfvmonf/ a0'emrSwPSmjzpfjcif;onf wPSmESifh,SOfaom
pd w f t pk t a0;rsm;
jzpf j cif ;
jzpf o nf /
,if ; pd w f w d k Y onf
pdwmEkyemowdy|mef\
tmHkjzpfonf/
rom,mzG,f kyf\ 'kutmHkESifh qufqHrdonf
&Sdaomf 'ku&oudk a0'emuEmrS 'kua0'emtjzpf
cHpm;onf/ xdk a0'emuEm\ oabmudk rodojzifh
igqif;&JpGm
cHpm;&onf[k
'd|dESifh
a'gouyfonf/
'd|djyKwf&ef a0'em\ cHpm;rI obm0 vuPmudk ydkif;jcm;
IjrifEdkif&rnf jzpfonf (a0'emEkyem owdy|mef)/
a0'emESifh,SOfzuf pdwfwdkYjzpfaMumif; trSef oda tmif
ydki f; jcm;I jrif jcif; onf
pdw m Eky emowd y |mef
jzpf onf/
oabmwd kY ud k
I jcif; onf
"rm Eky owd y |mef jzpfonf/
a0'emESifh,SOfzuf
pdwfwdkY
jzpfaMumif;qdkonfrSm
ypKyef wdk uf qdk i fq J k y f \ om,mzG, f taMumif; cH
igcHp m;onf
[laom
'd|dESifh
wyfrufrI
wPSm
jzpfvmjcif;udk qdkonf/ xdkodkY jzpf&jcif;rSm kyf\
obm0vuPm?
cHpm;onfh
emrf\
obm0
vu P mwd k Y ud k rod j cif ; aMumif h jzpf o nf / 'd | d E S i f h
wPS m jzpfaMumif;w&m;rsm;onf yxrtkyfpk? 'd|dESifh
wPSmjzpfjcif;
onf
'kw d,tky fp k
jzpf onf/
uw Dy gxky fE Si fh wl o nfh
cEm
tpkta0;rsm;udk
38
atmufygtwdkif; ydkif;jcm;jrifatmif
tusdK;w&m; 'd|dESifhwPSm csKyfrnf/
tIcHkyfemrf(yxrtkyfpk)
ajzMunfhrS
omvQif
tIPf('kwd,tkyfpk)
puKtMunf+lygHk+puK0dnmPf+
puKor+a0'em+wPSm
o[dwfraem0dnmPf
aomwtMunf+o'gHk+aomw0dnmPf+
aomwor+a0'em+wPSm
o[dwfraem0dnmPf
CmetMunf+*EmHk+Cme0dnmPf+
Cmeor+a0'em+wPSm
o[dwfraem0dnmPf
Zd0SgtMunf+&omHk+Zd0Sg0dnmPf+
Zd0Sgor+a0'em+wPSm
o[dwfraem0dnmPf
um,tMunf+azm|AmHk+um,0dnmPf+
um,or+a0'em+wPSm
o[dwfraem0dnmPf
retMunf+"rmHk+t[dwfô[dwfraem0dnmPf+
raemor+a0'em+wPSm
o[dwfraem0dnmPf
txuf y g tIc H t ky fp kr S y&rwf ky fe mrf tpH k w dk U udk

ydkif;jcm;jrifrSomvQif 0dyemPfjzifh jzpfysufjrifjcif; trSef
jzpfonf/
owdaÈ?
orm"daÈ
rjynfhpHkao;yJESifh
pusifhvQif
usifhcsif;
0dyemtmHkjzpfaom
y&rwfkyfemrfrsm; rjrifEdkifyg/ eD0&Pw&m;rsm; jzpfaom
'd|d? wPSmwdkYESifh ,SOfvsuf ysHUvGifh aeaom pdwfrsm;om
&Sdao;onf/ 0dyemPf \ tIcH tmHkrsm; r[kwfyg/
oDv?
orm"dtm;jzifh
y,fcGmxm;&rnfh
pdw fr sm;
jzpf onf/
txufy g
tIc Ht k y fp k &Sd
ky f e mrfr sm;udk
39
jrifrSomvQif emrlyy&dap'Pfxdkufonf/ jzpfysufI&mtmHk

jzpf onf/ Av00dy emPf t rSe f jzpf onf/ odkY jzpf
0dyem
IyGm;rnfh
a,m*Donf
xdkkyfemrfwdkUudk
IjrifEdkifonfh txl;pifMu,faom ormorm"djzifh jynfhpHk&rnf
jzpfonf/ xdk orm"donf tvGef odrfarGU cufcJpGm
usifhBuH&onf/
xdk
y&rwf k y f e mrf r sm;rS m vnf ;
od j rif E d k i f & ef tvG e f r S euf e J cufc J onf/ xdk oabmudk
jrwf p Gm bk& m;&S i f onf
atmufy g
twdkif;
a[mMum;xm;onf/
]]igonf cJ,Of;pGm usifhojzifh odtyfNyD;
aomw&m;udk ,cktcga[mjcif;iSm roifhavsmfacs?
&m*a'go ESdyfpufcHae&aomolwdkYonf w&m;udk
vG,fulp Gm odE dkifMurnf r[kwfacs/ tarSmifxk
zHk;vTrf;vsuf &m*wyfpGJaeaomolwdkYonf odrfarGU
eufe J tPkjrLozG,f jrifE dki fc Jaom (oHo&mh)
tqefw&m;udk jrifEdkif Murnf r[kwfacs}}8
w&m;usifhaom a,m*DwdkY ]]kyfemrfjrifonf}} [k

qdk&m ]]xifa,mifxifrSm; kyfemrf}} rjzpfrdap&ef r[mpnf
q&mawmf bk&m;BuD;rS uJhodkY a[mMum;xm;onf/
]]wu,f jzpfy sufaewJh ky fe mrfawGudk udk,fy dkif
Pfjzifh
awGUNyD;
rNrJ
qif;&J
tewvdkY
odwdkif;odwdkif;
tJ'D
od&wJhtwdkif;
paom
8
rZdryPmoygVdawmf jrefrmjyef? &mZ0*f? aAm"d&mZukrm&okwf-337

ESm-286
40

kyfemrfawGrSm
NrJwJhtae
csrf ; omwJ h t ae
tw a umif taejzif h txif r S m ; tod r S m ;wJ h
arm[
t0d Z m
jzpf c G i f h
r&Sd y J
9
uif;Nidrf;oGm;w,f/}}
q&mawmf b k & m;BuD ; a[mMum;xm;aom ]]wu,f

jzpfysufaewJh kyfemrfawG}}qdkonfrSm jrifqJ rdrd\ rsufvHk;tdrf
twG i f ; &Sd rsuf e uf 0 ef ; tv,f pu K yom' &Sda om
ly gH k pu K 0d nmPf puK tMunf paom txufy g
y&rwf kyfemrfrsm;udk jrif&rnf[k qdkvdkjcif;jzpfonf/
,cktcg
kyfemrfjrifjcif;
kyfemrfuGJjcif;ESifh
ywfouf
]]rodwmkyf?
odwmemrf}}
]]jrifwmkyf?
odwmemrf}} ]]Mum;wmkyf? odwmemrf}} pojzifh owfrSwf
ajymqdk oHk;EIef;aeMujcif;rsm; wG i f u s,f v suf &Sdo nf /
xd k o d k Y aom od j cif ; rsd K ;onf w&m; tm;rxkwfaom
omref vlNydef;rsm;yif odEdkifaom todrsm; jzpfonf/
y&rwfkyfemrfrsm;udk
xl;aomPfjzihf
ydkif;jcm;
od t yf a om
t&d , mwd k Y \
od j cif ; rsd K ;
r[k w f y g/
txuf
azmf j ycJ h a om
qqu t I c H k y f e mrf r sm;ud k
xl ; aomPf
(tIPf
raem0dnmPf)
jzihf
ydkif;jcm;odrSomvQif
ppfrSefaom
kyfemrfjrifjcif;
kyfemrfuGJjcif;jzpfonf/
r[mpnfq&mawmf? ]]Ak'omoetE&m,fumuG,fa&;w&m;awmf}}?
ESm-82
41
rd r d l y um,&Sd oP m ef e d r d w f r&Sd a om tcH " mwf

um,yom'ESi fh
oPmefe dr dwf
r&Sdaom
tjyiftwdkuf"mwf
tawGUkyf(azm|Akyf)wdkY
[laom
oabmESpfck
awGUqHkrIaMumifh
xd kum,yom'wGi f
oPm efe dr d wf r&Sda om tawGU ky fE Si fh wxyfwnf;
udef;aeaom
odumrQ
jzpfaom
um,0dnmPfpdwf
jzpfay:onf/ xdkum,0dnmPfpdwfonf odoabmaqmifonfh
]xd} "mwf
jzpfonf/
tawGU kyfonf
rodoabmaqmifonfh ]xd} "mwf jzpfonf/ xdkYa Mumifh
rodoabm ]xd} kyf"mwfESi fh odoabm ]xd} emrf " mwf
tIc H
ky fe mrfwpfp H k
jzpf onf/
xdkemrf"mwfonf
]xd}kyftm; aumif;w,f? qdk;w,f? aysmhw,f? rmw,f?
om,mw,f? rom,mw,f ESvHk;oGif;BuHpnf qHk;jzwf
oHk;oyfjcif;
r&Sad om?
igodw,f[l vnf;aumif;?
odwmu ig[lvnf;aumif; r&Sdaom pdwfyifjzpfonf/
twdkif; kyfemrf udk ydkif;jcm;jrif rSomvQif ]]rodwmkyf?
odwmemrf}}[k qdkjcif;onf trSefjzpfEdkifrnf/
xd k k y f e mrf w d k Y onf
tI c H o uf o uf r Qom
jzpf o nf / um,0dnmPfonf tIcHom jzpfonf/ w&m;
rIwwf/ ig[k rpGJ,lwwf/ raem0dnmPfonf ig[k
pGJ,lwwfonf/
xdktIcH
kyfemrfwdkYudk
tIPfraem0dnmPfjzifhom
ydkif;jcm;jrifEdkifonf/
pwkw p smef orm"d ESi hf jynfhp H ka tmif usifh B uH vd ku f a omtcg
raem0dnmPfonf
pifMu,faompdwf
(pdw0dok'd)
jzpfoGm;NyD; tIcHkyfemrfwdkYudk ydkif;jcm;jrifonf/
42
xdkY a Mumif h rod oabm ]xd} ? od oabm ]xd}

tIc H ky fe mrf? ,if ; wdkY udk yd ki f; jcm;od tI Pf
raem0dnmPf [k cGJjcm; em;vnf&rnf/ uJhodkYaom
kyfemrfr[kwfyJ ynwf oPmef edrdwftmHk ygaeNyD;
vHk;axG;aeaom txifkyfemrf wdkYudk kyfemrftppf[k
vG,fvG,fESifh owfrSwfMurnfqdkvQif 0dyemw&m;onf
ayghayghwefwef jzpfvm ppfrSefonfh omoemonf
wjznf ; jznf ;
vH k ; yg;yg;NyD ;
uG , f a ysmuf
oG m ;awmh r nf / rppf r rS e f ynwf k y f e mrf ES ifh tppf t rS e f
y&rwfkyfemrfwdkY tvGefrS uGmjcm;ygonf/
r*fw&m;zdkvfw&m; vG,fvG,fESifh &Edkifrnfvm;

opm av;yg;
w&m;awmfo nf
tvGe fe uf e J
od& ef
tvGe fr Sc ufcJaom
w&m;awmfjzpfonf/
t&d,mwdkY omvQif odtyfaom t&myif jzpfayonf/
'kuopm[lonf
qqu
okwefrS
azmfjyxm;aom
(36)rsdK;aom kyfemrfwdkYyif jzpfonf/ xdkkyfemrfwdkYudk
jrifwwfaom
oabmonf
PfESifh,SOfaom
o[dwfraem0dnmPf jzpfonf/ xdk(36)rsdK;aom kyfemrfwdkYudk
jrifzdkY&ef
cufcJeufeJyHkudk
jrwfpGmbk&m;
uJhodkY
a[mxm;onf/
tmeE m xd k t &mud k tb,f o d k Y rS w f x if
oenf;/ tMuifolonf a0;aom t&yfrSyif rQm;udk
43
ao;i,f a om oH a umuf a yguf j zif h tqif h q if h

rvGJracsmf0if usapEdki f& m\/ tMuifolonfum;?
ck E S p f p d w f
cG J p d w f x m;aom
om;NrD ; zsm;
tcsif ; csif ; (tzsm;jzifhtzsm;udk) xdk;azmufEdkif&m\/
(ESpfrsdK;wGif) tb,f u yd k cJ , Of ; oenf ; [k
(rd e f Y awmf r l \ )/
toQifbk&m;
tMuifolonf
ckESpfpdwf cGJpdwfxm;aom om;NrD;zsm; tcsif;csif;
(tzsm;jzifhtzsm;udk)
xdk;azmuf
Ed k i f & m\/
t&muomvQif
yd k
cJ , Of ; yg\[k
(avQmuf \ )/
tmeE m
pif p pf t m;jzif h
]]um; qif;&Jwnf;}}[k [kwfwrf;rSefpGm odMuol/
y/ ]]um; qif;&JcsKyf&m (edAmef)odkYa&mufaMumif;
tusifhwnf;}}[k
[k w f w d k i f ; rS e f p G m
od M uol w d k Y onf yd k xd k ; xG i f ; odEdkifcJaom
t&mudk xdk;xGif;odukef\/10
rQ
cuf c Je ufe J a om
opm av;yg;
w&m;awmf ud k ,cktcg emMum;Hk? vG,fvG,fulul usifhHkESifh
odjrifEdkifouJhodkY aygYaygYwef w ef oabmxm;aeMuNyD
jzpf o nf /
xd k u J h o d k Y
jzpf&jcif;rSm
tcsdKUaom
ur|memp&d,wdkYonf rdrdudk,fwdkif aygufajrmufatmif
rusifhyJ jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sif a[mxm;aom w&m;awmfrsm;udk
w&m;onf uJhodkY jzpfvdrfhrnf [l vnf;aumif;?
a'oemawmfonf oabm aqmifvdrfhrnf [l
vnf;aumif; rdrdtxifjzifh rSef;qjrifonfudk wu,f
10
r[m0*oH,kwfygVdawmf jrefrmjyef? opoH,kwf? yygw0*f?

0gvokwf ESm-401
44
odjrifa eonfh oabmjzifh a&;om;a[majym aeMuonf/

,if; wdkY udk
emMum;ol?
zwf Iol r sm;uvnf;
xdke mMum;od ? rSwfom;odrsm;udk rdrdukd,fwdkif trSefwu,f
xdk;xGif;odjrifbd ouJhodkY ,HkMunfoGm;Muum opmav;yg;?
0dyemw&m;onf vG,fvG,fESifhodEdkifaom w&m;toGifodkY
aqmifoGm;onf/
tcsdKU
ae&mrsm;qdkvQif
0dyemw&m;onf pum;&nfvkyGJ toGifodkY vnf; aumif; ?
a[majymyG J? emMum;yGJ ouf ouf toGi fo dkY vnf; aumif;
odo domom ajymif; vJ vmonf/ xd kY a Mumifh rsm;pGmaom
w&m;usifhaom
a,m*DwdkYonf
emMum;od?
rSwfom;
odESi fhyif
vrf; qHk;aeMuonf/
ppf rSe fo nfh
omoemawmf \ wefzdk; usqif;vmjcif; jzpfonf/ w&m;ppf
w&m;rSef qdkonfrSm ,ck ae,sacwf yk*dKvfwdkYtwGuf
q&maumif;ESifh awGUaomfrS tvGefYtvGef cufcufcJcJ
yifyifyef;yef; BudK;pm; tm;xkwfEdkifrS aygufajrmufEdkifaom
w&m;rsm;jzpfonf/
&[ef;wdkY
rsufpdudk?
tqif;wdkYudk
puK0dnmPf
udk?
puKorudk?
puKoraMumifhjzpfay:vmonfh cHpm;rI okc? 'ku?
Oayumudk aomw? Cme? Zd0Sg? um, ponfwdkY
vnf;aumif;? oabmw&m; wdkYudk ("rmkHudk)
raem0dnmPfudk/
y/
raemor
[laom
taMumif;aMumifh jzpfay:vmonfh cHpm;rI okc? 'ku?
45
Oayumudkvnf;? txl;odvQif? ydkif;jcm; odvQif?

cGmEdkifvQif? y,fEdkifvQif? qif;&Jukefjcif;iSm xdkuf\/11
0dyemPfjzifhf
jriftyfawGUtyfonfh
w&m;
qdkonfrSm
cEmtpkta0;\
tjyifzuf
r&Sd/
cEmtwGif;om &Sdonf/ xdkt wGi f; cEm tpk jzpfa om
ky f e mrf wd kY ud k ydki f; yd ki f; jcm;jcm; jrif & rnf jzpfonfu dk
jrwf p Gm bk& m;&Si f txufy gtwd ki f; a[mMum;xm;onf /
w&m;usif h a om a,m*D o nf tI c H ky f e mrfw dkY udk
rSe f; qod
emMum;od
pmzwf odr sdK ;
r[kw fy J
ydkif;ydkif;jcm;jcm;
od&rnf/
rdrdudk,fudk
aomwmyeft&d,mjzpfNyD? w&m;awGUNyD w&m;jrifNyDqdkonfrSm
rSefNyDvm;[lvnf;aumif; odvdkygu txufyg bk&m;&Sif
a[mxm;aom a'oemESifh udkufndMunfhyg/
puK'Gg&udk ]]puK'Gg&onf igh[mr[kwf?
pu K 'G g &onf igr[k w f ? pu K 'G g &onf
ig\
udk,fydkifr[kwf}}[k
I\/
lygHkwdkYudk
]]lygHkonf
igh[mr[kwf?
lygHkonf
igr[kwf? lygHkonf ig\ ud k , f y d k i f r [k w f } }
[k
I \ /
pu K 0d n mPf w d k Y ud k
]]puK0dnmPfonf
igh[mr[kwf?
puK0dnmPf
onf
igr[k w f ?
pu K 0d n mPf o nf ig\ud k , f y d k i f r[kwf}}[k
I\/
puKorudk
]]puKoronf
11
oVm,we0*oH,kwfygVdawmf jrefrmjyef? oVm,weoH,kwf?

oA0*f? yXr ty&dZmeeokwf ESm-240
46

igh[mr[kwf? puKoronf igr[kwf? puK
oronf ig\udk,fydkifr[kwf}}[k I\/ a0'emudk
]]a0'emonf igh [ mr[k w f ? a0'emonf
igr[kwf? a0'emonf ig\udk,fydkifr[kwf}}[k
I\/ wPSm*udk ]]wPSmonf igh[mr[kwf?
wPSmonf
igr[kwf?
wPSmonf
12
ig\udk,fydkifr[kwf}}[kI\/
txuf y g qqu ok w e f azmfj yxm;csuft & xdk

ou m ,wnf ; [l a om
qqu k y f e mrf w d k Y ud k
yd k i f ; jcm;I j rif aomaMumif h aomwmywd r *f ul; onf/
tyg,foH o&modkY vm;apwwfaom oum,'d|d 0dpdudpm
oDvAwy&mrmo
[la om
oHa ,mZOf oHk; yg;wdkY
csKyf jcif; aMumifh edA m ef 0 if \ / udavomcsKyf&m edAmefudk
tmHkjyKonf/
trSefjrifrI]orm'd|d}
tm,wewq,fhESpfyg; wwfodvdrmaomol
jzpfaMumif;w&m; ]tm,weukovwm}
xd k
y#d p o rk y g '
(tm,weuk o vwm
uk o vwm)wd k Y wG i f pd w f j zpf & m
ae&m wPSmqdkonfrSm avmbapwodufESifhwuGjzpfaom

o[dwfraem0dnmPfpdwftpkudk qdkvdkonf/
12
Oy&dyPmoygVdawmf jrefrmjyef? oVm,we0*f? qquokwf ESm332

pd w f j zpf a Mumif ;
]tm,we}
uRrf;usif(vdrm)ol\
tjzpf
(tm,we
wq,fhESpfyg; wwfod uRrf;usifaomol jzpfatmif
jyKwwf a omw&m;)
]tm,weuk o vwm}
[l o nf
tb,f e nf ; /
jrif o d p d w f
(pu K 0d n mPf )
jzpf & m
rsufpdtMunf
]pum,we}? jrifodpdwf (puK0dnmPf) jzpfaMumif;
tqif;]lyg,we}? Mum;odpdwf (aomw 0d n mPf )
jzpf & m
em;tMunf
]aomwm,we}?
Mum;od p d w f
(aomw0d n mPf )
jzpf a Mumif ;
toH ]o'g,we}? eHodpdwf (Cme0dnmPf) jzpf&m
ESmacgif; tMunf ]Cmem,we}? eH o d p d w f
(Cme0d n mPf ) jzpf a Mumif ; teH Y ]*E m ,we}?
vsuf o d p d w f (Zd 0 S g 0dnmPf) jzpf&m vQmtMunf
]Zd0Sg,we}?
vsufodpdwf
(Zd 0 S g 0d n mPf )
jzpf a Mumif ; t&om ]&om,we}? xd o d p d w f
(um,0d n mPf )
jzpf & m
ud k , f t Munf
]um,m,we}?
xdodpdwf
(um,0dnmPf)
jzpfaMumif; tawGU ]azm|Am,we}? odrIpdwfjzpf&m
]rem,we}?
od r I p d w f
jzpf a Mumif ; obm0
]"r m ,we}
[l a om
tm,we
wq,f h E S p f y g;wd k Y onf
(&Sd u k e f \ )/
xd k
(tm,we) wdkYudk tMuif tm,we uRrf;usif
vdrmol\tjzpf? (cGJcGJjcm;jcm;) tjym;tm;jzifhodrI?
(cGJc GJjcm;jcm;) tjym;tm;jzifhodjcif ; /y/ (trSe f
oabm) rawGa0rI (trSefudkodrI)? (opmav;yg;)
w&m;wdkYudk pdppfjcif;? aumif;pGmodjrifrI (tjrif
rSefrI) ]orm'd|d}onf (&Sd\)/ (qdktyfcJhNyD;aom)
47
48

oabmudk pdwfjzpf&mpdwfjzpfaMumif; ]tm,we}
uRrf;usif(vdr m)ol\tjzpf (tm,we wq,fh
ESpfyg; wwfoduRrf;usif vdrmaomol jzpfatmif
jyKwwf a omw&m;) ]tm,we uk o vwm}[k
qdktyf\(r[mukodkvfPor,kwf
r[mBud,mP or , k w f p d w f tbd n mOf p d w f
r*f p d w f w d k Y &Sd a om ynm)/13
,ckacwfumv
]]ky femrfjrifonf?
ky femrfuGJonf? Pf p Of wuf N yD ? pd w f u av;awG \
jzpf y suf u d k I o nf ? cEmig;yg;jrifonf? w&m;awGUwmcsif;
twlwlygyJ}}
ponfjzifh
ajyma[ma&;om;aeMuonf/
xdkajymqdka&;om; a[majymcsuf wdkYonf txufazmfjyaom
tm,we y&rwf kyfemrfwdkYudk cGJcGJjcm;jcm; odjrif&rIrsdK;ESifh
wl&JUvm;[k
rdrdudk,fudk
rzHk;rzd
rvSnfhzsm;yJ
ppfaq;Munfhyg/
jzpfysufjrif jzpfysufqHk;
0dyemusihfaom a,m*D\ tIPfonf y&rwf
tmH kr sm;ud k
rS e f; q
jrif jcif; ?
txif jzif h
jrif jcif; r[k wf ? ydkif;jcm; jrifjcif; jzpfonf/ tIPfonf
tIcH
kyfemrfwdkYudk
aocsmpGm
awGUjrifrSomvQif
y&dap'tm;jzifh ydkif;jcm;Edkifrnf jzpfonf/ uJhodkY
ydk if;jcm; jrifE kdi frSomvQif rdr dpdwf udef;aeaom
13
"ro*FPDygVdawmf jrefrmjyef? edauyu@ okwEdu'kuedauy?

tm,weukovwm'kuf ESm-490
49
0dy vmow&m;rsm; zHk; tky fr Ir S csKyfNidrf; rnf jzpfonf/

uJhodkY qqu y&rwf tIcH kyfemrfwdkY\ t&Sdudk
t&Sdtwdkif; obm0udk obm0twdkif; jzpfrIoabmESihf ysufrI
oabmud k jrif E k d i f & rnf / xd k y &rwf k y f e mrf w d k Y \ yp K y e f
wnfhwnfh
jzpfysufudk
jrifjcif;onf
tew
0dyemPfESihf
tedp0 dyemPftrSefjzpfonf/
'kuopmudk ydkif;jcm;odjcif; vnf; jzpfonf/ odkY a omf
xdkO yg'geuE m
jzpf a om
y&rwf
kyfemrfwdkYonf
xdkOyg'geuEm
rcsKyfNidrf;oa&GU
(0g)
pkwdpdwf
ra&mufr csif;
wd k ufq dki fw dki f;
jzpfy sufa eOD; rnf
jzpf onf/
yp K y e f w G i f
jzpf y suf q H k ; &rnf r S m
Oyg'gef E S i f h w uG j zpf a om Oyg'geuEm jzpfonf/
xdkYaMumifh
jrifatmif
I&rnfrSm
qquy&rwfkyfemrf? jzpfysuf qHk;&rnfrSm 'd|d wPSm
(Oyg'gef 4-yg;)ESihf
,SOfaom
Oyg'geuEmpdwftpk
(o[dwfraem0dnmPftpk) jzpfonf/ Oyg'gefESifhr,SOfaom
Oyg'geuEmig;yg;onfum; jzpfysuftpOf jzifh &Sdaernf/
t&[wzdkvfyk*dKvfonfyifvQif Oy"djzpfysufcEm &Sdaeonf/
cEmy&dedAmefjyKrS qHk;onf/ twdwftaMumif;aMumihf &&Sdaom
tusKd;w&m;
Oyg'geuEm udk
qHk;atmifIzdkYr[kwf?
ydkif;jcm;jrifatmif I&rnfom jzpfonf/ tem*wftusKd;udk
zefwD;aom
ypKyef'd|d
wPSm
Oyg'gefESihf
,SOfaomcEmudkvnf;
rdrdtvdkjzifh
qHk;atmifrjyK&?
r*fudpo
mjzpfonf/
tusKd;cEmESifh
taMumif ; cE m
cG J j cm;wwf z d k Y vd k o nf / tusKd ; cE m jzpf a om emrfw&m;
50
jzpfysufonf 'kuopm jzpf xdkjzpfysuf'kuopmudk pGe fY

rjzpf r ysuf& m edA m ef udk rdr dt vd kjzihf 0if a &mufjcif; ?
tmHk j yKjcif ; onf rjzpf E d k i f / ed A m ef o nf tvd k t m;jzih f
0ifa &muf& mr[kw f/ ypK ye f 'ku opm jzpfa om y&rwf
kyfemrfwdkYudk
r*fPfjzihf
trSefjrif
tvdkodrf;oGm;jcif;aMumihf
xdktvdkwnf;[laom
ork',csKyfNidrf;jcif;ESihftwl
'kuopmudk
tmHkjyKrIyg
wNydKifwnf;
csKyfNidrf;jcif;onfyifvQif
eda&m"opm
wnf; [la om
edA m ef udk
tvdkv dk
tmHkjyKNyD; om;
jzpf onf/ w&m;usihfaom a,m*DwdkY txl;owdjyKyg/
uJhodkY tIPfonf tIcH y&rwftmHkwdkYtay:
jrifE dkifpGrf; &Sdjcif;\
y"metaMumif; onf
pifMu,fonfhp dwf (pdw0dok'd) jzifh jynfhpHkjcif; jzpfonf/
xdkpifMu,fonfh pdwfodkY ra&muf &Sd a o;yJ E S i h f txif j zif h
vnf ; aumif ; ?
rS e f ; q
vnf; aumif;
Ia eonf
oabmudk 0d y emw&m; [l owfrSwfaeMurnfqdkvQif
cufcJeufeJpGm
usihf&aom
0dyem
usihfpOfonf
ayghayghwefwef vG,fvG,fulul tcsdefwdkwdkESihf usihf
&Edki fa om
w&m;rsKd ; tjzpf od kY
a&muf& S d oGm ;onf/
y#dy wd omoem ysufp D; vmawmhr nf h edr dwf [k pma&;ol
rSef;qrdonf/
]]0d}} [laom a0g[m&ynwfonf tvGef eufeJaom
t"dym,f &Sdonf/ ]0} r&SdyJ ]0d} rvkyfeJY [lonfh ayg&mP
pum;onf
taMumif;rJhjzpfay:vmjcif;
r[kwfyg/
xl;aomoDv? xl ; aom pif M u,f r I p d w f r&Sd a o;yJ E S i h f
51
0d y emw&m; rusih f E d k i f y g[k qd k v d k j cif ; jzpf o nf /

omrne*d k p d w f t ae
twdki f; jzifh
w&m;usih fr nf?
w&m;awGU onfqd kv Qif
omrn
w&m;omvQif
jzpfayvdrfhrnf/ 0dyemw&m; rjzpfEdkifyg/
ESpfodESpfjrif 'd|dpif? b0ifjrifrS vrf;rSef&
pdwf[lonf
[',0wKudkrSDaom
b0ifrSvGJ
rnfonfh ae&mudkrS xGufoGm;jcif; r&Sdyg/ xdkYaMumifh
jyifytmHkig;rsKd;u cE m \ 'G g &ig;ayguf oYdk wqih f
usa&muf b0if u d k ouf a &muf o nf / xd k t mHk w d k Y \
ted | &o?
|&owd k Y
onfvnf;
b0if odkY
oufa &muf onf/ twd wf tem*wf tmHkwdkYonfvnf;
b0ifudk
rSD
jzpfonf/
b0ifESihf
tmHkwdkY
wdkufcdkufrdjcif;aMumihf
raem0dnmPf
jzpfonf/
xdkraem0dnmPf
onf
tukodkvfapwodufwdkYjzihf
,SOfcJhaomf
wPSm?
rme?
'd|dpdwf
jzpfonf/
ukodkvfapwodufwdkYjzifh aygif;cJhaomf oDv? orm"d?
ynmpdwfjzpfonf/
xdkYaMumifh
tvHk;pHkaomtmHkwdkYonf
b0ifudk oufa&mufNyD;rS raem0dnmPfonf oabmtm;vHk;
tay: oHk;oyfEdkifonf/ 0dyemI&mwGif rdrdtIPfonf
jyif y tmHk u d k ES v H k ; oG i f ; Ia eao;vQif vnf ; aumif ; ?
rdrdcEmudk,f\
lyum,udk
tmHkjyKESvHk;oGif;
Iaeao;vQif vnf ; aumif ; ? rS e f u ef a om tI Pf
r[k w f a o;yg/
tb,fhaMumihfqdkaomf
txuf
&Sif;jycJhonfhtwdkif; tmHk tm;vHk; wd kY o nf b0if om
52
xif
raemonf
b0if yif
tIcHtmHkwdkYudk
vuPmwif Iaejcif;jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh b0iftMunfudk
rjrifao;oa&GU
emrfw&m;wdkYudk
rjrifao;yg/
trS e f w &m;ud k v nf ; rjrif a o;yg/ ]]ES p f o d E S p f j rif 'd | d p if
b0ifjrifrSvrf;rSef&}} [k ynm&Sdrsm; qdkdk;pum; &Sdygonf/
avmuDumrynwf
tmHkwdkYonfvnf;aumif;?
avmuDy&rwf tmHk wd kY onf vnf; aumif; b0if om
xifo nf/ b0if xif a omtmHkw d k Y ud k I j cif ; jzpf o nf /
xd k ]]ynwf o d } } ES i f h ]]y&rwf od} } ESp fod E Sp fjrif udk od
'd| dp ifj cif;
jzpf onf/
v,fwDq&mawmf bk&m;BuD;
a&;om;aom
Owryk&dousrf;
]]b0if j rif v Qif
tm*a,musf m ;bJ [ l rS w f v d k u f } }[k a&;om;xm;onf/
w&m;tm;vHk;onf
b0ifyif
xifonf/
w&m;Ijcif;onfvnf;
b0ifrSmyif
Iygonf/
avmuoHk;yg; onf v nf ; b0if om wnf y gonf /
avmurS x G u f j cif ; onfvnf; b0ifrS xGufjcif;jzpfonf/
b0ifudkrSD jzpfaom pdwfonf Oyg'geftpGJcsKyfjcif;jzihf
xGufjcif;jzpfonf/
www
53
5/ tmemygeSLIdufrI trSm;trSef odrSwfzG,f

tmemygeur|mef; vufawGUtm;xkwfyHkudk vTjzwf
Oyrmjzifh jyygrnf/ nDGwfaom ajrjyif &Sdaom opfwHk;udk
a,musf m ;wpf a ,muf o nf
wpf z uf x d k ; vT j zih f
jzwf a eyH k u d k tmHkjyKMunfhyg/ xdkolvTwdkufaerI vTudk
tvsifrjywfapjcif;? t&Sde fE Ie f; rSe fjcif; ? vd ko nfx ufy dk
tm;rpd kuf jcif; ?
a&SU wdk;
aemufiif
nDGwfjcif;?
rSefrSefvTwdkufaejcif;
(0g)
&yfaevdkuf? vTwdkufvdkuf
rvkyfjcif; paom t*Fg&yfrsm; &Sdaeonf/ xdkodkY t&Sd e f j zih f
vT j zwf a e&if ;
xd k a ,musf m ;onf
opf w H k ; \
wpfzufwpfcsuf
ajy;vTm;aeaomvTudk
rMunfhbJ
vToGm;xd&m opfwHk;om pl;pl;pdkufpdkuf Munfh Ivsuf
w&SJ&SJ jrnfaeaom vTqGJoHudk em;axmif&if; t&SdefrSefrSef
vTjzwfaeonf/
vTqGJenf; OyrmuJhodkYyif tmemyge SLdIufrI
pnf;urf;
rsm;ud k
rSwf ,ly g/
tmemygeur| mef;
SL d Iu fr Ie nf; onf tajccHa,m*DwdkY\ oEmef&Sdaeaom
pdwfMurf;
pdkufMurf;ESihf
umrtmHkwdkY
ajy;vTm;usufpm;aeaom pdwfdkif;wdkYudk csKyfNidrf; oG m ;atmif
0D & d , y"mexm;
usih f a omenf ;
jzpf o nf /
SLdIufaeusavxuf ESpfq (odkY) oHk;q SLdIuf&mwGifvnf;
ESm oD; 0\
[d kb uf' D buf
ajy;vTm ;0ifx G ufa eaom
avudk y"metm;jzihf ESvHk;roGif;bJ ESmoD;0xdcsufudkom
pl;pl;pdkufpdkuf
Munfhvsuf
SLdIufae&rnf/
xdkuJhodkY
54
SLdIuf&if;ESihf pdwfonf wjznf; jznf; El; nHh vmvsuf

