GAS CONDITIONING AND PROCESSING Volume 1: The Basic Principles By: John M. Campbell In Collaboration With: — Robert A. Hubbard, Chapter 9 Robert N. Maddox, Equilibrium and Energy Data ‘©Copyright 1984 by Campbell Petroleum Series, This book is sold for personal or library use, oF for regulatly scheduled university clases only; use as reference or manual for adult taining programs is specifically reserved for John M. Campbell and Co, No part ofthe text or original figures may be reproduced in any form without written permission of dhe publisher. All translation rights are likewise reserved.GAS CONDITIONING AND PROCESSING VOLUME 1 SEVENTH EDITION Library of Congress Catalog Card No.: 76-157183 First Printing July 1992 Printed and Bound in U.S.A. Published by: _ Campbell Petroleum Series 1215 Crossroads Blvd. Norman, Oklahoma 73072 Phone: (405) 321-1383 Fax: (405) 321-4533 Telex: 9108306520 CGX NormTABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter # 1 INTRODUCTION. ‘The Fundamental Technology. BASIC TERMINOLOGY Elements and Atoms. ‘Chemical Compounds and Molecules, Physical Compounds... : Relative Atomic Mass (Weight) Relative Molecular Mass (Weigh... ‘The Mol. Valence Mixture. 3 BASIC HYDROCARBON NOMENCLATURE 5 Paraffin Series Formula: CaHl2e.. 3 Oiefin or Bihylene Series (Alkenes) For 6 Acetylenic or Alkyne Series Formula: Cablzn-2 i Diolefins Formula: CoHan2. 1 Aromatic (Benzene) Series Formula CpH3n-6vern nner i Saoa: 8 8 8 9 9 9 i az CoH. Naphthene Series Formula: Calon. PARAFFIN HYDROCARBON COMPOUNDS... Radicals Alcohols Mercaptans. (Other Carbon-Sulfar Compounds ‘Organic Nitrogen Compounds + AMINES sosnrnesn eter eee tae eee eee, Gryeols ss 10 ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS. 10 ANALYSIS OF MIXTURES. Wi BASIC UNITS OF MEASUREMENT B Presenting Numbers..csesennnsnsnantnsnseannnsn ae 15 Mass, Force and Weight. 15 Length, Area and Volume. : 16 Density a 16 Pressure 7 Temperate arenes ee eee 18 Work and Power 18 Heat Energy i 18 VisCOSILY a snsnnnnnnnnoranns 18 ‘VOLUMETRIC-MASS CONVERSIONS.... sn sens 19 REFERENCES. semen 20 APPENDIX IA: Definition of St Base and Supplementary Units 7 . 21 22 APPENDIX IB: Definition of SI Derived Units having Special Names. APPENDIX IC: Summary of Basic Conversion Factors ...0a- 2 PLANNING THE SYSTEM. ‘THE BASIC SYSTEM. ‘Constrainis of the Basic System. ‘THE DECISION MODULES, ‘The Reservoir Module ‘The Separation Module... (Crude Oil Treating Module. TABLE OF CONTENTS iProduced Water Treating Module 29 Ges Processing Module 30 Process Selestion and Design Basis. 34 CONTRACT TERMS, 34 Gas Contes. 35 Liquid Contacts 38 HE PROJECT PLAN 40 SUMMARY sess dl REFERENCES sone Al 3 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF HYDROCARBON SYSTENS...... EQUATIONS OF STATE... ‘Nonideal P-V-T Equations. ‘Corresponding States Concept ‘Third Parameters... Mixture Combination Rules GAS DENSITY. Katz Conelaion and Kay's Rule. Application of Figure 3.2 to Gases Containing H2S and CO>.... Approximate correlation for T’ and P’ Other Correlations for 2 : LIQUID PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Distillaion Characteristics. ‘Watson Characterization Factor LIQUID DENSITY...... Units of Density ennnsemnnmannnnn API Gravity, API Barrel General Correlations. vt Relative Density Versus Molecular Weight General Nomogeaphs.... Corresponding States Methods... Effect of Methane and Ethane. Summary of Liquid Density Correlations. VISCOSITY... Units of Viscosity GAS VISCOSITY. LIQUID VISCOSITY . SURFACE TENSION... 7 GENERAL PREDICTION OF FLUID PROPERTIES. USEFUL CONVERSION FACTORS FOR CHAPTER 3 REFERENCES... : 4 QUALITATIVE PHASE BEHAVIOR... SINGLE COMPONENT SYSTEMS PT Plot for a Pure Substance... MULTI-COMPONENT SYSTEMS. Erfect of Composition Effect of Cr+ Characterization. Effect of lmputites. APPLICATION OF PHASE ENVELOPES Reservoir Behavior : a oo se : Pumping Liquids... eee ror 89 High Pressure Pipelines. ai VOLUME 1: THE BASIC PRINCIPLESRefrigeration Processes. Operation Near the Critical REgIOM wnwmnmrnmnsnnnnirannnn rensnne Practical Suggestions, z # 91 GIBBS PHASE RULE. . . hon a1 PREDICTION OF PHASE ENVELOPE. oe eee teens. CCricondentherm and