It-Ethic Reader Cantancio

Ethics Reader
A compilation of reviews from Hand book on computer ethics, Fortune

at the bottom of the pyramid, Cyber Ethics
Author: Cantancio John Paulo
2009
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution

3.0 Philippines License.
1
PREFACE
Dear Reader,
This is my first book on computer ethics. After days of sleepless nights

and gallons of coffee was drunk. I am proud to say that this is the fruit
of my labor. While others are spending their summer days in the beach
I am at home doing this book. I hope you understand some typo error
and some non-sense
Thank you
2
I would like to dedicate this work to:
My GF
My Mother
My Father
My Classmates
My Professor
My God
Thank you for keeping me awake to finish this before card distribution
3
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. Fortune at the bottom of the pyramid

II. Cyber Ethics
III. Handbook on Computer Ethics
IV. Contemporary Moral Problems
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5
The Market at the Bottom of the Pyramid
Chapter 1
“If large firms approach this market with the BOP consumers’ interest at heart, it can also lead
to significant growth and profits for them.”
The book discusses strategies that could eradicate poverty by creating opportunities for
the poor and at the same time encourages self-esteem. One thing that caught my attention is
the common belief that there are a lot of rich people in the urban area and the poor people are
abundant in rural areas. This belief or concept is very wrong because as stated in the book, the
rich and the poor are equal in population at rural and urban areas.
Another issue that is stated in the book is that the government prioritized equal wealth
distribution because they thought this was the solution to poverty. For me this method
improves equality but is burdensome for poor people because come to think of it, they have
low salaries and the government would get a percentage of it by the form of taxation, by doing
this the government adds to the burden of the poor if those taxes are invested among projects
that are not effective against poverty.
Another obstacle in serving the bottom of the pyramid is “best practices” or things that
are followed by developing companies from successful multinational companies. If these
companies ignore the poor, then its ideology could be repeated in other succeeding companies
which are really the greatest harm to be done by these companies to the very poor. The BOP
strategy is very effective and has a lot of opportunities to offer if it is applied to developing
countries like the Philippines, like the figures shown in the book, the bottom of the pyramid’s
GDP in the developing countries is around $12.5 trillion which is larger than the GDP’s of
developed countries like Japan, UK, Germany, Italy and France combined.
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Integrative Questions
1. Do you agree that by ignoring the poor, you are already doing the greatest harm to them?
2. If there is a fortune to be made by serving the BOP, why do companies scarcely apply this
method?
3. Is taxation an effective way to reduce or eradicate poverty?
4. Do you believe that there are more rich people in the urban areas and more poor people in
the rural areas?
5. Is it true that by providing opportunities for the poor, we could help them out of poverty?
7
Products and Services for the BOP
Chapter 2
“What is available in Shanghai and Mumbai is not an indication of the infrastructure in the
hinterlands of China or India”
The most significant part of this chapter for me is the 12 BOP principles because
according to the book, it serves as the building blocks for the BOP innovation philosophy. The
principles are:
 Price Performance
 Innovation : Hybrid
 Scale of Operations
 Sustainable Development : Eco-Friendly
 Identifying Functionality
 Process Innovation
 Deskilling of Work
 Education of Customers
 Designing for Hostile Infrastructure
 Interfaces
 Distribution : Accessing the Customer
 Challenge Conventional Wisdom
But before reading the BOP principles, I came across the topic of challenge of the BOP
strategy to the managers of companies that are serving the BOP community. One specific
challenge that I came across is how they could profit from selling small quantity retail items.
Another challenge that I’ve seen is that the BOP community are often found in developing
countries, so the managers are faced with infrastructure problems, and also illiteracy in which
they would have to provide a solution if they are going to serve this market niche.
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1. What are the uses of the BOP principles besides being principles?
2. If you use these principles as a checklist, could you give me an example of a company that
uses BOP strategy in the Philippines?
3. Why do you think that there is a challenge for managers that are serving the BOP
community?
4. Why are BOP market abundant in developing countries? Are there none in developed ones?
5. How would you serve a BOP community that has low literacy rate?
9
BOP: A Global Opportunity
Chapter 3
“The real economic profit is in the effective use of capital”
By applying the BOP strategy, companies need to grow rapidly to cope up with the
demands of the BOP market, as shown in the book, the S curve which is the traditional market
growth is replaced by an I curve which is the growth pattern of the BOP. This means that BOP
companies should come up with new products or innovations quickly than what the non-BOP
companies are doing. But as always, there is an advantage and disadvantage of this strategy,
and an example from the book would perfectly explain it. Today, not only a person does multi-
tasking, but also gadgets and a cellphone is a perfect example for it. A cellphone has so many
features like calculator, organizer, watch, timer, mp3 player, movie player, TV, etc. Now having
those features in one gadget makes the consumer opt for the cellphone rather than the
traditional gadgets that does the same thing, now these could destroy other traditional markets
that offers the same functionality.
An example stated in the book could be related in our course, it is the need of constant
surveillance of epidemic outbreaks in rural areas in Peru. They require real-time surveillance
because they want to avoid the spread of disease over the country. But there is a big challenge
facing them, given that they would have to develop a system that should function in incomplete
infrastructures and limited connectivity. In the rural areas of Peru, as stated in the book,
computers are rear in this place and telephone lines are considered luxurious, imagine that!
Well the answer for the problem is that the system should be simple and remote areas should
be connected to a single and central node so that the policymakers and planners are instantly
informed and notified. Well being a successful system, it is also finding success in the US. In the
system that was developed, they chose the telephone as a way to connect to the central node
is through telephone because it is the most widely used for communication.
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1. Why is it that the BOP market results in an I curve rather than the traditional S curve?
2. Can you think of any advantage and disadvantage of the BOP strategy other than what is
given in the book?
3. Why do you think innovative products could possibly destroy other markets?
4. Given a chance, would you choose to implement an innovative product which would destroy
other market, or would you offer a similar product like your competitors?
5. Does the BOP strategy have importance in your life?
11
The Ecosystem for Wealth Creation
Chapter 4
“A business system is at the heart of the ecosystem for wealth creation”
As discussed in the book, the private sectors are those who are composed of social
organizations of different kinds. The author chose the term “ecosystem” to further discuss the
topic because it represents the correlativity, interaction, and dependence of the components of
the system that without the other component, the other components would fail to exist. As
stated in the book, and on my chosen quotation, ‘a business system is at the heart of the
ecosystem for wealth creation’. For me, this means that the system is like the framework or the
basis in which the business stands on, in which this framework is the what determines if the
business would profit or not. In my opinion, this statement makes sense because, what the
business follows would be the determinant of its goal or future.
This chapter’s aim is to redirect the focus of the debate from the preference of private
sector frameworks to a market-oriented ecosystem which allows the private sectors and social
actors, despite their differences, to act together and at the same time to create wealth with a
symbiotic relationship. Symbiotic relationship, as I’ve learned in science is that the two
participants in a relationship should both benefit from each other, not only the other side
because otherwise it might be called parasitism or commensalism.
In another part of the book, the discussion falls under portfolios, in which if it is totally
skewed or directed towards extralegal entities, which means those who are outside the legal
system, the economy would not advance and the private sector could not help and contribute
in alleviation of poverty. But if it is focused on multinational companies and other large
companies, it means that it is a well developed economy with companies that are not focused
on just earning profits from the BOP. And also one sign or manifestation of a maturing economy
is the development of large firms which are focused on efficiency.
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1. What are private sectors?
2. What composes those private sectors?
3. Why is it that a business system is the basis for wealth creation?
4. What is a symbiotic relationship?
5. Why can’t an economy advance if it is directed towards the extralegal entities?
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Reducing Corruption: Transaction Governance Capacity
Chapter 5
“Poor countries might be rich if we consider trapped assets”
Developing countries are often the poor countries and they also don’t have a sturdy law
structure. Some countries are poor because they don’t have a proper rule of law that is a basis
of converting their assets into capital. These assets that could not be converted into capital is
called trapped resources. Given these problems, the author concluded that poverty is partially a
self-imposed problem in developing countries, if the underlying problem is not solved
immediately, there is a big possibility that another problem will grow out of it and a problem
also out of the new problem. It could stack up and the root cause couldn’t be easily resolved
because of the problems that were from it.
Back to corruption, for the large companies, corruption becomes the payment for doing
business. Interpreting the regulation determines the timely execution of contracts and the
establishments of ownership. The effect of proliferating micro regulations is like having no laws
at the first place. The effect of this is that the private sector remains small and local rather than
growing to be a big company and someday maybe a multinational company.
People doesn’t really realize how corruption could affect our country, there is a lot of
problems growing out of another problem because of corrupting the funds of the government
that is meant for the development of the country. Corruption is just short term advantage for
those who are corrupt because they would just spend it on luxury and other things that they
like, but the problem that they have caused could run deep and could last for a very long time.
For example, when they corrupt the funds for building roads, the roads are fixed but are low in
quality, so after about two months, it is back again in its original state.
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1. Why do developing countries poor?
2. How could we alleviate poverty in developing countries?
3. How could assets be converted into capital?
4. Do you think corruption will ever end in developing countries?
5. What are the effects of corruption on normal people and on the future of that country?
15
Development as Social Transformation
Chapter 6
“BOP can be the engine for the next round of global expansion and trade”
On the previous chapters we have learned that the BOP is a really profitable market if
we just provide them with the right products with high qualities for their needs. By serving the
BOP market, companies could gain more profit than in the top pyramid, also they could help in
poverty alleviation by partnering with the non government organizations and other community
groups. The task of reducing poverty could transform from being an aid and subsidies to the
poor, to being a way of generating wealth. By treating the BOP as consumers, the companies
could not only help them out of poverty, but could also give them the benefits of respect,
choice, and also self-esteem. Multinational companies that are serving the BOP could gain
access to a large and new market and at the same time could develop innovative practices that
could increase their profitability In BOP and on other traditional markets. But to be able to
make these principles into reality, the government should provide conditions that could enable
the private sector to actively participate in creating the BOP market an opportunity.
New technologies concerning the approach to reach the BOP market could create
millions of new entrepreneurs in the process and could also the people of the BOP the concept
of respect for the rule of law and commercial contracts. The capability of solving poverty is
available in most countries, but as usual there is still a challenge, to convert the poor to a
market, innovations are needed because the traditional products and services that are provided
to the top pyramid consumers are, believe it or not, could not be used by the BOP consumers
because not only are they expensive and unaffordable, the durability and quality of the
products could not withstand the hostile environment in which the poor people lives in.
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1. How could the government help in transforming the BOP consumers into a market for the
private sectors?
2. What is needed in converting the poor into a market?
3. Why is it that the top level consumer products are not suitable for the BOP consumers?
4. What are the benefits of treating the poor in the BOP as consumers?
5. What are other benefits of serving the BOP market aside from gaining profit?
17
18
Ethics and the Information Revolution
Library Reference: N/A
Amazon: http://www.amazon.com/Cyberethics-Social-Computer-Contemporary-
Prometheus/dp/1573927902
Quote:” Because of information technology there are no peripheries”
Learning Expectation:
I am expecting to learn more about why do people call It information revolution? Revolution is
made only if something is wanted to be change and how can information revolt? These are just
some of the questions that comes to my mind when I saw the title
Review:
Information revolution is one of the many competing term for the societal term. Information is
then further considered as an economic activity, since firms and institutions are involved in its
production, collection, exchange, distribution, circulation, processing, transmission, and
control. The computer has become helpful in managing knowledge at a time when the amount
of information is expanding exponentially. The information stored in the world's libraries and
computers doubles every eight years. In a sense the computer age and the information age
seem to go hand in hand.
Information for most people is coordinated with computer, because before computers
information can’t move and powerless because it is all paper based. When the computer age
comes information is slowly coming the most powerful weapon the human being ever have.
Without information humans are useless, the more information the more powerful a human is.
One key issue is computer crime. In a sense, computer fraud is merely a new field with old
problems. Computer crimes are often nothing more than fraud, larceny, and embezzlement
carried out by more sophisticated means. The crimes usually involve changing address, records,
or files. In short, they are old-fashioned crimes using high technology.
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Computer crime is the eminent specially in this era of computers and information because
people doing computer crimes cant be recognize specially those who are master in this field.
People think that doing crime using computer can save them from having a criminal case or
something like that.
This is not to say that such a thing will happen, but it shows the challenges facing each of us due
to the information revolution.
Lesson Learned:
I’ve learned that information is the best weapon I have. The more information a person have
the higher the potential that the person will excel in the field of information technology.
Integrative questions:
1. What Is computer revolution?