"mwf BuD; av;yg; azmufjyefr I ted|mHkrS uif;vGwfvsuf
ESmoD;0xdcsuf tmHk wpfckwnf; wnf oGm ;aomtcg
jyif; jyif; SL dIu f a eaom
avonfv nf;
orm"d
tqifhtwef;tvdkuf
tvdkvdkyif
wjznf;jznf;
El;nHh
odr fa rGU um
vH k; 0
&yf wef Y o Gm ;ygvd r fh r nf/
pd wf
Nidr f; at; aevdr fhr nf/ tm;pdk uf tmemyge SL dI uf
r&awmhy g/ pdwfaZmtvsif csKyfNyD; b0ifusoGm;ygvdrfhrnf/
qdkvdkonfrSm
pd wf M urf; vQif
tmemygeMurf; vsuf
pdwf E kv Qif
tmemyge
tvdkvdkEkoGm;ygonf/
enf;pepfonf
tajccHtqihf
a0'em
cGm Edki f&ef
TefMum;aom enf;pepfjzpfonf/ w&m;xdkifwdki f; enf;
wpfrsKd;wnf; r[kwfyg/
tmemygeur | mef; tajccHu sifY p Of SL Id ufr Io nf
jyif;jyif;rSL& [l TefMum; xm;jcif;r&Sdyg/ tp
jyif;jyif;SL aemufr S wjznf; jznf; odr fa rGU oGm ;&rnf [k
y#dord' gr*f uJhodkY rdefYqdkxm;onf/
Oyrm
tb,f u J h o k d Y enf ; [l r l
aMu;cG u f u k d
acgufa omf
a&S ;OD ;pG m
Murf; wrf; aom
toH wdk Y onf
jzpf uke f \ ?
Murf; wrf; aomtoH wk dY \
tmk He dr d w f uk d
aumif ; pG m ,l j cif ; aMumif h
aumif ; pG m
ES v k H ; oG i f ; jcif ;
aMumifh
aumif;pGmpdwfxm;jcif;aMumifh
Murf;wrf;aom
55
toH o nf
csKyf a omf v nf ;
xYk d a emuf
od r f a rG U aom toHwkdYonf jzpfukef\/
od r f a rG U aom toH w k d Y \ tmHk e d r d w f u k d
aumif ; pG m ,l j cif ; aMumif h
aumif ; pG m
ES v k H ; oG i f ; jcif ;
aMumifh
aumif;pGmpdwfxm;jcif;aMumifh
odrfarGUaom
toHcsKyfaomfvnf;
xkdYaemuf
odrfarGUaom
toHtmkH
edrdwfvQif
tmkH&Sdaompdwfonf
jzpfouJhokdY
twl
omvQif
a&S ; OD ; pG m
Murf ; wrf ; aom 0if o uf xG u f o uf w k d Y onf
jzpf u k e f \ /
Murf ; wrf ; aom
0if o uf x G u f o uf w k d Y \ tmk H e d r d w f u d k aumif ; pG m
,l j cif ; aMumif h
aumif ; pG m
ES v k H ; oG i f ; jcif ; aMumif h
aumif;pGm
pdwf
xm;jcif;aMumifh
Murf;wrf;aom
0ifoufxGufoufwkdYonf csKyfaomfvnf; xkdYaemuf
odrfarGUaom 0ifoufxGufoufwkdYonf jzpfukef\/
odrfarGUaom 0ifoufxGufoufwkdY\ tmkHedrdwfukd
aumif;pGm,ljcif;aMumifh aumif;pGmESvkH;oGif;jcif;aMumifh
aumif ; pG m pd w f xm;aomaMumif h od r f a rG U aom
0ifoufxGufoufwkdY onf
csKyfaomfvnf;
xkdYaemuf od r f a rG U aom 0if o uf xG u f o uf
tmk H e d r d w f v Qif
tmkH&Sdaompdwfonf
ysHUvGifhjcif;okdYra&muf/14
14
y#dord'gr*fygVdawmf jrefrmjyef? r[m0*f? tmemyge owduxm?

oawmum&d Pftus,fjyjcif;-171 ESm-232
56
txufyga'oemawmfrS aMu;cGufwD;oHjzpfay:vmykHudk
owdjyKyg/ rlvMurf;wrf;aomtoH jzpfay:NyD;rS wjznf;jznf;
tpOfvkduf Nidrf;oGm;onf[k yg&Sdonf/ ]]a&S;OD;pGm Murf;wrf;aom
0if o uf x G u f o uf w k d Y onf jzpf u k e f \ /}} xd k o abmtwd k i f ;
tmemygeur|mef;usifhpOf
tajccHvnf;
tp
tenf;i,f
jyif;jyif;
SLIduf
um,du'kurS
ausmfvGefapNyD;
ur|mef;
tmk H
pd w f w nf N id r f o G m ;aomtcg
SL Id u f r I o nf v nf ;
tpOfv kd uf Nidr f; oGm ;ygonf/ w&m;pusifh tmemyge
pusifhu wnf; u jznf; jznf; Nidr fNidr f El; El; nHh nHh SL Id u f
&rnf[k rqkdyg/ El;nHhpGm SLIdufrIonf w&m;pusifhaom
a,m*D w k d Y twG u f
owd x if E k d i f c J j cif ; ?
ik d u f j rnf ; vG , f j cif ; ?
pdwfysHUvGifhvG,fjcif;?
ysHUvGifhaompdwfrsm;
xdef;odrf;&efcufjcif;
paom
tcuftcJrsm; jzpfaponf/ xdkYtjyif "mwfav;yg;
azmufjyefr I
yd k
xif &S m ;vmaomtcg
El; nHha om
xdc suf pdwfrwnfawmhyJ 'kutmHkodkY vG,fvG,fESifh
pdwfa&mufoGm; awmh o nf / xd k Y aMumif h xd c suf t mHk
pd w f r wnf a wmh y J
orm"d y suf v G , f N yD ;
'k u t mHk r S
rcG m Ed k i f a wmh y g/ w&m; pusifhaom a,m*DwdkY\ pdwfMurf;?
pdkufMurf;rsm;udk xdcsuf tenf;i,fMurf;Murf; SLdIufrIjzifh
pdwfudk
odrf;qnf;,l&onf/
pdwfMurf;rsm;
csKyfNidrf;vmonfESifhtrQ
SLIdufrIvnf;
tvdkvdk
El;nHhoGm;ygonf/ xdkYaMumifh tmemygeur|mef;jzifh pwif
usifhaoma,m*Donf e*dkSLavxuf ESpfqrQ SLoifhonf/
57
6/ q&maumif;q&mrSef a&G;cs,fenf; tajccHodrSwfzG,f

jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sif udk,fawmfwdkif q&maumif; q&mrSef
&S m &ef
oG , f 0 d k u f a omenf ; jzih f
1792Bud r f ?
wd k u fdku fa [m 44Bud r f wd k i f a tmif wd k u f w G e f ; cJ h o nf / 15
jrwf p G m bk & m;&Si f
ud k , f a wmf w d k i f
yd # uwf o H k ; yH k
xm;cJ h y gvsuf
uJ h o d k Y
tBudrfaygif;rsm;pGm
wdkufwGef;&jcif;rSm ayghayghwefwef r[kwfyJ taMumif ; xl ;
&Sd om
rS m jcif ;
jzpf o nf /
ud k , f w d k i f
aygufajrmufatmif tm;xkwf&mwGif usifhpOftp trSefxuf
trSm;u
rsm;jcif;?
wdrfra,mifESifheuf
vG,fra,mifESifhcufjcif;?
wHvQyfudk
a&xifbdouJhodkY
rSm;jcif;?
wpfxGmavmufc&D;onf
wpf r d k i f a vmuf
a0;bd o uJ h o d k Y jzpf j cif ; ? wpf u syf o m; tav;0efonf
tcsdefwpfq,frQudk 0efxrf;&bdouJhodkY jzpfjcif; paom
MuefY Mum0efa v;rIr sm;
&Sdo jzif h
pd wf w nfNidr fa tmif
xde f; odr f; &ef y if
tvGe fc uf onf/
xdkY a Mumif h
q&maumif; q&mrSefESihf awGUzdkY&ef tvGef ta&;BuD;onf/
q&maumif; q&mrSef [lonf ydkif;jcm;odtyfaom Zmwd
Z&m r&P urb0 Oyg'gef wPSm a0'em z
oVm,we emrfkyf 0d n mPf ocF g & paom "r r sm;\
jzpf y H k j zpf a Mumif ; ?
csKyfyHkcsKyfaMumif;wdkYudk rdrdudk,fwdkif
0dyemPfjzihf ydkif;jcm; IjrifEdkifonfh q&mjzpf&rnf/16
15
16
]]rkd;ukwfq&mawmfbk&m;BuD;\ wpfb0omoem}}? ESm-548-549

ed'ge0*oH,kwf? tE&ay,smv0*f? owKokwf-73
58
txuf y g Zmwd r S ocF g & paom w&m;wd k Y onf

pifMu,faom
pwkwpsmeform"d
(odkY)
xdkorm"dESihf
wlrQonfh
tedrdwapawmorm"djzifhom
jrifEdkifonf/
xdkYaMumifh
w&m;jy
q&monf
xd k o rm"d r sd K ;ud k
ud k , f w d k i f & &Sd N yD ; ,xmbl w Pf j zif h (36)rsd K ;aom
y&rwf k y f e mrf w d k Y ud k
yd k i f ; jcm;
jrif N yD ; rS o mvQif
ur | mef ; jyq&m
vk y f o if h o nf /
od k Y rS o m
rdrd\wynfhudkvnf; rdrduJhodkY IjrifEdkifatmif TefMum;Edkifrnf
jzpfonf/ tu,f rdrdudk,fwdkif tm;xkwfrIr&SdyJ ur|mef;
ay;aeygu w&m;usifhaoma,m*DwdkYrSm 0dyemPf trSef
rqdkufyJ pdwfysuftm;avsmhum omoemrS qHk;HI;&awmhonf/
&[ef;wdkY aemufwrsdK;um; tem*wfumv
&[ef;wdkYonf udk,fudk ryGm;rsm;ol? oDvudk
ryGm;rsm;ol pd w f u d k ryG m ;rsm;ol * ynmud k
ryG m ;rsm;ol wd k Y jzpfMuvdrfhrnf/
xdk&[ef;wdkYonf
(rdrdwdkYu)
udk,fudkryGm;rsm;?
oD v ud k r yG m ;rsm;?
pd w f u d k r yG m ;rsm;? ynmud k ryGm;rsm;Muukefonf
jzpfygvsuf
tjcm;olwdkYtm;
ed&nf;
ay;Muukefvdrfh OD;rnf/
udk,fwdkifw&m;tm;rxkwfjcif; (pma&;ol\tvdk)
0dyembm0emudk ryGm;rsm;jcif; (pma&;ol\tvdk)
w&m;jyq&mvkyfjcif; (pma&;ol\tvdk)
59
(ed &nf ; q&mjyKvk y f o l )

xd k q &mwd k Y onf
vnf ;
vG e f j rwf a omoD v
**
vG e f j rwf a ompd w f
vGefjrwfaomynm
qHk;rjcif;iSm pGrf;EdkifMuvdrfhrnf r[kwfukef/
(od k Y aom q&mh x H ed &nf ; cH , l
Muuk e f a om) xd k w ynf h w d k Y onf v nf ; ud k , f u d k
ryGm;rsm;ol oDvudk ryGm;rsm;ol pdwfudkryGm;rsm;ol
ynmudk ryGm;rsm;olwdkY jzpfMuukefvdrfhOD;rnf/
xdk&[ef;wdkYonf
(rdrdwdkYu)udk,fudkryGm;rsm;ol oD v ud k ryG m ;rsm;ol
pd w f u d k r yG m ;rsm;ol ynmud k ryG m ;rsm;Muuk e f o nf
jzpf y gvsuf
tjcm;ol w d k Y ud k
ed&nf;udk
ay;MuukefvdrfhOD;rnf/
xdk& [ef;wdkY onfvnf; vGe fjrwfaomoDv
vGefjrwfaompdwf vGefjrwfaomynm qHk;rjcif;iSm
pGrf;Edkifvdrfhrnf r[kwfukef/17
txuf y g jrwf p G m bk & m; a[mMum;xm;rI o nf

aemift em*wf j zpfa om
,ckt csde f ud k
BudK wif
a[mxm;jcif; jzpfonf/ ,cktcg tcsdKUaom w&m;a[m
w&m;jyq&mwdkYonf rdrdudk,fwdkif oDv orm"d ynm
odumoHk;&yf? r*if &Spfyg; jynfhpHkatmif usifhBuHyGm;rsm;
Èd,oH0&oDv (odkY) oDv0dok'd (pma&;ol\tvdk)

pdw0dok'd (pma&;ol\tvdk)
P'e0dok'd (pma&;ol\tvdk)
17
t*kFwdK&fygVdawmf jrefrmjyef 'kwd,wGJ? a,m"mZD00*f?
wwd, tem*wb,okwf-79 ESm-113
**
60
tm;xkwfrI r&SdyJ w&m;jyoifwef; zGifh ed&nf;q&m

vkyfaeMuonf/ oifwef;wufNyD;aom wynfhwdkYuvnf;
q&muJhokdY
oDv orm"d ynm odumoHk;&yf?
r*if&Spfyg;jynfhpHkatmif
rusifhyJ
&dyfomzGifh
w&m;jyed&nf; q&m vky fa eMuonf/ jrwfp G m bk& m;&Si f
touf E Si fhc Em ajrmufrsm;pGm &if; azmfxkwfcJhaom
r*if&Spfyg;
tusifhw&m;
wdkY o nf
,cku mv
y#dy wd omoem
tcsd K Uaom
w&m;jy
ur|memp&d,wdkYu rzsufaomfvnf; zsufbdouJhodkY
jzpfae
MuNyD/
w&m;usifhaom
a,m*DwdkYrSm
a,mifvnfvnfESifh jzpfae Muonf/ wpf e m&D t wGi f; rSm
<uvnf; &?
oufomatmif
jyKjyifvnf;&?
idkufvnf;&?
awGa0rdef;arm
aecGifhatmif
cG i f h j yKaeMuonf /
od k Y twG u f a Mumif h
tm;ig;yg;?
' d y g'f w&m;rsm; ,kw fa vsmha eMuonf/ usif hBuHr I
ed&nf; ,lNyD; eifvm; igvm; tkd;aMuaMu? ta&cef;cef;
w&m;tm;xkwfrI r&Sda wmh y J a[mMum;rI E S i f h em,l r I om
tcsd e f u k e f a pNyD ;
a,m*DwdkYudk
ESpfodrfhouJhodkY
jzpfaeMuonf/
]]&[ef;wdkY
ESpfrsdK;wdkYwnf;?
w&m;r[kwfonf
trSwf&Sdaomolonf
olrdkufwdkYonf
tb,fESpfrsdK;wdkYenf;[lrl w&m;
[kwf\[k
vnf;aumif;?
w&m;
61
[kwfonf w&m;r[kwf[k trSwf&Sdaom olonf

vnf;aumif;wdkYwnf;/}}18
w&m;usifhaom a,m*Donf q&maumif; q&mrSefxH

qnf;yl;&ef vdkonf/ q&maumif; q&mrSef [lonf usifhpOf
enf;vrf;rSefrrSef?
bk&m;tvdkawmfus
[kwfr[kwf?
cEmt&Sd"r
jzpfrjzpf
bm0emr,Pf
r*fPfjzifh
rdrdudk,fwdkif
ydkif;jcm;
odjrifum
cGJjcm;jyEdkif&rnf/
odkYr[kwfyJ q&m udk,fwdkifvnf; ,xmblwPf
qdkufatmif
usifhBuHrxm;ygyJvsuf
trSefyif
,xmbl w Pf j zif h
y&rwf k y f e mrf w Yd k u d k
yd k i f ; jcm;od N yD ;
aeouJhodkY
w&m;tay:qkH;jzwfum
rnfolonf aomwmyef jzpfNyD? wpfr*fwpfzdkvf&NyD[k
qkH;jzwf
oHk;oyfaeaomolrsm;onf
olrdkufpm&if;0if
q&mrsm; jzpfMuonf/ tu,f trSefudk trS m ;?
trS m ;ud k
trS e f [ k
rS m ;,G i f ; pG m
qH k ; jzwf a [majym
TefMum;rdvQif BuD;pGmaom tjypfa&muf a,m*DwdkY
txifrSm;
tjrifrSm;jzpfum
tukodkvf
w&m;rsm;
wdk;yGm;vmvdrfhrnf/ a,m*DwdkY txl;owdjyK&efvdkonf/
&[ef ; wd kY
wOD; wa,mufa om
&[ef ; onf
awGU xdr I
]z}\wnf& m
ajcmufr sd K;wd kY \ jzpfjcif; udkif; csKyfjcif;udkif;
om,mzG,fudkif; tjypfudkif; xG uf ajrmufr I ud kif;
18
t*kFwdK&fygVdawmf jrefrmjyef yxrwGJ? 'kuedygwf? Amv0*f -105

ESm-98
62

[k w f wd ki f ;rSe fp G m rod ? xdk rod a om&[ef; onf
jrwfa omtusif h ud k
rusif h oHk ;
&ao;?
xd k& [ef ; onf
"r0 de ,
]omoemawmf }rS
a0;\/19
txufyg
bk&m;&Sifa[mxm;aom
a'oemt&
w&m;jy
q&monf
awGUxdrI
z\
wnf&m
ajcmufrsdK;wnf;[laom
tMunf a jcmuf p H k u d k
,xmbl w Pf j zif h
rd r d u d k , f w d k i f
ydkif;ydkif;jcm;jcm;
rod&ao;ygu xdkw&m;jyq&monf 0dyem w&m;udk
aygufajrmufatmif tm;rxkwf&ao;aom q&m jzpf\/
xdkq&monf ]]"r0de,}} wnf;[laom ]]omoemawmf}} rS
a0;ao;\/ rdrdudk,fwdkif w&m;rawGUao;yJESifh tjcm;olwyg;
udk w&m;jyaeaomq&mjzpfonf/ w&m;usifhaom a,m*DwdkY
onfvnf; rdrdw&m;awGUNyD? jzpfysufjrifNyD? kyfemrfuGJNyD?
r*f&NyD?
zdkvf&NyD[k
qHk;jzwfEdkifcJhvQif
txufyg
tMunfajcmufpHkudk ydkif;jcm;jrifrI &Sdr&Sdjzifh qef;ppfyg/
avm[dp wzefxdkYtjyifvnf; (avmu)
tcsdKUaom q&monf tMuif&[ef; jzpfusdK;tvdkYiSm
vl U abmif r S &[ef ; abmif o d k Y 0if a &muf \?
xdk(q&m)onf xdk& [ef;jzpfusdK;udk r&ao;yJvsuf *
wynfhwdkYtm; ]]um; oifwdkY\ tpD;tyGm;tvdkYiSm
19
oVm,we0*oH,kwfygVdawmf jrefrmjyef? oVm,weoH,kwf?

rd*Zmv0*f? yXr qz,weokwf-71 ESm-262
*
&[ef;jzpfusdK;qdkonfrSm r*fcsrf;omzdkvfcsrf;omudk qdkvdkonf/
(pma&;ol\tvdk)

jzpf\? um;oifwdkY\ csrf;omtvdkYiSmjzpf\}} [k
a[m\/
xd k ( q&m)\(w&m;)ud k
wynf h w d k Y onf em,lukef\? em;axmifukef\?
od&efpdwf0ifpm;ukef\?
q&m\
tqH k ; trrS
rzJ c G m rl v nf ;
usif h u k e f \ /
xdk(q&m)udk
odkYtjypfwif ]apm'em} tyf\/-]]toQifonf
tMuif& [ef;jzpfusdK;
tvdkYiSm
vl U abmif r S
&[ef ; abmif o d k Y
0if a &muf \ ? (xd k o d k Y 0if a &muf a om) oif o nf
xd k & [ef ; jzpf u sd K ;ud k
r&ao;yJ v suf
wynf h w d k Y tm;
]]um;
oif w d k Y \
tpD ; tyG m ;tvd k Y iS m jzpf \ ? um; oif w d k Y \
csrf ; omtvd k Y iS m
jzpf \ }}[k
w&m;ud k
a[mbd \ ? xd k o if \ (w&m;ud k ) wynfh w d k Y onf
em,l u k e f \ ?
em;axmif u k e f \ ?
od & ef
pd w f 0 if p m;uk e f \ ?
q&m\
tqHk;trrS
rzJcGmrlvnf; usifhukef\/ a[majym jcif;onf
rdrdv,fudkpGefY
olwpfyg;v,fudk
aygif;oif
tyf o nf [ k
rS w f x if o nf E S i f h
wl \ /
(xd k Y aMumif h ) a[majymjcif ; ud k ,k w f r maom
avmbw&m;[k
(ig)qdk\?
wyg;aomolonf
wyg;aomoltm;
tb,f
jyKtHhenf;/}}
tjypfwiftyf\/
avm[dp-onfum; avmu tjypfwif
]apm'em}xdkufaom
'kwd,q&maywnf;?
,if;q&mudk
wpfpHkwpfa,mufu
tjypfwif
]apm'em}onf
&Sdaomf
xdktjypfwif
63
64

]apm'em}csufonf [kwfrSef w&m;ESifh avsmfay\?
tjypfvnf;r&Sday/20
tcsd K Uaom
w&m;jyq&mwd k Y onf
rl v u
r*f z d k v f tusdK;pD;yGm; &vdk &[ef;abmif odkU wufNyD;
r*fzdkvfw&m; r&ao;ygyJESifh wynfhwdkUtm; r*fzdkvfpD;yGm;
r*fzdkvfcsrf;om[k
a[majymMuonf/
tajymaumif;
ta[maumif; jzpfojzifh wynfhwdkUuvnf; xdkq&mwdkY\
w&m;udk em,lMu\ emMum; Mu\/ q&ma[maomw&m;udk
pdwf0ifpm;Mu\/
xdkq&mwdkYtm;
oabmusvsuf
q&mtem;rS rz,fc Gm bJ 0dki f; tH ka eMu\/ ,ckt cg
w&m;ppf
w&m;rS e f
&zdkU xuf
yk * d K vf p GJv rf; rIr sm;
jzpfaeMu\/ yk*dKvfpGJvrf;rIrS uyfNidrIrsm; jzpfvmMuonf/
xd k w ynfhw d k U onf
bk & m;rBud K uf
t&d , m
ol a wmf a umif ; rBudK uf onf h rdr dwd kU \tjypf ud k rodM uyJ
ykxk ZOf y Dy D rd r dw dkU BudKufaeonfh twdkif; usifhoHk;ae
Muonf/
jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sifonf
xdkuJhodkYaom
q&mudk
udk,fhv,f
udk
aygif;roifbJ
olwyg;v,ffudk
aygif;oifaeaomq&m (0g) rd r d ud a vomud k ry,f c G m bJ
ol w yg;wd k U \
ud a vom
y,fcGmaMumif;
a[majymjyoaeaom
q&m[k
uJh&JUawmfrl\?
tjypfwifawmfrl \/ xdkq&mtm; raumif;aomq&m tjypf
&Sdaom q&m[k tjypfwif ajymqdkMu&rnf/ xdkq&mudk
20
okwfoDvuefygVdawmf jrefrmjyef? avm[dpokwf-514 ESm-265
65
tjypf &Sdonf[ k ajymqdk vQif xd kod kU tjypf &Sd onf[k

ajymqd k a om
yk*dKvftm;
tjypfr&SdaMumif;
aemifvmwynfhwdkUtm; xyfrH azmfjyxm;jyefonf/
'kwd,0drkwdacwfjzpfonfh
,ckumv
jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sif \omoemudk ckwkH;vkyfNyD; 'g,um
'g,dumrrsm;udk
rdrdtm;
MunfndKudk;uG,fvmatmif
trlt&muwrsdK;
toHuwzkHwdkUESifh
vSnfh j zm;vsuf
*k P f , l p &m tH h M op&m q&mwpf q l t jzpf [dw f[ef
xkw fum
oky fa qmifa om
q&mrsm;vnf ;
&Sda e
Muonf/
'g,um
'g,dumrwdkUrSm
t&d,m
jzpfaMumif;w&m; od j rif ES H U pyf j cif ; r&Sd a omaMumif h
bk & m;tBud K uf t&d , m ola wmfa umif; wdk U tBud K uf ud k
rodb J
yk xk ZOf" avht wdki f;
trsm;tBudKuf
udavomtBudKufwdkYESifh
jzpfaeMuNyD/
a,m*DwdkU
owdjyKMuapvdkonf/
&[ef ; wd k Y
ol w yg;\
pd w f j zpf y H k u d k
rod
pl;prf; vdk a om
&[ef; onf
]]rsufp djzifhjrif& em;jzifh Mum;&aom npfEGrf;onfh
tusifhwdkYonf jrwfpGmbk&m; tm; &Sdukefoavm?
r&Sdukefoavm}}[k
rsufpdjzifh
jrif&
em;jzifh
Mum;&aom tusifh ESpfyg;wdkY jrwfpGmbk&m;udk
pl;prf;&rnf/21
21
rlvyPmoygVdawmf jrefrmjyef? plV,ru0*f? 0DrHouokwf-488

ESm-405
66
xdka'oemawmft& w&m;usifhvdkaom a,m*Donf

rdrd enf;,lrnfh q&m\ pdwfudk rodEdkifaomfvnf;
xdkq&monf
oDvod um
ud k,f usif ho du m
0dy emPf \
*k Pfa Mumif h
redaÈ\ oefU&Sif;rI
*kPfodum (wnfMunfrI *kPfodum) &Sdr&Sd pH k p rf ; &rnf /
xd k q &monf w&m;ud k xd k u f x d k u f w ef w ef usifhBuH
xm;NyD;NyDvm;? emrnfBuD;zdkU tm;xkwfaeovm;? aiG&zdkU
y&d o wf r sm;zd k U tm;xk w f a eovm;? ol a wmf a umif ;
wd k U \ um,uHrI? 0pDuHrIESifh jynfhpHk&JUvm;[k pHkprf;&rnf/
omref
yk*dKvfudk
rqdkxm;ESifh?
jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sifudkyif
jyefpHkprf;&rnf[k
a[mMum;xm;jcif ;
jzpf o nf /
q&mwk q&ma,mif w d k U ud k qnf;uyfudk;uG,frdrnfudk
pdk;
a[mMum;xm;jcif;
jzpfonf/
xdkq&mrsdK;rsm;udk
udk;uG,frdvQif
tcsdefukef
aiGukef
r*fzdkvf
tusdK;pD;yGm;vnf;
qHk; HI;&rnf
jzpfonf/
txl;
owdxm;Mu apvdkonf/
pk E r d r d o nf
r,Of a us;ao;ol
rqH k ; rtyf ao;ol ud a vom rNid r f ; at;ao;ol
jzpf v suf tjcm;ol u d k ,Of a us;apEd k i f qH k ; rEd k i f
ud a vomud k
Nidrf;at;apEdkifvdrfhrnf[laom
taMumif;onf r&Sdacs/ pkErdrdonf ,Ofaus;NyD;ol
qHk;rtyfNyD;ol
udavom
Nidr f;at;NyD;ol
jzpfcJhvQifum; tjcm;oludk ,Ofaus; apEdik f
67
qHk;rEdkif udavomudk Nidrf;at;apEdkifvdrfhrnf [laom

taMumif;onf &Sday\/22
xdka'oemawmfonf w&m;jyq&mwdkUtm; owday;

qHk;rxm;aom
a'oem
jzpf\/
w&m;jyq&monf
rdrdpdwfudkrS ,Ofaus;atmif rqHk;r&ao;yJ? rdrdpdwfwGif
woHw&mvHk;rS
udef;vmorQ
udavomwdkYudk
ry,fEkwf&ao;yJESifh a,m*DwdkU\ pdwfudk ,Ofaus;atmif
udavomrSvGwfatmif w&m;jyEdkifrnf r[k w f a Mumif ; ud k
bk & m;&S i f u
owd a y;xm;onf /
xd k o d k U
owday;xm;ygvsuf tcsdefumvESifh tcGifhtcgudk oabm
aygufaom
tcsdKU
w&m;jyq&mwdkUonf
wynfh
a,m*DwdkU \ todr<u,f em;rvnfrIwdkUudk tcGifhaumif;
,lvsuf trSef wu,fyif w&m;ppf w&m;rSefudk
rdrdodjrifNyD; olwyg;wdkUtm; trSefyif vGwfajrmufatmif
u,fwifEdkifouJhodkY
a[majymjyo
aeMuonf/
rdrdudk,fvnf;vdrf?
bk&m;&SifMo0g'udkvnf;
rod
usdK;uRHjyKaom
xdkq&mwdkUonf
wynfha,m*DwdkUtm;
w&m;ppf w&m;rSe f ud k rydkU csEd ki f y J w&m;wk w&m;rS m ;ud k
ydkU csaeaom q&mrsm;jzpfonf/ txl;owdjyKMuapvdkonf/
22
rlvyPmoygVdawmf jrefrmjyef? rlvy&d,m,0*f? oavcokwf-87

ESm-53
68
q&maumif;q&mrSef\ wynfhtay: xm;&Sdaompdwfxm;

