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Department of Computer Science & Engineering
Information Security Lecture Notes Prof. A. L. Narasimha Rao
Cipher Block Modes of operationModel of Conventional CryptosystemsThe following figure, which is on the next page, illustrates the conventionalencryption process. The original “plaintext” is converted into apparently randomnonsense, called “ciphertext”. The encryption process consists of an algorithmand a key. The key is a value independent of the plaintext. The algorithm willproduce a different output depending on the specific key being used at the time.Changing the key changes the output of the algorithm, i.e., the ciphertext.Once the ciphertext is produced, it may be transmitted. Upon reception, theciphertext can be transformed back to the original plaintext by using a decryptionalgorithm and the same key that was used for encryption.
Figure. 1: Model of Conventional Cryptosystem
The security of conventional encryption depends on several factors:
•
The Encryption Algorithm- It must be powerful enough that it is impracticalto decrypt a message on the basis of the ciphertext alone.
 
CryptanalystMessageSourceEncryptionAlgorithmDecryptionAlgorithmDestinationKeySourceXYKSecure ChannelX^Y^
 
Department of Computer Science & Engineering
Information Security Lecture Notes Prof. A. L. Narasimha Rao
 
•
Secrecy of the key- It was shown that the security of conventionalencryption depends on the secrecy of the key, not the secrecy of thealgorithm.Referring to Fig. 1 above, with the message X and the encryption key K as input,the encryption algorithm forms the ciphertext.Y=E
k
(X)The intended receiver, in possession of the key is able to invert thetransformation
X=D
k 
(Y)
An opponent, observing Y but not having access to K or X, may attempt torecover X or K or both X and K. It is assumed that the opponent knows theencryption (E) and decryption (D) algorithms. If the opponent is interested in onlythis particular message, then the focus of the effort is to recover X by generatinga plaintext estimate X^. Often, however, the opponent is interested in being ableto read future messages as well, in which case an attempt is made to recover Kby generating an estimate K^.
Cryptanalysis
The process of attempting to discover X or Y or both is known as
cryptanalysis 
.The strategy used by the cryptanalysis depends on the nature of the encryptionscheme and the information available to the cryptanalyst.The following table summarizes the various types of cryptanalytic attacks basedon the amount of information known to the cryptanalyst.
Table 1: Types of Attacks on Encrypted Message
 
 
Attack Type Knowledge Known to CryptanalystCiphertext only
•
 
Encryption algorithm
•
 
Ciphertext to be decodedKnown Plaintext
•
 
Encryption algorithm
 
•
 
Ciphertext to be decoded
•
 
One or more plaintext-ciphertext pairs formed withthe same secret keyChosen Plaintext
•
 
Encryption algorithm
•
 
Ciphertext to be decoded
•
 
Plaintext message chosen by cryptanalyst, together
 
with its corresponding ciphertext generated with
 
Department of Computer Science & Engineering
Information Security Lecture Notes Prof. A. L. Narasimha Rao
 
the same secret keyChosen Ciphertext
•
 
Encryption algorithm
•
 
Ciphertext to be decoded
•
 
Purported ciphertext chosen by cryptanalyst,
 
together with its corresponding decrypted plaintextgenerated with the secret keyChosen text
•
 
Encryption algorithm
•
 
Ciphertext to be decoded
•
 
Plaintext message chosen by cryptanalyst, together
 
with its corresponding ciphertext generated withthe secret key
•
 
Purported ciphertext chosen by cryptanalyst,
 
together with its corresponding decrypted plaintextgenerated with the secret key
Transposition Ciphers: Moving around
Changing the positions of plaintext letters is another enciphering technique. It iscalled
transposition 
, as in transferring position. Please note that manynewspapers have transposition puzzles called “jumbles”.To illustrate this technique, let’s do the following example.Example 1:Plaintext: “last nite was heaven please marry me”We use a 5x6 grid to write the plaintext as:L A S T N IT E W A S HE A V E N PL E A S E MA R R Y M ETo encipher the text, we only read letters down the first column, then letters downfrom the second column, and so on. The ciphered letters are the same as theplaintext letters except that they are positioned to form a new pattern, as givenbelow.Ciphertext: LTELA AEAER SWVAR TAESY NSNEM IHPMETo decipher the received ciphertext, the receiver must know two things: thelength and width of the grid and the way letters are read from the grid.Readdown
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