2. What do computer crime do with computer revolution?
3. Is information important to daily life?
4. What is the most powerful weapon now adays?
5. What is computer crime?
20
Ethics On-Line
Quote :
“Its evolution, however, has not been without problems and the most disturbing of
these problems involves human behavior. Disturbing and disruptive behavior ranges
from unauthorized access, theft of electronic property, launching of destructive worms
an viruses, racism, defamation, harassment, to a recent incident involving a form of rap
on-line.”
In this chapter I am expecting to learn more on why do we need to know and do online
ethics when others ignore it. Is doing what is right is the same as doing what you think is
right? I hope to learn more when I begin to read this chapter and understand its
concepts.
Review:
What is ethic On-line? For me online ethic is the duty of a person to do the right thing.
Now aday online crimes that cause violation to human rights have been iminent.
Knowing and doing the right thing is important when ever you have the knowledge to
use a computer. Know what is your limitations is important, there are some certain rules
that we must follow in order for us to prevent harm to others. For example hacking into
a system is bad if your motive is to get some important information to use against them.
In the other harm if your motive is to make sure that the safety of that system is your
main concern then you are called ethical hacker.
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Working online with your files hanging around and publicly displayed into different sites
can cause information leakage which can lead to copyright infringement which is
unethical. Online ethic is like laws which everyone should follow.
Lessons Learned:
I have learned that even if you don’t know the person that you are talking to on the
other side of the world you still have to respect his thoughts and ideas. For me ethics is
doing the right thing even if everyone is doing unethical works or doings.
Integrative Questions:
1. What is ethic?
2. What can we do to stop unethical works?
3. Can we be imprisoned when violating other people’s human right using the web?
4. What do you mean by online?
5. What is a hacker?
22
Reason, Relativity, and Responsibility in Computer Ethics
Quote:
“What is difficult to comprehend is what impact this will have on human life. Surely some of the
effects will be quite positive and others quite negative.”
In this chapter I expect to learn technicalities when it comes to reasoning, as the title of the
chapter is reasonability and having it related to responsibility I have as an end-user of the
computer technology, and more things regarding computer and computer ethics
Review:
What is the impact of technology to our society today? Are we responsible enough to say that
we are using this technology and information in a good way? Now people tend to take for
granted the information given to them because of some reasons that are not qualified. Relating
reasonability and responsibility is sometimes mind bugging because, come to think of it how
can you be responsible if all the reason in the world is in your head. We must learn how to
relate things accordingly and do things in the right way.
According to Moor aspects of the computer revolution will continue to spring up in