&[ef ; wk d Y
yuf v uf
td y f w wf u mrQ
jzpf Eke,fi,f&G,faom oli,fonf txdef;\
ayghavsmhrI
aMumifh
opfom;pukdjzpfap
tkd;jcrf;uGJukdjzpfap
rsKd&m\?
xk d t &muk d
txd e f ; onf o nf
tvsif t jref
ES v k H ;
oG i f ; NyD ; vQif
tvsif t jref
xk w f , l & m\?
tu,f tvsiftjrefxkwf,l&ef rwwfEkdifygrl
vuf0Jvufjzifh OD;acgif;ukd ukdifum vufsmvufjzifh
vufId;ukd
auG;
aoG;ESifhwuGaomfvnf;
xkwf,l&m\/
w&m;jyq&monf
rdrdudk,fudk
txdef;onfyrm
oabm
xm;&rnf/
w&m;usifhaoma,m*DwdkUudk
rodem;rvnfao;aom
av;buf o G m ;t&G , f
uav;i,f y rm
oabmxm;&rnf /
tE&m,fudk
rodao;aom uav;i,fonf rD;udkvnf; ylrSef; rodbJ
udkifrdwwfouJhodkY
w&m;em;rvnfao;aom
a,m*DwdkU
onfvnf; aoab;qif;&J tyg,fab;qif;&J oHo&mqif;&J
wd k U ud k r&d y f p m;rd M uyJ wb0 aea&;avmuf o m
jrif M u? pD; yGm ;&Sm aeMuonf/ xdkp D; yG m ;&Sm &if; avmb
a'go rme paomtukodkvfwdkU yGm;vmonfudkrod?
pD;yGm;wdk;wufjcif;xuf
b0&onfh'ku
rsm;pGm
wdk;yGm;onfudkvnf;
em;rvnfMuay/
uav;i,fonf
em;rvnfojzifh tdk;jcrf;uGJudkjzpfap opfom;p ud kjzpfa p
rsdK csrd onf
&Sda omf
txde f; onf onf
vsifj refp Gm
69
wm;qD;&ouJhodkU wynfh a,m*Dw&m;usifhaeqJ orm"dr&rD

cEmrS
azmfjyvmonfh
"mwfav;yg;azmufjyefrI
um,du'kuudk taMumif;cH tdk;jcrf;uGJ opfom;pESifhwlonfh
tacsmifaecsifrI
(0g)
onf;rcHvdkrI
(a'go)?
oufom&mudkvdkcsifrI?
cEmtdrfudk
jyKjyifay;vdkrI
avmbwPSmwdkU pdwf uyfa&mufvmNyDqdkvQif q&monf
vGwfajrmufatmif
vsifjrefpGm
enf;ay;
wm;qD;
u,fwif&rnf/
]]&[ef ; wk d Y ol i ,f u k d n O f ; yef ; rI u m;
&Sdav\? r&Sd[k igrqkd? &[ef;wkdY okdYyif
&SdvifYupm; tusd K ;uk d vk d v m; tpD ; tyG m ;uk d
&S m rS D ; wwf
oem;apmif Y a&S m uf w wf a om
txd e f ; onf
oem;
apmif Y a&S m uf j cif ; uk d
taMumif ; jyK
trI r sd K ;uk d
23
jyKvkyfoifhonfomwnf;/}}
txdef;onfonf
uav;i,f\
cHwGif;rS
tdk;jcrf;uGJESifh opfom;pwdkUudk rnmrwm aoG;ESifhwuG
qGJxkwf,l&bdouJhokdU w&m;jyq&monf w&m;usif h a epOf
txuf y g
a'goES i f h
avmbwd kU
vGw f a jrmuf& ef
enf; ay;&mwGi f vd kt yf vmvQif emusifcHcuf jzpfapumrl
onf;cHap
rnmrwm
u,fwif
&rnf jzpf onf /
ae&m jrwfp G m bk & m;&Si fo nf ]]ol i ,f ud k n O f ; yef ; rI u m;
23
t*kFwdK&fygVdawmfjrefrmjyef 'kwd,wGJ? aocAv0*f? umrokwf-7

ESm-6
70
&S d a v\}} [k rd e f U awmf r l \ / xd k o abmud k od a pvd k
bk & m;&S i f o nf
wynfh a ,m*D w d k U tm;
r*f E S i f h
toufvJ&ef?
oHo&mab;
aoab;rS
rn mrwm
u,fwif &rnf[k TefMum;cJhjcif;jzpfonf/
uav;i,f \ cH wGi f; rS
tdk; jcrf; uGJ
opf o m;p
wdkU ud k aoG;ESifhwuG ygatmif qGJxkwfjcif;onf uav;tm;
nOf;yef;
bdo uJ ho dk U
&Sdonf
rSe fa omfv nf;
uav;i,f \
toufu dk
rxd y g;apvd k a omaMumif h
jyKtyf o nf o mwnf ; /
w&m;jy
q&monfvnf;
w&m;jyonfhtcg
w&m;usifhaom
a,m*DwdkU
OD;pGm
&ifqdkif&rnfh "mwfav;yg; azmufjyefrIaMumifh 'kua0'em
jzpfay:vmaomtcg
&d,mykxfudk
rjyKjyifapbJ
onf;cHapNyD; xd k u m,d u 'k u u d k taMumif ; cH pd w f
uyf N id a eaom
igcHpm;&onf[laom
'd|d
rcHpm;csifaoma'go?
&d,mykxfudk
jyKjyifvdkaom
avmbwdkUudk
azmfxkwfapvsuf
0dyemr*fESifh
y,f o wf a p&rnf / q&monf rd r d u d k , f w d k i f rd r d p d w f
pl ; 0if a eonfh
ud a vomwd k U ud k
y,f E k w f E d k i f N yD ;
jzpf o jzif h
wynf wdkU tm;
vG wfa jrmuf E dk i f onf he nf;
ay;jcif; jzpf onf/ tb,fa Mumif hqd ka omf 'ku a 0'emud k
cHp m;onfh emrf ig uyfaeoa&GU a'goESifhwPSmvnf;
uyfaeOD;rnf/
xdkudavom
wdkUudk
um,du'ku
taMumif;cH
azmfxkwf
y,fEkwf&onf/
xdkodkU
w&m;jyjcif;onf tjypfr&Sdyg/
71
q&maumif; q&mrSef [lonf wynfhwdkUtm;

qif;&JrIrS vGwfajrmufatmif &nf &G,fvsuf pdwf qif;&JrI
'kuuEm
jzpfa paom
wPSm udk
azmfxk wf& ef
um,d u'k ua 0'emud k taMumif;cH w&m;usifhqJ iJhnmrI
rjyK&yJ w&m;jy&rnf jzpfonf/ &d,mykxfjyifjcif;ESifh
tcsdefavQmhay;jcif; paom tvk d v k d u f tBud K uf a y;rI j zif h
wynf h t m;
w&m;rjyo&yg/ yufvuftdyfwwfumrQ
uav;i,f[lonf
tE&m,fukdrod?
taumif;tqkd;
taMumif;tusdK; ukdvnf; rodojzifh tE&m,f jzpfaprnfh
opfom;pjzpfap? tkd;jcrf;uGJukdjzpfap rsdKcswwf\/ xkdY t wl
oHo&m'k u? cEm 'ku ? tdk em aojcif; 'ku wd kY \
jyif;xef&ufpufrIudk rodao;aoma,m*Donf taumif;tqkd;
taMumif ; tuds K;ud k rod a om uav;i,f y rm yk x k Z Of
tavht wkdi f; igwnf; [la om tpG Jjzifh w&m;usif h& mwGi f
oufomvkdrI
taeacsmifvdkrIjzifh
&d,mykxfukd
jyifvkdMuonf/ cPyef;csrf;omESifh xm0& csrf;omukd
em;rvnfay/
xkduJhokdY
vkdufavsmjyKjyifrIukd
rodrf;qnf;Ekdifygu (0g) rpGefYvTwfEdkifygu vdkufavsmrI
rjyKEdkifawmhonfh
aoyGJ
tusOf;tMuyfawGUum
tvGefyljyif;pGm
qif;&J'kujzifh
ao&vdrfhrnf/
taorwwfvQif
tyg,fa v;&yf
Mum&Sn f' k u
cHp m;&awmhr nf/ xdkY a Mumif h q&maumif; q&mrSe f [lo nf
xkdt w' d| d
(oum ,'d| d) jzifh
cEmtdrfukd jyKjyifrIrS
ynmjzifhvGwfatmif um,du'kua0'em ukd taMumif; cH
&d, myk xfu kd
rjyifa y;yJ
tm;ig;yg;
72
jznfh q nf ; ay;NyD ; vQif

opf o m;p?
tk d ; jcrf ; uG J p ES i f h
wl o nf h
txufy g
'd| d ukd
qG JE k wf ,la p&rnf/
&d, myk xfj yifr ay;yJ 'k u a 0'emrS ausmf v G e f a tmif
w&m;usif h c k d i f ; jcif ; onf
wynfhtm;
&ufpufaejcif;
r[kwf/ u,fwifjcif;om jzpfonf/
,ck t cg
tcsd K U
w&m;jyq&mwd k U onf
cE m ud k , f yifyef;apvsuf w&m;jyjcif;onf bk&m;a[m ESifh
rudkufnD[k qdkMuonf/ &d,mykxfav;yg; ay;xm;onf/
udk,fESifhpdwf oufomapNyD; usifh&rnf/ tdyfcsifvQifvnf;
tdyfa&;0atmif tdyfapNyD;rS usifhcdkif;onf/ ]]MumMumxdkifwm
w&m;
r[kwfbl;?
anmif; vQifj yif } }
ponf jzif h
Te f Mum;jcif; onf bk k& m;a[m a'oemESi f h rudk uf nDy g/
xdk q&mwk
q&ma,mif wdkU onf
rdr d wdkY udk ,f wd ki f
'kua 0'emrS rvGwfa jrmuf E dki f ? wynfhw dk Y tm;vnf;
vGw fa jrmufa tmif
rjyoEdki f
a0g[m&topf
wDxGifvsuf vdrfvnfw&m;jyaeMujcif;jzpfonf/
&[ef ; wd k Y
----rvd r m aom
rd k u f a om ol,kwfonf---- Pfjzifh* rodjrif
rqHk;jzwfrl
Pfjzifh
rouf0ifrydkif;jcm;rl
rMunfndKxdkufaom
t&m
MunfndKrIudk
jzpfap\/ Pfjzifh rodjrif rqH k ; jzwf r l
Pf j zif h
rouf 0 if r yd k i f ; jcm;rl
MunfndKxdkufaom
t&m
rMunfndKrIudk
*
q&morm;aumif; [kwfonf r[kwfonf rcGJjcm;jcif;

(pma&;ol\tvdk)
73
jzpfap\/ &[ef;wdkY w&m;ESpfrsdK;wdkYESifh jynfhpHkaom

rvdrmaom rd k u f a om ol , k w f o nf wl ; Nzd K
zsuf q D ; tyf a om
rdrdudk,fudk
aqmifaeonf
rnf\? tjypf&Sdolvnf; jzpf\? ynm&SdwdkYvnf;
pGyfpGJ
uJh&JUxdkufolvnf;jzpf \?
rsm;pGmaom
raumif;rIudkvnf;
jzpfyGm;ap\
[k
24
(rdefYawmfrl\)/
,cktcg
w&m;tm;xkwfaom
a,m*DwdkUonf
y&d,wd
pmay
rwwf M uojzifh
t&d,m
jzpf a Mumif; w&m;
odjrif
ESHU pyfj cif;
r&Sd Muyg/
t&d,mjzpfa Mumif; w&m;udk
bk& m;&Si f
rnfo dkU a[mxm;rSe f;
rod ?
t&d ,m
ola wmfa umif; [l onf
rnfodkU*kPf&SdrSef;rod?
t&d,molawmfaumif;wdkY\ tusifhonf rnf odkU &Sdr Se f ;
rod M uojzif h
w&m;rSm ;
w&m;rSe f
cGJ jcm;rI
Pfr ouf0 if E dk i fM uay/ xdkU aMumif h rMunf ndK xdk ufa om
rudk; uG,fx dkufaom
tm;rxm;xdk ufaom
q&mwdkU udkvnf; wu,f t&d , m jzpf o nf txif E S i f h
Munf n d K ud k ; uG , f
tm;xm;aeMuonf/
xdkwynfha,m*DrsdK;udk
jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sifu
]] rvd r maom
rd k u f a om
ol , k w f } } [k
jyif; jyif; xef xef
uJh& JU
HIUcsawmfrl\/ tb,faMumifhqdkaomf cJ,Of;pGm vljzpfaeonfh
tcsdef omoemESifh cJ,Of;pGm BuHKaeygvsuf q&maumif;
24
t*kFwdK&fygVdawmf jrefrmjyef yxrwGJ 'kuedygwf? tm,mpe0*f136 ESm-102
74
q&mrSefudk pdppfa&G;cs,fjcif; rjyKbJ q&mwkq&ma,mifwdkUudk

udk;uG,fqnf;uyfvQif
r*fzdkvftusdK;qHk;HI;onf/
xdktusdK;quf
taejzifh
b0rsm;pGm
tdke maorqHk;
tyg,f'ku rqHk; ojzifh rdrdudk,f udk jyefvnf owfjzwf
&ufpufaejcif;ESifh wlonf/ tcsufudk &nf &G,fvsuf
]]rsm;pGmaom raumif;rI ud k vnf ; jzpfyGm;ap\}}[k jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sif
rdefUawmfrljcif; jzpfonf/
q&maumif;q&mrSef&Smenf;
w&m;jyrnfhq&mtm;
rdrdudk
uJhodkY
ar;jref;pHkprf;yg/
(1) q&mud k , f w d k i f "mwf a v;yg; azmuf j yef a om 'k u
a0'emrS rcHpm;csifaom a'go? vGwfvdkaom avmbrS
vGwfajrmufNyD;NyDvm;/
(2) q&mud k , f w d k i f (10)em&D M umrQ rvI y f r jyif pum;
rajymrqdkyJ aeEdkifNyDvm;/
(3) q&mudk,fwdkif rdrd\ pdwfudk (10)em&DMumrQ ynwfrS
odrf;qnf;EdkifNyDvm;/
(4) q&mudk,fwdkif pdwfudk twdwf tem*wf tmHkESifh
'G g &ig;ayguf r S
(10)em&D M umrQ
vG w f a tmif
wnfEdkifNyDvm;/
75
(5) q&mud k, fwd ki f tqif; tmHk ESi fh awGU qHkq J rd r d \

puK yom' ESi fh xdkp uK yom' wnfa om ly gHk
puK 0dnmPf wdkY ud k ydki f; ydki f; jcm;jcm; jrif NyD vm; [k
tm;emp&mrvdkyJ ar;jref;pHkprf;yg/
txuf y g(5)csuf E S i f h
jynfh p H k a om
yk *d K vf t m;omvQif
0dyemt&m
q&maumif;
q&mrSeftjzpf rSwf,lyg/
www
7/ w&m;usihfaom a,m*DwdkY vdkufem&rnfh

tajccHodrSwfzG,f
1/ oaum - (usifhpGrf;Edkifjcif;) w&m;usihfaom a,m*Donf
w&m;usihf&m rdrd\toufESihf cEmudk,fudk xdyg;jcif;rS
riJ h u G u f y J usih f E d k i f o l jzpf & rnf / tdk ; aMuaMu?
ta& cef;cef; ravQmhaom ZGJvHkYv? 0D&d, pdkufxkwf
usihfBuH EdkifpGrf;&Sdoljzpf&rnf/
,cktcg tcsdKU w&m;jyq&mwdkUonf rdrd touf
xdyg;&ef rqdkxm;ESifh?
wpfem&DrQ cEm'kuudkyif
onf;rcHEdkifMuay/
w&m;usifholwdkUuvnf;
w&m;&Sm&mrSm
tcktcH
arGU,m
awGe JU
ouf om&m&Sm Mu?
td r fr Sm aeawmhv nf;
Zd r fus?
w&m;xdki fa wmh vnf; Zd r fc H NyD; w&m;usifha eMuonf/
tb,frSm w&m;&Edkifawmhrnfenf;/
2/ OZk - (ajzmifhrwfjcif;) w&m;usihfaom a,m*Donf w&m;
usihf&m
q&mTefMum;aom
enf;vrf;twdkif;
aoGznfjcif; r&Sd? wajzmifhwnf; usihf&rnf/
3/ ok[kZk - (txl;ajzmifhrwfjcif;) w&m;usihfaom a,m*Donf
w&m;usih f & m
q&mT e f M um;aom
enf ; vrf ; twd k i f ; tenf ; i,f r Q aoG z ,f j cif ; r&Sd
txl ; ajzmih f r wf p G m wajzmifhwnf; usihf&rnf/
4/ ok 0 apm p - (qd k qH k ; rvG ,f j cif ; (od k Y ) q&morm;\
TefMum;rIudk
em;vnfvG,fjcif;?
q&mpum;
em;axmifjcif;)
w&m;usih f a om a,m*D o nf w&m;usih f & m q&m
77
T e f M um;aom enf ; vrf ; tay: em;vnf oabm

aygufatmif emcH,ljcif;? q&mowfrSwfaom pnf;urf;
rsm;udk
vdkufemjcif;?
q&mrvdkvm;onfrsm;udk
rjyKvkyfjcif; paom*kPfrsm;ESihf jynfh&rnf/
5/ rk'k - (El;nHhjcif;) w&m;usihfrnfh a,m*Donf udk,frI?
EIwfrI? pdwfrIwdkY cufxefMurf;wrf;jcif; r&Sd&/
6/ tewdrmed - (rmefr&S&d jcif;) w&m;usihfaom a,m*Donf
avmuDtmHk0wK ynm *kPfwdkYESihf rdrd \oDv
orm"d tusihfwdkY igrSpGrf;Edkifonf[laom rmefr&Sd&/
7/ oEKaum - (a&mifh&JvG,fjcif;) w&m;usihfaoma,m*Donf
w&m;tm;xkwfrI wavQmuf rdrdESihf oifhawmfrnfh tpm
tm[m&udk rQwHkavmufom oHk;aqmifEdkif&rnf/ tqD
tqdrfhpm;jcif;ESihf
Adkufjynfhatmifw0BuD;pm;vQif
udk,fvuf av;vH jcif; ? idk uf jrnf; jcif; ? tpmraMu
jzpf wwf jcif; ? a&m*g&vG,fjcif;jzpfum w&m;usihf&m
taESmifht,Suf jzpfwwfonf/
8/ ok ba&m
(arG ; jrLvG , f j cif ; )
rdr d w&m;usih fE d ki f z dkY twG uf pdwfudk tmHkajcmufyg;
umr*kPfw&m;wdkY
repfarsmapyJ
edAmefodkY
a&S;IEkdifaompdwfjzihf arG;jrLwwf&rnf/
9/ tyudapm - (trIudpenf;jcif;) w&m;usihfaoma,m*Donf
w&m;tm;xkw fr I
wavQmuf
jyKzG ,fu dp
rsm;aevQif w&m;usihfrI ysufjym;aponf/
10/ ov[ku0kwd - (ayghyg;rI&Sdjcif;) w&m;usihfaoma,m*Donf
w&m;tm;xk w f r I
wavQmuf
78
toH k ; taqmif y p n f ;
enf ; &rnf /
toH k ; taqmif y p n f ;
rsm;cJ h a omf
w&m;
tm;xk wfa epOf aMumihfM updw fr sm; jzpfa y: orm"d
taESmifht,Suf jzpfwwfonf/ iSufuJhodkY ayghyg;aom0ef
&Sd&rnf/
11/ oEdÈda,m - (Nidrfoufaom aÈ&Sdjcif;) w&m;usihfaom
a,m*Donf
udk,frI?
EIwfrI?
pdwfrIwdkY
NidrfoufrI&Sdae&rnf/
12/ edyaum - (&ifhusufaom ynm&Sdjcif;) w&m;tm;xkwf&m
vdktyfaom tbd"rmynmESihf jynfhpHkjcif;? t&m&mudk
[kwf\?
rSef\?
oifhawmf\?
roifhawmf\?
cGJjcrf;pdwfjzm oHk;oyfwwfaom ynm&Sd&rnf/
13/ ty*aAm - (Murf;wrf;dkif;jyrI r&Sdjcif;) olawmfaumif;wdkYESihf
ravsmfnDaom tjyKtrltajymtqdkpaom udk,ftrlt&m?
EIwftrlt&m? pdwftrlt&mwdkY cufxefMurf;wrf;rI r&SdyJ
El;nHhaysmhajymif; odrfarGUrI &Sdae&rnf/
14/ ukavoGeEk*da'g - (aqGrsKd; rdwfaqGwdkYESihf rqufqHjcif;)
r*fzdkvfvdkvm;aoma,m*Donf
A[d'tmHkjzpfaom
aqGrsKd; rdwfo*F[? 'g,um? 'g,dumrwdkYESihf
qufqHrIrsm;u
tusihfvnf;ysuf?
orm"dvnf;
ysufvG,fonf/
15/ e p ck'rmpa& udd? a,e 0dnL ya& Oy0a',sKH
r*fzdkvfvdkvm;aom
a,m*DwdkYonf
r*fzdkvfESifhqefYusifaom
jrLrIefrQao;i,faom
79
tukodkvfudkyif rjyKvkyf&/ ynm&SdwdkY uJh&JUukef\/

jrLrIefrQ
tukodkvfyif
ry,fEdkifu
BuD;rm;aom
25
tukodkvfqdkvQif y,fEdkifawmhrnfr[kwfay/
y"med,*Fgw&m; (5) yg;
w&m;tm;xkwfaom
a,m*Donf
y"med,*Fgig;yg;ESihf jynfhpHk&rnf/
1/o' gw&m;&Sd jcif ; - &wemoHk; yg;ay: ,H kM unfr Io'g
&Sd & rnf /
q&m\
T e f M um;rI e nf ; vrf ;
tay:vnf ;
,HkMunfrI
&Sd&rnf/
o'gAdkvfESihf
jynfhpHk&rnf/
2/usef;rma&;ESihfjynfhpHkjcif;- tema&m*g uif;a0;jcif;aMumihf
Owk o H k ; yg;'Pf ?
tm[m&'Pf ?
w&m;usih f r I
'Pf w d k Y rS cHEdkif&nf&Sdojzihf w&m;usihf&m taESmifhr,Suf
r&Sdawmhay/
3/pdwfxm;ajzmifhrwfjcif; - raumif;aom pdwfrsm; jzpfonfh
yifu dk, fo bm0 vS nf hp m;wwf jcif; ? y&d ,m,f r sm;jcif; ?
aumufuspfpOf;vJjcif; paom raumif;aom tusihfpdkuf
wdkYonf w&m;usifhaomtcg ADZoabmtjzpf ygvmaom
tusifhwdkYaMumihf udk,fhw&m;udk,fzsufovdk jzpfwwfonf/
rl& if; pdw fxm;
ajzmifh r Se fol wd kY onf
25
ck'uygXygVd? arwokwH
80
w&m;usih f& mvnf;

ajzmif h a jzmif h r wf r wf
usih f o H k ; wwf o jzih f w&m;&rI vG,fulonf/
4/ZGJvHkYvxufoefjcif;- vHkYvBuD;rm;rI&Sdjcif;aMumihf tcuftcJ
rsm;udk ausmfvTm;EdkifNyD; usifhpOfwavQmuf aygufajrmuf
vG,fulonf/
5/Pf&nfxufjrufjcif; - 0dyem[lonf Pft&m
jzpfonf/ yifudk,fobm0tm;jzihf ydkif;jcm; pdwfjzm
oHk;oyf
wwfaom
Pfudk
tm;jyKwwfaom
tavh&Sdaomolonf
trSm;enf;NyD;
tcuftcJudk
ausmfvTm;Edkifojzihf w&m; &vG,fonf/
w&m;usifholwdkY\ pdwfxm;ESifhcH,lcsuf
&[ef ; wd k Y
rD ; avmif a om
t0wf y k q d k ; ud k
aomfif;
OD;acgif;udkaomfif;
vspfvsLI ESvHk;roGif; rl xdk;xGif;rod&ao;aom
t&d,mwdkY\
trSefw&m;
av;yg;wdkYudk
[kwfwdkif;rSefpGm
xdk;xGif;odjcif;tusdK;iSm
tvdk]qE}vHkYvtm;xkwfrI
tjyif;txeftm;xkwfrI
rqkwfrepfatmufarhrI qifjcifPfudk jyKvkyf&rnf/
tb,fav;yg;wdkYenf;? qif;&Jjzpfaom t&d,mwdkY\
trSefw&m;/y/26
26
r[m0*oH,kwfygVdawmf jrefrmjyef? opoH,kwf? oDoyg0e0*f?

apvokwf ESm-391
81
w&m;usifhaom a,m*Donf tdkjcif;? emjcif;? aojcif;

qif;&J?
tyg,fab;qif;&JwdkYudk
txl;
aMumuf&GHU
pdk;&drfae&NyD; igonf'Db0'DomoemrSmrS vGwfajrmufatmif
rusifhbl;qdkvQif igha vmufr d ku fo nfh yk* dK vf r&S dbl; [l
jyif; jyif; xef xef tm;xkwfvdkaom pdwfxm; &Sd&rnf/
w&m;usifhrIonf
b0
tvGe f
ta&;BuD; NyD;
taqmwvsif jyK&rnfh tvky f [l od x m;&rnf u d k
jrwf p G m bk& m;&S i f o nf
txuf y gtwd k i f ;
a[mMum;xm;onf/
]]"eH paZ t*F0& a[wk? t* paZ ZD0dwH &urmaem/
t* "eH ZD0dwmyd oAH? paZ ea&m "rrEk&aEm/}}27
txufyg
0dok'dr*fvm
a&S;q&mwdkY
tqdktrdefYESifhtnD
a,m*Donf
ypnf;OpmESifh
rdrd\
t*FgajcvufwdkYwGif wpfckck pGefY&rnf qdkvQif rdrd\
t*Fgajcvufudk
rpGefY
ypnf;Opmudkom
tqHk;HI;cH
pGefYvdrfhrnf/ rdrd\ t*FgajcvufESifh rdrd\ touf wdkYwGif
wpfckck pGefY&rnf qdkvQif rdrd\toufudk rpGefY? rdrd\
t*Fgajcvufudkom tqHk;HI;cH pGefYvdrfhrnf/ rdrd\toufudk
rnfonfhow0grS
pGefYvTwfvdrfhrnfr[kwf/
w&m;tm;xkwfaom a,m*Donf rdrdtvdk&Sdaom r*fzdkvfudk
&rnfqdkvQif udk,ft*Fg tpdwf t yd ki f; taoG; ? tom;?
27
0dok'dr*t|uxm y-wGJ? ESm-43
82
taMum? tdk; wdkY ysufp D; qHk; HI; cH Hkwifr u rd r d \

touf ud ky g pGe fY usifhE dki fa om cH,lcsuf o'g? qEESifh
jynfhpHkrI &Sd&rnf/
,ckt cg tcsdK Uaom w&m;jyq&mwdkU onf rdr d wdkU
udk ,f wdk i f
ouf ouf omom
tacsmif a eNyD;
0dy emPf
qdkufatmif
rusifhvmbJ
a[mwwff
ajymwwf&efavmufom oifwef;wufvmojzifh rdrdtoufudk
riJhuGuf&ef rqdkxm;ESifh? jcifudkufonfudkyif onf;rcHEdkifyg/
aumovtdyfruftwdkif;
wpf o d e f ; wef o nfh
pE u l ; tES p f E S i f h wl a om op m av;yg; w&m;awmfudk
qif;&Jom;wdkU\
yHk;&nfESifh
wlonfh
tojymESifh
vJp m;aeMuNyD/
xdk U aMumif h
wynfhw dk U udk vnf;
tacsmifa e
oufoufomom
usifhpOfrsm;ay;vsuf
usifhcdkif;aeMuonf/
q&mhtay: twk,lzG,f ,HkMunfrI
oD [ d k V f E d k i f i H omoem xG e f ; vif ; awmuf y pOf u
pl V yd @ ygwd u wd rax&f x H
w&m;usih f v d k o nf h
a,m*D
&[ef;i,foHk;yg;
a&muf&Sdvmaomtcg
xdk& [ef;oHk ;yg;tm;
rax&fBuD;u
q&morm;ESihf
ur|mef;w&m;tay: rnfrQavmuf ,HkMunf udk;pm;
tm;xm;aMumif; ar;prf;awmfrl \/ yxr &[ef;i,fu
t&Sifbk&m;twGuf
tusKd; &SdrnfqdkvQif
bk&m;
wynfhawmfonf
tvGefw&m
eufonfh
tolw&macsmufxJ
ckefcsay;0Hhygonf
bk&m;[k
83
jyefavQmufxm;ygonf/
'kwd,
&[ef ; i,f u
t&S i f b k & m;twG u f tusKd ; &Sd r nf qd k v Qif zaemihfup
acgif;odkYusatmif
ausmufjyifay:
aoG;vSL
&rnfqdkvQifvnf; vSL0Hhygonfbk&m;/ wwd, &[ef;i,fu
t&Sifbk&m;twGuf aq;0g;tjzpf toHk;jyKvdku tusKd;&Sdrnf
qdkvQif bk&m;wynhfawmf \ 0ifouf xGufoufudk
ydwfqdkYNyD; ao0Hhygonf bk&m;[k avQmufxm;Muonf/28
uJ ho dkY w&m;usihfa oma,m*Do nf q&maumif;
q&mrSefE Si fh awGUvQifaomfrS q&mtay: toufudk
pGe fY tm;ud k; aom ,Hk Munfc suf ? rdr d w&m;usih f& m
touf ud k pGefYEdkifaom o'g qEwdkYjzifh jynfh0rSomvQif
r*fzdkvf &Edkifrnf jzpfonf/ q&mESifh w&m;tay:
aps;qpfaeaom yk*dKvfrsm;ESifh touf E S i f h cE m ud k , f u k d
iJ h u G u f a om yk * d K vf r sm; twG u f r*fw&m;zdkvfw&m;
jzpfvmrnfr[kwfay/
twk,lzG,f cH,lcsuf
uyjrwfpGmbk&m;
omoemaemufydkif;umv
&[ef;
(5)yg;wdkY onf
awmif uvyfa y:
wuf
w&m;usif h& mwGi f jyefvrf;&SdvQif touf iJhuGufrI&Sd
&oifhaom r*fzdkvfw&m;rS qH k ; IH ; rnf u d k pd k ; &d r f & um;
&J & J a wmuf
pd w f x m;&Sd M uum
tjyefvrf;
awmifwufavSum;udk pGefYypfvdkufNyD; touf iJhuGufrI
28
0dok'dr*ft|uxm? yxrwGJ-49 ESm-112
84
r&SdyJ ]]vlaovQif ao? raovQif w&m;&}} &rnf

