Future I Simple going to Going to future expresses a conclusion regarding the immediate future or an action in the near future

that has already been planned or prepared. Form

Future I Simple will Will future expresses a spontaneous decision, an assumption with regard to the future or an action in the future that cannot be influenced. Forms

Conditional 1 and 2 Conditional Sentences are also known as Conditional Clauses or If Clauses. They are used to express that the action in the main clause (without if) can only take place if a certain condition (in the clause with if) is fulfilled. There are three types of Conditional Sentences.

Linkers and Connectors A connector is a word that is used to join words or sentences. And, as well as, but, or, yet, nevertheless, however, so that, as long as, while, until, as if, because, when, after, though, before. Example: A boy and a girl. An elephant and a giraffe. A toy or a book. The music was loud nevertheless it was enjoyable. Linkers Contrast In spite of / Despite Link two contrasting ideas. Followed by a noun phrase. Although / (Even) though Link two contrasting ideas. Followed by a sentence. However / Nevertheless / Still / Yet / Even so / On the contrary / In contrast. Introduce a new idea which marks a contrast with previously stated ideas. Introduced by a comma. On the one hand ... On the other hand. Links two contrasting ideas / paragraphs. In contrast to / Contrary to. Link two contrasting ideas. Followed by a noun phrase. Whereas Link two contrasting ideas. Not separated by commas.

Addition Moreover / Furthermore / In addition / Besides / What's more Used after a strong pause and separated from the sentences. They are introduced by a comma. As well as / In addition to / Besides Used to add one more piece of information. Followed by a noun phrase. Contrast but / yet: followed by a noun phrase or a sentence. The book is short but / yet interesting in spite of / despite: It is placed at the beginning or in the middle of the sentence. He arrived on time despite / in spite of getting up late although / though/ even though / in spite of the fact that: followed by a complete sentence. They can be placed at the beginning or in the middle of the sentence. If it is placed at the beginning we need to use a comma after the clause. Although / though / even though / in spite of the fact that the pupils had not studied, they all passed their exams.

however, nevertheless, even so, on the one hand, on the other hand, on the contrary: He was quite ill however/ nevertheless/ even so, he went to school while, whereas This film is very interesting, while/whereas that one is quite boring Reason and cause because, as since, seeing that: Because / as / since / seeing that its late, we should go home because of, on account of, owing to, due to: Because of / on account of / owing to / due to the weather, we stayed at home in order to, so as to, to: She uses her video in order to / so as to / to record TV programmes Add information for example, for instance, such as:

Vegetables are a good source of vitamins: for example / for instance, oranges have vitamins C moreover, furthermore, besides, in addition to: In addition to soul music, she likes rap apart from, except for: Apart from English, she speaks French.

NUTRITION Nutrition (also called nourishment or aliment) is the provision, to cells and organisms, of the materials necessary (in the form of food) to support life. Many common health Problems can be prevented or alleviated with a healthy diet. The diet of an organism is what it eats, and is largely determined by the perceived palatability of foods. Dietitians are health professionals who specialize in human nutrition, meal planning, economics, and preparation. They are trained to provide safe, evidence-based dietary advice and management to individuals (in health and disease), as well as to institutions. A poor diet can have an injurious impact on health, causing deficiency diseases such as scurvy, beriberi, and kwashiorkor; health-threatening conditions like obesity and metabolic syndrome, and such common chronic systemic diseases as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and osteoporosis. HUMAN NUTRITION Human Nutrition is learning how food affects the health and survival of the human body. Human beings require food to grow, reproduce, and maintain good health. Without food, our bodies could not stay warm, build or repair tissue, or maintain a heartbeat. Eating the right foods can help us avoid certain diseases or recover faster when illness occurs. These and other important functions are fueled by chemical substances in our food called nutrients. Nutrients are classified as carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water. Once digested, carbohydrates, proteins, and fats provide the body with the energy it needs to maintain its many functions.

Food Preservation Food preservation is the process of treating and handling food to stop or greatly slow down spoilage (loss of quality, edibility or nutritive value) caused or accelerated by micro-organisms. Some methods, however, use benign bacteria, yeasts or fungi to add specific qualities and to preserve food (e.g., cheese, wine). Maintaining or creating nutritional value, texture and flavour is important in preserving its value as food. This is culturally dependent, as what qualifies as food fit for humans in one culture may not qualify in another culture. Preservation usually involves preventing the growth of bacteria, fungi, and other micro-organisms, as well as regarding the oxidation of fats which cause rancidity. It also includes processes to inhibit natural ageing and discoloration that can occur during food preparation such as the enzymatic browning reaction in apples which causes browning when apples are cut. Some preservation methods require the food to be sealed after treatment to prevent recontamination with microbes; others, such as drying, allow food to be stored without any special containment for long periods. Common methods of applying these processes include drying, spray drying, freeze drying, freezing,vacuum-packing, canning, preserving in syrup, sugar crystallisation, food irradiation, and adding preservatives or inert gases such as carbon dioxide.