unpredictable ways- in some cases causing us considerable grief. Therefore, it is extremely
important to be alert to what is happening. Because the computer revolution has the potential
of having major effects on how we lead our lives, the paramount issue of how we should
control computing and the flow of information to serve us to our mutual benefit.
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Lesson learned:
In this chapter I have learned that being responsible and reasoning out why you have done that
responsibility is a critical role in information technology. Knowing the relativity of things is as
important as you knowing your relatives and how things work. It is also important to
understand the reasons why things are important while others are not.
1. What is responsibility?
2. What is relativity?
3. What is the connection between reasoning and responsibility?
4. Is being reasonable bad or good?
5. What can you do to be able to related what you are doing to ethics?
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Disclosive Computer Ethics
Quote:” privacy is often to be taken as an aspect of autonomy”
In Microsoft word 2007 the word “disclosive” Is underlined in red which means that there is no
such word. But for me it is not important. What is important is to know what is the real
meaning of this word and what its relation with computer ethic.
Review:
So what is a disclosive at first place. As I search the web for a shorter meaning of disclosive I
passed by this phrase which explains to me the meaning of disclosive. Disclosive computer
ethic is concerned with the moral deciphering of embedded values and norms in computer
systems, applications, and practices. At first I really can’t understand it because for me
deciphering is like hacking in a system. You want to know what is the real hidden under those
values or what so ever.
As I read along, there is another word that struck me, that word is anonymous and freedom. In
my point of view being anonymous in a way is a good thing because you can cry your heart out
and do things that you cannot do when you are known. Being anonymous is like having your
freedom of speech. You can tell what you think to everyone either good or bad as long as it is
your opinion.
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Lessons learned:
First of all I learned the real meaning of disclosive computer ethics and know its pros and cons.
1. What is decipher?
2. What is freedom?
3. Does being anonymous related with freedom?
4. Why do we need to be anonymous?
5. Is it ethical to be anonymous?
26
Gender and Computer Ethics
Quote: ” The challenge is to retain a balance between the utopia/dystopia seesaw, a rhetoric
which has tended to attach to studies of ICTs, and especially to the internet. This imbalance
seen through the lens of feminist concerns translates into, on the one hand, a view which
argues that women have taken over the internet and are subverting to their own ends.”
I am hoping to learn more about the feminisms point of view on how women view computer
ethics.
Review:
We are lucky now that in our generation we have erased women discrimination. Unlike before
women would be allowed to be treated equal as men because of some hierarchy or traditions
that we follow. Sad to say even if we have erased it there are still some people who would
rather prefer that old tradition of discrimination against women.
Women now a days plays a big role in information technology industry. They uses their
advantage of able to work harder than men in some instances. Women in my point of view are
more creative and industrious when they are working on something. That’s why some
companies choose female executives.
Gender issue is now is not as exaggerated as before specially both sex understand their
strength and weaknesses. They both know what they can and cannot do.
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Lessons learned:
In our industry we are all treated as equal and hopefully many women will soon discover to use
their advantage to achieve their goals
1. What is feminism?
2. What are the 2 gender?
3. Is their any way men are better?
4. Are men and women treated as equal before?
5. What is the advantage of women?
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Is the Global Infrastructure a Democratic Technology?
Quote: ” Because Global information infrastructure (GII), a seamless web of

communication networks, computers, databases and consumer electronics that will put
vast amounts of information at user's finger tips.”
I expect to understand what global infrastructure is and what it has to do with democratic
technology.
Review:
Global information infrastructure for me is like having freedom and there for it is democratic in
a sense that everyone is free to view information as long as they do something bad about it.
This vast amount of information available today cannot be done without the help of other
people, because no one owns the internet there for it must be free. Freedom with information
comes with the responsibility that we must also contribute to the community. Knowing your
limitations is also very important, in a democratic country we have the freedom of speech etch.
But we must always put in mind that there are some limitations that we must comply with.
People have an instinct of being sarcastic. Even thou they know that some information are
sensitive and there for must privatize, they tend to dig in. They have that mind set of craving for
more. A good example of this are those bad hackers. They use their brains to do people harm.
Another thing is anonymity, we must respect the anonymity of other people because its their
decision. Being anonymous places a big role in the web today. If you talk to a person you don’t
know may lead to some mistrust but this is just some of the consequence of being anonymous.
29
For me GII is a good just don’t abuse it. Make something out of the ordinary and share it to
other.
Lesson Learned:
Vast information is available today. Let us thank those people who haven’t slept for day just to
provide us information. I learned that we must also contribute our knowledge with other and
we must also respect if they tend to privatize some information.
1. What is GII?
2. What do GII do?
3. Is GII democratic?
4. What is democratic technology?
5. What do democratic technology have to do with the GII?
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Applying Ethical and Moral Concepts and Theories to IT Contexts: Some Key Problems and
Challenges
Quote:” In the wake of the Enlightenment the emphasis in ethical theory has been for a long
time on systems and rules. Almost invariably, these rules were derived from some supposed
“ethically perfect world.” But ideal rules may workout very differently in (non-ideal) practice.”
In this chapter I expect to learn how to apply ethics and moral concepts and theories in my
everyday work. As an IT student we must have a sturdy foundations with these concepts for us
to be able to not interfere with others and know your limitations.
Review:
As I read through the pages of this chapter it was mind bugging. Many concepts seem to blow
mind apart but as I goes along the way I tend to realize the 3 important concepts (1) the
demarcation of computer ethics,(2) the role of social context and, (3) role of expert advisers.
For Birrer his point of view on this opposite. This is what he said ”I beg to disagree with this.
The issues he mentioned are already issues even without a computer. It doesn't make sense
that privacy does not have a question in morality and immorality. Also the rights on a property,
it is unbelievable to say that it is not inclined in any moral aspect.” According to him those
issues are already taking place and there for must not be expounded more.
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Lesson Learned:
I learned that when it comes to ethics there are so many theories are competing with each
other. There for we must know in what way we are to view things and carefully match what
theories match.
Integrative Question:
1. What are the 3 concepts being explained?

2. What did Birrer has to do with demarcation of ethics?
3. What are the importance of those 3 concepts?
4. What is the role of experts in computer ethics?
5. Enumerate reasons to distinguish ethics in narrow sense.
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Just Consequentialism and Computing
Quote:” Computer ethics is a field of professional ethics concerned with issues of