[laom
o'g
qE
ponfh
cH,lcsufjzifh
w&m;usifhMuonf/ xdkuJhodkY w&m;usihf&mwGif qGrf;rpm;
a&raomuf oufpGefY BudK;yrf; tm;xkwfMujcif;onf
r*fzdkvfedAmef vdkcsifaomaMumifh jzpfonf/ toufpGefY
usifh&usKd;eyfygonf/
tBuD;qHk;
rax&f
onf
(3)&uf a jrmuf
touf r aoyJ
t&[w r *f u l ; um
&[E m jzpf a vonf / 'k w d , ajrmuf tEk a x&f v nf ;
(5)&ufajrmuf
oufpGefYBudK;yrf;
tm;xkwfrI\
qkvmbftjzpf tem*grdr*fodkY ul;ajrmufcJhavonf/
usefrax&f(3)yg;wdkYrSmrl &[EmESifh tem*grfrax&fwdkY
qGr f; cHa uR;onfh qG r f ; udky if vufr cHy J touf p Ge fY
w&m;
usifhc Jhavonf/
xdkodkY usifhaomfvnf;
xdkb0r*fz dkvfr&MuyJ
toufcEm
0efcscJhMu&onf/
udk,fESifhtouf
riJhuGufrl
w&m;usif h c J h a om
xd k & [ef ; (3)yg;wd k Y \ w&m;usih f r I o nf yg&rDajrmuf
usifhrIjzpfojzifh if;yg&rDOyed, t&dSefaMumifh ,ck
a*gwr jrwf p G m bk & m; omoemwG i f vG , f u l p G m
t&[wzdkvfayguf a&muf&Sd&jcif; jzpfonf/29
w&m;usif hr nfh
a,m*Do nf
xdk& [ef; (5)yg;wd kY u Jho dkY
touf u d k
pG e f Y
w&m;tm;xk w f v d k o nfh o' g qE \ cH,lcsufrsm;
tjynfht0xm;NyD; w&m;usihfrS r*fzdkvf edAmef w&m;&rnf
29
rlvyPmot|uxm 'kwd,wGJ? 0rduokweftzGifh? ESm-34
85
jzpfonf/ odkYr[kwfvQif omoemESifh BuHKomBuHK edAmefESifh

vGJum oHo&m0JMoC twGif;rS rvGwfajrmufEdkifyJ
rdrdESajrmvSonfh
touf
rnfrQ
aoqHk;&rnfudk
rodEdkifawmhNyD/ ,ck omoemrSm wpfb0 wpfcEm
taocH (odkY) temcH &if;ESD;pdkufxkwf q&maumif;
enf;aumif;jzifh usifhEdkifygu tyg,f ' k * w d c E m &
'k u c H p m;&rI ? xd k ' k u c E m awG U &NyD ; cPcP ao&rI ?
ol w yg; towf c H & rI r S aocsmayguf vGw fa jrmufr nf/
vuf &Sd
ypK ye f c Em ESi f h
tyg,f' k* wd c Em
ajrmuf r sm;pG m ud k tvJ t vS , f jyKvk y f & rnf / xd k Y aMumif h
w&m;usifhrnfha,m*Donf q&maumif;enf;aumif; awGU&SdvQif
toufESifh cEmudk,fudk riJhuGufyJ usifhBuHtm;xkwfEdkif&rnf/
owd,m0d, Mora|m?
',Srmaem0 rwau/
oum,'d| y[mem,?
oawm bduK y&dAaZ/30
ow d , m?
toG m ;xuf v S
oH v H S r BuD ; jzif h / Mora|m0d, ? &ifudk pl;pdkuf
txdk;cHvdkufbd ouJhodkY vnf;aumif;? rwau?
OD;acgif;xuf/ ',Srmaem0? [l ; [l ; ajymif a jymif
rD ; avmif o nf h
ab;rS
vG w f & ef
tvG e f
ta&;BuD ; bd o uJ h o d k Y vnf ; aumif ; ? oawm bduK ?
owd ynm xifpGm jyKwwf a,m*Djrwfonf
30
o*gxm0*ygVd? a'0wmoH,kwH? owd0a*g? owdokwH-21
86

ou m ,'d | ? b0rsm;pG m oH o &mrS m pl ; 0if z d o wf
tyg,f a v;&yf o d k Y
uswwf a ponfh
'd | d a b;BuD ; ud k
y[mem,?
jrwf a omwmyef " mwf
r* i f j rwf j zif h
tjrpf y ,f E k w f j cif ; iS m y&d A a Z? tysif ; tzsif ;
a&Smifwdr f;jcif;wdkY udk
y,fc Gm
jrefjrefBuD;
tm;xkwf apukef&mownf;/
avmu
vlom;wdkYonf
aeYpOfESifhtrQ
vIyf&Sm;oGm;vm
jyKvkyf& SmazG aerIwdkY onf
cEmudk,fESdy fp ufrI
trsKd;rsKd;'Pfr S
umuG,f&eftwGuf
ta&;wBuD;
jyKvkyfaeMu&jcif;
jzpfonf/
a'oemawmf t & xd k t a&;xuf y if &if 0 pl ; aomvS H
EI w f & ef E S i f h OD ; acgif ; rD ; avmif a erI Nid r f ; owf & ef u
ydkta&;BuD;onf/ xdkpl;aeaom vSHudkEIwfzdkYESifh avmifaeaom
rD;udk
Nidrf;owfzdkYxuf
pdwf
uyfa&mufaeaom
oum,'d|dudk y,fcGmzdkYu ydk ta&;BuD;qHk;jzpfonf/
tb,fhaMumifhqdkaomf
&if0 vSHp l; jcif; ?
OD ; acgif;
rD; avmif jcif; wdkY o nf wpfb 0 wpfc Em om 'k u( qif; &J)
a&mufr nf/
pd wf
uyfa eaom
oum,'d|dudk
rjzKwfEdkifygu b0rqHk; rokOf; cEm'ku &&Sdum aorif;\
owfjcif;udk tzefzef txyfxyf cH&awmhrnf/ i&J? Nyd w m ?
wd & p m ef paom b0cE m &cJ h v Qif &&Sd r nfh 'k u
'Pfc suf r sm;rSm
rnfr Q
jyif; xef
rnfr Q
tcsde fM umrnfu dk qifjcifoHk;oyfMunfhyg/
87
xdkY a Mumif h
w&m;usif ha om
a,m*D onf
oum ,'d | d
ab;qd k ; ud k
jrif
xd k a b;wd k Y rS
aMumuf &GHU NyD ; rjzpf r ae vGwfatmif usifh&rnf [laom
]]&nf&G,fcsuf?
cH,lcsuf?
o'g
qE } }
xm;&Sd N yD ;
w&m;usif h & rnf jzpf o nf / qd k v d k o nf r S m q&maumif;?
enf;aumif;&NyDqdkvQif
jyif;xefaom
ZGJvHkYvwdkYjzifh
ravQmhwrf; usihf&rnf[k qdkvdkonf/
w&m;&vG,faom w&m;a,m*D
&[ef ; wd kY
w&m;ig;rsd K;ESi fh
jynfhp Hk a omole m onf jyKpkc ufol jzpf\ /
tb,fi g;rsdK;wdkYe nf; [lr l- (tema&m*gtm;)
ravsmufywfonfudk jyKvkyfavh&Sd\/
(tema&m*gtm;) avsmufywfonf twdkif;t&Snfudk
rodwwf/ aq;udk rSD0Jjcif; r&Sd/ tusdK;udk
vdkvm;aom
ol e mjyKtm;
[k w f w d k i f ; rS e f p G m
wd k ; onf u d k ]]wd k ; \}} [lif; qkwfonfudk
]]qkwf\}}[lif; wefYonfudk ]]wef Y \}}[l if ;
tema&m*gud k xif p G m rjyKwwf / jzpf a y:vmonfh
jyif ; xef
Murf ; MuKwf
pyf & S m ;
usifem
rom,mzG,f
rESpfoufzG,fjzpf
touf
aoavmufonfh udk,f jzpfaom qif;&Ja0'em
wd k Y ud k onf ; rcH E d k i f a om oabm&Sd \ / &[ef ; wd k Y
w&m;ig;rsdK;wdkYESifh
jynfhpHkaomolemonf
jyKpk&cufol jzpf\/
txufyg a'oemawmft& w&m;usifhaom a,m*D

wdkYonf
w&m;usifh&mwGif
q&mTefMum;onfh
88
enf;pepftwdkif; vdkufemusifhoHk;rIrjyKyJ rdrdpdwfxifovdk

usifhpOfESifh
ravsmffonfh
tjyKtrl
jyKvkyfjcif;?
vdkufemusifhBuH&rnfh
usifhpOfoabmudk
em;vnfatmif
rBudK;pm;jcif;?
rdrd\
usifhpOfwdk;wufrI
&Sdr&Sdudk
oHk;oyfrIrjyKjcif;?
w&m;wdk;wufrI
qkwf,kwfrIudk
roHk;oyfjcif;?
q&m
ppfaq;ar;jref;aomtcg
trSefjrifonfhtwdkif; kd;om;pGm ajzMum;rI r&S dj cif ; ?
w&m;usif h a epOf t wG i f ;
'D u sif h p Of u
Murf;w,f
rcHEdkifbl; yifyef;w,f Mumw,f[l nnf;nLjcif;?
cEmudk,f\
"mwfav;yg;azmufjyefrI
um,du'kuudk
onf;rcH Edkifjcif; ponfwdkY &Sdaeu xdka,m*DwdkYonf
w&m;jy&cufNyD; w&m;r&Ed k i f a om a,m*D jzpf v d r f h r nf /
jrwf p G m bk & m;&Si f udk,fwdkifu cEm'ku awGUBuHKvmvQif
&d,mykxfudk
jyifay;
&rnf[k
a[mMum;rxm;yg/
toufaoavmufonfxd
udk,f
jzpf a om
qif ; &J a 0'emud k y if
onf ; cH E d k i f & rnf /
uJ h o d k U
onf;rcHEdkifvQif
xdka,m*Donf
w&m;r&Edkif[k
rdefUxm;ygonf/
w&m;usifhaoma,m*Donf
txufyg
a&SmifMuOfzG,f&mtcsuf rsm;udk a&SmifMuOf onf;cH&rnfh
udprsm;udk onf;cHEdkifpGrf; &Sd&rnfjzpfonf/
&[ef ; wd k Y
w&m;ig;rsd K ;wd k Y ES i f h
jynf h p H k a om olemonf jyKpk&vG,fol jzpf\/
tb,f ig;rsdK;wdkYenf; [lrl- (tema&m*gtm;)
avsmufywfonfudk jyKwwf\? (tema&m*gtm;)
avsmufywfonf twdkif;t&Snfudk od\? aq;udk
89
rSD0Jjcif;&Sd\? tusdK;pD;yGm;udk vdkvm;aom olemjyKtm;

[kwfwdkif;rSefpGm wdk;onfudk ]]wdk;\}} [lif;
qkwfonfudk
]]qkwf\}}[lif;
wefYonfudk
]]wef Y \}}[l if ;
tema&m*gud k
xif p G m jyKwwf \ / jzpf a y:vmonf h jyif ; xef
Murf ; MuKwf
pyf & S m ;
usifem
rom,mzG,f
rESpfoufzG,f jzpf touf aoavmuf o nf h
ud k , f jzpf a om
qif ; &J a 0'em
wdkYudk
onf;cHEdkifaom
oabm&Sd\/
&[ef;wdkY
w&m;ig;rsdK;wdkYESifh jynfhpHkaomolemonf jyKpk&vG,fol

jzpf\/31
txufyg a'oemawmft& w&m;&vG,faom a,m*D

onf
tmp&d,Mo0g'udk
vdkufemrI
jynfhpHkjcif;?
rdrd\IrSwfrIudk
trSeftwdkif;
q&mhtm;
wifjyjcif;?
usifhpOfenf;pepftwdkif; ajzmifhrSefpGm vdkufemusifhoHk;jcif;wdkY
&Sdonf/ w&m;usifhaepOf w&m;jyaom q&muvnf;
onf;cHzdkU wynfhtm; wdkufwGef; &rnf/ onf;cH
y,foifhonfh udavomudk onf;cHy,fcGmzdkU vrf;Tef&rnf/
wynfhuvnf; vdkufemEdkif&rnf/ onf;rcHEdkif onfhMum;u
q&mTefMum;onfhtwdkif;
onf;cH
udavomudk
y,fEdkifatmif BudK;pm;tm;xkwf&rnf/
,ckt cg tcsd K U w&m;jyq&mwdkU onf cEm 'k ur S
vGw f a jrmufa om
enf; vrf; udk
rdr d udk ,f wd ki f
31
t*kFwdK&fygVdawmf jrefrmjyef 'kwd,wGJ? *dvme0*f? yXr

Oy|muokwf ESm-156
90
rodM uojzif h w&m;jy&mwGif vSnfhjzm;aomenf;y&d,m,frsm;

oHk;vmMuonf/ ]]trS wf e JY jyif? tode JY jyif? tyify ef; rcH e JY ?
&d, myk kxf
wyg;anmif ; vQif
wyg;ajymif ; usif h ?
wpf e m&D a wmf N yD ?
pdwfoufomatmif
aeNyD;usifh ?
MumMumxdkifzdkU rvdkbl; }} pojzif h w&m;r&Ed k i f a om
enf ; vrf ; rsm; ay;aeMuonf / trSefrSm um,du'ku
toufxGufrwwf azmufjyefapumrl xd k' k u a 0'emud k
onf; cHE d ki f jcif; &Sd& rnf/ xd ka ,m*Donf w&m;usifhpOf
aygufajrmufEdkifaom a,m*Djzpfonf/* onf;cHrS edAmef&rnf/
onf;rcHEdkifvQif tyg,fusrnf jzpfonf/
www
*
,cktcg
w&m;jyq&mwdkYuvnf;
a,m*Dudktvdkvdkuf?
w&m;usifhaom a,m*D w d k Y uvnf ; rd r d u d k , f u d k ,k , rI r sm;?
pd w f t vd k v d k u f r I r sm;?
ae&ma'o
a&G;cs,frIrsm;jzifh
oufomacsmifcsda&;udk OD;pm;ay; w&m; usifhaeMuojzifh w&m;ESifh
ravsmfnDawmhay/ xdkuJhodkY jyoaom&dyfom ESifhusifhaoma,m*DwdkY
rsm;aeMuNyD jzpfojzihf y#dywdomoem tppftrSef uG,f&rnfhtoGifodkY
aqmifvmNyDjzpfonf/
91
8/ vufawGUusifhpOf tajccHodrSwfzG,f
&d,mykxfudk jyifay;&rSm [kwfr[kwf
w&m;usifhaepOftwGi f; kyfazmufjyefr I 'kuaMumifh
jzpfvmaom
jyif;xefonfh
pdwfqif;&Jjcif;
a'goudk
ta'gojzifh
tpm;xdk; Ekd i fa tmif
usif hjcif; udk
onf; cHjcif; [k
ac:onf/
if ; tpm;xd k ;
onf ; cH r I j yKjcif ; onf y if v Qif w&m;usih f j cif ; jzpfonf/
onf; cHr I t qH k; onf
edA m ef jzpfonf/
cEm ud k, f
qif;&Jjcif;ESifh
qufpyfaeaom
a'goonf
tukodkvfw&m; jzpfonf/ xdktukodkvfudk ry,fEdkifygu
rdrd\pdwfonf qif;&JrI csKyf&m edAmefudk rnfuJhokdY
tmHkjyKrnfenf;/ w&m;usifhpOf cHpm;&aom a0'emonf
aoavmufaom
qif;&J rIa0'em
r[kwfyg/
w&m;usifhaepOftwGif;
udk,fjzpfaom
um,du
'kua0'emudk oufomatmif jyKjyifay;&rnf[l bk&m;a[m
a'oemrsm;
ryg&Sdyg/
onf;cHrIjzifh
w&m;usifh&rnf[kom yg&Sdonf/
onf;cHjcif;jzifh y,ftyfaom tukodkvfw&m;rsm;
&[ef;wdkY
tb,ftmo0wdkYudk
onf;cHjcif;jzifh y,ftyfukefoenf; [lrl
&[ef ; wd k Y omoemawmf &[ef ; onf
oifhaom taMumif;tm;jzifh qifjcif tcsrf; tyl
qmavmifjcif; rGwfodyfjcif; rSuf jcif av aeyl
a>r uif; oef; tawGUwdkYudk onf;cHEdkif\?
92

raumif;ojzifh qdktyfuke faom raumif;ojzihf
a&mufvmukefaom pum;wdkYudkif; udk,f jzpfqJ
jzpfuke faom jyif;xef Murf;MuKwf cg;pyf usife m
rom,mzG,f
rESp fNrdKUzG,f
aom
toufudkaqmifEdkifaom qif;&Ja0'emwdkYudk if;
onf;cHEdkifjcif;oabm&Sdoljzpf\ ?
&[ef;wdkY
,if ; t&mwd k Y ud k onf ; rcH E d k i f a om xd k & [ef ; tm;
tmoa0gw&m; yif y ef ; jcif ; ud k jyKwwf u k e f a om
udavom[laom ylavmifr IwdkY onf jzpfukef&m\/
od k Y oif h a om taMumif ; tm;jzif h qif j cif
onf ; cH E d k i f a om xd k & [ef ; tm; tmoa0gw&m;
yif y ef ; jcif ; ud k
jyKwwf u k e f a om
ud a vom[l a om ylavmifrIwdkYonf rjzpfukef/
&[ef;wdkY
tmo0wdkYukd
onf;cHjcif;jzifh
y,ftyfukef\/32
w&m;usifhaepOftwGif; toufudk aqmifEdkifaom

qif ; &J a 0'emud k y if v Qif
onf ; cH & rnf [ k
jrwf p G m bk & m;&S i f a[mMum;xm;onf/ ,cktcg tcsKdU
q&mwkdYonf ]]&d,mykxf av;yg;
ay;xm;onf/
"mwfa v;yg;
azmufj yef
a0'em
wufvmvQif
jyKjyifay;&rnf/
pdwfqif;&JvQif
orm"dr&Edkif}}[k
TefMum;Muonf/
odkYaomfvnf;
onf;cHrIudkum;
ra[myg/ 'kutmHkudk ESvHk;roGif;yJ rdrd rlvur|mef;udk
a&mufatmif
tm;ig;yg;jzifh
pdwfudk
aqmif,l
32
rlvyPmoygVdawmf jrefrmjyef? rlvy&d,m,0*f? oAo0okwf -24

ESm-15
93
rlvur|mef;
oDvorm"d
aqmufwnf&rnf[k
wynfhwdkYtm; rTefMum;yJ rodusdK;uRH jyKaeMuonf/
]]w&m;tm;xkwfrIonf udk,ftemcH usihfp&m rvdk/
temcHusifhjcif;onf
]]twudvrxmEka,m*}}
jzpform"d
r&Edk i f } } pojzif h jrwf p G m bk & m;&S i f ra[mMum;onf u d k
a[mMum;ovdk
vkyfBuH
ajymqdk TefMum;Muonf/
,if;odkY ajymqdk jcif; onf w&m;usihfa oma,m*Dw dkY t m;
o'g paom
tm;ig;yg; ,kwfavsmhapNyD; onf;cHrIyg
,kwfavsmhoGm;aponf? 'd|dESihfwPSmtvdkodkYvdkufum r*fwm;
zdkvfwm; jzpf&awmhonf/ ]]twudvrxmEka,m*}} qdkonfrSm
omoemy'd|dwdkY\ r*if &Spfyg;ESifh qefYusif ql;eif;
rD;vIH paom tusifhrsm;udkom qdkvdkonf/
&Sifa*g"durax&f w&m;usihf&mwGif r*fzdkvf&Edkif&ef
twGuf taxmuftyHh jzpfapjcif;iSm vnfyif;udk oifwkef;"m;
jzihf
vSD;jzwfum
r*fESihftoufvJoGm;onf/
xdktaMumif;udk
jrwf p G m bk & m;&S i f
od y gvsuf E S i f h
rm&f e wf w m;onf h M um;rS
&Sifa*g"durax&ftm;
wm;jrpfawmfrrlonfhtjyif uJhodkY csD;rGrf;oGm;onf/
]]tjrpf&if;ESifhwuGaom wyfrufrI ]wPSm}
ud k Ek w f y ,f a*g"d u onf y&d e d A m ef j yK\?
ynm&SdwdkYonf odkYvQif jyKukef\? rdrdtoufudk
tvdkr&SdMuukef}}33
33
o*gxm0*oH,kwfygVdawmfjrefrmjyef?
a*g"duokwf ESm-124
rm&oH,kwf?
wwd,0*f?
94

]]e acg okace okcH t"d*EAH? 'kaue acg okcH t"d*EAH}}/
ynm&SdwdkYonf
w&m;ESifhywfoufvmvQif
toufudkyif
riJhuGuf/
ynmrJhwdkYonf
toufudk
rqdkxm;ESifh/ cEmudk,f tenf;i,f emusifonfudkyif
w&m;r&Edkif[l yHkBuD;csJU um a[majymTefMum;aeMuonf/
rZdryPmo? aAm"d&mZukrm&okwefwGif bk&m;&Sifu
aAm"d& mZrif; om;udk txufy gtwdki f; qd kqH k; rcJhy gonf/
t"dym,frSm w&m;xdkifusihfaepOf "mwfav;yg; azmufjyef
vmaomtcg pd w f c srf ; omrI jzpf a tmif &d , myk x f u d k
vG,fvG,fululjzihf pdwftvdkvdkuf jyKjyifay;aom tusihfjzifh
w&m;usihfaeygvQif tjrifhqHk; edAmefcsrf;omudk r&&SdEdkif/
qif;&J yifyef;onfhMum;rS onf;cH pdwftvdk(wPSm)udk
pGefYvTwfjcif;
tusifhjzifhom
csrf;omaomedAmefudk
&&SdEdkifrnf[k qdkvdkygonf/
rSefygonf/ um,du'kua0'emay:wGif wPSmrcsKyfyJ
ESihf ,xmblwPf r&Edkif aMumif;udk ]]tyd Ek aom yk&daom
trkH tvH ---y--- tbAm0 aw Pm, 'em, tEkw&m,
oarm"m,}}34 [l qufvuf a[mawmfrlxm;ygonf/
xd k a 'oemawmf jrwf p G m bk & m;onf uJ h o d k Y Oyrm

ay;xm;onf/ pdkpGwfaeaom opfwHk;tm; rD;yGwfcHk wif
rD;yGwfwdkufaevQif rD;awmufp&m taMumif;r&Sday/ xdkpdkpGwf
aeaom
opf wHk; tm;
rD; awmufa tmif
jyKaom
yk* d K vfonf yifyef;aMumif; tcsnf;ESD;aom tvkyfudk
34
rZdryPmoygVd? &mZ0a*g? aAm"d&mZukrm&okwH-330 ESm-277
95
vkyfbdouJhodkY jzpf\/ xdkenf;wlpGm um,du'kua0'emrS

y#dCmEko, t&if;cH jzpfay:vmaom oum,'d|dESihf
,SOfonfh
0Dwdur
y&d,k|me
(a'go)ESihf
pdwfoufom&mudk
vdkcsifrI
(avmb)
paom
udavomwdkY onf pdkpGwfaom a&ESifh wl\/ pdwf ,if;
udavomwdkY
csKyfNidrf;rI
r&&Sdao;yJESihf
0dyem
Iaejcif;onf
yg&rD u k o d k v f a vmuf o m
&rnh f
usih f j cif ; rQom jzpf ,xmblwPf 0dyemPf
ppfppfrjzpfEdkif/
pGef;vGef;q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;\ Mo0g'
]]rcHom rSe f y gbd onfw&m;? cHomvQif
oHo&maMumarsmMutrsm;}}35
]]a0'em azG &S m rwwf aoumrjrwf
jzpf v d r f h r nf /
a0'em
azG &S m wwf r S
aoumjrwf jzpfvdrfhrnf}}
w&m;tm;xk w f a om a,m*D t rsm;pk o nf rcH o m
vmaomtcg cHomatmif jyKjyifay;vdkufMuonf/ w&m;ppf
w&m;rSefudk awGUvdkMu q&maumif;? enf;aumif;rsm;jzifh
tcsdeftukefcH? aiGtukefcH w&m;&SmMuaomfvnf; cEmudk,f
temrcH c sif M uyJ ouf o matmif jyKjyif a y;aeMuojzif h
tb,f r Sm w&m;trSe f &ygawmh r nf e nf; / woHo&mvH k;
35
]]pGef;vGef;*lausmif;q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;\axkywdtus,f
w&m;awmfrsm;}}? ESm-152
96
wPSmhtvdkodkY
vdkufcJhonf/
xdktusihfjzifh
w&m;&Smaeoa&GU w&m;r&yJ yg&rDu kod kv fa vmuf om
&awmhr nf/ 0dy em [lonf ypKyef ay:qJkyfemrfudk
I&rnf/ xdkodkY I&rnfhtpm; rIy J zsuf qD; vdk uf ojzifh
rdr d onf y if vQif rm&fe wfjzpfu m r*fc&D;udk rdrdudk,fwdkif
ydwfqdkYvdkufjcif; jzpfonf/
tu,f jyif;xefaom a0'emudk t&if;cH w&m;
usifh&m
aumif;usKd;csrf;om
r&SdcJhvQif?
udk,fqif;&J
pdwfqif;&J jzpfum oDv orm"d xlaxmifrI rjyKEdkifvQif?
w&m;usihf&m taESmihft,Suf ay;bdouJhodkY jzpfaevQif
txufyg
Mo0g'
aqmif y k ' f u d k
pG e f ; vG e f ; q&mawmf b k & m;BuD ; u rd e f Y [cJ h r nf r[kwfay/
rcHomonfh
tqHk;wGif
edAmef &Sdygonf
('kueda&ma"m edAmeH)/ onf;rcHEdkifjcif;onf a'gopdwf jzpf
onf;rcHEdkif
&d,mykxfudk
jyKjyifay;vdkufjcif;onf
avmbpdwf jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh tusifhrSm; jzpfoGm;onf/
tu,f
emrlyy&dap'
Pf od kY
a&muf vQif
&d, myk xfu dk jyKjyif r I r&Sda wmhy g/ tb,fhaMumifhqdkaomf
ypKyefkyfemrf\ oabmom&SdNyD; igr&Sd qif; &Jjcif;
r&Sda wmhy g/
igr&Sdo jzihf
qif; &J ol
r&Sda wmhy g/
w&m;vdkvm;aom a,m*DwdkY txl;owdjyKyg/
cEmtdrfudk jyKjyifjcif;onf um,daÈ redaÈ
paom aÈysufaejcif;? pdwftvdkvdkufaejcif; jzpfonf/
wPSmudk rawmfvSefEdkifyJ tIH;ay;jcif; jzpfonf/ wPSmESifh
aygif;azmf aejcif;jzpfonf/ vIyfjyifrS csrf;om&m&rnf[laom
97
tusihfonf
w&m;usih f q J
jzpf a om
oD v A w k y g'gef t usif h
jzpf o nf /
xdkYaMumifh
w&m;usifh&mwGif ighaygif ighajc igylw,f igemw,f
ponfjzifh wPSm rme 'd|d pGJ,l cEmudk,fudk
oufomatmif jyKvkyfay;aejcif;onf umrokcvdutusifhESifh
twudvrx tusifh*wdkYyifjzpfonf/
w&m;usih fa epOf ighc Em [k pG J, lv suf obm0'k u
vuPmudk okcvuPm jzpfatmif &d,mykxfjzifh zHk;tkyf
jyKjyifv dka om
a&SU wPSm pdw f ud k
aemuf w PSm pdwf u
jyKjyif
jzpfatmif
vdkufavsmvdkufjcif;onf
cEmwdk;yGm;aMumif;?
'ku
wdk;yGm;aMumif;?
wPSm
wdk;yGm;aMumif;
jzpfojzifh
]]'ku*grdeD
y#dy'g}}
qif;&JaMumif;tusifh jzpfonf/
]]xd k t &d , mom0utm; vd k u f a vsmrI &m*ES i f h
qefYusifrI
a'gowdkYonf
cgwGuftyfNyD
csKyfNidrf;jcif;odkY
a&muf u k e f NyD;
jzpf & um;
r&S d M uuk e f ? xd k o l o nf udavomjrLuif;aom
pdk;&dr fjcif; r&Sdaom edAmefudk odaomaMumifh
cE m &jcif ; onf 'k u & jcif ; jzpf cE m wd k ; yG m ;apjcif ; onf

'k u wd k ; yG m ;apjcif ; jzpf \ / xd k Y aMumif h cE m ud k ouf o matmif
jyKjyif ay;jcif;onf rdrdudk,fudk 'kuwdk;yGm;apojzifh rdrdudk,fudk
nOf;qJjcif;ESifh wl\/ (pma&;ol\tvdk)
98

b0\wzufurf;odkY
aumif;pGmod\/}}36
a&mufoljzpf
txuf y g bk & m;&S i f a[mxm;onfh a'oemt&

vdkufavsmrIonf &m*wPSm jzpfNyD; qefYusifrIonf a'go
jzpf o jzif h
yk x k Z Of w d k Y \
"avh
jzpf o nf /
w&m;xd k i f a epOf "mwfav;yg; azmufjyefrIaMumifh qif;&JrI
jzpfvmaomtcg
rdrdudk,fudkrdrd
oufomatmif
&d,mykxfudk vkdufavsmjyKjyif ay;jcif;onf wPSmtvdkus
jyKvkyfaejcif;jzpfonf/ tu,f &d,mykxf jyKjyifrIudk
vdkufavsmay;aecJhvQif? &d,mykxfudk tod E S i f h j yif y g[k
T e f M um;ay;aevQif
xd k q &monf
rd r d
udk,fwdkifa0'emudk rvGefajrmufxm;ojzifh w&m;jyq&mtjzpf
MunfndKtm;udk;xdkufaom q&mr[kwfay/
rdk;ukwfq&mawmfbk&m;BuD;\ Mo0g'
]]cEm&SdwJholwdkif; cHpm;&rnfh a0'emawGudk
ausmfvGefatmif (a0'emjzpfysufwdkY&JU tqHk;
udkawGUatmif)IMu/ rarhravsmhae&pfMu/}}37
rdk; ukk wf q&mawmfbk & m;BuD;
cEm 0efc scgeD;
a,m*D
taygif ; wd k U tm;
tES p f c sKyf t ajzxk w f
ay;cJ h a om
Mo0g'
jzpfonf/
a0'emawGudk
36
oVm,we0*oH,kwfygVdawmf
jrefrmjyef?
a0'emoH,kwf?
o*gxm0*f? ovokwf ESm-404
37
]]rdk;ukwfq&mawmfbk&m;BuD;\ wpfb0omoem}}? ESm-435
99
ausmfvGefatmif w&m;usifhaeaom &d,mykxftm; todjzifh

jyifay;yg?
trSwfjzifh
jyifay;yg[k
rTefMum;cJhyg/
a0'emjzpfysufwdkY&JU tqHk;udk awGUatmif IMu&efom
TefMum;cJhygonf/
jynfhpHkpifMu,faomoDvonf tb,fenf;/
uk o d k v f w &m; tm;xk w f a om aou w d k Y
ydki f ;jcm;aomusifh0 wf jznf hu sifh ud k ,f t ouf
riJhuGuf toufpGefY (usifh)ukefaom uvsmP
ykxkZOfwdkY\ oDvwnf;/
oD v onf jynfh p H k pif M u,f a om
]]y&dykPyg&dok'd}} oDvwnf;/38
txufyg
y#dord'gr*fvma'oemudk
oHk;oyfMunfhvQif
uvsmPyk x k Z Of
tqif h o m
&Sd a o;aom a,m*D \ apmifhxdef;aom oDvonfyifvQif
tvGefrS yifyef;qif;&JcHum apmifhxdef;&onf/ r*fzdkvfudk
&nfrSef; w&m;tm;xkwfaom a,m*Donf rnfrQyif 'kuESifh
awGUBuHK&aomfvnf;
A&rf;Awm
ysHUBuJaeaom
tukodkvfpdwfrsm; rdrdoEmef ruyfNid&atmif aovQif
aoygapawmh
[l
ud k , f t ouf
riJ h u G u f & yJ ?
&d,mykxfudkvnf;yHkrysufapyJ
tm;ig;yg;jzifhapmifhxdef;&onf/
uJh od kY
apmifhx de f; Edk i fp Gr f; aMumifh
wPSm ES i fh
a'gorsm;
38
y#dord'gr*fygVdawmf jrefrmjyef? r[m0*f? Puxm?

oDvr,Pftus,fjyjcif; ESm-56
100
csKyfoGm;aomtcg udavomtylrD; Nidrf;NyD;aom pdwfonf

csrf;ompGm
wnfaeonf/
if;oDvonf
jynfhpHkpifMu,faom oDv jzpfo nf/ w&m;usif ha om
a,m*Dw dkY o nf uJh od kY ud k, f ESi fh touf riJh uGu fy J
apmifhx de f; &aom
oD vrsd K ;ud k
aqmuf w nf Edk i f p G r f ;
&Sd& rnf / "mwf a v;yg; tenf ; i,f azmufjyefHkrQESifhyif
rcHomu
(orm"dysufojzifh)
&d,mykxf
udk
jyifay;&rnf[k bk&m;a[ma'oemudk yHkajymif;TefMum;
aeaom q&monfvnf;aumif;? xdkuJhodkY &d,mykxfudk
jyifay;aeaom a,m*Donf vnf;aumif;? um,daÈ paom
aÈajcmufyg; ysuf,Gif;ojzifh Èd,oH0&oDv ysufonf/
odkYjzpf orm"dr&Edkifawmhyg/ pdwfudk wPSmhESifh ig vufxJ
xnfhay;vdkufonfESifhwlaeonf/
ESvHk;rom,mrIjzpfwdkif; tjypfr[kwfaMumif;
&[ef;wdkY Oyrmaomfum; EGm;usifi,fykyfudk
aq;trsKd;rsKd;wdkYjzihf a&mxm;\? xdktcg azsmhawmh
tm;enf;aom
a&m*g&Sdaom
a,musfm;onf
vm&m\?
xdka,musfm;udk
]]tcsif;a,musfm;
xkdEGm;usifi,fykyfudk aq;trsKd;rsKd;wdkYjzihf a&mxm;\?
tu,f tvdk&Sdrl aomufavmh? xdkoifonf
aomufpOfrSmyif
tqif;
tm;jzih f if ;
teH Y tm;jzih f if ;
t&omtm;jzih f if ;
ESpfoufvdrfhrnfr[kwf?
aomufNyD;aomfum;csrf;omjcif; &Sdol jzpfvdrfhrnf}}
[k qdkukef&m\/ xdka,musfm;onf EGm;usifi,fykyfudk
101
qifjcif
aomuf&m\?rpGefYvTwf&m?
xdka,musfm;onf EGm;usifi,fykyfudk aomufpOfrSmyif
tqif;tm;jzihfif; teYHtm;jzihfif; t&omtm;jzihfif;
rESp f o uf& m?
aomuf NyD ;aomf u m;
csrf ; omjcif ;&S d ol jzpf&m\/ &[ef;wdkY ypKyef
qif;&J
aemiftcg
csrf;omusKd;
&Sdaom
w&m;aqmufwnfjcif;udk xd k E G m ;usif i ,f y k y f & nf
aomuf j cif ; ES i h f w l \ [k igqdk\/ (3)39
]]ewfwdkY\t&Sif odMum;rif; ]]ESvHk;romjcif;
]a'gre}ud k v nf ; rS D 0 J t yf a om ES v H k ; romjcif ;
rrSD0Jtyfaom
ESvHk;romjcif;
[l
ESpfyg;tjym;tm;jzihf
iga[m\/}}---y---xd k
(ES p f y g;aom ES v H k ; romjcif ; a'gre) wdkYwGif
]]ESvHk;romjcif;udk
rSD0Jaom
ightm;
tukodkvfw&m;wdkY qkwf,kwf ukokdvf w&m;wdkY
wdk;yGm;ukef\}}[k
tMuif
ESvHk;romjcif;
udk
odjim;tHh? odkY oabm&Sdaom ESvHk;romjcif; udk
rSD0Jtyf\/40
r*fzdkvfcsrf;om
vdkvm;aom
a,m*DwdkYonf
w&m;pwif
usif h o nf E S i f h
ud a vomwPS m ES i f h
xd y f w d k u f a wG U BuH K &rnf
jzpf o nf /
yk x k Z Of w d k Y onf
tmHk w d k Y
tmo0jzif h
tNrJ
,dkp D; aecsif onf /
39
rlvyPmoygVdawmf jrefrmjyef? plV,ru0*f?

