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GUERILLA WARFARE
GUERILLA WARFARE
by Che Guevara
Chapter I: General Principles of Guerrilla Warfare1. Essence of Guerrilla Warfare
T
he armed victory of the Cuban people over the Batista dictatorship wasnot only the triumph of heroism as reported by the newspapers of theworld; it also forced a change in the old dogmas concerning the conduct ofthe popular masses of Latin America. It showed plainly the capacity of thepeople to free themselves by means of guerrilla warfare from agovernment that oppresses them.We consider that the Cuban Revolution contributed three fundamentallessons to the conduct of revolutionary movements in America. They are:1. Popular forces can win a war against the army.2. It is not necessary to wait until all conditions for making revolution exist;the insurrection can create them.3. In underdeveloped America the countryside is the basic area for armedfighting.Of these three propositions the first two contradict the defeatist attitude ofrevolutionaries or pseudo-revolutionaries who remain inactive and takerefuge in the pretext that against a professional army nothing can be done,who sit down to wait until in some mechanical way all necessary objectiveand subjective conditions are given without working to accelerate them. Asthese problems were formerly a subject of discussion in Cuba, until factssettled the question, they are probably still much discussed in America.Naturally, it is not to be thought that all conditions for revolution are going
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GUERILLA WARFARE
to be created through the impulse given to them by guerrilla activity. Itmust always be kept in mind that there is a necessary minimum withoutwhich the establishment and consolidation of the first center is notpracticable. People must see clearly the futility of maintaining the fight forsocial goals within the framework of civil debate. When the forces ofoppression come to maintain themselves in power against established law,peace is considered already broken.In these conditions popular discontent expresses itself in more activeforms. An attitude of resistance finally crystallizes in an outbreak offighting, provoked initially by the conduct of the authorities.Where a government has come into power through some form of popularvote, fraudulent or not, and maintains at least an appearance ofconstitutional legality, the guerrilla outbreak cannot be promoted, since thepossibilities of peaceful struggle have not yet been exhausted.The third proposition is a fundamental of strategy. It ought to be noted bythose who maintain dogmatically that the struggle of the masses iscentered in city movements, entirely forgetting the immense participationof the country people in the life of all the underdeveloped parts of America.Of course, the struggles of the city masses of organized workers shouldnot be underrated; but their real possibilities of engaging in armed strugglemust be carefully analyzed where the guarantees which customarily adornour constitutions are suspended or ignored. In these conditions the illegalworkers' movements face enormous dangers. They must function secretlywithout arms. The situation in the open country is not so difficult. There, inplaces beyond the reach of the repressive forces, the inhabitants can besupported by the armed guerrillas.We will later make a careful analysis of these three conclusions that standout in the Cuban revolutionary experience. We empha- size them now atthe beginning of this work as our fundamental contribution.
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GUERILLA WARFARE
Guerrilla warfare, the basis of the struggle of a people to redeem itself, hasdiverse characteristics, different facets, even though the essential will forliberation remains the same. It is obvious-and writers on the theme havesaid it many times-that war responds to a certain series of scientific laws;whoever ignores them will go down to defeat. Guerrilla warfare as a phaseof war must be ruled by all of these; but besides, because of its specialaspects, a series of corollary laws must also be recognized in order tocarry it forward. Though geographical and social conditions in eachcountry determine the mode and particular forms that guerrilla warfare willtake, there are general laws that hold for all fighting of this type.Our task at the moment is to find the basic principles of this kind of fightingand the rules to be followed by peoples seeking liberation; to developtheory from facts; to generalize and give structure to our experience for theprofit of others.Let us first consider the question: Who are the combatants in guerrillawarfare? On one side we have a group composed of the oppressor andhis agents, the professional army, well armed and disciplined, in manycases receiving foreign help as well as the help of the bureaucracy in theemploy of the oppressor. On the other side are the people of the nation orregion involved. It is important to emphasize that guerrilla warfare is a warof the masses, a war of the people. The guerrilla band is an armednucleus, the fighting vanguard of the people. It draws its great force fromthe mass of the people themselves. The guerrilla band is not to beconsidered inferior to the army against which it fights simply because it isinferior in firepower. Guerrilla warfare is used by the side which issupported by a majority but which possesses a much smaller number ofarms for use in defense against oppression.The guerrilla fighter needs full help from the people of the area. This is anindispensable condition. This is clearly seen by considering the case ofbandit gangs that operate in a region. They have all the characteristics of aguerrilla army: homogeneity, respect for the leader, valor, knowledge of
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