MATERI KULIAH AMG

PERALATAN METEOROLOGI KONVENSIONAL

TAHUN AJARAN 2007

OLEH IBNU SOFWAN LUKITO, S.Si

Definisi Tekanan Udara:

Tekanan udara di permukaan bumi adalah gaya per satuan luas berdasarkan atas berat/beban dari atmosphere di atasnya. dengan kata lain, Tekanan udara adalah sepadan dengan berat/beban dari sekolom udara di atas suatu proyeksi permukaan horisontal, membentang hingga batas terluar dari atmosphere.

TekananP

GayaBerat m.g MassaUdara KonstataGrafitasi ........ gr ms 2 Luas A Luas

Basic dari satuan ukur tekanan atmosfer adalah pascal (Newton per meter2). Namun dalam bidang Meteorologi biasa digunakan istilah milibar (mb) yang nilainya setara dengan hectopascal (hPa), 1 mb = 1 hPa = 100Pa. Dalam kondisi standar, sekolom air raksa/merkuri mempunyai skala ketinggian sebesar 760 (mm Hg) pada tekanan udara standard 1013.250 hPa, temperature standard sebesar 0C dan gravity standard sebesar 9.80665 ms-2

JENIS ALAT UKUR TEKANAN UDARA KONVENSIONAL: 1. BAROMETER AIR RAKSA * Mercury Fortin Barometer * Mercury Kew Barometer

* Mercury Banjo Barometer

2. BAROMETER/BAROGRAPH ANEROID * Barometer

* Barograph
* Altimeter 3. BAROMETER/BAROGRAPH BOURDON TUBE * Spiral Bourdon-tube pressure * Helical Bourdon-tube pressure

Persyaratan Meteorological Untuk Alat Ukur Tekanan Udara

Pengukuran Tekanan Udara harus tetap akurat seiring perkembangan teknologi dan harus selalu dilakukan prosedur pengukuran dan kalibrasi yang ditetapkan. WMO Commissions and is outlined in Annex 1.B, Chapter 1, untuk Alat ukur tekanan udara - primary reference memiliki persyaratan sbb: 1. Range Pengukuran: 500 1 80 hPa (station pressure & MSL pressure). 2. Akurasi Target : 0.1 hPa 3. Resolution Pelaporan: 0.1 hPa 4. Sensor time constant: 20 s 5. Output averaging time: 1 minute

Methods of measurement and observation

For meteorological purposes, the atmospheric pressure is generally measured with electronic barometers, mercury barometers, aneroid barometers, or hypsometers. Meteorological pressure instruments (barometers) are suitable for use as operational instruments for measuring atmospheric pressure if they meet the following requirements: (a) The instruments must be calibrated or controlled regularly against a (working) standard barometer using approved procedures. (b) Any variations of the accuracy (long term and short term) must be much smaller than the tolerances. (c) Instrument readings should not be affected by temperature variations. (d) The instrument must be placed in an environment where external effects will not lead to measurement errors. (effects wind, radiation/temperature, shocks and vibrations, fluctuations in the electrical power supply, and pressure shocks). (e) The instrument should be quick and easy to read. (f) In the event that the instrument has to be calibrated away from its operational location, the method of transportation employed must not affect the stability or accuracy of the barometer. Effects which may alter the calibration of the barometer include mechanical shocks and vibrations, and displacement from the vertical and large pressure variations such as may be encountered during transportation by air.

Mercury Barometers
There is an increasing move away from the use mercury barometers for the reasons that mercury vapour is highly toxic; free mercury is corrosive of the aluminium alloys used in airframes (and for these reasons there are regulations proscribing the handling or carriage of mercury barometers in some countries); special lead glass is required for the tube; the barometer is very delicate and difficult to transport; it is difficult to provide for maintenance of the instrument and for cleaning the mercury; the instrument must be read and corrections applied manually; and other pressure sensors of equivalent accuracy and stability with electronic read-out are now commonly available.

General requirements
The main requirements of a good mercury station barometer include: (a) Its accuracy should not vary over long periods of time. In particular, its hysteresis effects should remain small; (b) It should be quick and easy to read, and readings should be corrected for all known effects. The observers employing these corrections must understand their significance to ensure that the corrections applied are correct and not, in fact, causing a deterioration in the accuracy of the readings; (c) It should be transportable without loss of accuracy; (d) The bore of the tube should not be less than 7 mm and should preferably be 9 mm; (e) The tube should be prepared and filled under vacuum. The purity of the mercury is of considerable significance. It should be double-distilled, degreased, repeatedly washed, and filtered; (f) The actual temperature for which the scale is assumed to give correct readings, at standard gravity, should be engraved upon the barometer. The scale should preferably be calibrated to give correct readings at 0C; (g) The meniscus should not be flat unless the bore of the tube is large (greater than 20 mm); (h) For a marine barometer, the error at any point should not exceed 0.5 hPa.