Cricondenber'T and P. 93 Critical Pressure and Temperature 93 REFERENCES. wn 95 5 VAPOR-LIQUID EQUILIBRIUM BEHAVIOR... eanennerannnesnne ST EQUILIBRIUM VAPORIZATION RATIO. : Partial Prossure Concept nner Fugacity Derived K Values ‘Computer Solutions for K. K Value Plots. Convergence Pressure Concept. K Values for Heaviest Fraction APPLICATION OF K VALUES... Bubblepoint Determination Dewpoint Determination Flash Caleulation Determination of Phase Stage Separation. SOME CONVERSION CALCULATIONS. ‘Composition Expressed as Liquid, Mol or Weight % Composite Stream Analysis Conversion of Flash Results for Actual Flow Rates... Basic Conversion Factors ACCURACY OF EQUILIBRIUM CALCULATIONS PRODUCT SPECIFICATION Reid Vapor Pressure. PRELIMINARY PRODUCT SPLITS STORAGE OF LIQUIDS. Pressure Storage. Crude Oil Storage: Aviomatic Custody Transfer (ACT). REFERENCES APPENDIX 5A: K Value Charts for COs, HS, and Paraffin Hydrocarbons... 127 APPENDIX 5B: Composite K Values for Reservoir Fluids. 6 | WATER-HYDROCARBON PHASE BEHAVIOR.. WATER CONTENT OF GASES Partial Pressure and Fugacity Empirical Plo. a WATER CONTENT OF SOUR GASES 'SRK Sour Gas Comtlation nnn ‘Another Equation of Slate Approach. Effect of Nitrogen and Heavy Ends. Saturated Water Content in Equilibrium with Hydrates WATER MONITORS. WATER CONTENT APPLICATIONS. GAS HYDRATES HYDRATE EQUILIBRIUM sn HYDRATE PREDICTION CORRELATIONS TABLE OF CONTENTS iii7 8 9 ‘Vapor-Solid Equilibrium Constants a 165 Trekell-Campbell Method oe se 170 MeLeod-Campbell Method... tee ee 178 Equation of State Calculations. 179 APPLICATION OF HYDRATE CALCULATIONS... a : 179 HYDRATE INHIBITION .. i Inhibitor Losses tothe Hydrocarbon Phase. Calculation Summary Cmaliatan (rein of Giycols, Giycol Losses... REFERENCES, BASIC THERMODYNAMIC CONCEPTS .. The Accounting Principle. stem and Surroundings Basic Thermodynamic Accounting. Accounting for Mass Energy Balance, ee Specific Applications ‘The Second Law of Thermodynamics ~ Entropy Relationship Between Thermodynamic Properties and with P-V Special Case for Ideal Gases. Special Case for Incompressible Liquids... Solution of Equations 7.15 and 7.17. Effect of Pressure on Cp. General Effect of PVT Relationships .. APPLICATIONS OF THERMODYNAMICS CALCULATION OF SYSTEM ENERGY CHANGES CHOICE OF SYSTEM. UNITS OF MEASUREMENTS 00 Flow Rates EFFECT OF PHASE CONDITION... ws ENTHALPY CALCULATION ALTERNATIVES SENSIBLE HEAT CHANGES... HEAT CAPACITY CORRELATIONS. MIKES emer LATENT HEAT... Pure Substances, Mixtures ENTHALPY CALCULATIONS FOR PURE SUBSTANCES. ENTHALPY CALCULATIONS FOR MIXTURES. General Correlations. PVT Equations of State... ENTROPY AND INTERNAL ENERGY CALCULATIONS REFERENCES. 2 APPENDIX 8A; Enthalpy Charts PROCESS CONTROL AND INSTRUMENTATION. sn DEFINITION OF TERMS CONTROL OBJECTIVES AND CONCEPTS... Feedback Control Systems... CONTROL MODES. Conteollers VOLUME 1: THE BASIC PRINCIPLESconor. Proportional Control Reset Derivative, PROCESS CONTROL SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT CASCADE AND FEEDFORWARD CONTROL... CONTROL VALVES. : Valve Sizing. Actuators Valve Positioners. PRINCIPLES OF PNEUMATIC CONTROLLERS... LEVEL MEASUREMENT AND CONTROL. Other Level Devices non PRESSURE REGULATION AND CONTROL... Pressure Controller Specification... ae ‘TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT AND CONTROL. ‘Temperature Measurement ‘Thermometers Filled Systems. ‘Thermocouples. Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTD's) Radiation Pyrometers, ‘Some Temperature Control Applications Direct Fired Heaters conn Indirect Heating Medium FLOW MEASUREMENT AND CONTROL... Flow Measurement Pitot (Impact) Tube. Rotary Meter Sliding Vane Meter. Rotating Vane Meter : Reciprocating Piston Meter Rotameter ons Rotary Piston Meters ‘Venturi Meter. Vortex Shedding ... CCentitugal (Elbow) Meters Segmental Orif1C€8 nmr ea Eccentric Orif€28 wns nnn Flow Nozales Sonic Meters ‘Turbine Meters. ORIFICE METERS Heating Value. Wobbe Index... ‘Two-Phase Flow Measurement. ALARM AND SHUTDOWN SYSTEMS... Pressure Switches Flow Switches. e : ‘Temperature Switches Level Switches. Vibration Switches... oe PRESSURE RELIEF SYSTEMS. Sizing... 1296, TABLE OF CONTENTS v