Other methods that not only help to preserve food, but also add flavour, include pickling, salting, smoking, preserving in syrup or alcohol, sugar crystallisation and curing PRESERVATION PROCESS DRYING One of the oldest methods of food preservation is by drying, which reduces water activity sufficiently to prevent or delay bacterial growth. Drying also reduces weight, making food more portable. Most types of meat can be dried; a good example is beef jerky. Many fruits can also be dried; for example, the process is often applied to apples, pears, bananas, mangoes, papaya, apricot, and coconut. Zante currants, sultanas and raisins are all forms of dried grapes. Drying is also the normal means of preservation for cereal grains such as wheat, maize, oats, barley, rice, millet and rye. FREEZING Freezing is also one of the most commonly used processes commercially and domestically for preserving a very wide range of food including prepared food stuffs which would not have required freezing in their unprepared state. For example, potato waffles are stored in the freezer, but potatoes themselves require only a cool dark place to ensure many months' storage. Cold stores provide large volume, long-term storage for strategic food stocks held in case of national emergency in many countries. VACUUM PACKING Vacuum-packing stores food in a vacuum environment, usually in an air-tight bag or bottle. The vacuum environment strips bacteria of oxygen needed for survival, slowing spoiling. Vacuum-packing is commonly used for storing nuts to reduce loss of flavor from oxidation.

CURING Salting or curing draws moisture from the meat through a process of osmosis. Meat is cured with salt or sugar, or a combination of the two.

Nitrates and nitrites are also often used to cure meat and contribute the characteristic pink color, as well as inhibition of Clostridium botulinum.

SUGARING Sugar is used to preserve fruits, either in syrup with fruit such as apples, pears, peaches, apricots, plums or in crystallized form where the preserved material is cooked in sugar to the point of crystallisation and the resultant product is then stored dry. This method is used for the skins of citrus fruit (candied peel), angelica and ginger. A modification of this process produces glac fruit such as glac cherries where the fruit is preserved in sugar but is then extracted from the syrup and sold, the preservation being maintained by the sugar content of the fruit and the superficial coating of syrup. The use of sugar is often combined with alcohol for preservation of luxury products such as fruit in brandy or other spirits. These should not be confused with fruit flavored spirits such as cherry brandy or Sloe gin.

Food Technology

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA The United States of America (commonly referred to as the United States, the U.S., the USA, or America) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its fortyeight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the

capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific.

With about 309 million people, the United States is the third or fourth largest country by total area, and the third largest both by land area and population. The U.S. economy is the largest national economy in the world, with an estimated 2008 gross domestic product (GDP) of US $14.4 trillion (a quarter of nominal global GDP and a fifth of global GDP at purchasing power parity). Main facts about USA Location: North America, bordering both the North Atlantic Ocean and the North Pacific Ocean, between Canada and Mexico Main Industries : petroleum, steel, motor vehicles, aerospace, telecommunications, chemicals, electronics, food processing, consumer goods, lumber, mining Agricultural products: wheat, corn, other grains, fruits, vegetables, cotton; beef, pork, poultry, dairy products, forest products, fish.

Most Important American Presidents Of the 43 men who have been president of the United States, there are some truly clear choices of who were the most important and influential presidents. There were also many who would never have made the list. This was a tough list to create - especially once we move past the 7th president. If one more could be added it would be Ronald Reagan. He helped bring the Cold

War to an end after years of struggle. He definitely gets an honorable mention for this list of influential presidents.

John F. Kennedy John Fitzgerald "Jack" Kennedy (May 29, 1917 November 22, 1963), often referred to by his initials JFK, was the 35th President of the United States, serving from 1961 until his death in 1963. Kennedy defeated Vice President and Republican candidate Richard Nixon in the 1960 U.S. presidential election. At 43 years of age, he is the youngest to have been elected to the office, the second-youngest President (after Theodore Roosevelt). He is the only president to have won a Pulitzer Prize. Events during his presidency: the Cuban Missile Crisis, the building of the Berlin Wall, the Space Race, the African-American Civil Rights Movement, and early stages of the Vietnam War. Therein, Kennedy secretly increased the number of military advisers, special operation forces, and helicopters in an effort to curb the spread of communism in South East Asia.

Kennedy was assassinated on November 22, 1963 in Dallas, Texas. Lee Harvey Oswald was charged with the crime. Kennedy ranks highly in public opinion ratings of U.S. presidents.

Cardinal and Ordinal Numbers