r[m"rorm'geokwf ESm-403
40
okwfr[m0gygVdawmf jrefrmjyef? ouyOokwf a0'emur|mef;
ESm-248
102
r,dk p D; &vQif ESvH k; rom,m jzpfo nf/ 'kutmHkESifh

rawGUBuHKcsifyJ okctmHkudkom uyfNidaewwfaom obm0
&Sdonf/ xdkYaMumifh MumMumxdkifrI ESvHk;rom,mrI? pd w f u d k
MumMum
od r f ; qnf ; NyD ;
raecsif r I ?
"mwf a v;yg;
'ku t mHkE Si fh rqufqH vdkr Ir sm; jzpfa y:vmonf/ xd kE S vHk ;
rom,mrIudk odrf;qnf;Edkif&ef twGuf um,du'ku
(MumMum
xdkifjcif;?
"mwfav;yg;
azmufjyefjcif;)
taMumif;cH
pdwfudk
od r f; qnf; &onf/
um,d u'k ua 0'emrS
ESv Hk; rom,mrI
&Sdaomfvnf;
tukodkvfw&m;wdkYqkwf,kwfap ukodkvfw&m;wdkY wdk;yGm;&ef
tusdK;&Sdonf jzpfojzifh odkY jyK&onfomwnf;/ xdkYaMumifh
xdkESvHk;rom,mrIudk rSD0Jtyfaom ESvHk;rom,mrI [k
ac:onf/
cEmudk,f(twabm)udk yifyef;apwdkif; tjypfr&Sd
&[ef;wdkY wzefxdkYjyifvnf; &[ef;onf
odkY qifjcif\ ]]csrf;omovdkaeaom ightm;
tukodkvf
w&m;wdkY onf
wdk;yG m;uke f\?
ukodkvfw&m;wdkY onf
qkwf,kwfukef\?
twabmudk
qif;&Japjcif;iSg
tm;xkwfaom
ightm; tukodkvfw&m;wdkYonf qkwf,kwfuke f \?
ukodkvfw&m;wdkY onf wdk;yGm; ukef\/ igonf
twabmudk
qif;&Japjcif;iSg
tm;xkwf&rI
aumif;avpG}}[k (qifjcif \)/ xdk &[ef ; onf
tw a bmud k qif ; &J a pjcif ; iS g tm;xk w f\?
tw a bmud k qif ; &J a pjcif ; iS g tm;xkwfaom

&[ef;tm;
tukodkvfw&m;wdkY onf
qkwf,kwfukef\?
ukodkvfw&m;wdkYonf
wdk;yGm;ukef\/
xdk&[ef;onf
aemiftcg
twabmudkqif;&Japjcif;iSg
tm;rxkwfawmhacs/
tb,fhaMumifhenf;[lrl--&[ef;wdkY
xdk&[ef;onf
tMuiftukodkvfqkwf,kwfjcif; ukodkvf wd k ; yG m ;jcif ;
tusd K ;iS g
tw a bmud k
qif ; &J a tmif
tm;xkwf \ ?
xdk& [ef;tm;
xdktusdK;onf
NyD;pD;NyD/ xdkYaMumifh twabmudk qif;&Japjcif;iSg
tm;rxkwf awmhacs/
&[ef;wdkY Oyrmtm;jzifh av;orm;onf
jrm;udk
rD;pESpfckwdkY
tjyeftvSefuif\?
xuf0ef;usif uif\? ajzmifhatmif jyK\? ypfcwfrI
avsmfatmif
jyK\/
&[ef;wdkY
tMuifaMumifh
av;orm;onf jrm;udk rD;pESpfckwdkY tjyeftvSef
uifNyD;aemuf
xuf0ef;usif
uifNyD;aemuf
ajzmifhatmif jyKNyD;aemuf ypfc wfr I avsmfatmif
jyKNyD;aemuf
xdkav;orm;onf
xdkjrm;udk
rD;pESpfckwdkY tjyeftvSef ruif? xuf0ef;usifruif?
ajzmifhatmifrjyK ypfcwfrI avsmfatmif rjyKawmhay/
tb,fhaMumifhenf;[lrl--&[ef;wdkY xdkav;orm;onf
tMuiftusdK;iSg jrm;udk rD;pESp fckwdkY tjyeftvSe f
uif\? xuf0ef;usif uif \ ? ajzmifhatmif jyK\?
ypf c wf r I avsmf a tmif jyK\? xd k a v;orm;tm;
xd k t usd K ;onf NyD ; pD ; NyD / xd k Y aMumif h aemif t cg
av;orm;onf
jrm;udk
ajzmifhvdkY&atmif
rD;pESpfckwdkY tjyeftvSef ruif? xuf0ef;usifruif?
103
104

ajzmifhatmif
rjyKawmhay/41
rjyK
ypfcwfrI
avsmfatmif
txufyg
bk&m;&Sif
a[mxm;aom
a'oemawmft&
tuko dk v fr sm;
csKyfNidr f; &ef
vdkt yfv mygu
rdr d \
cEm udk, f
twa bmud k
qif; &Ja pjcif; iSm tm;xkwft yf \ / 0dy em ,medujzifh
tm;xkwf&mwGif pdwfESifh 'd|d? a'gowdkYudk qufpyf
wwfaom
wPSmudk
azmfxkwfy,fowfEdkif&eftwGuf
acwcP cE m 'k u r S ES v H k ; rom,mrI u d k taMumif ; cH
usif h & onf / wPSmcsKyfoGm;vQif aemiftcg kyfemaomfvnf;
pdwfrqif;&J awmhojzifh aemufwzef cEmudk,fwnf;[laom
twabmudk
yify ef; ap&ef
jyKjcif; iSm
taMumif;
r&Sda wmha y/ xdkY a Mumif h kyfudk yifyef;apjcif;onf ykxkZOf
tjriftm;jzihf rESpfoufzG,f jzpfaomfvnf; txufyg
bk&m;&Sif a[mxm;aom EGm;usifi,f ykyf&nf Oyrmtwdkif;
usihfBuHEdkif&rnfjzpfonf/
]]&[ef;wdkY
xdktBuHtpnfwkdY\
BuHpnfaMumif; \ wnf&mudk ESvHk;oGif;aom
&[ef;tm;vnf; &m* a'go arm[ESihf ,SOfpyfaom
,kwfnHhaom
tukodkvf
tBuH t pnf w d k Y onf
yif v Qif
jzpf u k e f j im;tH h ?
xd k
&[ef;onf
oGm;wdkYjzihf oGm;udk Budwf vQmjzihf tmapmufudk
41
Oy&dyPmoygVdawmf jrefrmjyef? a'0'[0*f? a'0'[okwf -12 ESm-
11
105
xdvsuf pdwfjzihf pdwfudk zdESdyf&rnf? zspfnpf&rnf?

yifyef;ap&rnf/ oGm;wdkYjzihf oGm;udk Budwf vQmjzihf
tmapmufudk xdvsuf pdwfjzihf pd w f u d k ES d y f a om
zspf n p f a om yif y ef ; apaom &[ef ; tm; &m*
a'go arm[ES i h f ,S O f p yf a om ,k w f nHh a om
tuk o d k v f
tBuH t pnf
wd k Y onf
uif;aysmufukef\? csKyfjcif;odkY a&mufukef\? xdk
tBuHtpnfwdkYudk
y,fjcif;aMumihf
rdrdoEmef
omvQif
pd w f o nf
aumif ; pG m wnf \ /
aumif ; pG m Nid r f 0 yf \ ? wckwnf;aom tmHk&Sd\?
wnfwHhav\/---y--&[ef ; wd k Y Oyrmaomf u m; vd r m aom
vuf o rm;onf if ;
vuf o rm;\
wynf h o nf if ;
ao;i,f a om
oyf p d k Y jzif h
BuD ; aomoyf p d k Y ud k dkuf&m\ xkwfaqmif&m\?
vIyfcRwf&m\---y--&[ef ; wd k Y Oyrmaomf u m; tm;&S d a om
a,muf s m;onf tm;enf ; aom a,muf s m;ud k
OD ; acgif ; jzpf a p vnf r sd K jzpf a p ycH k ; jzpf a p
udkif zdEdSyf&m\? zspfnpf&m\? yifyef;ap&m\/}}42
txufyg a'oemawmfudk oHk;oyfMunfhvQif w&m;

usifh&m vdktyfvmygu cEmukd,f twabm yifyef;apaom
]]oGm;wdkYjzifh oGm;udk Budwfjcif;? vQmjzifh tmapmufudk
xdvsuf
pdwfjzifh
pdwfudk
zdESdyfjcif;?
zspfnpfjcif;?
42
rlvyPmookwfygVdawmf jrefrmjyef? oD[em'0*f?

0dwuoPmeokwf ESm-174
106
yifyef;apjcif;}}wdkYonf jyKoifhu jyK&onfomwnf;/ odkY

jyKjcif;onf tjypfr&Sdyg/ &m*? a'go? arm[ wdkYaMumifh
&&Sdrnfh tdk em ao 'kuudk wm;qD ; yd w f y if E d k i f & ef t wG u f
&m*? a'go? arm[ES i f h ,SO fa ompd wf aysmufjy,f& ef
"mwfa v;yg; azmuf jyef a om 'k ua 0'emjzifh yxrtqifh
tpm;xd k; NyD; onf; cHa pvsuf pdw fu dk od r f; qnf; &jcif;
jzpf onf/ &Si fa *g"du rax&fE Si fh &SifaomPrax&fwdkYuJhodkY
usifh&onfomwnf;/
&d,mykxfudk jyifay;jcif;\tjypf
]]&[ef;wdkY tMum;tjrifr&Sdaom ykxkZOfonf
'k u a 0'emjzih f awG U xd c H & aomf pd k ; &d r f & \/
yifyef;&\?
idka<u;&\?
&ifxkvsuf
jrnfwrf;&\?
rd e f ; armjcif ; od k Y
a&muf \ ?
ud k , f vnf ; jzpf a om pd w f vnf ; jzpf a om
ES p f r sKd ; aom a0'emwd k Y ud k cH p m;&\/ &[ef ; wd k Y
Oyrmaomf u m; a,musf m ;ud k ajimifhql;rd&m\?
xdkoludk 'kwd,ajimifhonf yXrajimihf pl ; &mteD ;
pl ; jyef & m\?
&[ef ; wd k Y
od k Y vQif
xd k a ,musf m ;onf ajimih f E S p f a csmif ; jzih f a0'em
cHpm;&\/---y--xdkolonf 'kua0'emjzihf awGUxdtyfaomf
trsufxGuf\? 'kua0'emjzihf trsufxGufoltm;
'k u a 0'emaMumif h j zpf a om
y#d C mEk o , * onf
ud e f ; \?
xd k o l o nf
'k u a 0'emjzih f
*
a'gotpOfudef;jcif;
107
awG U xd & aomf umrcsrf;omukd ESpfouf\? xdkokdY

ESpfoufjcif;onf tb,f a Mumih f e nf ; ? &[ef ; wd k Y
xd k t Mum;tjrif
r&SSdaom
ykxkZOfonf
umrcsrf;om rSwpfyg;
'ku
a0'emrS
xGufajrmuf&mudk rodaomaMumifhwnf;/ ---y--&[ef;wdkY tMum;tjrif r&Sdaom ykxkZOfudk
y#doaEaerI
aorI
pdk;&dr fr I
idka<u;rI
udk,fqif;&JrI
pdwfqif;&JrI
jyif;pGmylyefrIwdkYESihf
,SOfpyfaeol[k
qdk&\/
qif;&J'kuESihf
,SOfpyfaeonf[k igqdk\/
ppfrSefaomt&d,mwynhf
&[ef;wdkY tMum;tjrif&Sdaom t&d,mwynhf
onftm; 'kua0'emjzihf awGUxdcH&aomf rpdk;&drf
ryif y ef ; rid k a <u; &if x k v suf rjrnf w rf ;
rdef;armjcif;odkYra&muf/ xdkolonf udk,f jzpfaom
a0'em wrsKd;udkom cHp m;&\? pdwf jzpfaom
a0'emudk rcHpm;&/}}43
txufyga'oemudk
oHk;oyfMunfhaomf
w&m;awGUaom olESifh w&m;rawGU ao;aomolwdkY\
uGmjcm;yHkudk awGU&rnf/ w&m;rawG U ao;aomol (0g) 'd| d
umrcsrf;om
[lonfrSm
um,0wK
kyfw&m;tm;
azmufjyefESdyfpufrI
jzpfvmvQif
csrf;om&m&atmif
aq;jzifh
ukp m;jcif;?
ESdy fe ,fay;jcif;?
cEmtdrfudk
jyKjyifay;jcif;wdkYudk
qdkvdkonf/
43
oVm,we0*oH,kwfygVdawmf jrefrmjyef? a0'emoH,kwf?
o*gxm0*f? ovokwf ESm-404
108
rjyKwfa o;aomol (0g) ky f e mrfr uG Ja o;aomol (0g)

y#dp ork y g 'f rjywfa o;aom olwdkYonf "mwfav;yg;
azmufjyefrI'kuESifh awGUBuHK&onfhtcg pdwfvnf;qif;&J?
kyfvnf; qif;&Jae\/ xdka,m*Donf pdwfqif;&JrI
oufomatmif &d,mykxfudk jyifay;jcif;jzifh jyKusihf \/
xdkcsrf;omrIonf
cPyef;csrf;omom
jzpfonf/
&d,mykxfudk
jyifay;rS
csrf;omonf[k
jrifaom
a,m*Donf
umrcsrf;omjzifhom
ukpm;wwfaom
ykxkZOftjriftodrsdK;om &Sdao;onf/ aemufwzef 'kuESifh
jyefawGUaomf aemufwzef qif ; &J r I jyef a y:vmonf /
xd k a ,m*D o nf
pd w fESi fh k y f r S m
wNydKifwnf;
anmifhESpfacsmif;
tpl;cH&onfESifhwl \/
xdkodkY
jzpf&jcif;onf ]]umrcsrf;om (&d,mykxfudk jyKjyifay;rIaMumifh
pdwfoufom&m&rIcPcsrf;om)rSwyg; 'kua0'emrS xGufajrmuf&m udk
rodaomaMumifhwnf;}} [k bk&m;&Sif a[mMum;xm;onf/
t&dyfESifhtaumif ruGJaomq&m
Oyrmjy&aomf vl e mwpf a ,muf u d k arh a q;ay;
Ak d u f cJ G a eonf qd k y gpd k Y / xd k v l e mwG i f "m;cG J r I a Mumif h
k y f jyif;xefpGm azmufjyefaeaomfvnf; pdwfrqif;&J yg/
kyf'ku &Sdaomfvnf; emrf'kur&Sdyg/ kyf'kujzpfwdkif;
emrf'ku&Sdonf[k
rqdkEdkifyg/
tb,faMumifhqdkaomf
xdk"m;jzifhcGJpdwfjcif;udk
pdwfjzifh
ES v H k ; roG i f ; rd a tmif
arh a q;ay;xm;jcif ; aMumif h jzpf o nf / arh a q;jy,f
'Pf & muk d emrf T w f v Qif qif ; &J a v\/ xdkYaMumifh
109
qif;&Jcsrf;omonf
pdwfrSmom&Sdonf/
xdkoabmudk
Pfrouf0ifEkdifaom
tcsdKU
w&m;jyq&mwdkYonf
]]qif;&Jjcif;
onf
pdwfom
jzpfonf}}
qdkaom
trSefw&m;udk
rodyJ
kyfrSm
qif; &Ja eonf [k om
rSm ;,Gi f; pGm
pG J ,la eMuojzif h
t&dy f u dk
taumifxifzrf;ouJhodkY jzpfaeonf/ trSefpifppfrSm kyfukd
odaom
pdwf
'd|d
ESifhwPSm
uyfaomaMumifh
qif;&J&jcif;
jzpfonff/
xdkYaMumifh
qif;&JrIcsKyf&ef
pdwfudkomvQif jyKjyif&rnf/ kyfudkjyKjyifvQif rSm;onf/
kyfudkjyifrSrSefonf[laom
q&monf
t&dyfESifhtaumif
ruGJaomq&mjzpfonf/
,cktcg rsm;pGmaom w&m;jyq&mwdkYonf a,m*D
wdkYtm; "mwfav;yg;azmufjyefrI 'kua0'emrS oufom&ef
'd|dESifhwPSmudk
azmfxkwfy,fowf jcif;jzihf
pdwfukd
rukpm;yJ
ykxkZOftavhtwdkif;
&d,mykxfudk
jyifcdkif;aeMuonf/
wdk; onf ; cH y g[k vG w f v rf ; ud k
rT e f j yyJ
tod E S i f h j yif y g
[l a[majyma&;om;
jyoTefMum;aeMuonf/ xdkq&mwdkYonf rd r d u d k , f w d k i f
"mwf a v;yg;
azmuf j yef r I
'k u a 0'emrS
rvGw fa jrmuf xm;ojzif h
wynfh wd kY t m;
vGw fa jrmufa tmif
rTefMum;Edkifjcif;
jzpfonf/
xdkq&mwdkYonf
w&m;jyq&mtjzpf
MunfndK
udk;uG,ftm;xm;xdkufaom q&mrsm; r[kwfMuay/
110
MumMumxdkifonfrSm w&m;[kwfr[kwf
]] e,d'H odxdv rm&A?
e,d'H taye xmrom/
edAme r"d*EAH?
oA'kuyarmpeH-}}44
]]'kutm;vHk;rS vGwfajrmufwJh edAmef

qdkwmudk aysmhaysmheJYeJY avsmhavsmh&JU&JU
vHkv 0D&d,rsKd;jzihf b,f&EdkifvdrfhrvJ/
rajymyavmufwJh tenf;i,f pGrf;tm;
omref
0D&d,uav;rsm;jzihfvnf;
b,f&Edkifvdrfh rvJ? r&Edkif}}/45
txufyg
a'oemawmft&
w&m;jyaom
q&monf
vnf;aumif;?
w&m;usifhaom
a,m*Donffvnf;aumif; w&m; usifh&mwGif aysmhaysmheJYeJY
avsmhavsmh&JU&JU vHkv0D&d,rsKd;jzifh? rajymyavmuf a om
tenf ; i,f r Qaom pG r f ; tm; omref 0D& d,uav;rsm;jzih f
w&m;jy w&m;usif ha eMuvQif r*fz d kv f rqdkxm;ESifh?
pdw0dok'drQyif tb,frSm &Edkifvdrfhr nfenf;/ r&Edkif/
tcsKdUaom
rodem;rvnfolrsm;u
cEmtdrfudk
rvIyf rjyifyJ Mum&SnfpGm w&m;xdkifvQif ]twudvrx}[k
aMumif;usKd;
vGw f a om
pum;ud k
ajymwwf Mu\/
44
45
ed'ge0*ygVd? bduKoH,kwf? e0okwf? y-wGJ ESm-465

]]rdk;ukwfq&mawmf bk&m;BuD;\ wpfb0omoem}}? ESm-141
111
MumMum
xdki fo nfr S m
w&m;r[kwf?
w&m;r&?
usihfpOfrrSef [l ESvHk;oGif;aom yk*dKvfwdkYonf atmufyg
a'oemawmfudk owdjyKoifhonf/
]]"
om&d y k w
bd u K
yp m bw H
yd@ygwy#duaEm edoD'wd yvu tmbkZdwGm OZHk
um,H yPd"m, y&drkcH ow Oy|aywGm ]]e
wm0g[H rH yvu bdEdmrd ,m0 ar
emEkyg'g, tmoa0[d pdwH 0drkpdwd}} 46
qGrf;pm;NyD;aom&[ef;wpfyg;onf
ur|mef;tm;xkwf&m t&yfod kY uyf rdr d \ ur| mef; ud k
a&S U I tm;xkw f& mwGi f wify vi fa cGv suf &Sda om rdr d \
cEm tdr f udk t&[w z dk v f r&rcsif; rvIyf rjyif rjzKwf
rxpwrf; usihf\/ xdkuJhodkYaom &[ef;onfomvQif
ewfyef;&eHYuJhodkY BudKifvIdifvsuf yifvHk;uRwf yGifhonfh
tifMuif;NrdKifudk
wifhw,fap&m\[k
jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sif
rdefY[awmfrlcJhygonf/
wenf;tm;jzifhqdkaomf
xdkuJhodkYaom
&[ef;onfomvQif
ewfyef;&eHYuJhodkY
BudKifvIdifvsuf yifvHk;uRwf yGi fhonfh tifMuif; NrdK if E Si fh
tvm;wlo nfh
tHhz G, f&Sp f jzmES i fh
jynfhpHkaom
*
omoemawmfBuD;udk wifhw,faprnfjzpfonf/
46
rlvyPmoygVd? r[m,ru0a*g
272
*
pma&;ol\tvdk
r[ma*god*FokwH-345 ESm-
112
txufyg
jrwfpGmbk&m;\qEawmfudk
oHk;oyfMunfhvQif
w&m;usihfaom
a,m*DwdkYonf
0dyemPf
r&ao;oa&GU
tcsde f uefY owfr I vnf;
rxm;&?
&d ,myk xf udk vnf;
jyKjyif
vIy f & Sm ;rI
(xdk i fj cif; &d ,myk xf)
rjyKyJ
w&m;usih f& rnf[ k
qd k v d k j cif ; jzpf o nf / wpf e m&D ? ES p f e m&D r Q uef Y owf
w&m;usihfjcif;onf r*fw&m; zdkvfw&m;udk wm;qD;&m
usonf/ (15)rdepf rdepf(30)rQqdkvQif tb,fodkY qkdzG,f&m
&SdtHhenf;/ xdka'oemawmfudk MunfhvQif w&m;xdkifaepOf
em&DuefYowfrI r&Sd? &d,mykxf jyKjyifrIr&SdyJ usifh&onfudk
owdjyK&rnf/
aomPrax&f o nf ajcz0g;jyif tarG ; Ek r sm;
aygufonfhxdatmif
El;nhHonf/
xdkrax&fonf
jrwfpGmbk&m;xH
ur|mef;
awmif;
pBuavQmuf
w&m;usihf&mwGif
ajcz0g;rsm;
aygufNyJum
aoG;csif;csif;&J onftxd
ravQmhaom
vHkYvjzifh
w&m;usihfoGm;ygonf/
xdkrax&fonf
ajcz0g;jyif'Pf&maMumifh
jyif;xefaoma0'em
jzpfvmaomtcg ]]jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sifonf igESihfoifhawmf
ay;aomur|mef; igusihf&rnf}}[k ESvHk; oGi f; vsuf
ola wmfa umif; yDy D
*kPf r merxm;
touf E Si fh
cEmudk,fiJhuGufrIr&SdyJ
edAmefr*fzdkvfudk&atmif
,loGm;cJhonf/47
47
t*Fkw&edum,ygVdawmf? quedygw? ESm-329? t|uxm ESm-123
113
{ulaygoxomraP&Drav;\ w&m;usihfyHk
(7)ESpft&G,f&Sd
{ulaygoxomraP&Drav;onf
q&m jzpfol y#mpm&Dax&DrxH w&m;enf;cH ol\
ausmif;ocFrf;odkY
jyefNyD;
xdkifaom
&d,mykxfjzihf
w&m;usihf&mwGif
&d,mykxf
ud k
rjyif y J
aAm"d y u d , w&m;(37)yg;
vuf u d k i f x m;um
(7)&ufvHk;vHk; qD;roGm;? 0rf;roGm;? a&raomuf? qGrf;rpm;?
rtdy f y J w&m;usihfa omtcg (8)&ufa jrmufa om aeY wGi f
t&[wzdkvf
qdkufa&mufoGm;ygonf/ 48
r*fzdkvf
vdkcsifvQif r*fzdkvfESifh wefonfh oDv orm"d o'g
0D&d,wdkY
pdkufxkwf
usifhBuH&rnfjzpfonf/
r*fESihftoufvJEdkifaom pdwfqE jynfhpHk &rnf/ cEmtdrfudk
rjyKjyifay;yJESifh
r*if&Spfyg;
avsmfnDpGm
usih f v Qif
w&m;&ygonf /
em&D &S n f r u
&uf &S n f y g
w&m;
usihfjcif;aMumifh
w&m;&ygonf/
rsm;rsm;vdkcsifaomol
rsm;rsm; t&if;pdkuf&rnf/ jrefjrefa&muf vdkaomol
jyif;jyif;avQmuf &rnf/ ysif; zsif;aeaomol w&m;r&yg/
t&nftwGuf ESihf t&nftcsif;
ay(100)teuf a&aMum&Sdaom ae&mwGif a&wGif;
wl;rnfqdkvQif
a&&rnf
qdkygpdkY/
tu,f
ajrrsufESmjyifay:
wpfayteuf&Sdaom
48
ax&D*gxmt|uxm? wduedygwf? Owrmax&D*gxm0Pem-44

ESm-51
114
wGif;aygif;(100)udkvnf;aumif;?
(10)ay
teuf&Sdaom
wGif;aygif;(10)wGif;udkvnf;aumif; tBudrf(100) ajymif;
a&wGif;wl;vQif a&r&&SdEdkifyg/ tu,f wpfae&m wnf ;
ay(100)euf a tmif
a&wG i f ;
wl ; azmf E d k i f v Qif
wpfBudrfwnf;ESifh a&&&Sd atmifjrifvdrfhrnf/ xdkYtwl
wpfck
wnf;aom
&d,mykxf
(8-9)em&DMum
jyKjyifra&GUjcif;rjyKyJ w&m;ESifhavsmfnDpGmxdkifrSw&m;&&Sdrnf/
&d,mykxf
wpfrsdK;vQif
w&m;xd k i f c sd e f
wpf e m&D
owf r S w f
anmif ; wd k i f ; ajymif ;
ur|mef;jzifh
tm;xkwfygu tBudrfaygif;rsm;pGm em&Daygif; rsm;pGm
xdkifapumrl
w&m;r&&SdEdkifyg/
yg&rDukodkvfavmufom
&&SdEdkifonf/
xdkYaMumifh w&m;tm;xkwf&mwGif ]]0D&d,tm;enf;aom
ol o nf
,k w f n H h a om
tuk o k d v f w &m;wd k Y jzif h
a&m>yrf ; onf j zpf qif ; &J & \/ tvd k & S d t yf a om tusd K ;vnf ;
rNyD ; pD ; /
xuf o ef a om
vH k Y v&S d o l u m;
,k w f nH h a om
tuk o d k v f w &m;wd k Y rS
uif ; qd w f
csrf ; om&\/
49
tvd k &S d t yf a om
tusd K ;vnf ;
NyD ; pD ; \}}
[k
jrwfpGmbk&m;&Si f
a[mMum;awmfrlxm;ygonf/
rZdredum,f
t|uxm
a'0'[okwf
tzGifhvnf;
t|uxmq&mawmfu
]]omoemawmftwGif;
r*if& Sp fjzm
oHo&mxGufajrmufa&;tvky fudk aoaumif a ygif ; vJ
td k ; ay:
ta&wif a tmif
vk y f a omf v nf ;
tw u d v rx[k
rqd k & /
49
ed'ge0*oH,kwfygVdawmf jrefrmjyef? 'oAv0*f?

'kwd,'oAvokwf-22 ESm 267
115

or m 0g,r
r* i f t usif h } }
50
[l om
qdk&rnfjzpfaMumif;
zGifhqdkxm;ygonf/
rvIyfrjyifyJ MumMum-xkdifjcif;\*kPf
]]ihgoQifa*gwr
igwkdY onf
okcjzifh
okc udk
r&Ekdif?
'kujzifh
okcukd&Ekdif\?
ighoQifa*gwr
okcjzifh
okcudk
&Edkifjim;tHh?
r*"wkdif;ukd
tpkd;&aom
aoed,
rnfaom
Adrdom&rif;onf
okcukd&&m\?
r*"wkdif;ukd
tpk d ; &aom aoed , rnf a om Ad rd o m&rif ; onf
toQif a *gwrxuf omvG e f csrf ; csrf ; omom
ae&&m\}}[k wbuf o wf t m;jzifh taqmwvsif
rqifjcifyJ pum;ukd
ajymqkdrdMu\/ pifppfrl
pum; onf wnf&SdapOD;/ ,ckyif ]]igwkdYonf
r*"wkdif;ukd tpkd ; &aom aoed , rnf a om
Ad rd o m&rif ; ES i f h
toQif a *gwrwk d Y wG i f
tb,f o l o nf
omvG e f
csrf;csrf;omom
ae&oenf;}}[k
toQifa*gwrtm;
ar;jref;Muygukef\[k (qkdMuukef\)/
]]igh o Qif e d * P w k d Y ok d Y jzpf v Qif xk d t &m
oifwkdYukdomvQif jyefar;tHh? oifwkdY oabmusonfh
twkdif;
ajzMum;Muukefavmh/
igh&Sifed*PwkdYtb,fokdY xif r S w f M uuk e f o enf ; ? r*"wk d i f ; uk d
tpk d ; &aom aoed , rnf a om Ad r d o m&rif ; onf
uk d , f u k d
rvIy f& Sm;yJ
pum;rajymqkdyJ
ckE Spf& uf wkdYy wfvkH;
csrf ; omouf o uf c snf ;
50
rZdredum,f? Oy&dyPmot|uxm
a'0'[okwftzGifh? ESm-7
116

cH p m;vsuf ae&ef pGrf;EdkiftHhavm ---y--ukd,fukdrvIyf&Sm;yJ
pum;
rajymqd k y J
ajcmuf & uf w d k Y ywf v H k ; /y/ ig;&uf w k d Y ywf v k H ; /
av;&uf w k d Y vk H ; /
ok H ; &uf w k d Y ywf v k H ; /
ES pf & uf wkd Y ywf vkH ; /
w&uf y wf vkH;
csrf ; om
oufoufcsnf; cHpm;vsuf ae&ef pGrf;EkdiftHhavm}}
[k
(ar;awmfrl\)/
ighoQifrpGrf;Edkifyg[k
(qkdMuukef\)/
ighoQif ed*PwkdY igonf ukd,fukdrvIyf&Sm;yJ
pum;rajymqdkyJ w&ufywfvHk; ---y--- ckESpf&uf
wdkYywfvkH; csrf;omcsnf;oufoufjzifh cHpm;vsuf
ae&ef pGrf;Ekdif\/51
w&m;usifhaom a,m*Donf w&m;xkdifaepOftwGif;

ESpfem&DavmufrSs pum;rajym rqkdyJ ukd,fukd rvIyf&Sm;yJ
raeEdkifao;vQif
oDvcsrf;om?
orm"dcsrf;om?
r*fcsrf;om?
zkdvfcsrf;om
r&SEd kdifawmhay/
tb,faMumifhqkdaomf pdwfukd rapmifhp nf; Ekdi fa omaMumifh
jzpf onf/
,ck uJ h okdY
&Sp f e m&D
ukd;em&DMumrQ
w&m;xkdifaom tcsdefonf tNrJwrf; xkdifjcif; r[kwf/
pdw0dok'dusifhpOf\ tqkH; ormorm"dokdY a&muf&ef
taxmuf t yH h o m
jzpf N yD ;
or m orm"d
&vQif
rnfh o nfh
&d,mykxfjzifhrqdk
tm;xkwfEdkifNyDjzpfonf/
vIyfjyifaejcif;onf um,daÈysufjcif;jzpfNyD; pdwfvIyf&Sm;vQif
51
rlvyPmoygVdawmf jrefrmjyef? oD[em'0*f? plV'kuuEokwf

ESm-133
117
redaÈysuf\/ aÈ ysufaevQif psmeft&mvnf; rqdkuf?