responsibilities and conduct for computer professionals.”
I expect to learn how to be just in using the computer and face the consequences of any actions
made.
Review:
In a company there are some policies regarding the use of computers, storage of data and other
things that is connected with information technology. Policies made by a company are based on
ethical theories like the just consequencialism of Moor. He agues about policies in computers;
how it is followed or not followed and the difference between ethical and non-ethical policies.
He also wants the people who uses the this technology to become more aware of the
implications and the consequences of neglecting policies set by the IT world. He wants to
inspire computer ethics to have more creative in pointing out the real problems in order to
provide a more convincing and strong policies.
Moors argument is more likely of the law of action and reaction. It is stated that in every action
there will be a reaction. it is telling us that every action we make must be thought first, because
there will be a consequence whether it is good or bad we must be ready to face it.
Specially today that people seem to take for granted making unethical actions when using the
computers because maybe there is no one around. But we must always take it into
consideration that we are not alone. God will always find a way to let us realize that what we
are doing is wrong.
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Lessons learned:
When ever you are using the computer, come to think of it. Will be one of those unethical
people who doesn’t care about other or are you one of those people who seem to think before
they act. Either way we must face whatever consequence either good or bad the most
important thing is learn from your mistakes.
1. Define consequence?
2. Is consequence and justice the same?
3. How can we help a company in policy making?
4. Is it just to put policies in using a computer?
5. What is Moor trying to point out in his argument?
34
The Internet as Public Space: Concepts, Issues, and Implications on Public Policy
Quote:” the internet has long been identified as an information agora. The role of the internet
as a public space foe every citizen is being shaped by two seemingly contradictory
characteristics: the internet is both ubiquitous and personal”
As I am reading the title of the chapter I am expecting to be enlightened on some concepts that
will be explained and be more aware of the issues that deals with the IT industry.
Review:
In this chapter the author explain about a goal with consist of , first to help clarify concepts-old
and emerging and to bring up important issues involved. Second is to consider how regulating
electronic spaces simultaneity, permeability, and exclusivity. The chapter is all about the
relevance of the internet to the public. It is said that the internet is the most common place
where people meet. So Internet is definitely a public space. Surfing in the internet is like going
to mall, walking in the park, sitting in a bench. These activities ask for physical space in public
domain.
Lesson learned:
I learned about that the internet is not just a public space. And also the connection of all public
and private businesses and establishment
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1. What is the internet?

2. What are the digital characteristics?
3. How do cyberspace help people?
4. What are the authors goal?
5. What is the identification of the internet?
36
Law of cyberspace
Quote:” Social norms are a second. They are regulate. Social norms – understandings or
expectations about how I ought to behave, enforced not through some centralized norm
enforcer within a particular community – direct and constrain my behavior in a far wider array
of contexts than any law. Norms say what clothes I will wear: a suit, not a dress they tell you to
sit quietly, and politely, for at least 40 minuets while I speak; they organize how we will interact
after this talk is over. Norms guide behavior; in this sense, they function as s second regulatory
constraints ”
I am expecting to learn more about what are the laws of cyberspace. I haven’t heard this
concept before. What is the difference of laws and policies? If we broke the law will anyone
know it?
Review:
Let me start with a brief history. before the revolution in Russia. The Russians have a system of
internal passports. People living in Russia hate this kind of system because they feel like they
are in jail. This passports marked the estate from which you came, and this marking determined
the places you could go, with whom you could be. The passport plays like badges that grant
access or barred people in places. But this changed after the revolution. People have the
freedom to travel everywhere and have and be with anyone they want. but this didn’t last for
long the government brings back the internal passport again to gain control of the people.
Today some people want to gain control of the cyberspace or what they called internet. they
wanted to have control so that it would not be chaotic. For me this is bullshit. People spend
lifetime developing what we are now using then they want us to be controlled? Cyberspace and
37
realspace are 2 different realities. The laws in the real space don’t apply with the cyberspace so
they really don’t have to put control on it.
Lesson learned:
I learned that people want to have control over the cyberspace and I strongly oppose it.
Internet is internetwork of databases, private networks and users. So it means that everyone
contributes to it, there for they don’t have the right to control or restrict users in using it.
1. What do Russians use to control their people