BAROMETER AIR RAKSA

Prinsip Barometer Air Raksa : Memanfaatkan sifat anomali air raksa dalam tabung hampa.

PA PB mA g PA AA
A

h2

h1

AIR RAKSA

MERCURY FORTIN BAROMETER

Fortin Barometer pertama digunakan oleh Torricelli pada tahun 1643; dan rancangan originalnya dibuat pada tahun 1810. Prinsip Kerja: Tekanan udara dalam bulb air raksa akan menekan keatas tabung bila tekanan udara naik.

http://www.upscale.utoronto.ca/GeneralInterest/Harrison/Barometer/Barometer.html

MERCURY FORTIN BAROMETER

Langkah-langkah menggunakan Barometer jenis Fortin: 1. Putar tab/skrup barometer sehingga ketinggian dari meniskus sejajar dengan tinggi air raksa, tidak terlalu yang tinggi atau terlalu rendah. 2. Gunakan Zero Adjusting Knob sehingga puncak Mercury Reservoir hanyalah menyentuh ujung Zeroing Peg. 3. Lakukan penyesuaian ketinggian dari Movable Scale sehingga alas (depan dan belakang dari skala) sama dengan puncak meniskus. 4. Baca ketinggian air raksa menggunakan skala venir yang dapat digerakkan naik-turun. 5. Baca suhu menggunakan termometer yang berada di barometer.

http://www.upscale.utoronto.ca/GeneralInterest/Harrison/Barometer/Barometer.html

Koreksi Temperature

Koreksi Lintang

http://www.upscale.utoronto.ca/GeneralInterest/Harrison/Barometer/Barometer.html

Kew Barometers

Kew-type station barometers to Met Office pattern. In the Kew barometer atmospheric pressure acts directly on the surface of the mercury in the cistern, causing the mercury level in the column to rise or fall. Careful construction of the column and cistern ensures that the ratio of level changes resulting from a given change of pressure remains constant, so that the pressure can be read directly off the scale, using a vernier. Please note that all precision barometers are supplied in a purposebuilt fibreboard case with a polystyrene cutout inner to support the instruement.
http://www.russell-scientific.co.uk/barometers/kew_barometers.html

Banjo Barometers

The deservedly popular and elegant banjo barometer can trace its development back to 1664 when Robert Hooke invented the wheel operating system. Its great advantage was the extended scale that allowed more accurate readings to be made. The designs of the Regency Range date from the latter years of the 18th century. The addition of a spirit level allows the instrument to be hung vertically and the model 603A, with a butlers mirror, allowed a discreet eye to be kept on proceedings in the hall or dining room. All these barometers have silvered dials, and mercury column registering or aneroid movements are available as indicated.

http://www.russell-scientific.co.uk/barometers/banjo_barometers.html

Aneroid barometers
The greatest advantages of conventional aneroid barometers over mercury barometers are their compactness and portability, which make them particularly convenient for use at sea or in the field. The principal components are a closed metal chamber, completely or partly evacuated, and a strong spring system that prevents the chamber from collapsing due to the external atmospheric pressure. At any given pressure, there will be an equilibrium between the force due to the spring and that of the external pressure. The aneroid chamber may be made of materials (steel or beryllium copper) that have elastic properties such that the chamber itself can act as a spring. Accuracy requirements The chief requirements of a good aneroid barometer are: (a) It should be compensated for temperature so that the reading does not change by more than 0.3 hPa for a change in temperature of 30 K; (b) The scale errors at any point should not exceed 0.3 hPa and should remain within this tolerance over periods of at least a year, when in normal use; (c) The hysteresis should be sufficiently small to ensure that the difference in reading before a change in pressure of 50 hPa and after return to the original value does not exceed 0.3 hPa; (d) It should be capable of withstanding ordinary transit risks without introducing inaccuracies beyond the limits specified above

BAROMETER ANEROID
The aneroid barometer was invented by a Frenchman, Lucien Vidie, in 1843. He produced a metallic barometer which he called an aneroid, meaning without liquid.

