• Embed Doc
  • Copy Link
  • Readcast
  • Collections
  • 2
    CommentGo Back
Download
 
Outline Chapter 4
•
Development psychologists- study physical, cognitive, and social changesthroughout the human life cycle, and find common patterns which are important.Prenatal Development and the Newborn
•
Only 1 of 5000 of a woman’s eggs will be mature enough to be released
•
Men can produce over 1000 sperm in a second, this rate will decrease over age
•
The mating of the egg and sperm include
o
Sperms going up to an egg which is 85000 times bigger than itself 
o
The sperm releases digestive enzymes to dissolve the egg’s protectivelayer 
o
The egg will block other sperm out once one sperm penetrates the protective layer 
o
Fingerlike projections will sprout around the sperm and full it in
o
By the end of the day, they will fusePrenatal Development
•
Zygotes are fertilized eggs
•
In the first week, the cell divides to produce a zygote of about 100 cells
•
After the first week, the cell will differentiate and specialize in structure andfunction
•
After ten days, the zygote will attach to the mother’s uterine wall
•
The placenta and the embryo are then formed
•
After nine weeks, the embryo is known as the fetus
•
After six months, the organs like the stomach will be able to function and perform
•
The fetus starts to respond to noise during the sixth month
•
Both genetic and environmental factors can affect the prenatal development
•
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome is usually seen with children born with mental as well as physical deformities. Over 1 in 750 kids are born with this syndrome
•
FAS is the leading cause of mental retardation
•
Pregnant women who have been stressed during their pregnancy have childrenwho are less competent in motor skills, emotional as well as learning deficiency.Increased proclivity of depressionThe Competent Newborn
•
the rooting reflex is when newborns are prompted to open their mouth and turntowards the nipple when touched on the cheek 
 
•
William James presumed that newborns experiences where similar to that of  buzzing confusion
•
Research from the 1960’s revealed that newborns were born preferring sights andsounds which facilitate social responsiveness. They are more drawn into picturesthat are associated to humans(Mondlock’s study)
•
Habituation is the decrease in responding with repeated stimulation
•
Janine Spencer and Paul Quinn did a study which revealed that 4 year olds likeadults focused on the faces of animals. (cat and dog experiment)
•
Alan Slater explained that in order to recognize a new stimulus as different, aninfant must remember the initial stimulus.Brain Development
•
Over 23 billion neurons were produced in the child by birth
•
From age 3-6, the brain’s neural system starts to grow in the frontal lobes,enabling rational planning
•
Maturation sets the basic course of development. It is the genetically designed biological growth process.
•
Maturation is uninfluenced by experiences
•
While genetic growth tendencies are inbornMotor Development
•
The order in which physical coordination occurs like crawling before walking isdue to the maturing of the nervous system and has nothing to do with imitation
•
Individual differences in timing occur 
•
Genes play a role in the timing of each coordination. Identical twins would beable to walk more or less on the same day
•
Biological maturation includes the rapid development of the cerebellum at the back of the brain
•
Experiences will not have a major effect on the child’s physical skills until after age 1Maturation and Infant Memory
•
Pillemer’s study concluded that the average age of earliest conscious memory was3.5 years of age
•
Starting at 4 years old, a child can start to remember their experiences
•
From age 3-4 , the brain cortex matures , thus enabling toddlers to increase their long-term storage
•
However , the child’s memories during this time may not be interrupted properlylater on in life
 
•
Association can be remembered for the maximum time of a month for a 3 monthold child.
•
When the conscious mind does not know and cannot express in words, thenervous system may remember through increased physiological responses likethrough skin perspirationCognitive Development
•
Jean Piaget’s works revolved around the errors give by children by each age.
•
Before Piaget, people thought that children “simply knew less, not differentlythan adults.”
•
Later it was discovered that “children reason in wildly illogical ways about problems whose solutions are self-evident to adults.”
•
A child’s mind also develops through many stages
•
Piaget revealed that schemas develop when the brain builds concepts. Theschemas are mental molds into which we pour our experiences.
•
There are two ways which we could adjust our schemas. By assimilating as wellas accommodating them.
•
When we assimilate new schemas, we interpret them into our current schemas
•
When we accommodate our schemas, we adjust our present schemas to fit the particulars of new experiences. You refine the category.Piaget’s theory and Current Thinking
•
Cognition refers to all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing ,remembering and communicating.
•
The sensorimotor stage is from birth to age 2. This is when the babies will take inthe world through their sensory and motor interactions interacting with objects
•
Object Permanence is the awareness that objects continue to exist when not perceived
•
Before 8 months, the child lacks object permanence
•
Many argue that Piaget underestimated the intelligence of a child. He claimed thatchildren did not have the ability to think. Today’s researchers see development asmore continuous than Piaget. However, his views were contradicted when babiesseem to have a more intuitive grasp of objects, when it was found that toddlershad a sense of numbers (Karen Wynn’s study).
•
The preoperational stage is Piaget’s theory that from age 2 to about age 7, a childlearns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic.
of 00

Leave a Comment

You must be to leave a comment.
Submit
Characters: ...
mcalister.alyssa4371

Thanks soooooo much!!! By any chance do you have an outline for chapters 6, 7 or 8?

reply12 / 14 / 2008
You must be to leave a comment.
Submit
Characters: ...