2. Having like an internal passport over the cyberspace will help us more?
3. Why do they have to put control over cyber space?
4. What are the 2 different networks?
5. Describe the network used by harvard?
38
Of Black Holes and Decentralized Law-Making in Cyberspace
Quote:” there is, within the (rapidly-growing)community of people who spend their time
thinking about law and policy in cyberspace, a rather interesting debate taking place. Though it
is not always characterized in these terms, it reflects a conflict between competing visions of
“order” and “disorder” in social system. This is by no means a “new” debate, but it takes on a
new shape in the rather special condition of cyber space or so, at least , I hope to suggest in
what follows”
I would like to know about the term black hole specially in ethic readings. I would also like to
learn about the decentralized law-making in cyberspace.
Review:
This chapter talks about spam messages. What is its origins and its terminologies. This chapter
clearly explains how it works and when it started. At the start of the chapter there is a message
sent to professor Tom Fields which in todays term is spam. It all started with an explanation
where in all of the email addresses of different persons are store in one data bank. Every time
they want to make an advertisement or announcement etch. They just have to access the data
storage and send the desired messages.
Today we are experiencing spam issue on our email ads. For me “”spam” messages are like
viruses, they always comes back and could not prevented. But they could be stopped just for a
while, yet surely they will come back. In this chapter you will encounter the term MAPS which
means Mail Abuse Prevention System and the RBL which means Realtime Blackhole List which
consist of a long list of internet addresses. They place on the RBL any internet address from
which, to their knowledge, spam has originated.
39
Lesson Learned:
After I read this chapter I know understand how Spam works and how It originated. Deception
is one key tactic which can fool people easily.
1. What is RBL?
2. What can it do?
3. What harm can it do to us?
4. Who discover these spam?
5. What is MAPS?
40
Fahrenheit 451.2: Is Cyberspace Burning?
Quote:”Any content-based regulation of the internet, no matter how benign the purpose could
burn the global village to roast the pig”
I would like to learn about that 451.2 Fahrenheit and its connection with cyber ethics. I would
also like to learn about that cyberspace burning as stated in the title.
Review:
In this chapter it is explained very well why the title of the chapter is Fahrenheit 451.2 and is
the cyberspace burning. This chapter explain about the usage of internet and books.
Fahrenheit 451, author Ray Bradbury describes a futuristic society where books are
outlawed.”Fahrenheit 451” is, of course the temperature at which books burn. People censor
the printed word by burning books. But in the virtual world, one can just as easily censor
controversial speech by banishing it to the farthest corners of cyberspace using rating and
blocking programs.
The author Ray Bradbury also explains why his latest book is named 451.2f. He said that this is a
virtual censorships where in this is the temperature which cyberspace goes up in smoke.
He also enumerated that the first flames of interne censorship appeared two years ago with the
introduction of the federal communications decency act(CDA), outlawing “indecent” online
speech. Luckily the court declares that the internet is the highest form of free speech so it also
deserves protection granted into books and other printed materials.
41
Lessons learned:
I learned that internet censorship is on its way and maybe time will come that internet will be
like a bookstore where in all the articles are censored and nothing indecent will pass through. I
hope this will not happen because for me as a student internet in its form today helps me
gather information specially during research work.
Integrative Questions :
1. What is CDA?
2. Who is the author of Fahrenheit 451?
3. What do he mean by Fahrenheit 451.2?
4. Why does he declare that the internet is now smoking?
5. What is censorship?
42
Filtering the Internet in the USA: Free Speech Denied?
Quote:” Thus, access criteria are preset by the product manufacturer and can be altered by the
regular downloading of updates or even altered, for certain of the filters, by the active user.
Not surprisingly, most users, especially busy parents, are likely to use the default criteria
and therefore have minimal awareness of which sites and newsgroups are not accessible.
Since blocking and filtering programs are commonly available, the focus of this paper will be
on their use; however, also of importance, and potentially more dangerous, are rating
programs, analogous to systems in place for movies and television. Two systems are
intended to first encourage and later require websites and newsgroups to rate themselves
along a number of dimensions for example includes nudity, sex, violence, and language.
Browsers and search engines could then be programmed to return or access sites and
newsgroups that satisfy a preset profile. The dangers associated with self-rating schemeswill
be discussed later in this paper.”
I would like to learn more about why is there such word as filtering the internet. How can you
filter such a democratic technology. I also want to learn more about the side of the people
using the internet in the USA because it seems that it is limited.
Review:
In the previous chapter it is talk about that the internet is the highest form of free speech and
there for the publishers must not be filtered because it is their intellectual right to say what
ever they want. There are a lot of problems with blocking and filtering contents because
such features restricts access to some content that some people might actually want to gain
access too. For example, just the other day, i saw this kid browsing through the internet about
43
something that let’s just say, not for his age but then it’s there, it is there wide and open for the
innocent kid to see. That is not for him but how come he has access to it? Is it the fault of
the parent? Or is the browser the one to blame?
Why won’t they activate the filtering feature of the browser? Another thing, is it the
parents who must be responsible for their children in the other hand.
Lessons learned:
I learned about the definitions. I also learned about the current issues regarding blocking and
filtering and some example. I also learned about the librarians and filtering programs
1. Define filtering?
2. What is the meaning of USA?
3. Who must be responsible in filtering what they can search?
4. What is the difference of filtering and blocking?
5. Give examples of filtering softwares?
44
Censorship, the internet, and the child pornography law of 1996: A critique
Quote:”when the law speaks universally, then, and a case arises on it which is not covered by
the universal statement, then it is right, where the legislator fails us and has erred by over
simplicity, to correct the imission- to say what the legislator himself would have said had he
been present, and would have put into his law if he had known”
I am expecting to learn more about the law on child pornography. And how do people filter the
net to stop child pornography over the internet
Review:
This chapter talks about conducting what might otherwise be an abstract, esoteric and
unwieldy discussion of censorship on the internet. Way back in 1996 there was a law protecting
the children against child pornography. This was called child pornography prevention act
(CPPA). Child pornography had been an issue every since. This problem could not be solved if
people will just sit in their chairs and watch people destroy the welfare of the children.
The aim of the CPPA at regulating the use of computers in the production and dissemination of
child pornography and is upon close inspection, remarkably restrictive. This act makes it a crime
even if knowingly send, receive, distribute etch. For the people to understand what really is
going on in our society and reduce the production of child pornography.
Instant blocking software were develop to prevent child pornographic materials to spread and
finally locate the master mind behind these illegal operations.
45
For me this is a good act not only for those who are covered by this act but also all the people
of the world. It is good to know that there are still people concern about the welfare of those
children who are engaged in this kind of business.
Lessons Learned:
Today many children are suffering due to these kind of illegal activities. As a person willing to
help them let us not take child pornography for granted. Let us not patronize these kind of
materials so that those producers will stop producing anymore.
1. What is CPPA?
2. When did CPPA enacted?
3. What can CPPA do to those victims of child pornography?
4. Give example of violation of CPPA?
5. What do CDA means?
46
PICS: internet Access Controls Without Censorship
Quote:”on the internet, we can do still better, with richer labels that reflect diverse viewpoints,
and more flexible selection criteria. PICS, the platform for the internet content selection,
establishes internet conventions for labeling vocabulary nor who should pay attention to which
labels. It is analogous to specify where on a package a label should appear, and in what font it
should be printed, without specifying what it should say”
I expect to learn more about why people needs to have access control. For me this is very
intriguing what if that person needs to visit a site where in the information he needs is there
and it is not granted access to it.
Review:
In this chapter there an article titled Flexible blocking. So how is this done. Rather than turning
off the internet, there should be some way to block only the inappropriate material.
Appropriateness, however is neither an object nor a universal measure. It depends on at least 3
factors 1)the supervisor2)the recipient3)the context.
In this chapter the author talks about the PICS which means Platform for the Internet Content
Selection. He said that it is the one responsible in blocking what is needed to be block. Given in
the example are those people in the offices. They are just allowed to visit sites that would have
to do with their line of work. PICS can be a very useful tool in controlling children who can stop
thinking green. Parents could set words or phrase that if search cant be viewed by the children.
PICS provides a labeling infrastructure for the internet. It is values-neutral: it can accommodate
any set of labeling dimensions, and any criteria for assigning labels. Any PICS-compatible
47
software can interpret labels from any source, because each source provides a machine
readable description of its labeling dimension.
Lessons learned:
I learned that access restriction in some way could provide us positive effect. It is shown in the
reading that PICS is a very useful tool against unwanted access. It is very effective and hopefully
all of the companies will makes their own PICS
1. What is the meaning of PICS?

2. What can PICS it do?
3. Where do PICS base its restrictions?
4. Who are affected by PICS?
5. Who made PICS?
48
Internet Service Providers and Defamation: New Standards of Liability
Quote:”in the past few years defamation on the internet has emerged as a controversial topic
of internet law. The complexity of this multi-faceted issue precludes a comprehensive
treatment of internet defamation in this paper”
From the title it self I would like to learn more about defamation and in what way can a person
commit defamation. Another is how can a person be liable and what are the consequence of
this action.
Review:
In the chapter there is one article where in it is said that the first amendment of the
constitution guarantees freedom of speech and freedom of the press. Internet is the highest
form of freedom of speech as what is explain in the previous chapters of the book. It is also said
that internet or is democratic so there for must be at will with people. Having a state of “there
must be some limit on speech in cyberspace” is a defamation itself. So what is defamation by a
way? It is a communication that harms the reputation of another and lowers that persons
steem in the eyes of the community.
In the article Internet service providers and the internet defamation with in the chapter it is
explained that big confusion when it comes to liability. There is one question which says. Do
internet providers can be liable for defamation made by its users? In this way lets us say that
ISP could be liable. But how could they categorize that company is an ISP provider. There are
some conflicts in the rules of liability when it comes to defamation.
49
We have sought to demonstrate here that policies and laws governing defamation liability on
the internet need substantial revision. The prevailing interpretation of the communications
decent act, which provides absolute immunity for isp’s is mistakenly dangerous.
Lessons learned:
In this chapter I learned how defamation could affect ones selfsteem. I also learned that before
there were confusion and conflicts when it comes to the liability of ISP in defamation made by
their users.
1. What is defamation?
2. How could this achieved when using the internet?
3. What are ISP’s?
4. Is internet democratic?
5. Give example on how to defame the cyberspace?
50
Digital Millennium Copyright Act
Quote:” The technology companies that distribute their content — the legal power to create
closed technology platforms and exclude competitors from interoperating with them.”
To learn more about how the digital millennium copyright act and how it works. I also want to
learn how will it help us in our daily life.
Review:
The arrest of Russian programmer Dmitry Sklyarov in 2001, for alleged infringement of the
DMCA, was a highly publicized example of the law's use to prevent or penalize development of
anti-DRM measures. While working for Elcomsoft in Russia, he developed The Advanced
eBook Processor, a software application allowing users to strip usage restriction
information from restricted e-books, an activity legal in both Russia and the United States.
Paradoxically, under the DMCA, it is not legal in the United States to provide such a tool.
Sklyarov was arrested in the United States after presenting a speech at DEF CON and
subsequently spent nearly a month in jail. The DMCA has also been cited as chilling to
legitimate users, such as students of cryptanalysis (including, in a well-known instance,
Professor Edward Felten and students at Princeton), and security consultants such as Niels
Ferguson, who has declined to publish information about vulnerabilities he discovered in an
Intel secure-computing scheme because of his concern about being arrested under the DMCA .
51
Lessons learned:
The DMCA has been criticized for making it too easy for copyright owners to encourage
website owners to take down allegedly infringing content and links which may in fact not be
infringing. When website owners receive a takedown notice it is in their interest not to
challenge it, even if it is not clear if infringement is taking place, because if the potentially
infringing content is taken down the website will not be held liable.
1. What is the meaning of DMCA?