0dyemusifhpOfESifhvnf; rudkufnDyg/ y&rwftmHk[lonf
ypKyefqwfqwfwGif jzpfNyD; ysufonf/ puefYydkif;rQtwGif;
jzpfay:vmrnfh
y&rwfkyfemrf
wdkY\
jzpfrIudkvnf;aumif;?ysufrIudkvnf;aumif;
IjrifEdkif&rnf/
Irnfhpdwfonf wnfNidrfrI r&Sdjcif;? pifMu,frIr&Sdjcif;?
Murf;wrf;
aejcif;&Sdaeygu
tb,fuJhodkYaom
tjrifjzifhIjrifEdkifygrnfenf;/ a,m*DwdkY txl;owdjyKyg/
tpdk;w&tm;xkwfrI 0D&d,daÈ\oabm
xdktcg tpdk;w&tm;xkwfr I ]0D&d,daÈ}
[lonf
tb,foabmjzpfoenf;/
xdktcg
pdwf rSDaom tMuifvHkYvtm;xkwfrI ]0D&d,m&r}?
ysif;&djcif;rS
xGufajrmufrI
]edur}?
tqifhqifhwdk;wuftm;xkwfrI
]y&ur}?
txufodkYwufBudK;yrf;rI (jrifhonfxuf jrifhatmiftxufa&mufatmifBudK;yrf;rI)]O,smr}?
vHkYvpdkufrI
]0g,mr}?
qif;&Judk
onf;cHrI
]Om[}?
tjyif;txefBudK;pm;rI ]OamVD}? cdkifNrJrI ]xmr}?
aqmifxm;rI ]"dwd}? ravsmhaomtm;xkwfrI &Sdol\
tjzpf ]todxdv y&urwm}? rcstyfaom tvdk
qE &Sdol\tjzpf ]tedudwqEwm}? rcstyfaom
wm0ef& Sdol \ tjzpf ]tedudw" k& wm}? wm0efudk
aumif;pGmxrf;aqmifrI ]"k&or*g[}? &J0Hhol(&J&ifhol)
wdkY\ tvkyf[laom &J&ifhrI ]0D&d,}? tpdk;w&
tm;xkwfr I ]0D&d,daÈ}? rwke fr vIyf tm;xkwfrI
]0D&d,Adkvf}? aumif;pGmtm;xkwfrI ]orm0g,mr}onf
118

(&Sd\)/ xdktcg tpdk;w&tm;xkwfr I ]0D&d,daÈ}
[laom oabmjzpf\/52
txufyg a'oem ]]ysif;&djcif;rS xGufajrmufrI}} [k

yg&Sdonf/ &d,mykxfudk rjyifyJ tcsdefMumjrifhpGm w&m;
rusif h c sif b l ; qd k o nf r S m ysif ; &d a ejcif ; (0g) 0D & d ,
tm;rpd kuf xk wfj cif; jzpf onf/ tqifh qif h wdk; wufa tmif
tm;rxk wfc sif jcif; jzpf onf/ ysif; &d z G,f [k pGJ ,lxm;aom
tvkyfukd
vkyf&jcif;onf
qif;&Jonf/
qif;&Judk
onf;rcHEdkifrI? tjyif;txef tm;rxkwfvdkrI? wm0efudk
pGefYvTwfrI?
tHI;ay;rI
wd kY onf
0D& d ,tm;enf; jcif; jzpf o nf/
0D& d,tm;
r&Sdo jzif h
w&m;usifhcsdef wpfem&D owfrSwf &d,mykxf wyg;anmif;
wyg;ajymif;
usifh&rnf[k
TefMum;a[majymaeMujcif;jzpfonf/
,cktcg
tcsdKUaom
w&m;jyq&mwdkYESifh
a,m*DwdkYonf
ESpfem&DrQavmufaom
tcsdefudkyif
tm;rpdkufEdkifonfhtjyif
MumMumxdkifwm
w&m;
r[kwfbl;[l
vnf;aumif;?
cEmudk
temcHusifhzdkY
rvdkbl;[lvnf;aumif;?
xdkifrSw&m;r[kwfbl;
[lvnf;aumif;? MumMumxdkifjcif;udk twudvrxmEka,m*
tusifh[lvnf;aumif; qHk;jzwfajymqdkaeMuonfrSm tvGefrS
52
"ro*FPDygVdawmf? pdwKyg'u@ pdwf apwodufydkif;

umrm0p&ukodkvf-10-15 ESm-30
119
rSm;,Gif;aeMuonf/ txufygbk&m;a[m a'oemawmfESifh

tvGefrS qefYusifaeMuonf/
pGrf;EdkifvdkolwdkY\tm;
]]&[ef;wdkY
&[ef;jzpfap
&[ef;rdef;rjzpfap rnfolrqdk w&m;ig;rsKd;wdkY udk
yGm;rsm;\?
w&m;
ig;rsKd;wdkYudk
Budrfzefrsm;pGmjyK\?
xdkoltm;
,ckb0yif
t&[wz dkvfudkif; udavom <uif;usefao;vQif
tem*grftjzpfudkif; tusKd;ESpfrsKd;wdkYwGif wyg;yg;
aomtusKd;udk (rcRwf &vdrfhrnf[k) ajrmfvifhtyf\/
tb,fig;rsKd;wdkYenf; [lrl &[ef;wdkY omoemawmf &[ef;onf tvdk]qE}vQif
tBuD;trSL;&Sdaom
wnfMunfrl ]orm"d} jyKjyifwwfaom tm;xkwfrI
]y"meocFg&}ESihf jynfhpHkaom 'dyg'fudk yGg;rsm;\/
tm;xkwfr I ]0D&d,}vQif tBuD;trSL;&Sdaom
wnfMunfrI ]orm"d}/ y/
pd w f v Qif
tBuD ; trS L ;&Sd a om
wnf M unf r I ]orm"d}/ y/
ynm]0DrHo}vQiftBuD;trSL;&SdaomwnfMunfrI
orm"d jyKjyifwwfaom tm;xkwfrI ]y"meocFg&}
ESihf jynfhpkHaom 'dyg'fudk yGg;rsm;\/
ig;ckajrmufaom vGefuJaomvHkYvudkomvQif
(yGg;rsm;\)/}}53
53
t*FkwdK&fygVdawmfjrefrmjyef 'kwd,wGJ? onm0*f? yXr'dyg'okwf

ESm-88
120
txufygtwdkif; qE? pdw? 0D&d,? ynm [laom

t"dy wda v;yg; wyfvsuf tm;xk wf& &Sdt yfa om orm"d?
jyif;xefpGm
tm;xkwfrI
[laom
y"meocFg&wdkYESifh
jynfhpHkaom
'dyg'fw&m;av;yg;wdkYonf
,ckb0rSmyif
w&m;aygufajrmuf
atmifjrifvdkaom
w&m;a,m*D
(trsdK;om;jzpfap? trsdK;orD; jzpf a p) wd k Y wG i f rjzpf r ae
&S d & rnf /
,if ; wd k Y \
t"d u
taMumif;t&if;rSm
jyif;xefpGmtm;xkwfrI[laom vGefuJaom vHkYvyifjzpfonf/
w&m;usifhaoma,m*Donf rdrdw&m;usifh&m
jyif;xefpGm
tm;xkwfrI [laom vGefuJaomvHkYvjzifh jynfhpHkrI &Sdr&Sd
jyefvnfoHk;oyfyg/
www
9/ wPSmESifhcEmoabm tajccHodrSwfzG,f
wyfrufrI]wPSm}onfavmuudkaqmiftyf\?
wPSmonf
(avmuudk)
qJGiiftyf \?
tvHk;pHkaom
w&m;wdkYonfomvQif
wPSm[kqdktyfaom wpfckaom w&m;\ tvdkodkY
tpOfvdkuf&ukef\/54
wPSmonf cEmwnfaqmufyHkudk odkYaomOyrmjzifh

Pf oabmayguf em;vnfy g/ vlwpfa ,muf onf
oufu,frdk;?
x&Hum?
0g;vHk;wdkifxlxm;aom
wJtdrfwpfvHk;udk
vuf orm;q&m
wpfO D; tm;
wnfa qmufa pvsuf
ae\/
xdkolonf
xdktdrf
rSDwif;aexdkifvsuf pD;yGm;&Smtvkyf vkyf\/ pm;zG,f&m?
MunfhzG,f&m paom tmHkig;yg;udkvnf; xdktdrf aevsuf
cHpm;\/
aiGydkaiGvQHrsm;udkvnf;
pkaqmif;xm;\/
tdrftenf;i,f ysufpD;vQifvnf; vuform;q&mudk jyefvnf
jyKjyifa p\/ odkY jzif h ESp ft wefM umaomtcg tdr fo nf
tdkrif;a[mif;EGrf;vmum ,dk,Gif;ysufpD;&\/ 0g;? oufu,f
paom yp nf; rsm; aqG ; jrnfh vQif raqG; jrnfha tmif xdko l
jyKvkyf
r&yg/
xdkolonf
pkaqmif;&&Sdxm;aom
aiGaMu;wdkYjzifh
vuform;q&mud k
tdr f opf
jyefa qmufa p jyefa evsuf pD;yGm;quf&Sm\/ xdkolonf
54
o*gxm0* oH,kwfygVdawmf jrefrmjyef? a'0wmoH,kwf?

wPSmokwf-63 ESm-39
122
tdrftopf xyfrH aqmuf&mwGif &&Sdaom aiGtenf;trsm;

tay:rlwnf
wdkuftdrfaqmufrnf
qd k v Qif
wd k u f t d r f o uf w rf ;
Mumvd r f h r nf /
opf o m;td r f
aqmuf v Qif
opf o m;td r f o uf w rf ; xd
cH v d r f h r nf /
wJ t d r f aqmufvQif wJtdrfoufwrf;om Mumvdrfhrnf/
qdkvdkonfrSm
b0opf c E m \
touf &S n f j cif ; ?
wd k j cif ; onf jyKcJ h a om oDvukodkvfuH? 'geukodkvfuH
tenf;trsm;ay: rlwnf b0oufwrf; t&Snftwdk
uGmjcm;onf/
tdr fy dki f &Si fE S i fh wPSm wl \ / 0ifa iG &&ef
pD; yGm ;&Sm
tvkyfvkyfjcif;onfonf
ocFg&wdkYudk
jyKjcif;ESifhwl\/ vkyftm;c aiG , l td r f a qmuf a om
vuf o rm;q&monf ur b 0 ESi fh wl \ / tdr f onf
0dnmPu E m (pdw fo djcif; )? onmu E m (rSwfom;jcif;)?
a0'emuEm(cHpm;jcif;)? ocFg&uEm (jyKjyif pD&ifjcif;)
wdkYESifh wl\/
ypKyefcEmig;yg;
b0tdrfvnf;
tdrfydkif&Sif
wPSmom
aexkdifonf/
xdktdrfudkvnf;
wPSmu
wnfaqmufonf/ xdk t dr f udk trSDj yKvsuf b0opfc E m
wnfa qmuf E dk i fo nf h
aiGESifhwlonfh
ur0#frsm;udk
pkaqmif;onf/ ypKyefcEmtdrf ysufvQifvnf; wPSmuyif
jyefvnfjyKjyifonf/
ypKyefcEmtdrf
oufwrf;ukef
ysufpD;aomtcg wPSmonfyif aemufxyf cEmtdrftopf
wnfaqmufonf/ wnfaqmufrI taMumif; taxmuftyHhrSm
twdwfb0 ur0#fyifjzpfonf/
123
twdw fu jyKcJha om
0dy gu0#ft pGr f ; aMumif h
vlU td r f? ewft dr f ? tyg,fbH kt d r f ponf wdkY &&SdNyD;
0dy gu0#f t pGr f; rukefao;oa&GU ysufoGm;aom kyfemrfwdkY
ae&mwGif
topf
kyfemrfjzifh
jyefvnf
jyifqif
tpm;xdk;onf/
twdwf0dygu0#f
ukefoGm ;vQif
cEmtdrfysufpD;NyDjzpfonf/
xdkYaMumifh
ypKye f
cEm 0dy gu0#f \
ouf wrf; onf
twdw fb0rS
jyKcJ hNyD; aom ur0#f(urb0)\tpGrf;omvQif jzpfonf/
ypKyefb0vnf;
uHxyfj yKaeao;vQif
tem*wfc Em twG uf
0dy gu0#fr sm;
&Sda eOD; rnf/
'kua 0'emrS wPSm jzwf jcif; qdk onfr Sm tem*wf
'k* wdc Em tdr f udk wnfa qmuf r nf h w&m;cH ('kua0'emrS)
wPSmudk y,fowfjcif;jzpfonf/
a0'emrS wPSmul;jcif;
y#dpo
rkyg'fvnfyHk
w&m;xd k i f a epOf k y f t csif ; csif ; xd c d k u f r I a Mumif h
um,yom'
tawGU"mwf
kyfw&m;ESifh
um,0dnmP"mwfwdkY
jzpfay:vmonf/
xdkoHk;rsKd;
awGUqHkjcif;aMumifh um,or onf azm|A m H k \
ted | &oud k b0if o k d Y yd k Y aqmif raem0dnmPfESihf
qufpyfay;onf/ b0ifokdY a&mufvmaom "razm|AmHk?
b0ifESifh raem0dnmPfwdkY awGUqHkjcif;aMumifh raemor
124
jzpfay:vm\/
um,orESihf
tmHk,lNyD;wdkif; a0'emjzpfay:vmonf/
raemorwdkY
]]cH p m;rI ] a0'em}ud k

rod o nf j zpf
'k u a 0'emud k
cH p m;aom?
xG u f a jrmuf & m
vrf ; ud k rawG U jrif a om oltm; trsufxGufrI
]y#dCmEko,} jzpf\/}}55
pif M u,f a om 0d y emtI Pf r&ao;aom

a,m*Donf
tmHk\
t&omudk
cHpm;onfh
oabmaqmifonfh
emrfy&rwf"mwf
a0'em\
oabmowdudk
rjrifaomaMumifh
a0'emuEmudk
igcHpm;&w,f[k
'd|duyfojzifh
trsufxGufrI
]y#dCmEko,} udef;aomaMumifh ESvHk;rom,mrI a'gre
jzpf&onf/ xdka,m*Donf ESvHk;rom,mrI &Sdaeao;oa&GU
0dy emPf
qdk ufa &mufr nf
r[kw fy g/
xdk' ku a 0'emrS a'greudk a&SmifvTJ w&m;&SmrnfqdkvQif
rnfonfhenf;jzifh
w&m;
&Smapumrl
r*fzdkvfrS
tvSrf;a0;vsufyif&Sdaernf/
kyfazmufjyef&mrS a0'emtxdjzpfpOf udk aemufxyf
aemufxyfjzpfaom o[dwfraem0dnmPf(ig[kpGJ,laompdwf)u
arm[apwodufESihf ,SOfaejcif;aMumifh trSeftwdkif;rodojzifh
aemuf x yf a emuf x yf jzpf a om raem0d n mPf p d w f o nf
vIyfcsifw,f jyifcsifw,f rcsifw,f a&TUcsifw,f [laom
55
oVm,we0*oH,kwfygVdawmf
jrefrmjyef?
o*gxm0*f? y[meokwf-251 ESm-403
a0'emoH,kwf?
125
wPS m (avmb)jzif h ,S O f & aomaMumif h a0'emrS wPS m

ul;oGm;onf/
woHo&mvHk;rS
ygvmaom
wPSm\tvdkodkY
vd k u f a ejcif ; vnf ;
jzpf o nf /
tu,f
vI y f j yif r a&T U rI jyKvkyfaeygu w&m;udk
zsufqD;aeovdk jzpfaeonf/ wPSmudk jzwfc sifa omaMumifh
w&m;usif hjyefa omfvnf; wPS m ud k rowfEdkifyJ wPSm
wdk;yGm;aMumif; usifhaeovdk jzpfaeonf/ xdkoabmonf
'kua0'em
taMumif;cH
wPSmul;jcif;
(0g)
y#dpo
rkyg'fvnfjcif; jzpfonf/
w&m;rusifhrDrSmvnf; cEmudk,fudkjyifvdkvQif jyifay;?
a&TUvdkvQif a&TUay;aewmvnf; wPSmjzpf w&m;usifhaeqJ
cE m ud k , f u d k
jyKjyif
ra&TU
aejcif ; onf v nf ;
wPS m yif
('ku a 0'emyp,mwPS m)
jzpfonf/
w&m;usihfNyD;aomfvnf; wPSm rS rvG wfy J wPSm NyD;
wPSm
jzpfa eonf/
igha ygif
igh a jc[l a om
'd | Kyg'gef E S i f h
rd r d u d k , f u m,ud k
ouf o m
csrf ; omvd k r I umrk y g'gef ? igh c E m uk d , f y J igyJ [ l a om
tw0g'kyg'gef
paom
Oyg'gefvnf;
rcsKyfqHk;yg/
wPSmonf a&SUpdwfESifh aemufpdwf 'd|d a'go paom
rD;avmifNrdKuf
apvsuf
qif;&JrIrjywfatmif
qufpyfay;onf/
xdkYaMumifh
wPS m tk y f c sKyf a om
pd w f r sm;om
jzpf a eNyD ;
y#d p o rk y g 'f qufvuf
vnfywfae&onf/
(11)yg;rD;vnf;
qufwdkuf
awmufavmif&onf/ "mwfav;yg; jyif;xefpGmazmufjyef
aoonfhtcg rD;awmufaompdwfjzifhcsKyfqHk;& rD;awmufaom
126
b0odkYa&mufzdkY&efom&Sdawmhonf/ 'kua0'emudk taMumif;cH

jzpfay:vmaom
xdk'kurS
vGwfvdkaom
wPSmonf
aemufb0
'k*w
dcEmtdrfudk
wnfaqmufrnfh
w&m;cHjzpfonf/
pdwf qif;&JrD;awmufyHk
vlwpfa,muf
rD;jcpfjcpf
za,mif;wdkif
rD;xGef;yHkudk Oyrmxm; oHk;oyfMunfhvQif --(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
rD;pm
za,mif;om;
av
rD;jcpf
vl
rD;jcpfrSrD;awmuf ("mwfaiGU)
vlurD;jcpf
awmufvmaom
rD;ESifh
za,mif;wdkifrD;pm
udk
qufpyfvdkufaomtcg rD;pm
rD;awmufavmifoGm;onf/
xdkoabmESifh
cEmjzpfpOfudk
EIdif;,SOfMunfhvQif pdwfESifh a0'em onm ocF g &wd k Y onf
rD ; pmES i f h wl \ / za,mif ; om;onf lyum,ESifh wl\/
avonf twdwfrS jyKcJhaom 0#fESifhwl\/ rD;onf 'd|d
a'gopaom
apwodufwdkYESifh
wl\/
vlonf
wPSmESifhwl\/
wPSmonf cEmig;yg;udk aqmufxm;aom tdrfydkif&Sif
jzpf\/
tdrfwnf;[laom
cEmig;yg;udk
pdk;rdk;jc,fvS,fonf/ lyum,rS "mwfav;yg;azmufjyefrI
127
ted|mkH ay:vmaomtcg pdwfESifh a0'emonmocFg&wdkY

twlwuG
jzpfay:vmonf/
wPS m onf
xd k p d w f t pk t a0;ud k
'd | d
a'go
paom
apwod ufw dkY E Si f h quf p yfa y;onf/ xdkY a Mumifh pdw f
'd| d
a'goapwodufwdkY
pGJNidavmifNrdKufaomtcg
xdkpdwftpkta0;
wdkY
qif;&JrD;awmufjcif;
jzpfonf/
emrfonf 'kucEmtpkta0; jzpfoGm;onf/ xdkoabmudk
]]um, y#dp azm|aAp OyZw d um,0d n mPH / wd P H o*F w d
zam/ zyp , m a0'em? a0'emyp,m wPSm/ t,H acg
56
bdua0
'kuork'a,m}}
[k
jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sif
a[mxm;onf/
uJhodkY
qif;&Jjcif;cEm&jcif;
onf
wPSmwnf;[laom taMumif;aMumifh jzpfonf/ 'd|du
igqif;&Jaew,f? ighkyfBuD;emaew,f[k t,lrSm;trSwfrSm ;
jzpfawmhonf/
&[ef;wdkY tMum;tjrif&Sdaom t&d,mwynfh
onfum; udk,f usa&mufvsuf&Sdaom 'kua0'em
jzif h awG U xd c H p m;&aomf rpd k ; &d r f & ? ryif y ef ; &?
ridka<u;&? &ifxkvsuf rjrnfwrf;&? rdef;armjcif;odkY
ra&muf&/ &[ef;wdkY tMum;tjrif&Sdaom t&d,m
wynfhudk 0JMoC wnfwHhEdkifol axmufwnf&mudk
&Edkifol[k qdk&\[k (rdefYawmfrl\)/
56
ed'ge0*oH,kwfygVd? ed'geoH,kwf? *[ywd0*f? 'kuokwf-43 ESm301
128

Pf t m;enf ; aom
pG r f ; tm; * enf ; aom
tMuifolonfudk,fusa&mufvsuf&Sdaomtoufudkyif
aqmif,loGm;Edkifavmufaom ay:aygufvmaom xdk
'kua0'emwdkYudk onf;rcHEdkif? a0'emwdkYjzifh awGUxd
cH&aomf wkefvIyf\? jrnfwrf;idka<u;&\? xdkolonf
0JMoC rwnfwHhEdkifonfomru axmufwnf&mrQ
udkvnf; r&Edkif/57
rdrdudk,fudkrdrd
t&d,mom0u[l,HkMunfol?
'd|djyKwfNyD [l qHk;jzwfEdkifol? PfpOf&NyD [l 0efcHEdkifol?
rdrdudk,fudk w&m;jrifNyD w&m;awGUNyD [l qHk;jzwfEdkifol?
y#dporkyg'f
jywfonf[k
qHk;jzwfEdkifolwdkYonf
rSefNyD[kqdkvQif
(2)em&DrQ
r[myvifcsdwfxdkifenf;jzifh
xdkifMunfh rSwfausmufwifMunfh &rnf/ (2)em&Dr Q
r[myvi f c sd wf xdk i fa om
a0'emonf
toufudk
aqmif,lroGm;Edkifao;yg/ xdka0'emaMumifh rdrdpdwf a'go?
a'gre jzpfaeao;vQif? aMumifhMupdk;&drfrI &Sdvm
ao;vQif?
yifyef;onf[k
pdwf&Sdaeao;vQif?
idka<u;csifaompdwf
]]rcHEdkifbl;
rjzpfEdkifbl;
emvdkufwm}}[l
jrnfwrf;rI
jyKae
ao;vQif ?
awG a 0rd e f ; armrI
jzpf a eao;vQif
txuf y g
bk&m;a[ma'oemawmft& t&d,mom0ur[kwf? 'd|djyKwfrI
*
tm;ig;yg; aÈig;yg;
o*gxm0*f? ygwmvokwf ESm-403
57
129
r[k w f ?
Pf p Of & &S d r I
r[k w f a o;aomol ?
y#d p o rk y g 'f rjywfao;aomol [l qHk;jzwfcsufcsvdkufyg/

]]---t&d,mom0utm; vdkufavsmrI &m*
ES i f h
qef Y usif rI
a'go
wd k Y onf
cgwG u f t yf N yD ; csKyfNidrf;jcif;odkY a&mufukefNyD;
jzpf& um;
r&SdMuuke f?
xdkolonf
udavomjrLuif;aom pdk;&drfjcif; r&Sdaom edAmefudk
odaomaMumifh b0\wzufurf;odkY a&mufol jzpf
aumif;pGmod\/}}58
txuf y g
bk & m;&S if
a[mxm;onf h
a'oemt& vdkufavsmrIonf &m*wPSm jzpfonf/
qefYusifrIonf a'go jzpf o jzif h yk x k Z Of w d k Y \tavh
jzpf o nf /
tjyif t mHk u d k
vdk ufa vsmrI
&m*
qefY u sif r Ia 'go jzpfj cif; xuf teD; uyf twGif;usus
cEm'kuaMumifh
jzpfay:vmaom
wPSmESifh
qefYusifbufa'gowdkYudk
ry,fEdkifjcif;u
aojcif;qif;&JESifh tyg,f a b;qif ; &J o d k Y aocsmayguf
a&muf a pawmh r nf / b0qufwdkif; qif;&JaeOD;rnf/
ow0gwdkif;
uJhodkY
t0dZmESifhwPSm
vSnfhpm;jcif;udk rod o jzif h k y f w &m; emwd k i f ; ? k y f w &m;
"mwfav;yg;azmufjyefr IESi fh
cHpm;aom
emrftpkwGif
rcHp m;csifaom qif;&JrIrS oufom&efjyKjyifvdkaom 'd|dESifh,SOfonfh
wPSm
58
o*gxm0*f? ovokwf-254 ESm-404
130
Murf ; wrf ; pG m
azmufjyefvmwdkif;
qif;&Jjcif;rS
rvGwfMuay/
a,m*Dwdkif;
w&m;usifhaomtcg
'kua0'emESifh
awGUBuHK&rnfom
jzpfonf/
xdktcg
a'gre rD;awmufyHkESifh rD;awmufjcif; taMumif;
tusdK;ykpm\
tajzudk
r&SmMuyJ
&d,mykxfudk
jyKjyifra&TU ay;aeMuonf / w&m;jy q&mwd k Y uvnf ;
xd k t ajzud k rodMuojzifh wpfem&DrQom w&m;xdkifapNyD;
&d,mykxfudk
todESifh
trSwfESifh
jyifcGifhjyK
tm;xkwfapMuonf/
t&Sifom&dykMwm\Mo0g'
pd w f a emuf o d k Y ud k , f (cE m ud k , f ) rygapyJ
pd w f u d k
udk,fvdk&modkYygatmif
qGJaqmifEdkifaom
&[ef;onfomvQif
ewfyef;&eHYuJhodkY
BudKifvIdifvsuf
yifvHk;uRwfyGifhonfh tifMuif; NrdK if u dk wif hw,f a p&m\[k
"ra oemywd
vuf,mawmf& H
t&Sifom&dykw&m
rax&fjrwfBuD;u
rdefY[awmfrlcJhygonf/ 59
wenf; tm;jzifh qd ka omf xdk uJ hod kY a om &[ef; onfomvQif
ewfy ef; &eHY u Jho dkY BudK ifvI di f vsuf yifv Hk; uRwf yGi f ho nfh
tifMuif; NrdKifESifh
tvm;wlonfh
tHhzG,f&SpfjzmESifh
jynfhpHkaom omoemawmfBuD;udk wifhw,faprnfjzpfonf/
59
rlvyPmoygVdawmf jrefrmjyef? r[m,ru0*f? r[ma*god*Fokwf

ESm-287
pma&;ol\tvdk
131
]]pdwfaemufudk,fyg}}
[lonfrSm
ynwftmHk
trsKd;rsKd;odkY pdwfoGm;vdkwdkif; (0g) pdwftvdk &Sdonfhtwdkif;
cEmudk,fBuD;
vdkufygaejcif;yif
jzpfonf/
ezm;BudK;twyfcHxm;&onfhEGm;yrm
BudK;qGJ&m
vdkufyg&ouJhodkY
w&m;tm;xkwfpOf
"mwfBuD;av;yg;
azmuf j yef r I
um,d u 'k u a 0'em
jzpf a y:wd k i f ;
'k u & oud k cHpm;onfh a0'emudk 'd|duyfjcif;aMumifh qif;&JrI
jzpf&onf/ ,if;udk trSefrodyJ aygif ajcponfwdkYrS
udkufcJxHkusifrIaMumifh emw,f qif; &J w,f[k rS m ;odv suf
wcPwm
oufo mrI
&atmif
wPS m vd k & mod k Y
cE m ud k , f u d k
vd k u f a vsmjyKjyif
ay;vd k u f j cif ; onf
]]pd w f a emuf u d k , f y gaejcif ; }} jzpf o nf / "mwfBuD;av;yg;
azmufjyefrItmHkudk
pGefY
ur|mef;tmHkqDodkY
pdwf ud ka &mufa tmif
ydkY vd kuf jcif; onf
pdw fu dk
udk ,f ha emuf
ygatmif
jyKvkyfjcif;
jzpfonf/
ur|mef;tmHkqDodkY pdwfa&muf oGm;aomtcg qif;&JrIcsKyf
csrf;om&m &oGm;onf/ xdkYaMumifh &d,mykxfudkrjyifyJ
pdwfudkur|mef;tmHkodkYygatmif
usihfaom
tusih f o nf
t&d , m ol a wmf a umif ; wd k Y usih f o H k ; tyf a om tusihf
jzpfonf/
&d,mykxfudk
vdkufavsmjyKjyifay;jcif;onf
ykxkZOftusifh jzpfonf/
132
a0'emrSwPSmjzwfjcif;
y#dpo
rkyg'fjywfyHk
"mwf BuD; av;yg; azmuf jyef 'k u a 0'em jzpfa y:
vmaomtcg 'd|dESifhwuG cEmtdrfudk jyKjyifvdkonfh
wPSm
pdwfwdkY
jzpfay:vmonf/
cEmtdrf
ysufpD;vmaomtcg
tdrf&Sif
wPS m onf
olw nfa qmuf xm;aom
cEm tdr f
ysuf p D; rIud k
jyifqifzmax;&ef
xGufay:vmjcif;jzpfonf/
xdkwPSmpdwfonf
twdwfb0uwnf;u
cEmtpOf
udef;vmaom tusKd;w&m; wPSmjzpfonf/ ypKyef
xdkwPSmonf
cEmtdrf&d,mykxfudk
jyKjyifra&TUzdkY
EdI;aqmfaeaom
wPSmjzpfoGm;onf/
ypKyefb0
xdkwPSmudk twdwfb0tpOfrS ygvmaom tusKd;w&m;[k
ac:onf/ xdkwPSm tvdktwdkif; cEmtdrfudk atmifjrifatmif
vdkufavsmjyKjyifrnfh aemufwPSmpdwfonf ypKyef taMumif;
w&m; jzpf tem*wfb0 tusdK;w&m; &&Sdaponf/
a&SUpdwfrS aemuf p d w f o d k Y pd w f t pOf t wef ; wPS m
ul ; oG m ;onf /
y#dporkyg'f
uGif;qufaom
oabmjzpfonf/ xdkwPSmuGif; rqufrdatmif jzwf&rnf
jzpfonf/ tusdK;udk owf r&yg/ taMumif;owfrS
tusdK;&yfrnf/
taMumif;aovQif
tusKd;yg
csKyfNidrf;oGm;vdrfhrnf/
vufckyf
ESpfzufwD;vQif
toHxGufrnf/
toHrxGufvdkvQif
vufwpfzuf
kyfodrf;xm;u usefwpfzuf vnf;kyfodrf;oGm;vdrfhrnf/
133
cEmtdrfudkjyKjyif&efawmif;cHaeaom
]]a&SUwPSmpdwfonf
tusKd;w&m;om jzpfonf? wPSmtew (igr[kwf)}}[k
aemuftIr*fPfu
ydkif;jcm;Ivsuf
cEmtdrfudk
jyKjyif j zpf & ef vdku fa vsmay;rnfh aemufw PSm pdwf ud k
tvdk rvdkufyJ vdkufavsmvdkrIudk onf;cH MunfjzLpGm
pGefYvTwf&rnf/ uJhodkY ypKyefwPSm csKyfNidrf;onftxd
pGefYvTwf apmifhI ae&rnf/ oabmrSm aemufxyfaemufxyf
jzpfvmaom pdwf wPSm ruyfapyJ r*fapwoduf
tvsifrjywf
uyfay;apjcif;
jzpfonf/
uJhodkY
aemuftIr*fPfu
apmifhIaejcif;aMumifh
taMumif;wPSmpdwftpm; r*fpdwfjzpfoGm;ojzifh y#dpo
rkyg'f
jywfoGm;jcif;jzpfonf/ xdkoabmudk w&m;usihfolwdkY txl;
owdjyKyg/
a0'emukefqHk;onf qdkonfrSm
w&m;xdkifae&if;
cEmtdrfudk
jyKjyifvdkonfh
emw,f udkufw,f ponfh rcHpm;csifaom a'gopdwf?
ighoabmESihf jyKcsif o vd k jyKcsif o nf h p d w f r sm; tvd k v d k
ay:vmonf / xd k pdwfrsm;udk tIPfjzihf MunfhumrQ
odumrQjzifh Iae&onf/ cEmudk,fudk rlvyuwdtaetxm;rS
yHkrysufatmif BudK;pm; xm;&onf/ um,du'kua0'em
ydk xif&Sm;vmonfESifhtrQ txufyg udavompdwfrsm;
jyif;xefrsm;jym;pGm ay:vmonf/
xdkodkY ay:aomfvnf;
owd Pf ynmonf cEmtdrfudkvnf; rdrdtvdkjzihf
wif;MuyfnpfcsKyfxm;jcif;vnf; r&SdyJ tpGrf;ukef onf;cH
134
vdkufavsmrnfhaemufpdwfrsm;udk
t<uif;rJhpGefYvTwfum
I a e&onf / um,d u 'k u a 0'em tpG r f ; uk e f azmf j yvm
aomfvnf; tavQmhay; wPSmtvdkodkY rvdkufyg/
um,d u'k ua 0'em tpGr f; uke f azmfjyvmNyD; vQif
"mwfBuD;av;yg; wdk; razmufjyef? 'kua0'em ydk
rjyif;xef awmhyg/ xdktcg tw'd|dESifh ,SOfaompdwf (ig
ighpdwf) onf tusOf;tMuyf jzpfum cEm wnf&m&&ef
(twwnf;[laom igNrJ&ef) &d,mykxfudk jyKjyif&ef
tvdktrsKd;rsKd;jzifh
tpGrf;ukef
awmif; cHa eonf/
xdkp dw fw dkY u dk {nf hc H quf qH jcif; rjyK?
rvdkufavsmyJ
o'g ynmwdkYjzifh tpGrf;ukef cGifhvTwfonf;cH xm;onf/
'ku \ taMumif; onf
wPS m jzpf onf/
qif; &Jonf qdkonfrSm pdwfrSmjzpfonf/ pdwf rD;ESifhwlonfh
'd|dESifh
a'go
uyfa&mufavmifNrdKufap&ef
wPSmu
qufpyfonf/
xdkYaMumifh
wPSm udk
jrif E dki f& ef E Si fh
y,fE dki f& ef
vGe fuJa om
0D& d,udk
tm;xk w f & \/
xd k w PS m ud k yd k i f ; jcm; jrif E d k i f & NyD ; pd w f ruyfNidatmif
vspfvsLIrIudk yGm;&\/ wPSmESihf,SOfaom a&SUpdwfonf
cEmtdrfudk jyKjyif&ef tpGrf;ukef awmif;cHae aomf v nf ;
o'g
ynmES ihf , S O f a om
aemuf p d w f o nf
vdkufavsmvdkaom
pdwocFg&tm;vHk;udk
0dyEkayumPfjzifh
tpGrf;ukef
cGifhvTwfonf;cHxm;aomtcg
tukokdvfapwoduf
ESi f h
wPSm wd kY onf pdwf vHk; 0 uyfa &mufc Gi fh r&Sda wmhy J
rmefcsum vHk;0pGefYvTwfvdkufonf/ xdktcg tukodkvfaZmpdwf
135
rsm;
tm;jywf
ae&m,l
r&awmh o jzif h
aemuf w zef
jyefrjzpfvmonfhtqHk;
b0ifusum
tMurf;pm; 'd|d a'go avmbrsm;ESifh qif;&JrD;yg
csKyfNidrf;oGm;onf/
oabmudk
]]wma,0
wPSm,
taoo0d&m*eda&m"m
Oyg'geed a &ma"m---y---{0arw
60
au0v 'k u u E eda&ma"m a[mwd}}
[k bk&m;&Sif
a[mMum;xm;onf/
vGefuJaom0D&d,udk tm;xkwfaom xdkyk*dKvf
tm; vGefuJaom0D&d,udk tm;xkwfjcif;aMumifh
xd k ' k u \
taMumif ;
wPS m uif ; jcif ; onf
jzpf \ / odkYvnf; xdkyk*dKvftm; qif;&J'kuonf
ausysuf\?
vspfvsLIaom
xdkyk*dKvftm;
vspfvsLIrIudk yGm;jcif; aMumif h xk d ' k u \ taMumif ;
wPS m uif ; jcif ; onf
jzpf \ ?
od k Y vnf ;
xd k y k * d K vf t m; qif ; &J ' k u o nf ausysuf\/ 61
a'goaZmrsm;csKyfNidrf;
b0ifusoGm;onfESifhwNydKifeuf
[',
vGefpGmat;Nidrf;csrf;omaerIonf
rjcm;yJ
ay:vmonf/
pd w f &S d y gvsuf
"mwfBuD ; av;yg;
azmuf j yef r I
&S d a eygvsuf emw,f? udkufw,f? rcHEdkifbl;? qif;&Jw,f?
60
ed'ge0*oH,kwfygVd? ed'geoH,kwf? *[ywd0*f? 'kuokwf-43 ESm301

