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©
Equinox Publishing Ltd. 2008, Unit 6, Te Village, 101 Amies Street, London SW11 2JW 
[IR 11.2 (2008) 127–141] Implici Religion (prin) ISSN 1463-9955doi:10.1558/imre.v11i2.127Implici Religion (online) ISSN 1743-1697
Non-institutional Religion in Modern Society 
MEERtEN er BORG
University of LeidenTe Netherlands
Tis is the lecture given by Meerten ter Borg upon accepting the Chair in Non-institutional Religion in Modern Society at the University of Leiden, Neth-erlands. It opens by outlining a theoretical model which explains why religionis a timeless phenomenon. It goes on to give an impression of the relationshipbetween institutional and non-institutional religion. Ten it suggests what the causes are of the growing importance of religion in modern society. It then usesthe theoretical model to make it clear why this so-called comeback of religion is partly non-institutional. Te conclusion provides a few examples of non-insti-tutional religion.
Introduction
Religion is a ho opic,
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bu neverheless secularizaion is progressing asrapidly as ever beore (Berns
et al.
2007). Apparenly, he much alked-abou resurrecion o religion akes place beyond he consrains o heradiional religious insiuions, such as he churches. Tis is why a chairhas been esablished o sudy his opic o religion, as i exiss ousidechurch walls.Bu how should we conceive o non-insiuional religion? And wherecan we nd i? I will aemp o oer a ew hypoheses.Non-insiuional religion canno be undersood wihou a general he-ory abou human beings as religious creaures. Firs o all, I will aempo provide an ouline o such a heory. Subsequenly, I will seek o clariy  why i is ha religion is gaining in imporance a his paricular ime, while church aendance coninues o decline. I will show ha his revived
 
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Meerten ter Borg 
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Equinox Publishing Ld. 2008
religion is, o an imporan exen, non-insiuional. Aer ha, I will givea ew examples o non-insiuional religion, rom which i will becomeclear how I inend o sudy i, and wha is relevance is.
Religion as an anthropological categor
As or he heoreical exercise abou human beings as religious creaures:I will ask you o orge everyhing you know or hink you know aboureligion or a momen. My proposiion is ha religion is a consequence o he imaginaive powers human beings possess. Tese powers give peoplehe opion o ranscendence. transcendence is no necessarily somehingreligious. I am reerring o he word’s lieral meaning: o ranscend. Hu-man beings are capable o ranscending he limis o wha is given in hehere and now.
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Tey can push back he borders o heir world beyond heimmediae horizons o space and ime, beyond he percepible. I allowshem o make plans, and o anasize. Tey can imagine worlds ha do noexis ye, or will never exis. Tey can ranscend heir own physical exis-ence. Tey can do so by invening machinery ha expands he possibiliieso heir bodies ino quasi-inniy. People are also capable o imaginingdimensions o which physical creaures have no access, and where hey canconinue o live aer heir bodies have expired once and or all.So hey can imagine oher worlds, and imagine hemselves in hose worlds. Tose worlds ha do no exis ye can be uopias, or ve-year plansor business plans, or virual worlds such as he Second Lie websie, orconceps o he aerlie, heaven and hell. Te impac o hose images canhave a signican impac on realiy here and now. Tink o wha he imageo hell has wrough in millions o lives. Or hink o he impac a businessplan can have on a bank’s decision o exend credi, or he consequences o a career plan, drawn up by a naive suden. Ta is how he capaciy o imaginaion deermines our lives, as well ashe direcion and he purpose people give o lie. In he course o heirlives, people joinly develop he sense-making sysems on which heir livesare based. to a cerain exen, imaginaion should be conceived o as a groupprocess. Te abiliy o ranscend may be an individual qualiy, bui is neverheless enabled by sociey. Mos people would no ge ar wih heir powers o imaginaion i hese were no ed by heir ellow human beings. Images ha do no resonae wih oher people don’ coun. Te social aspec o imaginaion has is own dynamic, on which I cannodwell on his occasion,
3
bu which we should keep in mind.
 
 Non-institutional Religion in Modern Society
 
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Equinox Publishing Ld. 2008
 Tis human capabiliy has boh advanages and disadvanages. Te advan-age is ha i enables people o creae heir own worldview, and hereorealso, in par, heir own world. Tis is how a kaleidoscopic variey o languagesand culures has come ino exisence. As a consequence, he human race hasachieved an immense culural diversiy. People oen know how o defechreas rom naure. Tey have gone a long way when i comes o conquer-ing maerial scarciy and povery, a leas in our par o he world. Tey arealso capable o imagining he damaging consequences o his vicory, andake measures agains he anicipaed rise o sea levels, or example.
 Te power o ranscendence is also he precondiion o he press-ing need or religion. By ranscending realiy here and now, people arecapable o realizing he insignicance o heir place wihin he universe. Tis can lead o a speechless admiraion or a world ha ranscends heirown powers o imaginaion. Bu i can also lead o an awareness o hehopelessness o heir posiion. Tey know hey will die, and hey know hey are likely o suer, as hey have seen ohers suer. Tey know hey areallible, jus like ohers. Tere is a vague, indeerminae eeling ha hey canno conrol he realiy o heir lives, regardless o how hard hey ry. Tey realize ha, in he end, here is no bargaining wih ruh and realiy. Tey may begin o doub he way in which hey conron realiy. Tey may doub he aims hey se hemselves, and he moraliy according o whichhey live. Tey can wonder why hey should go hrough wih he eori i will all urn ou o be in vain. Ulimaely, people can only survive insuch a sae o desperaion, or, as i is called in proessional jargon, a saeo 
anomie 
or
ontological insecurity
,
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or a limied period o ime. Tey eel asrong desire or somehing ha can preven, ameliorae, or compensaeor his paralysing condiion, and liberae hem rom heir doubs. Ye, as we can iner rom our line o reasoning, he alen or ranscend-ence ha causes his challenge o exis, can also solve i. Te abiliy odoub everyhing, down o he poin o oal despair, enables people oimagine eniies ha can pu a limi o he damage, by giving all his mis-ery a purpose, or by compensaing or i. People can also imagine hingsha are capable o urning despair ino is opposie, by oering hem reshperspecives, and inspiring hem o ranscend hemselves; eniies ha canchange human bewildermen ino enhusiasm, and change he eeling o alienaion ino a eeling o being a one wih he world. Tese eniies canbe gods, or spiris, or absrac principles such as Beauy, truh, or Progress. Tey can ake he shape o consolers, sources o succour, inspiring leaders,or even saviours.
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