2. What can it do to us?
3. Who is that Russian programmer that was arrested?
4. Why is he arrested?
5. What did he do wrong?
52
Note on the DeCSS trial
Quote: “In the fast-pased world of cyberlaw the first summer of the new millennium will
be remembered for two controversial cases. The first is the well publicized dispute involving
web sites such as Napster and Gnutella which allow users to swap MP3 music files. The music
industry has sought an injunction to prevent Napster, since the subject matter probably
seemed more arcane to the general public. Both cases have the potential to shape the
precarious landscape of intellectual property law but the effects of the DeCSS case”
To learn more about DeCSS and how it works.
Review:
In this chapter you will learn about some technologies that are used to the same but in
different operating systems.Jon Johansen wrote DeCSS in order to view DVDs on a Linux
machine. The MPAA has since brought suit against him in his native Norway as well. Johansen
testified on Thursday that he announced the successful reverse engineering of a DVD on
the mailing list of the Linux Video and DVD Project (LiViD), a user resource center for
video- and DVD-related work for Linux. The Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF), an
organization based in San Francisco which supports civil liberties in digital arenas, is
providing a legal defense that cites, among other issues, fair use. After all, the EFF
argues, if you buy a DVD, why can't you play it on any machine you want? this is the
question of many of the people who are experiencing the same scenario
53
Lessons learned:
I learned that copying a technology will be a big liability in your part
1. What is DeCSS trial?

2. What is DVD?
3. What do DMCA do with the trial?
4. What is this chapter all about?
5. What is the meaning of EFF?
54
A politics of intellectual property: Environmentalism for the net?
Quote: “using the controversy over copyright on the net as a case-study and the history of the
environmental movement as a comparison, it offers a couple of modest proposals about what
such a politics might look like- what theoretical ideas it might draw upon and what
constituencies it might unite”
I would like to learn how environmentalism could help the internet. I would also like to learn
more about the meaning of intellectual property.
Review :
In this chapter the author said that we are now moving to an information age. To have
information is to have power. As I said in the previous chapters that the more information you
have the more power you gain. These ideas are so true, everybody would agree with it.
Sad to say that academics is not the best social theorist in this age but those science fiction
writers and in particular the cyberpunks. Cyberpunks are the originators of the word
cyberspace. Cyberpunks often offers us legal insights. The more one moves to a world in which
the message, rather than the medium.
In this age of information, there are some pros and cons. The most common cons are those
pornographic material roaming around different users.
The author said “I have argued that the idea of an information age is indeed a useful and
productive concept, that there is a homologizing tendency for all ”information issues” to
collapse into each other as information technology and the idea of “information” move forward
55
in reciprocal relationship” yes I agree with his argument that today information is very helpful
and productive specially when it comes to economic and political advancement.
Lessons learned:
I learned that today we are on the information age and we are lucky that this technological
advancement help up to be more productive. I also learned that cyberpunks are the creator of
the word cyberspace and they are more liable theorist rather than academics.
1. Who are those cyber punks?

2. What do you call the era we are now?
3. What are the pros and cons of information age?
4. What do you mean by the word “privatise”?
5. Give example how technology help our environment?
56
Intellectual Property, information, and Common Good
Quote: “computer technology has created a new revolution in how intellectual property is
created, stored, reproduced and disseminated; with that revolution has come new challenges
to our understanding of intellectual property and how to protect it”
In our subject called ITETHICS we come across this word intellectual property. I as a student
feels lucky to know about this kind of term. I am hoping to learn more about this intellectual
property and how to use it for the common good.
Review :
Intellectual property is explain in this chapter as a property which always been tied with
technology. Technology arises from the intellectual property in the form of new inventions. Lets
dissect the term intellectual property. First the word intellectual means ideas. Original ideas
came from a particular person. The next is property, which means ownership of something. So
combining the 2 word means “ownership of an idea”.
In this chapter also explains cases over intellectual property. Case 1 plagiarism – this is a
common problem today. Increase in the technology dramatically increase the possibilities.
Case2 Software piracy - Many of the copyrights had been already infringe many got pirated.
Just for example here in the Philippines DVD pirated are almost everywhere. This is one issue
that could not put on a halt. Case 3 repacking data and databases – one good example of this is
a quote in Pilipino “ikaw ang nag tanim, iba ang aani” which means you spend time and money
in order for you to earn from it but others just rename it and call it their own.
57
These are just example of cases where in intellectual property rights had been infringe. Taking
into consideration that a persons intellectual property even if he didn’t copyright it or put it
into creative common doesn’t mean that you can get it already. Let us respect the ideas of
others, we could always learn from them but we must not declare ownership on it.
Lessons learned:
I learned more about intellectual property. How it can be broken and how it can be protected.
The definition of IP is some how general. But the moment that persons new ideas came out
that is already considered as his intellectual property.
1. What is intellectual property?

2. Give examples on how to infringe it.
3. How could we protect our own intellectual property?
4. Is piracy the same as repacking?
5. How can you say that you own that intellectual property?
58
Is Copyright Ethical? An Examination of the Theories, Laws, and Practices Regarding the Private
Ownership of Intellectual Work in the United States
Quote: “A property right is the relationship between individuals in reference to things. Cohen
(1935)”
Learning expectation:
I expect to learn more about copyrights and why is it ethical. I would like to see some argument
on copyright ethical theories and laws.
Review:
The ethics of copyright can be approached in two ways: (1) If, as Hettinger suggests, every
creator stands on the shoulders of giants what is the essential morality in allowing the last
contributor to reap the full reward or to have the right to prevent others from building on
her contribution; and (2) If, as postulated by Locke, an individual is entitled to what he
or she creates, what are the ethics of limiting a creators rights in regards to his or her
creation? Theoretically copyright law in the United States takes the first view, stating that
authors have no natural right in their creation but only the rights that the state has conferred
by reason of policy to encourage the creation of new works.
In my point of view I disagree with that argument of, government owning the rights on that
property and the owner it self has no rights on it but what is given to him by the government.
For me this is very unethical. How In the world could someone tells you what to do if that thing
is yours.
59
I learned the 2 ways on how to view on ethics of copyright. I also learned the American
copyright is very unjust because of what they are doing with the works of others
1. What is copyright?
2. Explain the ethics on copyrights?
3. What are the 2 ways on how to view copyright ethics?
4. Do the creator of the copyright have the rights on his work?
5. What country are we talking about?
60
On the Web; Plagiarism matters more than copyright piracy
Quote: “the observation that copyright shows concern for the owner rather than the user,
however, is only a starting point for a study of the issue regarding copyrights in web
publication. Our copyright policies are legal conventions that establish the relevant notion of
property”
I would like to learn the difference between plagiarism and piracy because I think these are the
same. I also would like to learn why is plagiarism matters more than piracy.
Review:
In this chapter it is very well explain he difference between piracy and plagiarism. Although
commonly confused, the value inherent in copyright policy are different from those inherent in
scholarly standards for the proper accreditation of ideas. Piracy is the infringement of a
copyright and plagiarism is the failure to give credit. So why is plagiarism has more weight than
piracy?
Plagiarism is when you get something and declare it as your own. For me this is more than
stealing. Plagiarism for me is a crime because you not only stole something but you also declare
that you own it.
In the other hand piracy is like forgetting to ask permission from the owner that you will use
his/her work. To stop piracy you just can simply put in the source and acknowledge the author.
61
Lesson learned:
The difference of the two make no difference in the eye of ordinary people, but we as IT
student must always keep in we will be the next generation of IT practitioners and we carry the
responsibility to know the definition of the 2 words.
1. What is plagiarism?
2. What is piracy?
3. How can you tell if the crime is plagiarism or piracy?
4. What can do to stop piracy?
5. Give example of plagiarism.
62
An Ethical Evaluation of Web Site Linking
Library Reference: None
Amazon Link: http://www.amazon.com/Cyberethics-Morality-Cyberspace-Richard-