61
Oy&dyPmoygVdawmf jrefrmjyef? a'0'[0*f? a'0'[okwf -12
ESm-11
136
jyifr,f? jzKwfr,f paom wPS m ES i h f ,S O f a om

tuk o d k v f
pd w o cF g &rsm;
r,H k E d k i f z G , f & m
jyef r ay:awmh y J
jzpf y suf q H k ; oG m ;ygonf /
"mwfBuD;av;yg; azmufjyefrI &Sdaeaomfvnf; pdwf
wPSm
ruyfNidawmhojzifh
kyfazmufjyef&modkY
emrfTwfaomfvnf;
pd w f r qif ; &J a wmh y g/
,if ; ud k
t&yf p um;jzif h a0'em ukefqHk;onf (0g) a0'em
ausmfvGefonf[k
oHk;EIef;Muygonf/
(a0'emeda&m"m
wPSmeda&ma"m? wPSmeda&ma"m edAmeH)
10/ taxGaxGodrSwfzG,f
pdwfcsKyfwkdif;edAmefr[kwf
,cktcg
pdwmEkyem[k
qdkum
om;pdwf?
orD;pdwf? tdyfcsifpdwf? a'gopdwf? ysHUvGifhpdwf ponfh
wPSm rme 'd|wdkY ude f; aeaom pd w ocFg &rsm;\
jzpfy suf uk d Iy G m ;Muonf/ ]]jzpfy sufq Hk; csKyf qHk; edA m ef} }
[k
qdku m
xd k p d w ocFg &wd kY \
jzpfysufqHk;jcif;udk
edAmef[k tajzxkwfaeMuonf/ trSefr Sm xdkpdwfwdkYonf
ysHUvGifhaeaom pdwfrsm; jzpf 0dyemPf\ tIcHpdwfrsm;
r[kwfyg/ xdkuJhodkY tIPfjzifh Itm;oefpGm Iaomtcg
csKyfoGm;onfrSm
w'*F
0durecsKyfyifjzpfNyD;
r*fcsKyf
r[kwfojzifh
xdkcsKyfrIukd
oDvcsKyf
orm"dcsKyfom
rSwf,l&rnf/
ynwf t mH k E S i f h twd w f t em*wf ES v H k ; oG i f ; aom?
wPS m rme 'd |d j zif h ud ef ; aeaom pd w f o nf
jzpf w wf ysufwwfaom oabm&Sdonf/ xdkjzpfysufaeaom
pdwftm;vHk;
ay:vmvQif
aemuf p d w f j zif h
]]bmrS r &Sd } }[l vnf ; aumif ; ? ]]jzpfysuf}}[l vnf;aumif;?
tvsifrjywf qufwdkuf Iaom tcg rnf o nfh p dw fr S
jzpfr vmawmhy J
pdw ocFg &rsm;
w'*F
tm;jzif h
csKyf oGm ;onf/ xd kc sKyfr I udk edA m ef[k tajzxk wf
w&m;jy w&m;usifhaeMuonf/ yxrpsmef? 'kwd,psmef
ponfh psmeftqifhqifh wufyHkvnf;ryg? 0dyemPf\
138
tIcH
(36)rsdK;aom
kyfemrfESifhwuG
vuPma&;oHk;yg;vnf; ryg? aÈ i g;yg;jzif h v nf ;
jynf h p H k r I r &Sd a o;? aomwmyw d r *f o'g*grdr*f ponfh
r*fwufpOfvnf;
ryg?
opmav;yg;vnf;
jyp&m
r&Sd o jzif h
xd k c sKyf r I o nf
ed A m ef t ppf
r[k w f y g/
oabmud k o d & ef
jrwf p G m bk & m;&S if
a[mMum;xm;aom
atmufyga'oemawmfudk
avhvmoHk;oyfyg/
]]ighoQif
bmrQr&Sd[laom
vGwfajrmufaom pd w f (ormywf ) [l o nf
tb,f e nf ; /
igh o Qif
omoemawmf
&[ef;onf
tcsif;t&m
tm;vHk;
tm;jzifh
0dnmPm,we
psmef(tmkH)udk
vGefajrmuf
]]bmrQr&Sd}}[k tmudnm,weormywfudkjynfhpHkap
ae\/
igh o Qif
aejcif ; ud k
bmrQr&S d [ l a om
vGwfajrmufaompdwf
(ormywf)[k qdk&\/ ---y--ighoQif
(tmkH)edrdwfr&Sdaom
vGwfajrmufaom pd w f (ormywf ) [l o nf
tb,f e nf ; / igh o Qif omoemawmf
&[ef ; onf tvH k ; pH k a om (tmH k ) edrdwfwdkYudk
ESvHk;roGif;jcif;aMumifh
(tmHk)edrdwfr&Sdaom
wnf w H h a om pd w f u d k jynf h p H k a p ae\/ igh o Qif
aejcif;udk (tmHk) edrdwfr&Sdaom vGwfajrmufaom
(ormywfpdwf)[k qdk&\/}}62
62
rlvyPmoygVdawmf jrefrmjyef? plV,ru0*f? r[ma0'vokwf
edAmefrnfaomcsKyfjcif;
rd v d E r if ; onf ]]toQif b k & m; em*aoe
csKyfjcif;onf edAmefr nfoavm}}[k ar;avQmuf \ /
rif;jrwf
csKyfjcif;onf
edAmefrnf\[k
(rdefYawmfrl\)/
toQifbk& m;em*aoe
tb,fodkY vQif
csKyfjcif;onf
edA mefy grnfonfe nf;[k
(ar;avQmuf \ )/
rif;jrwf
yk x k Z Of r d k u f
tm;vH k ; wd k Y onf
twG i f ; tyjzpf a om
tm,wewdkY udk
tvGe fESpfoufuke f \?
tvGe fp GJvrf;
ajymqk d u k e f \ ?
tqH k ; wd k i f
ouf 0 if
wnf u k e f \ ?
xdkykxkZOfrdkufwdkY onf
xkdwPSma&t,Ofjzihf
arsmyg
ukef\?
y#doaEae&jcif; tdk&jcif; em&jcif; ao&jcif;
yl a qG ; &jcif ;
id k a <u;&jcif ;
ES v H k ; romjcif ;
jyif ; pG m
yif y ef ; jcif ;
ab;wd k Y rS r vG w f u k e f ?
qif ; &J t aygif ; rS
rvGwfukef[k
(bk&m;pum;ESihftnD) igqdk\/
rif ; jrwf xdk rS jyef a om enf ; tm;jzihf
tMum;tjrif &dS a om t&d , m wynf h o nf u m;
twGif;ty jzpfaom tm,wewdkYudk tvGef
ESpfoufrI
r&dS?
tvGe fpGJvrf;ajymqdkr Ir&dS?
tqHk;wdkif
ouf0if
rwnf ?
xk d ( twG i f ; tyjzpf a om)
tm,wewk Y d u d k
rES p f o uf a om tvG e f p G J v rf ; ajymqd k r I r&dS a om
ESm-385
139
140

xkdt&d,mwynfhtm; wyfrufrI]wPSm}onf csKyf\?
wyfr ufr I ]wPSm}csKyfjcif;aMumihf jyif;pGm pGJvrf;rI
]Oyg'gef}csKyf\?
jyif;pGmpGJvrf;rI
]Oyg'gef}csKyfjcif;aMumihf
b0csKyf\?
b0csKyfjcif;aMumihf y#doaEaejcif; ]Zmwd} csKyf \?
y#doaEaejcif;
Zmwdc sKyfjcif;aMumihf
tdkjcif;
aojcif;onfif;
ylaqG;jcif;
idka<u;jcif;
qif;&Jjcif;
ESvHk;romjcif;
jyif;pGmyifyef;jcif;wdkYonfif; csKyfukef\? odkYvQif
tvHk;pHkaom
xdkqif;&JtpkcsKyf\?
rif;jrwfodkYvQif
csKyfjcif;onf
edAmefrnf\[k(rdefYawmfrl\)/63
txufyg eda&m"edAmeyOm
(u) ]]twGif;ty jzpfaom tm,wewkdYukd tvGef
ESpfoufrIr&Sd/ tqHk;wdkif ouf0ifrwnf/}}
( c ) ]]xkd twGif;ty jzpfaom tm,wewkdYukd

rESp foufaom tvGe f pGJvef; ajymqkdr I r&Sdaom
xkdt&d,mwynfhtm; wyfrufrI]wPSm}onf csKyf\
--y--]Zmwd}csKyf\}}
[l yg&Sdonf/
txufyg(u) ]]twGif;ty jzpfaom tm,we}}[k
qdkxm;jcif;ESifh
tmoD0daomyrokwef t&
63
rdvdEyOmygVdawmf jrefrmjyef? edAme0*f? eda&m"edAmeyOm ESm-77
141
&GmBuD;ajcmuf &Gm?
tdrfBuD;ajcmufvHk;
pm;p&m
bmrQr&Sd[laom oabmESifh wlnDa eonf/ xdkY a Mumif h
]]rESp f oufa om tvGe f p GJv ef; ajymqkdrI r&Sdaom}} [k
qdk&mvnf; ESpfoufp&m? pGJvrf;p&m r&Sdaom qqu
y&rwf kyfemrfrsm;udk ydkif;jcm;odESifhaeNyD; jzpf onf ud k
owd jyK&rnf/ txufy g ES p fc suf t & (1500) udavom
uif;aom o[dwfraem0dnmPf (ESifh,SOfaom pdwocFg&)
onf
txufyg
twGif;ty
jzpfaom
tm,we
wkdY E Si f hw uG
a0'emxd
ky f e mrf jzpfp Of w k dY uk d
ykdi f; jcm;jrif& NyD;
xkdkyfemrfwkdYonf
tESpfr&Sdjcif;?
csrf;omrIr&Sdjcif;?
NrJrIr&Sdjcif;
oabmwdkY u kd
xl; aomPf jzifh Budr f z efr sm;pGm yGm ;rsm;NyD; jzpfaMumif;
od&Sd&onf/
xkduJhokdY tIPf raem0dnmPfjzifh ykdif;jcm;jrifaom
tcg twGi f; tjyift mkHw kdY tay: wyfr ufr I wPSm
(ESi f h ,SOfaom pdwocFg&) csKyf\/ xkdwyfrufrI wPSm
(ESifh,SOfaom pdwocFg&) csKyfjcif;aMumifh jyif;pGmpGJvef;rI
Oyg'gef csKyf\/ xkdOyg'gefcsKyfjcif;aMumifh b0csKyff\/
b0csKyfjcif;aMumifh Zmwd? Z&m? r&P paom tvHk;pHkaom
qif;&J'kucsKyf \/
uJhodkY
csKyfjcif;onfomvQif
edAmefrnf\/
jzpfysufqHk;? csKyfqHk;edAmef
ighoQifom&dykMwm puKyom'? puK0dnmPf?
puK0dnmPfjzihf odtyfaom w&m;wdkY csKyfysufrIudk
142

jrif csKyfysufrIudk od puKyom'? puK0dnmPf?
pu K0d n mPfjzihf od tyfa om w&m;wdkY udk ]][m
igh[mr[kwf? [m igr[kwf? [m ig\
udk,fydkif r[kwf}} [k Iy g/ ighoQifom&dykMwm
aomwyom'
aomw0d n mPf /
igh o Qif o m&d y k M wm Cmeyom' Cme0d n mPf /
igh o Qif o m&d y k M wm Zd 0 S g yom' Zd 0 S g 0d n mPf /
igh o Qif o m&d yMkwm
um,yom'
um,0d n mPf / igh o Qif o m&d y k M wm raem'G g &?
raem0dnmPf? raem0dnmPfjzihf odtyfaomw&m;wdkY
csKyf y suf r I j rif csKyf y suf r I u d k o d raem'G g &?
raem0dnmPf? raem0dnmPfjzihf odtyfaom w&m;
wdkUudk ]][m igh[mr[kwf? [m igr[kwf?
[m ig\udk,fykdifr[kwf}} [k Iyg\ [k
(ajymqdk\)/
txufyga'oemawmf
tIcHtmHkrsm;udk
azmfjy&mwGif ]]puKyom'? puK0dnmPf? puK0dnmPfjzihf
odtyfaom w&m;wdkY csKyfysufrIudk jrif csKyfysufrIudk od}} [k
yg&Sdonfudk owdjyKyg/ xdkY t jyif tew0 dy emPf jzif h
]] pu K yom'? pu K 0d nmPf ? puK0dnmPfjzihf odtyfaom w&m;wdkYudk
[m
igh[mr[kwf?
[m
igr[kwf?
[m
ig\udk,fydki fr [kwf}} [k Ijrif&OD;rnfudkvnf; owdjyK&rnf/
,cktcg ynwfjzifh ,SOfaom a&SUpdwfwdkYudk aemufpdwfjzifh

jzpfysuf[k
Ijcif;onf
pdwmEkyem[k
qdkum
xdktIcHa&SUpdwfwdkY
csKyfoGm;jcif;
(0g)
jzpfysufqHk;oGm;jcif; udk
ed A m ef [ k
,H k M unf
143
xd k e nf ; twd k i f ; w&m;I a eMuonf / xdkpdwmEkyem\

tIcHwdkYonf txufyg a'oemawmfvm tIcHw&m;rsm;
r[kwf? 0dok'd(7)yg; tqifhqifh wufyHkvnf; ryg0ifojzifh
,if;odkY
ynwfjzifh
,SOfaom
pdwfwdkY\
jzpfjcif;
csKyfjcif;(jzpfysuf)udk edAmef[k rqdkEdkifyg/*
rSwfcsuf/
/w&m;tm;xkwfMu&mwGif
tcsKdU
a,m*DwdkYonf
pdwfudk
aysmufatmif?
csKyfatmif?
jzpfysufqHk;atmif usifhMu onfr Sm rSm ;aomtusif h
jzpf onf/
eda &m"ormywfr Swyg;
edAmefudk
tmHkjyKonfhwdkifatmif
pdwfonf
jzpfysuftpOfESifh
&SdaeOD;rnf/ &[EmonfyifvQif pdwftpOftwef; &SdaeOD;rnf/
oAp dw om"m&P
apwod uf
(7)vH k; wdkY o nf
pdwf wd ki f; ESi f h vnf;aumif;? yudPf;apwoduf(6)vHk;wdkYonf
xdkufoifhonfh
tm;avsmfp Gm vnf; aumif;
pdwf ,S O fa eMuonf/
xd kY t jyif
aombeom"m&P
apwod uf( 25)yg;vnf;
&Sda eOD; rnf/
emrfw&m;rsm;
jzpfysufqHk;onfrSm
cEy&dedAmef
jyKNyD;rSomvQif
pdwf t pOf t wef;
jzpfy suf qH k; rnf /
xdkp d wf
apwod ufw dkY udk tjzpf qHk; ? tysuf qH k; atmif usif hv Qif
rSm ;onf/
tuk odk vf
apwoduf(14)vHk;om
jzpfysufqHk;&rnf/ aomwmyefyk*dKvf onf 'd| d ? 0dp du dp m
emrf w &m;ESp fr sdK ;om jzpfy suf qHk; onf/ &[EmwdkYonf
y&dedAmefjyKaom pkwdpdwfwdkifatmif arm[ paom
*
tus,fudkodvdkrl aomwmywdr*fIzG,fusrf; Iav/
144
tukodkvfapwodufESifh
r,SOfaom
pdwfapwoduf
wdkYonf r&yfrem; jzpfysuftpOftwef;jzifh &Sdaernf/ if;
emrfw&m;rsm;
jzpfysufqHk;atmif
usifhzdkY
r[kwfyg/
y0dnmPf
t[dwf
o[dwfraem0dnmPfpdwfwkdY
jzpfysufqHk;&ef rusifh&yg/
od k Y ajymqd k a omf toQif r [mpk E o nf
toQifqEtm; ]]ighoQifqE xkdYaMumifh ]rSDwG,folrSm
vIy f&Sm;\/
rrDSwG,folr Sm
vIyf& Sm;rI
r&dS?
vIy f&Sm;rI
r&d S v wf a omf
Nid r f ; at;\?
Nid r f ; at;vwf a omf
wd r f ; G w f r I r &dS ?
wd r f ; G w f r I r&dS v wf a omf ? tvm;tvm r&Sd?
tvm;tvm r&dSaomf a&GUavsm uyfa&mufrIr&dS?
a&GUavsmuyfa&mufrI r&dSaomf b0 rSmvnf;
rjzpf? wrvGefb0rSmvnf; rjzpf? ESpfyg;pHk rSmvnf;
rjzpf? onfyifvQif qif;&J'ku\ tqHk; rnf\}}
[laom jrwfpGmbk&m;\ tqHk;trawmf udkvnf;
tNrJESvHk;oGif;oifh\}} [k (ajymqdk\)/ 64
txuf y g
a'oemawmf
oQifp kE o nf
]]rD S w G , f o l r S m vI y f & S m ;\/ rrS D w G , f o l r S m vI y f & S m ;rI r&dS /

vI y f & S m ;rI
r&Sd v wf a omf
Nidrf;at;\/
Nidrf;at;vwfaomf
wdrf;TwfrIr&dS?
wdrf;TwfrIr&dSvwfaomf
tvm;tvm
r&dS?
tvm;tvm r&dSaomf a&GUavsm uyfa&mufrI r&dS}} [k qdk&m0,f
rSDol
qdkonfrSm
tIPf
64
o[dwfraem0dnmPfudk
Oy&dyPmoygVdawmf jrefrmjyef? oVm,we0*f? qaEm0g'okwf

ESm-311
145
qdkvdkonf/ trSDcHrSm (36)rsdK;aom qqukyfemrfwdkY

jzpfonf/
tI Pfp d wf onf
(36)rsd K ;aom
qqu ky fe mrfw dkY t ay:
vuPmoHk;yg;
jrifojzifh
rrSDawmhyg/ xdkYaMumifh tEko,vnf; rud e f ; awmh y g/
pd w f o nf xd k q qu k y f e mrf w d k Y tay: rwdrf;Twf?
tvm;tvm r&Sd? a&GUavsmuyfa&mufrI r&Sdojzifh ed A m ef u d k
rsuf a rS m uf j yKjcif ;
jzpf o nfh o abmud k
od y gav/
jzpf y suf q H k ; ?
csKyf q H k ; ed A m ef
qd k o nhf
oabmud k
txuf y g bk&m;&Sif a[mxm;aom qqua'oemawmf\
tqifhqifh csKyf ed A m ef 0 if y H k E S i f h &S i f o m&d y k w & m?
&S i f p k E r ax&f w d k Y a[mMum;aom edAmef0ifyHkwdkYESifh EdIif;,SOf
oHk;oyfyg/
xkdolonf
Oyrmaomfum;
ysufpD;aomc&D;rSm; t&yfodkYajy;rdaom a,musfm;onf
xGufajrmufaMumif; c&D;udk jrif xkdvrf;c&D;
ajy;0ifNyD; Munfvif \/ &T i f j y\/ igonf
xG u f a jrmuf a Mumif ; enf ; vrf ; ud k
&NyD
[l
ES p f o uf \ /
rif ; jrwf twl o mvQif
ocF g &w&m;wd k Y \
jzpf p Of
ab;ud k
I a omol t m; ocFg&wdkY\ tpOfrjzpf&m edAmef
pdwfonf ajy;0if\/ Munf v if \ / &T i f j y\/
igonf xG u f a jrmuf & mod k Y a&mufNyD[k ESpfouf\/
xkdolonf ocFg&w&m;wdkY\ rjzpf & m ed A m ef
tusKd ; iS g a&muf a Mumif ; r*f u d k tm;xkwf\/
&SmrDS;\/
yGm;rsm;\/
Budrfzefrsm;pGm
jyK\/
xkdxGufajrmuf&medAmeftusKd;iSg
xkdoltm;
146

atmufarhrI owd o nf aumif ; pG m wnf \ /
tqih f txyf x yf ESvHk;oGif;aom xkdol\pdwfonf
ocFg&wdkY\
jzpfpOfudk
vGefajrmuf
ocFg&tpOfjzpf&m edAmefodkY ouf0if\/ rif;jrwf
ocFg&tpOfrjzpf&medAmefodkY
tpOfa&mufaom
aumif;pGmusihfaomoludk
edAmefudk
65
rsufarSmufjyKol[l qdktyf\/
rdvd E y Om edA m eopd u &PyO m rdvd E r if; BuD; \

ar;cGef;udk txufygtwdkif; t&Sifem*aoe ajzMum;&mwGif--0dyemPf\tIcH qqukyfemrf (36)rsKd;wdkYonf
ocFg&wdkY
rnfukef\/
xdkqqu
kyfemrfwdkYonf
ysufpD;aom c&D; rS m ;ESi fh vnf; wl \ / tqif; ocF g&w&m;ESi hf
puK tMunf
ocFg&w&m;wdkY
aygif;qHkrIaMumihf
puK0dnmPfocFg&jzpfjcif; ?
xkdocFg&oHk;rsKd;wdkY
awGUqHkrIaMumihf jzpfaom puKoronf lygHk\ |mHk
ted|mHkudk b0ifodkY ydkYaqmifjcif; ? b0if&Sd ly"rmHk\
|
ted|&oudk
cHpm;aom
a0'emocFg&jzpfjcif;?
xkda0'emocFg&aMumihf raem0dnmPfpdwftpk [laom wPSm
ocFg &jzpf jcif ; wdkY onf
ocF g&jzpfp Of r nf \ /
xdk ocF g&jzpfp Of wdkYonf tysufoabmaqmifaomaMumifh
tIPfonf x jzpfpOfwdkYudk tjypfab;[kjrifaeonf/
ysufpD;aomc&D;rSm;ESihf
wlonhf
65
rdvdEyOmygVdawmf jrefrmjyef? tEkrmeyOm? a0E&0*f?

edAmeopdu&PyOm ESm-330
147
xdktysufocFg&avmuomvQif
&dSaomaMumihf
xkd
tysufocFg&jzpfpOftpkwdkYtay: tjypfab;[k vnf;aumif;?
tESp f r &dS [k
vnf ; aumif; ?
om,mzG,f r &dS [k
vnf; aumif; jrifjcif;aMumihf rwyfruf rpGJvrf;yJ NiD;aiGU\/
NiD;aiGUjcif;aMumihf xkdocFg&wdkYay: emrfrTwf? ruyfNid?
uyfNidvdkaom pdwfrsm; cef;ajcmuf \/ xkdYaMumihf txufyg
ocFg&w&m;wdkY \ rjzpf rysuf&m tocFw"mwfwnf;
[laom vrf;rSefodkY ajy;0ifjcif; jzpfonf/
]]ocFg&w&m;wdkY\rjzpf&m
edAmeftusKd;iSm
a&mufaMumif;
r*fudk
tm;xkwf\}}[k
qdkonfrSm
Oayum{u*wm[k
qdktyfaom
ormorm"dodkY
a&mufaMumif; oDv0dok'd? pdw0dok'dwdkY ESifh jynfhpkHatmif
tm;xkwfNyD; jzpf&rnf udk qdkvdkjcif; jzpfonf/ ]]yGm;rsm;\?
Budrfzefrsm;pGmjyK\}}[k
qkdkonfrSm
tIcH
(36)rsdK;aom
ocFg&wkdYukd xl;aomPfjzifh awGUjrifNyD;? tedp 'ku
tew tokbvuPmwkdYESifhwuG jzpfaMumif;ukdvnf;aumif;?
jzpfykHukd
vnf;aumif;?
csKyfaMumif;ukkdvnf;aumif;?
xGufajrmufaMumif;
udk
vnf;aumif;?
csKyf&menf;vrf;aMumif;ukd vnf;aumif; Bud r fz ef r sm;pGm
r&yfr em; r*fPf tqifh qif h yGm ;rsm;NyD; jzpf&rnfudk
qdkvdkjcif; jzpfonf/ xdkodkY oDvr*if? orm"dr*if?
ynmr*i f wdkY ud k
jynfhp H ka tmif
yGm ;rsm;NyD;
ocFg &w&m;wd kY csKyfNidrf;&mudk rsufarSmufjyKjcif;onfom
edAmefudk rsufarSmuf jyKjcif;rnf\/
148
zvormywf&Sif;wrf;
zvormywf0ifpm;aomykk*dK vfonf rdrd\zvormywf
odkY aMumihfMurI aESmifh,SufrI uif;pGmjzihf tcsdefra&G; tvsOf;
oifhovdk 0ifpm;Edkifonf/ rdrd\zvormywftm; NrJ&ef
ig;rdepf?
q,frdepf?
q,fhig;rdepf
wqihfNyD;wqifh
tcsdefwdk;um avhusihf ,l&aom tusihfrsKd;r[kwfay/
zvormywf
0ifpm;Edkifaom
a,m*Donf
vsifjrefpGm 0ifpm;vsuf umvoHk;yg;rS avmuDumr
ynwftmHkrsm;udk aÈ cdkifchHpGmjzifh odrf;qnf;Edkif&rnf
jzpfNyD;
q,fem&DrQtwGif;
pOf;pm;jcif;?
a0zefjcif;?
BuHpnfjcif; paom pdwocFg&rsm; vHk;0jzpfcGifh r&SdyJ
csKyfNidrf;ae&rnf/
"mwfav;yg;
jyif;xefpGm
azmufjyefa omfv nf;
qif ; &Jr I
csKyfa e&rnf/
ky fe mrf wnf;
[laom
tmHkudkvnf;
tvG,fwul
pGefYEdkif&rnf/
a[m? ajym? emMum;? pmzwf 'd| djyKwf N yD;
aomwmyefjzpfNyD[kqdkvQif
xdkaomwmyefonf
zvormywfudk
rnfuJhodkY
0ifpm;cHpm;rnfenf;/
avmuDynwftmHkwdkYrS
pdwfudk
rnfu Jh odkY
odr f; qnf; rnfe nf; /
"mwfa v;yg;
jyif; xefp Gm
azmufjyefvmonfhtcg
xdkqif;&JrIrS
csKyfNidrf;aMumif;
rnfonfh
taxmuftxm;&Sdoenf;/
tyg,fav;yg;
qif;&JrIrScsKyfaMumif; rnfonfhaxmufwnf&m &Sdrnfenf;[k
rdrdudk,fudk
rdrdjyefvnf
oH k ; oyf y g/
w&m;em&
149
aomwmyef
jzpf o nf
qd k o nf r S m jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sif
yGifhqJumvESihf
y#dord'g&[Emrsm;
vufxuf
wGif
&SdEdkifygonf/ xdkuJhodkY bk&m;&Sif paom t&d,myk*dKvfBuD;
rsm;ESihf
awGUqHkcGihf&jcif;onfyifvQif
uHxl;jcif;wpfrsKd;
jzpfonf/ ,cktcsdefonf ae,syk*dKvfrsm;om &SdMuojzihf
w&m;emHkrQESihf rNyD;Edkifawmhay/ rSefuefaom usihfpOfudk
cEmESifh touf riJhuGufyJ usihfBuHEdkifygrS plVaomwmyef
jzpf&efrQyif renf; BudK;pm;&rnf/
zdkvfppfrppf pHudef;
&m*[lonf
cEmig;yg;udk
ighypnf;[l
rvTwfwrf; udkifpGJudkufcJjcif;udk ac:onf/ udkifpGJvkdjcif;onf
ork',wPSm?
rvG wfwrf;
udk ufc Jxm;jcif; onf
&m*wPSm ?
&&Sdj cif; onf
'kuopm
jzpfonf/
wenf;tm;jzifhqdkaomf rD;cJudk udkifjcif; jzpfonf/ rD;onf
avmifuRrf;apwwfaom oabm &Sdonf/ rD;rSmawmh
qif;&Jjcif;
r&Sdyg/
xdkrD;udk
oGm;udkifaomolonfom
avmifuRrf;rI jzpfojzifh udkifolrSmom qif;&J&onf/
ykxkZOf wdkYonf xdkrD;ESifhwlonfh 'kucEmudk igyJ
ighOpmyJ[l udkufcJpGJ Mu\/ qif;&Jygvsuf rvTwfEdkif/
vTwf&aumif;rSef;vnf;
rod?
vTwfwwfonfhenf;vnf;
rodMuyg/
150
xdkYaMumifh
tdkemao
tqdyfwHk;BuD;udk
udkufcJpGJaom &m*vuf ('kua0'emrSwPSm)udk dkufcsKd;
y,fpGefYEkdifojzifh qif; &Jc sKyfa Mumif; yxrzd k vfc srf; omrI
(aomwmywd z dk vf)
&&Sdc J honf/
if; onfy ifv Qif
zdkv fp pfr ppf p H ude f;
jzpfo nf/
wenf;tm;jzifhqdkaomf
"mwfBuD;av;yg; jyif;xefpGm azmufjyefrI tay: a0'emrS
wPSm
csKyfrcsKyf
('d|d udk
jzpfapwwfaom
wPS m csKyf r csKyf )
pH u d e f ; xm;jcif ;
jzpf o nf /
a,m*D o nf rdrdudk,fwdkif r*fzdkvfqdkuf rqdkuf od&SdEkdif&ef -(1)2-em&DM umrQ
r[myvi f &d,mykx fjzifh
xdki fum 'kua0'emrS vGwfajrmufjcif; &Sdr&Sd?
(2)10-em&DM umrQ
cEm udk, fu dk
rvI y fr jyify J
twdw f? tem*wf ? yp K y e f tmH k a jcmuf y g;ES i f h
pd w f u d k rqufpyfyJ odrf;qnf;Edkifjcif; &Sdr&Sd?
(3)pu K yom'&Sd l y gHk E S i f h b0if &Sd "r m Hk w d k Y ud k
ydkif;jcm;jrifjcif; &Sdr&Sd?
rdrdudk,fudk rvdrfrnmyJ rSwfausmufwifMunfhyg/
av;yg;aom&d,mykxf w&m;&Edkifoavm
,cktcg ok'0dyemenf;[k qdkum psmeft*Fg&yfrsm;
rygyJ ]]pdwfjzpfwdkif; tvdktavsmufygaom cPduorm"d}}
jzifh
av;yg;aom
&d,mykxf
oGm;vm
aexdkif
151
pm;aomuf&if; w&m;usifhvQif aomwmyef jzpfEdkifonf?