The principle of the aneroid barometer is the change in height of a sealed metallic chamber which has flexible upper and lower surfaces. As the pressure changes, so the height of the chamber varies which, in turn, moves an index pointer.

These spring-loaded bellows gauges generally are used in pressure ranges having spans to 100 psi and to 1 in. Hg.

Generally, the measured pressure is applied to the interior of the element and no supplemental coil springs are used. A 2-in. diameter capsule (two plates) will provide about 0.060 in. of motion without exceeding the elastic limit of the material. This is usually enough to operate a high-ratio multiplying movement because diaphragm deflection can transmit high force.

The majority of gauges for measuring pressure have one characteristic in common: the pressure being measured is the only source of energy required to provide a visual indication of static pressure. Some form of elastic chamber inside the gauge case converts the pressure to motion, which is translated through suitable links, levers, and gearing into movement of a pointer across an indicating scale. Three types of elastic chambers are commonly used in gauges for fluid power systems: C-shaped, spiral, and helical Bourdon tubes bellows, and single- and multi-capsule stacks. Bourdon-tube gauges are not generally used for pressure spans under 12 psi. For these ranges, some other form of elastic chamber must be used, a metallic bellows (Aneroid).

Fig.1 1.

Fig.2

Fig.3

Fig. 1. Cutaway view of C-shaped Bourdon-tube pressure gage. Pressure-induced strain in the Bourdon tube causes it to deform. Transmitting this deformation to a pointer through a movement linkage provides a visual indication of pressure. Fig. 2. Simplified view of spiral Bourdon-tube pressure gage and movement. Fig. 3. Simplified view of helical Bourdon-tube pressure gage and movement.
http://www.hydraulicspneumatics.com/

2. 3.

Barographs
General requirements: Of the various types of barograph, only the aneroid barograph will be dealt with in detail here. It is recommended that charts for barographs, for synoptic purposes, be: (a) Graduated in hPa; (b) Readable to 0.1 hPa; (c) Have a scale factor of 10 hPa to 1.5 cm on the chart. In addition, the following requirements are desirable: (a) The barograph should employ a first-class aneroid unit. (b) It should be compensated for temperature, so that the reading does not change by more than 1 hPa for a 20 K change in temperature; (c) Scale errors should not exceed 1.5 hPa at any point; (d) Hysteresis should be sufficiently small to ensure that the difference in reading before a change of pressure of 50 hPa and after return to the original value does not exceed 1 hPa; (e) There should be a time-marking arrangement which allows the marks to be made without lifting the cover; (f) The pen arm should be pivoted in a gate, the axis of which should be inclined in such a way that the pen rests on the chart by gravity. An adjustment should be provided for setting the position of the pen.

BAROGRAPH
Barograph adalah istilah lain untuk barometer yang dapat merekam sendiri hasil pengukurannya. Barograph umumnya menggunakan prinsipnya barometer Aneroid. Semakin banyak kapsul aneroid yang digunakan maka semakin peka.

ALTIMETER
Altimeter sebenarnya adalah barometer aneroid yang skala peninjukkannya telah dikonversi terhadap ketinggian. 1 mb ~ 30 feet (9 meter). Pendekatan rumus: H = 221.15 Tm log ( Po / P )

KALIBRATOR BAROMETER/BAROGRAPH
Alat ini sebenarnya adalah Vacuum Chamber , yaitu: sebuah tabung tertutup dengan tingkat hampa udara yang dapat diatur (udara didalam tabung dikeluarkan secara perlahan dengan pompa penghisap udara).

To make a simple barometer: You would need: 1 glass tube 36 inches long, closed at one end Mercury or coloured water Ring stand with a clamp Cardboard strip A meter ruler

Method: (1) Fill the glass tube with mercury (or coloured water). (2) Place a finger over the open end of the tube and invert the tube, lowering it into the beaker containing the remainder of the mercury. Clamp the tube to the stand. (3) Mark a scale of centimeters on the cardboard, labelling it from 60cm to 100cm. (4) With the meter ruler, measure the actual height of the mercury column and attach the scale to the proper spot on the tube. (5) Record 1 or 2 pressure readings per day. Increasing air pressure often means that a high pressure area is approaching, bringing clearing or fair weather. Decreasing air pressure often indicates the apprach of a low pressure area, which often brings clouds and precipitation.

http://www.nea.gov.sg/cms/mss/images/hydrograph http://app.nea.gov.sg/cms/htdocs/article.asp