Spinello/dp/0763737836/ref=sr_1_3?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1239346529&sr=8-3
Quote: “while web site author may indeed have a property right in their creative work. They
have correlative obligation to promote the sharing and free flow of information when their
specific ownership rights are not put in jeopardy by deep linking”
Learning Expectations:
I would like to learn more about web site linking and what are the ethical ways of linking it and
how can it be unethical to link sites.
Book Review:
World wide web has grown in popularity since its birth decades ago. In this chapter the author
talks about the power of linking websites. The propriety of linking to other web sites has
achieved some prominence as an important moral and legal issue. Hyperlinks represent the
essence of web-based activity.
While most sites welcome and support incoming links, other block them or seek to license them
in some way. Bypassing the home page in a website is what they call deep linking. Deep linking
is forbidden in the cyber space. In some circumstances deep linking is unfair and constitutes
misappropriatetion of intellectual property. In this paper we will explore issues of deep linking
First lets discuss about links. Links is simply a connection within the same website or between 2
different websites. When you out a URL of a site into your site and label it this is called
hyperlink. So what is really deep linking? The definition of deep linking given by the author is
bringing the user to subordinate pages within that website. One good example of this is what
happened to Microsoft and ticketmaster. What Microsoft did is, it develop a website called
seattle sidewalk where in it is like a guide to seattle where in many establishments are
63
connected to it. However the connection with ticketmaster bypass the home page of the site
and went directly to ticket selling. This is one big mistake by Microsoft. Bypassing the home
page of a particular website and directly accessing its functions is clearly a deep linking.
Lessons learned:
I learned about deep linking, how it is done and why is it forbidden. I also learned about some
issues surrounding linking sites. i also realize that we must respect other peoples work, specially
in websites. Websites are publication and there for we must respect the home page before
getting deeper into the site.
1. What is a hyperlink?
2. What are the 2 different kinds of hyperlink?
3. What is deep linking?
4. Why is it not allowed?
5. Give example of deeplinking?
64
The cathedral and the Bazaar

Quote: “once again the existence of the open-source community sharpens this question
considerably – because we have fun doing what we do. Our creative play has been racking up
technical, market-share, and mind-share successes at an astounding rate. We’ve proving not
only that we can do better software, but the joy is as asset.”
I am expecting to learn more about why do they say the cathedral and the bazaar? There must
be something in this chapter that oppose each other. Because if you come to think of it. A
cathedral is a big but quite place while a bazaar has many people and many ideas.
Review:
In this chapter the author talks about open source programming. He also explains the power of
open source programming. Who would have thought even five years ago(1991) that a world-
class operating system could coalesce as if by magic out of part-time hacking by several
thousand developers scattered all over the planet, connected only by the tenuous strands of
the internet?
I guess this is one statement that open source community is a powerful tool. Linux realized the
power of open source and began to embrace open source programming. It is nice to know that
people are connected only by a strand. Like the internet people seem to create a community
which shares ideas and techniques with each other. This is the advantage of using open source
programming. Many ideas pours into your system and will help you develop it.
65
Lessons learned:
I learned that open source is good. You will be able to download programs and softwares for
free. I also learned how open source community help each other, shares idea and collaborate
their work.
1. What is linux?
2. Why does it merge with the open source community?
3. What is an open source community?
4. What is the advantage of open source community?
5. What is UNIX?
66
Towards a Theory of Privacy in the Information Age

Quote: “our revolution will not be in gathering data—don’t look for tv cameras in your
bedroom—but in analyzing the information that is already willingly shared.”
I expect to learn more about the theories that have to do with the privacy of everyone in this
age of information
Review:
The justification of privacy would be more secure if we could show that it has intrinsic
value. Good definition of privacy in Western societies, but it is important to remember
that this value is neither universal nor absolute. China and Singapore are examples of
many societies where it is not considered correct that individuals have the right to be
shielded as described by Moor.
RFID can perhaps be seen as arguments for and against information and communications
technology (ICT) in general as the enemy of privacy. As the eminent computer ethicist
Herman Tavani explains, ICT poses a unique threat to personal privacy because of the type and
quantity of personal information that can be collected. Even where this is held to be correct,
in societies such as Australia, it is seen as acceptable for individual privacy to be overridden
for the sake of something more valuable, such as the general welfare, and indeed people
frequently sacrifice their own privacy for some other benefit, such as the convenience of
transacting over the Internet privacy techniques.
67
Lessons learned:
I learned about the different theories on privacy for the information age.
1. What is privacy in your own words?

2. Who is the enemy of privacy?
3. What is ICT?
4. What can it do for us?
5. How can it help in our daily life?
68
The Structure of Rights in Directive 95/46/EC on the Protection of Individuals with Regard to the
Processing of Personal Data and the Free Movement of Such Data
Quote:
“According to one theory, privacy should be identified with the individual’s control concerning
the flow of personal information”
My learning expectation includes understanding the directives that is being discussed in this
chapter and how is it relevant in our course.
Review:
The chapter has three parts for the purpose of effectively discussing the 95/46/EC protection of
individuals directive. In the first part talks about how the structure of rights in the said directive
is described, second, is the author discusses the widely discussed philosophical accounts of
privacy, and third is the own ideas of the author regarding the philosophical theories of
individual rights concerning the personal data processing. On a broader perspective the chapter
talks about what is the purpose of the directive, its contents, and problems that it addresses.
The Directive addresses the problem of processing data, the aim of the directive is to “protect
the fundamental rights and freedom of natural persons, and in particular the right to privacy
with respect to the processing of personal data”. Another aim of the directive, which is relevant
to the first is the protection that is being talked about is making the flow of sensitive
information promoted within the community. Referring to the directive, its central concept is
about the processing of personal data, while the earlier pieces of legislation are about the
recording of data which in my opinion is the foundation of the directive.
In the book, the processing of personal data is defined as “any operation or set of operations
which is performed upon personal data, whether or not by automatic means, such as collection,
69
recording, organisation, storage, adaptation or alteration, retrieval, consultation, use,
disclosure by transmission, dissemination or otherwise making available, alignment or
combination, blocking, erasure or destruction”. The definition is quite lengthy but I believe it
was a sufficient explanation for what data processing is.
Lesson learned:
In this chapter I have learned that computers are just robot. Whatever you told them to do,
they will do it. They really don’t have emotions. Having the knowledge puts you in a position
where in you can be anyone or do anything but always remember that life is too short so make
the best of it.
1. What is the main purpose of the directive?