w&m;&Edkifonf[k a[majym a&;om;aeMuonf/
av;yg;aom &d , myk x f j zif h w&m;usif h j cif ; onf
orx,medutm;jzifh usifhpOfwufaom yk*dKvfrsm; yXrpsmef
&&Sd & ef t wG u f owd r vG w f a p&ef taxmuf t yH h t aejzif h
usifhMujcif;jzpfonf/
yXrpsmefodkY
qdkufa&mufaomf
tyemaZm xdkufoGm;ojzifh &d,mykxf rvIyfr,Suf
cdkifcHhoGm;NyD jzpfonf/ enf ; jzif h ,ck a cwf (9)&uf ?
(10)&uf
pcef ; 0if M uaom
vlyk*dKvfa,m*Drsm;twGuf
orm"d
r&Edkifyg/
odkYtwGufaMumifh
qquy&rwfkyfemrfwkdYukd ydkif;jcm;IEdkifrnfh 0dyemPfodkY
rqdkufa&mufapEdkifyg/ r[mowdy|meokwft& tmemyge
ur|mef;jzifh psmeformywf&NyD; yk*dKvfrsm; usifhaomur|mef;
jzpfonf/
0dyem,medutm;jzifh
usifhpOfwufvQif
orm"daÈ od k Y qd k u f a &muf N yD ; ynd a È o d k Y ul ; NyD ; om;
a,m*D r sm;om av;yg;aom &d,mykx fw Gi f ajymif;
ajymif;
usih fB uH
tm;xkwfEdkifonf/
xdkYaMumifh
0dyem,medutm;jzifh
usifhpOf
wuf Muaom
a,m*Dr sm;onf &d,mykxfa v;yg; wpfy g; anmif;vQif
wpfyg;ajymif;um
tm;xkwfMuvQif
yndaÈ
(r[m
0dy emPf)
rqdk xm;ES i fh ?
orm"da È od kY y if
qdk ufa &muf vdrfhrnf r[kwfyg/
jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sifvufxufu
bk&m;&Sif
w&m;a[mNyD;
aomtcg
rsm;pGmaom
w&m;emy&dowfwdkYonf aomwmyef? ou'g*grf ponfh
152
t&d , mrsm; jzpf o G m ;Muonf / psmef tbdnmPf rygyJ

jzpfoGm;Mujcif;
jzpfonf/
xdkodkY
jzpf&jcif;rSm
a[mol u vnf ; ud a vom y,f o wf NyD ; avmurS
vGe fa jrmufNyD; aom
jrwf p Gm bk& m;?
emMum;&ol r sm;rSm vnf;
twd w f b 0yg&rD
&if h u suf N yD ; ol r sm;
jzpf M uojzif h
qd k i f & m
0dyemPfrsm; aygufNyD; r*ftqifhqifh ul;jcif; jzpfonf/
,ck ok'0dyemenf; [kqdkum av;yg;aom &d,mykxf
wyg;anmif;vQif
wyg;ajymif;jcif; jzifh
w&m;usihf&onf[k
a&;om;ajymqdkaomq&monf
rdrdudk,fwdkif xdk&d,mykxf av;yg;rSm w&m;INyD;NyDvm;?
w&m;awGUNyD;NyDvm;[k
rdrdajymovdk
a&;ovdk
udk uf nD& JU vm;[k
jyefp pfa q;&rnf/
rdr d udk ,f wdk i f
enf;jzifh
w&m;awGUatmif
rusifhBuHEdkifygyJvsuf
a&;om; a[majymjcif;onf wGufa&;rSm pufola|;om
jzpfaevdrfhrnf/ t&yfo l t&yfom;rsm;onf av;yg;aom
&d, myk xfr Sm
rvGw fwrf;
tb,fr Sm
usif hE d ki f y grnfe nf; /
tb,f ha Mumifh
qdkaomf
0dyemIEdkifaom
cPduorm"dESifh
wlaom*kPf
r&Sdjcif;aMumifh vnf;aumif; ? avmuDy nwft mHkrsm;udkom
tmHkjyK vlrIa&;? pD;yGm;a&; paom avmuDta&;rsm;aMumifh
vnf;aumif;? yg&rDtm;enf;rIaMumifh vnf;aumif; jzpfonf/
cPduorm"d[lonf
153
cPduorm"dudk
jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sifwdkufdkufa[mxm;jcif; r&Sd y g/ 0d o k ' d r *f
r[m#D u mES i f h rl v yP m o#D u m ]]e [d cPduorm" 0dem
66
0dyem or0wd}}
cPduorm"d uif; 0dyemI
r&EdkifaMumif;udk zGifhqdkxm;onf/ r[meda'o t|uxm?
y#dord'gr*ft|uxm?
"ro*FPD
t|uxmwdkY
cPd u orm"d &&Sd j cif ; taMumif ; ud k od k Y awG U &onf /
yXrpsmef\t*Fgjzpfaom
yDwd(ig;rsdK;)ESifhjynfhpHkygu
y'dESpfyg; (um,y'd ? pd w y 'd ) jynfh p H k v monf /
y' d E S p f y g; jynfhpHkonf &Sdaomf um,duokc ESifh
apwoduokc [laom okcESpfyg;jzifh jynfhpHkvmonf/
okcESpfyg;
jynfhpHkonf
&Sdaomf
cPduorm"d?
Oypm&orm"d? tyemorm"d[laom orm"d oH k ; yg;
jynf h p H k v monf [ k yg&Sd o nf / 67 xd k Y aMumif h 0d y em
IEdkifaom
cPduorm"dqdkonfrSm
t|uxm?
#DumwdkYtvdkt&
yDwd?
y'd?
okcwdk Yjzifh
jynfhpHkNyD;jzpf&rnf/ wenf;tm;jzifh qd k a omf ted r f h q H k ;
psmef t *F g ig;yg;
jynfh p H k & rnf
jzpf o nf /
xdkcPduorm"d\*kPfudk
trSDjyKvsuf
0dyemIjcif;jzpfonf/
66
0dok'dr*r[m#Dum y-wGJ? ESm-11? rlvyPmo#Dum y-wGJ? ESm204

67
"ro*FPDt|uxm? ESm-160
154
ok'0dyem
qdkonfrSmvnf;
jrwfpGmbk&m;
wdkufdkuf
a[mMum;aom
a'oemawmf
r&Sdyg/
0darmu&Spfyg;udk
r&yJ
0d y emouf o uf I
t&[w z d k v f o m&&Sd a om
&[E m
yk*dK vfr sm;ud k
ynm0d r kw y k * d K vf (ynmjzif h vG e fa jrmufa om yk*dKvf)[k
ac:qdkonf/68
ynm0drkwyk*dKvfwGif
lypsmefav;yg;rS
toD;oD;x
t&[wzdkvfodkY
a&mufaom
yk*dKvfa v;rsdK;ESifh
lypsmefav;yg;vHk;
r&yJ
0dyemoufoufjzifh
t&[wzdkvfodkY
a&mufaom
oku0dyuyk*dKvf
[l
yk*dKvfig;rsdK;
jym;onf/69
xdkynm0drkwyk*dKvf
ig;rsdK;teufrS
oku0dyuyk*dKvfwdkY \
usifhpOfvrf;aMumif;udkyif
&nf&G,f
ok'0dyem,medu[k
0d o k ' d r *f t |uxmq&mu
zG i f h q d k o nf / 70
od k Y aomf v nf ;
0da rmu &Sp fy g;
&onfjzpfa p?
r&onfjzpfa p? tIc H qqu k y f e mrf r sm; awG U &Sd r I r S m
twl w l y if jzpf & rnf / tu,f 0da rmu& S p fy g;rygyJ
cPdu orm"djzihf 0dy emoufo uf IEdkifonf (odkY)
w&m;Ienf;ay;rnf[kqdkcJhvQif xdkodkY IjrifEkdifol ESi fh
Ie nf ; ay;aom ur | mef ; jyq&mwd k Y onf rd r d u d k , f w d k i f
r*fzdkvf qdkufNyD;NyDvm;? edAmefudk tmHkjyKEdkifNyDvm;? rdrdpdwfudk
68
69
70
yk*vynwfygVdawmf jrefrmjyef? {uuyk*vynwf-25? ESm-18

yyu&Pt|uxm? eda'o0Pem-25 ESm-42
0dok'dr*t|uxm? 'kwd,wGJ? 'd|d0dok'deda'o-664 ESm-221
155
ynwftmHkrS
(10)em&DMumrQ
razmufrjyef
odrf;qnf;EdkifNyDvm;?
tedrfhqHk;
"mwfav;yg;'kuESifh
&ifqdkifawGUBuHK&aomf a'gorS vGwfN yDv m;[k rdr d udk ,f ud k
t&if
rvdr fr nmyJ
rSw f a usmuf
wifMunfhyg/
psmeftbdnmPf
ygonfjzpfap?
rygonfjzpfap?
vGwfajrmufrI?
csKyfNidrf;rIrSm
twlwlyif
jzpfonf/
tu,f o'gqE&SdpGmjzifh IvQifaomfrS tm;enf;aom
0dyem (wkP 0dyem)rQom&Sdrnf/
tcsdKUaom
q&mwdkYonf
bk&m;&Sifudk,fwdkif
usifhBuHNyD;rS xdk; xGi f; odvmaom w&m;awmfr sm;udk
"rp Oft wdki f;
a[mMum;&rnfhtpm;
rdrdudk,fwdkif
aygufajrmufatmif usifhBuH xm;rI r&SdyJ trSefwu,f
xdk;xGif;odaebdouJhodkY
ykxkZOf
wdkY\
tjrifjzifh
udk,fydkifqHk;jzwfcsuf? ,lqcsuf? awG;ac:csuf rsm;ESifh
a&;om; a[majym jyo aeMuonf/ rdrd\wynfhwkdY\
Munfn dK udk; uG, fr I jzpf vmatmif qG Ja qmif um tpGr f; jy
a[majyma&;om;aeMuonf/
t&yf o l t&yf o m;rsm;onf tcsd e f t m;vyf o l r sm;
r[kwfMuyJ
ynwftmHkESifhom
aeolrsm;jzpfMuonf/
xdkYaMumifh xdkolwdkYonf y&rwfkyfemrfjrifzdkY rqdkxm;ESihf/
ormorm"dodkY
a&mufatmifyif
rwufEdkifMuyg/
odkYaomfvnf; &rf;q&mwdkYu oDv0dok'd? pdw0dok'dwdkYudk
ab;z,fxm;NyD; ormorm"d rygyJ y&rwf k y f e mrfr sm;udk
wdk uf dku f
Iy G m ;cd ki f; aeMuonf/
pdwf
jzpfwdkif;
tvdktavsmuffygaomcPduorm"djzifh
0dyem
w&m;
156
tm;xkwf&onf[k
ykxkZOfvlom;wdkYtBudKuf
vdkufum
a[majyma&;om;aeMuonf/
xdkq&mwdkYudk
xdkcPduorm"d
jzifh
y&rwfkyfemrfrsm;
jrif
wpfr*fwpfzdkvf
&NyD; NyDvm;[k
ar;oifhonf/
wynfhwdkYuvnf;
[kwfNyDxifNyD;
IyGm;aeMuonf/
txifkyfemrf jzpfaeonfudk rodMuay/ ausmif;pmwufovdk
jrefjrefusuf? jrefjrefwufcsif aeMuonf/ bm0emyGm;rI vHk;0
ryg&Sdyg/
bm0em[lonf
trSefjrif&aom
kyfemrfwdkYtay: oH o &mu pGJ v mcJ h a om edp pGJ ? tw pGJ ?
ok c pGJ r sm;ud k uRwf o G m ;atmif Bud r f z ef r sm;pG m ted p ?
'k u ? tew vuPmtm;jzifh jyefvnfum tpGJcRwfaejcif;
jzpfonf/
r*fydwfzdkvfydwfw&m;rsm;
&[ef;wpfyg; a&;xm;onfhpmtkyfwpftkyfwGif
]]cE m ud k , f n O f ; qJ w d k i f ; om w&m;&r,f qd k & if
i&Jom;awG? NydwmawGu t&if w&m; &MurSmyg/
ZGJe JY MumMumxdki fEdki fwdki f; w&m; &Mur,f qdk&if
rdk;tvif; xdkifNyD; upm;wJh zJorm;awGu t&if
w&m; &MurSmyg/}}
[k azmfjyyg&Sdonf/
txufygpmwGif
i&Jom;ESifh
NydwmwdkYonf
i&Jjynf? Nydwmjynfudk w&m;oGm;usifhaeMujcif; r[kwfyg/
xdki&JESifh
NydwmwdkY\
emrfcEmwnfrIwGif
w&m;usifhEdkifonfh
ukodkvf
apwod ufr sm;
157
r&Sdo nf udk vnf; xnfh r wGu fy g/ jrwfp Gm bk&m;&Sifu

i&JjynfrSm w&m;&Edkifonf[kvnf; a[mxm;jcif; r&Sd y g/
zJ o rm;rsm;uvnf ;
w&m;usif h a ejcif ;
r[k w f y J
zJ u pm;aejcif ; om
jzpf o nf /
xd k Y aMumif h
xd k i &J ?
Nyd w m ES i f h zJorm;wdkYonf w&m;r&Mujcif; jzpfonf/
xdkuJhodkYa om
q&mrsdK;onf
uJhodkY
ao;i,fonfh
rrSm;oifhaom
tcsufrsm;udkyif
rSm;rSm;,Gif; ,Gif; a[majym a&;om;aevQif tvGe f
odr fa rGU eufe J o nfh 0dy emw&m; qd k a omf yd k yif
rS m ;,G i f ; awmh r nf / ol w yg;tm; tjypf ajymjcif;xuf
rdrdudk,fudk
rdkufrJ&m
usaeonfudk
rodawmhyg/
w&m;rawGUjrifxm;aom yk*dKvfwdkY\ "avhyif jzpfonf/
xdkodkY rdkufrJpGm a&;om;jcif;onf jrwfpGmbk&m;\ omoem
ysufpD;&m ysufpD;aMumif; zefwD;vdkufjcif; jzpfonf/
pmayy&d,wdESifh tuRrf;w0if r&SdMuaom 'g,um?
'g,dumrwdkY em;vnf rI vG J a p r*f y d w f z d k v f y d w f
jzpf a pum tyg,f a v;yg;od k Y wGef;ydkYvdkufjcif; jzpfonf/
tcsdKUaom
wynfhrsm;uvnf;
ykxkZOftl;rsm;jzpfojzifh avmuDa&;&mwGif tl;xHkwifru
0dyeme,fy,fvnf; tl;xaeMuonf/ q&muvnf;
&rf;NyD; l; wynfhuvnf; rSef;NyD;l;aeMuonf/ w&m;l;?
Pfl;?
aomwmyefl;Hk
wifru
&[E m xd a tmif
tqif h jr i f h
l ; aeMuonf /
ppf r S e f a om
0dyemw&m;awmf BuD;
ysufpD;vmawmhr nhfedrdwf
158
jzpfonf/ ykxkZOf orkwfaom t&d,mrsm; ay:aygufaeMuNyD

jzpfonf/
oDv0dok'd vlwdkY jznfhusifhp&mvdkrvdk
t&d,m trnf&Sd ig;rQm;aeaom wHigonftm;
jrwfpGm bk&m;&Sif w&m;a[maomtcg aomwmyef
wnfoGm;onf/ xdkYaMumifh oDvaqmufwnfrI r&SdyJ
tukodkvftrI
jyKaeaom
wHi gonf o nfy ifvQif
aomwmywdz dk vf wnfr I taxmuf txm; &Sdo jzif h
vly k * d K vf r sm; oDv jznfhu sif hp &m rvdk [k &[ef;wpfyg;
a[majymxm;onfudk pma&;oludk,fwdkif w&m; "mwfjym;rS
emMum;&onf/
jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sifonf
bk&m;udk,fawmfwdkif
cRwfvQif
uRwfwrf;0ifrnfh
Ak'om0uwdkYtm;
oAnKwPfawmfjzifh BudKwif od&Sdxm;NyD; jzpfonf/
uRwfoifh uRwfxdkufonfh twdwfy g&rD jynfh p Hk r Iu kd
jrwf p Gm bk& m;
od &Sdxm;NyD; jzpfonf
udkvnf;
axmufI&rnf/ xdkwHigonfu ryifhzdwfyJ jrwfpGm
bk & m;&S i f
ud k , f w d k i f
<ua&muf
w&m;a[m&onf r S m vnf ;
tvGefxl;aom
taMumif;wpf&yf jzpfonfudkvnf; wGufq &rnf/
uJhodkYrwGufqyJ ypKyefig;rQm;rI
wpfckwnf;udkom
axmufjyojzifh
xdka[majymolrSm
Pftajrmftjrif
tvGef
enf ; aeonf r S m
xif &S m ;aeonf /
jrwf p G m bk & m;&S i f o nf wHi gonf a ygif; ajrmuf jrm;pGm
159
&Sdy gvsuf t&d ,m trnf &Sdaom wHi gonfu dkr S

a&G;
a[mMum;&jcif ; onf
xl; aom
taMumif ;
jzpf a eonf u d k
axmuf q &rnf /
bk & m;a[m
a'oemrsm; vl y k * d K vf r sm;? oD v jznfh u sif h p &m
rvd k [ k
ra[mxm;yg/
&wemoH k ; yg;
t<uif ; rJ h
Munf n d K jcif ; ES i f h
t&d,mwkdY
jrwfEdk ;tyfaom
ig;yg;oDvvHkvQif
aomwmyef
jzpfonf[kom
bk&m;&Sifa[mMum;rI
&Sdygonf/
jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sif
w&m;a[mjcif;ESifh
om0ursm;w&m;a[mjcif;wdkY
*kPf[dwfcsif; jcm;em;ouJhodkY bk&m;&Sifudk zl;awGU&rIESifh
om0uwpfyg;udk
zl;awGU&rI vnf;
*kPfxl;csif;
jcm;em;onf/ ]]{[d bduK}} [k jrwfp G m bk& m;&Si f \
ac:qdkjcif; cH& aom vl 0 wfa Mumif onf &[ef;toGifodkY
csufcsif; ajymif;vJoGm;onf/ &Sifom&dykMwm onf y if
vl 0 wf a Mumif w pf a ,muf t m;
]]{[d
bd u K }}
[k
ac:qdkE d ki f jcif;
r&Sdy g/
ynwfc sif;
wl a omfv nf;
"mwfc sif; rwlonfudkvnf; xnfhwGuf&rnf/
,ck q d k v Qif tcsd K U &d y f o m0if a,m*D w d k Y rS
wqif h Mum;&onf r S m &d y f o m0if w&m;tm;xk w f & if ;
t&uf
aomuf o nf r S m
tjypf r &Sda Mumif ;
ajymqd k v monf t xd
Mum;&ygonf/
oDvysufu
orm"dysufonf/ orm"dysufu 0dyemynm tb,frSm
qdkufa&mufygrnfenf;/
160
t&yfolt&yfom;rsm;ESifhoifhavsmfaom
um,mEkyemowdy|meftusOf;
zef c G u f x J w G i f a&xnfh v d k u f y g/ xd k a &ud k a&\
obm0bufuae t&Sdudkt&Sdtwdkif;IvQif xdka&\ oabm
onf touf vdyfjym r&Sdonfhoabm? a,musfm; rdef;r
yk*dKvf
ow 0 g
r&Sd o nf h
oabm?
umrtmHk
r[k w f o nf h o abm? oHa,mZOf aESmifzGJUp&m r&Sdonfh
oabmwdkYudk
odjrifEdkifonf/
,if;oabmwdkYukdPfrSmay:atmif Budrfzefrsm;pGmpl;pl;pdkufpdkuf
oHk;oyfyg/
oif a ,m*D \ cE m rS m vnf ; a&&Sda eonf / aeyl x J
oGm;aevQifvnf; a&xGufvmonf/ a&&Sdonfh cEm[k
Pfjzifh jrifygap/ uJhodkY jrifvQif igyJ ighudk,fyJ[k
pGJ,lrI? touf vdy fjym &Sdonf[k pGJ ,lr I? taz tar
om; orD; pGJ ,lr I? umrjzif h oHk; oyf r I? rmejzifh Ij rifr I?
oHa ,mZOf aESm ifz G JU rI paom 'd|dpGJ? wPSmpGJrsm;
vHk;yg;yg;vmvdrfhrnf/ xdkjrifvG,f od v G , f
tmHk
jyKvG , f o nfh ur | mef ; wpf c k u d k y if aygufajrmufatmif
IygOD;/
a&onf ur | mef ; tmH k ? xd k a &onf avmb
a'go uif;&mtmHk jzpfojzifh orxtmHk[k ac:onf/
a&
pdwfudk
rysH U vG ifh a tmif
pl ; pl ; pd k u f pd k u f
wnf a ejcif ; onf
psmef ?
pdwfwnfNidrfrIonf
cPduorm"d? oabmudk oHk;oyfjcif;onf wk P 0d y em?
161
igr&Sd a Mumif ; yk * d K vf o w 0 g r&Sda Mumif ; Budrfzefrsm;pGm

oHk;oyfyGm;rsm;
aejcif;onf
0dyembm0em
(avmuDr*f)jzpfonf/
tmayg"mwf
wpfyg;jzifh
ur|mef;
aygufajrmufvQif usef a om "mwf w d k Y ud k td r f r S m ae&if ;
yG m ;Ed k i f N yD jzpf o nf / "mwfav;yg;azmufjyefrI'kua0'emudk
vufawGUausmfvGefEdkif&ef twGuf pma&;ol\ tpm;auR;
w&m;ay;
(9)&ufw&m;pcef;
zGifhonfhtcsdefESifhae&mudk
pHkprf; 0ifa&mufusifhBuHtm;xkwfyg/
www
atmifvHq&mawmf\ arwmpm
jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sifonf
av;toacsFESifh
urmwpfodef; t&if;pdkuf omoemawmfBuD; xm;cJhNyD;NyD/
oHCmawmfrsm; uvnf; OD;aqmifum jrwfpGmbk&m;\
tqHk;trrsm; jzpfonfh yd# uwfa wmfB uD; udk jrefr mbmom
jyef q dk xm;NyD; xif& Sm ; &SdaeNyD/ Ak'bmom0ifwdkY onf
bk&m;a[m
ygVdawmfjrefrmjyef
rsm;udk
avhvm
zwfIoifhonf/ rdrdudk,fwdkifvnf; owdy|mef av;yg;wGif
wpfyg;yg; vufudkifxm; yGm;rsm;&rnf/ vlUb0 wGi f om
tcGi fht a&;rsdK ;&Ed ki f o nf/
rdr d udk ,f ud k
ewfjynf
a&mufE d ki f NyD;
t&d,m
ewfjA[m rsm;ES i fh
awGU qH kE d ki f onf[k tmrcHcsuf &Sdr&Sd ar;cGef;xkwfMunfhyg/
ao&m anmifapmif; a0'em jyif; xefp Gm zdp D ; ES d y fp ufc H& rS
aemifw r&rda tmif rdrdudk,fudk rdrd owday; raocifu
BudK;pm;tm;xkwfyg/
pma&;ol\ 0efcHcsuf
tu,f w&m;jyq&mwpfOD;onf 0dyem,medu
oufoufjzihf
1/ w&m;usifhwdkif; &d,mykxfrS 'kua0'em ay:wdkif;
onf;cH p&m rvdkyJ todjzifh jyifay;&rnf? trSwfjzifh
jyifay;&rnf[k
T e f M um;aom
enf ; wd k Y jzih f
rd r d u d k , f w d k i f v nf ;
r*f z d k v f
qd k u f N yD ; NyD ?
ol w yg;uk d v nf ; enf ; jzif h (6)vtwG i f ; rd r d u J h o k d Y
r*f zdk v f
qd k u f a tmif
w&m;jyoEd k i f o nf [ k
tmrcHrnfqdkvQif?
2/ w&m;usifhwdkif;
av;yg;aom
&d,mykxf
wyg;anmif;wdkif; wyg;ajymif; vsuf usif ha omenf; jzifh
rdr d udk ,f wd ki f vnf; r*fzdkvfqdkufNyD;NyD? olwyg;ukdvnf;
enf;jzifh (6)vtwGif; rd r d u J h o k d Y r*f zdk v f q d k u f a tmif
w&m;jyoEd k i f o nf [ k tmrcHrnfqdkvQif?
3/ pdwfjzpfwdkif;
tvdktavsmuf
yg0ifNyD;aom
cPduorm"djzifh
rdrdudk,fwdkifvnf;
usifh
r*fzdkvfqdkufNyD;NyD?
olwyg;ukdvnf;
enf; jzif h
(6)vtwGi f;
rdr d uJh ok dY
r*fz d kvf qd k ufa tmif
w&m;jyoEdkifonf[k tmrcHrnfqdkvQif?
4/ w&m;xd ki fa epOf
"mwfa v;yg;
'ku a Mumifh
qif; &Jojzif h
orm"d y suf u m
w&m;r&Ed k i f y g?
xd k Y aMumif h
'k u a 0'em
ay:wdkif; &d,mykxfudk
jyKjyifay;&rnf/
usifhpOfrsdK;jzifh
rdrdudk,fwdkifvnf;
164
usifh r*fzdkvfqdkufNyD;NyD? olwyg;ukdvnf; enf; jzifh

(6)vtwGi f;
rdr d uJh ok dY
r*fz d kvf qd k ufa tmif
w&m;jyoEdkifonf[k tmrcHrnfqdkvQif
xdk q&mtm;
(&[ef; jzpfa p?
omraPjzpfa p?
&aoh
jzpfa p?
oDv &Si fjzpfa p)
pma&;ol
oDwif; oHk; aexdki f a om
atmifvHNrdKU
wdkufcGJtrSwf(32)
oJtif;*l0dyem"r&dyfomtm; tNyD;tjywf vSL'gef;ygrnf[k
0efcHuwdjyKygonf/
www
zdwfac:ygonf
rnfolrqdk -- aojcif;qif;&JrS vGwfajrmufvdkvQif
tdk; pk tp&Sd o jzif h onmay; yG m ;p&m rvd k y J
(32)aum|mour|mef;edrdwf jrifvdkvQif
y&d , wf
pmt&Sd E S i f h
y#d y wf
cE m tod
ud k u f n d odvdkvQif
y#dpo
rkyg'f vufawGU jywfvdkvQif (vlUbHkESifh
'k*w
dbHk qufpyfrnfh 0gewPSm jzwfvdkvQif)
o'gqE jynfh0pGmjzifh cH,lusifhoHk;ygu pma&;ol\
(9)&uf
w&m;pcef;
wpfBudrfwnf;ESifh
atmifjrifEdkifygonf/ tdk;pk ur|mef; 70% ESifh
'kua0'emrS a'gocsKyfaMumif; (a0'emrS wPS m cG m jcif ; )
&mEI e f ; jynfh
atmif j rif y gonf /
vuf a wG U
usif h B uHt m;xk wf vdka omolw dkY o nf
atmufa zmf jyygtwd ki f ; qufoG,fEdkifygonf/
toQifpEdrm(atmifvH)
wdkufcGJtrSwf(32)? oJtif;*l0dyem"r&dyfom
pufHk&yfuGuf? atmifvHNrdKU/
zkef; 069-21842? 09-53-30310
Email: theinngu32@gmail.com
Website: www.theinngu32.org
166
w&m;pcef;pHkprf;&ef--&efukef
1/ AdkvfrSL;BuD;xdef0if;(Nidrf;) 01-240194
2/ OD;oefYZif
01-546670? 09-99-70524
3/ OD;at;udk
01-572972? 09-51-18037
4/ OD;0if;wif
01-635162
jynf
5/ OD;ausmfrdk;
053-22745
rEav;
6/ OD;oefYvGif (c) OD;vHk;vHk;
09-20-11521
7/ OD;pdk;jrifh? a':MuifaiG (qnfajrmif;)
8/ a':pkpk (atmifwHcGefouFef;wdkuf) 02-33477?
09-20-10341
www ]

AungLanTheInngu-Yogi Basic

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

AungLanTheInngu-Yogi Basic

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

rmwdum

t&Sipf Erd m(atmifvH)

zdkvf? PfpOf rsm;udk OD;pGm vdkcsifaeMuonf/ rdrdtm;

Oy&dyPmoygVdawmf jrefrmjyef? 0db*F0*f? ba'u&wokwf-275

t&Sipf Erd m(atmifvH)

t&Sipf Erd m(atmifvH)

xdkUaMumifh w&m;&vdkaom a,m*Donf qdkif&moDv

t&Sipf Erd m(atmifvH)

ac:onf/ pdwfonf if;\ rSD&m kyfemrf tmHkwdkY tay:

tmHk\tpGrf;jzifh udavomtylNidrf;ae at;csrf;aeaom pdwf[lvdk

t&Sipf Erd m(atmifvH)

oabm oufoufudk tedp 'ku tewvuPma&;

t&Sipf Erd m(atmifvH)

r*fzdkvf&aMumif; usifh&rnfh t&mXmewdkYonf um, a0'em

t&Sipf Erd m(atmifvH)

toHxGuf &Sdcdk;vQif "m;jzifh tydkif;ydkif; ckwfrnf[k

t&Sipf Erd m(atmifvH)

ed'ge0*oH,kwfygVdawmf jrefrmjyef? ed'geoH,kwf? 'oAv0*f?

t&Sipf Erd m(atmifvH)

r[m0*oH,kwfygVdawmf jrefrmjyef? owdy|meoH,kwf? emvE0*f?

t&Sipf Erd m(atmifvH)

txufyg a'oemawmfwGif ]]tem;ESifhtnD jynfhaeaom

t&Sipf Erd m(atmifvH)

t&Sipf Erd m(atmifvH)

t&Sipf Erd m(atmifvH)

t&Sipf Erd m(atmifvH)

t&Sipf Erd m(atmifvH)

2/ 0dyemusifhpOftp a&G;cs,fpdppfyHk tajccHodrSwfzG,f

blwkyfav;yg; t&Sdoabmoufoufudk azmfjyjcif; jzpfonf/

t&Sipf Erd m(atmifvH)

t&Sipf Erd m(atmifvH)

'kua0'emrS ausmfvGefaMumif; tusifhyif jzpfonf/

t&Sipf Erd m(atmifvH)

tcsufudk &nfTef; t|muxm tzGifh ]]a0'eH

r[mowdy|meokwf ed,? q&mawmfOD;Ak"frl? ESm-44

t&Sipf Erd m(atmifvH)

txufyg a'oemawmft& orx,medu \ yxr

r[m0*oH,kwfygVdawmf jrefrmjyef? `Ed,oH,kwf? okcd`Ed,0*f?

t&Sipf Erd m(atmifvH)

rnfonfh ae&mwGif jzpfap? rnfonfhenf; rnfonfhrljzifh

t&Sipf Erd m(atmifvH)

3/ 'd|dESifhwPSm pGJjcif;ESifhjzKwfjcif; tajccHodrSwfzG,f

t&Sipf Erd m(atmifvH)

t&Sipf Erd m(atmifvH)

odjrifaevQif umrwPSmvnf; rjzpfy g? a'govnf;

t&Sipf Erd m(atmifvH)

2/ xkdt xky fxJwGi f

t&Sipf Erd m(atmifvH)

a&SU pdwf w'*F csKyfrnf/ xdkuJhodkYcsKyfrIonf edAmefr[kwfyg/

t&Sipf Erd m(atmifvH)

pd w f csKyf N id r f ; jcif ; onfyifvQif oOyg'daooedAmef

t&Sipf Erd m(atmifvH)

ay:vmaomtcg xdkazmfjyrI kyfw&m;wdkU tay: k y f \

t&Sipf Erd m(atmifvH)

ylavmifrSef; odvmonf/ rNrJr Se f; vnf; od vmojzif h

t&Sipf Erd m(atmifvH)

t&Sipf Erd m(atmifvH)

t&Sipf Erd m(atmifvH)

t&Sipf Erd m(atmifvH)

t&Sipf Erd m(atmifvH)

txuf y g tIc H t ky fp kr S y&rwf ky fe mrf tpH k w dk U udk

t&Sipf Erd m(atmifvH)

jrifrSomvQif emrlyy&dap'Pfxdkufonf/ jzpfysufI&mtmHk

w&m;usifhaom a,m*DwdkY ]]kyfemrfjrifonf}} [k

Oy&dyPmoygVdawmf jrefrmjyef? 0dbF0f? ba'u&wokwf-275

ed'ge0oH,kwfygVdawmf jrefrmjyef? ed'geoH,kwf? 'oAv0f?

r[m0oH,kwfygVdawmf jrefrmjyef? owdy|meoH,kwf? emvE0f?

r[m0oH,kwfygVdawmf jrefrmjyef? `Ed,oH,kwf? okcd`Ed,0f?

r[m0oH,kwfygVdawmf jrefrmjyef? opoH,kwf? yygw0f?

y#dord'grfygVdawmf jrefrmjyef? r[m0f? tmemyge owduxm?

tkFwdK&fygVdawmf jrefrmjyef yxrwGJ? 'kuedygwf? Amv0f -105

tkFwdK&fygVdawmfjrefrmjyef 'kwd,wGJ? aocAv0f? umrokwf-7