2. What did the author discussed in the second and third part of the chapter?
3. What is the issue about privacy in this chapter?
4. What does the philosophical theory say about privacy?
5. What is the problem with processing data?
70
Privacy Protection, Control of Information, and Privacy-Enhancing Techniques
Quote:
“Privacy is the claim of individuals, groups, or institutions to determine for themselves when,
how and to what extent information about them as communicated to others”
My learning expectation includes understanding the directives that is being discussed in this
chapter and how is it relevant in our course.
Review:
This chapter has two parts: the first part is about the argument of separating privacy from
control is necessary which is necessary to preserve the identity of both notions. It could be
further in three different ways which are according to the book, choice, consent, and
correction. These play an important role in privacy management. The first part also talks about
why individual controls alone are not sufficient in guaranteeing personal privacy protection and
why certain external controls which are provided by privacy policies are needed.
Another argument in the first part is that even the privacy-enhancing technologies provide
people with a way of controlling their sensitive information; they do not necessarily ensure the
protection of privacy because they do not provide internet users with a privacy protection zone
that includes external controls.
Lesson learned:
This chapter provided my knowledge with what privacy enhancing technologies are all about
and how can they affect users like us and on how they provide protection to internet users, and
also on how it was insufficient for protection.
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1. What is the main argument in the first part of the chapter?

2. Why did the author argue the PET’s are not enough to protect the privacy of the users?
3. Why does he also argue that privacy should be separated from control?
4. What are some tools that are provided by PETs?
5. Why did the author said that PET only blue the need for privacy protection?
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Toward an Approach to Privacy in Public: Challenges of Information Technology
Quote:
“The important thing is that there be some information which is protected”
My learning expectation in this chapter is on what are the challenges of information technology
when it comes to privacy in public.
Review:
The main thought of this chapter is about the contemporary moral privacy that is not included
with the dominant theoretical approaches. Even if these approaches have emphasis on the
relation of privacy and the so-called protected personal sphere, there is still a perceived threat
in privacy because of the massive collection of information even if it is in public. This chapter
describes and identifies the problem in privacy in public, it is considered as “preliminary work in
a larger effort to map out future theoretical directions”.
There are many approaches that are influential when it comes to the issue of privacy, and they
all commonly emphasize the role of privacy with regards to securing a “personal realm” which
is about the privacy of people. In this book, there are two realms that are considered by the
author, the “private realm” and the public realm, as discussed in the chapter, these two realms
are contrasting and could be defined ambiguously.
The argument on the approaches is the worthiness of safeguarding privacy because as stated in
the book, “intimacy is important; privacy is worth protecting because we value the sanctity of a
personal realm”. As the author said, his article does not argue or challenge the connection
between the privacy norm and the ability to protect those realms and also the importance of
securing intimate and personal realms. But rather it argues that “the account of privacy is not
complete that stops with the intimate and personal realms.”
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Lesson learned:
I learned the approaches in privacy and the realms used by the author to explain the topic, also
the problems that are encountered regarding the privacy in public.
1. What is the article’s main point of discussion?

2. What are some examples of approaches in privacy?
3. What is the problem with privacy in public?
4. What is the commonality with the approaches in privacy?
5. Do you agree with the argument that the author made?
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KDD, Privacy, Individuality, and Fairness
Quote:
“Infringements of categorical privacy cannot be dealt with in ways similar to those in which
individuals are protected against possible infringements of individual informational privacy”
My learning expectation is that I will learn what is KDD, and why is it related to privacy and the
other topics like individuality and fairness.
Review:
The author of the chapter aims to draw attention on the problems regarding KDD or the
knowledge discovery in databases, which are using personal data. The KDD has three processes:
the data warehousing phase, where data are gathered and stored, the data mining phase,
where the data is analyzed, and the interpretation phase, is where the results of the analysis
are interpreted. The KDD is mainly used for tracking unforeseen patterns in large database
which offers great opportunities in predicting behaviours of groups. There are also other
applications of KDD; this includes the tracking of marketing and credit scoring, checking
patterns in criminal behaviour, and also medical data and medical drug consumption.
The main focus of this chapter is the negative social impact of group profiling with the use of
KDD. The applications of KDD have many implications that could benefit a lot of people but as
usual there are disadvantages with concern to moral and a social point of view. The KDD is
discussed as far as the personal data and the combination of other data is concerned. And the
author did not discuss anything about KDD without any connection with personal data because
I also think it is not relevant.
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To summarize the chapter, the author first pointed out that the “current privacy law and non-
legal privacy norms are based on a narrow definition of personal data”. The focus is on the
serious social problems that could arise from group profiling.
Lesson learned:
I learned the concept and the process of KDD and how could it be a problem in moral and social
perspective
1. What is the aim of this chapter?

2. What are the three processes of KDD?
3. What is the purpose of KDD?
4. What are the benefits of KDD?
5. What is the disadvantage of KDD?
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Data Mining and Privacy
Quote:
“Is it possible for data that do not in themselves deserve legal protection to contain implicit
knowledge that does deserve legal protection, and, if so, what balance must be struck between
the freedom to use whatever knowledge one has at one’s disposal to further one’s own ends
and – to put it in Kantian terms – the freedom not to have one’s personal data mined into
knowledge that will be used as a means to someone else’s ends?”
My learning expectation is that my knowledge will be furthered with regards to data mining.
Review:
The main focus of this chapter is the protection of private data from being connected or
associated to the source, which is in this case the user. But there are certain methodologies
which are based on cryptographic protocols which would provide protection from exploitation.
These techniques are devised by the computer scientist, David Chaum, these said techniques
are used to prevent the “dossier society” which is defined as the use of computer to infer
information about a certain individual which causes the “chilling effect” which cause people to
change their routine observable activities. But there are no formal and real incentives for
organizations equipped with this user protection feature despite the worries of the consumers
in data collection. But as long as the law does not give concern with this subject, this matter
would only be just an advance course in computer science as said in the book.
Data mining is knowledge discovery in databases or is known as KDD, these differ from
traditional retrieval of information from databases because the traditional method returns
records which are responses from queries or searches. While in data mining, the data that is
retrieved is not explicit when in the database. Another way to explain data mining which I’ve
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read in the book is “the process of discovering such patterns when considered apart from the
necessary concomitant parts of the knowledge discovery process”.
Lesson learned:
I learned the meaning of data mining and additional knowledge about privacy.
1. What is the main topic that is being discussed in the chapter?

2. What does data mining mean?
3. And what is the issue with data mining?
4. Do you think you are affected by the issue?
5. What do you think would be a good solution to this problem?
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Workplace Surveillance, Privacy, and Distributive Justice
Quote:
“As surveillance increases, more and more questions are being raised about its legitimacy”
I expect to learn more about workplace surveillance and its connection to privacy, and
distributive justice.
Review:
This chapter is all about the issue of workplace surveillance and the individual right to privacy.
Surveillance has become a big issue in our society today, there are hidden cameras, CCTV’s,
consumer surveys, and workplace surveillance. As surveillance increases, the question about its
legitimacy also increases. In this chapter, the author wants to focus on the problems of
surveillance, specifically workplace surveillance, which with the extensive use of information
technology, the potential for cheap, implicit, and diffused surveillance are to be made possible.
And the said surveillance even surpasses a human supervisor and could get close and
continuous as it can be. As the book says, surveillance often functions as a resource for
execution of power, and the effectiveness of power is maximized when it is concealed.
The main purpose of the paper, as the author implied, is not to discourage or go against
surveillance, rather its aim is to understand the logic and reason of surveying the workplace.
The author argues in this chapter the real issue in workplace surveillance in the context of
justice as fairness. The chapter also includes a discussion which involves Rawl’s theory of justice
which is used to establish a framework in distributing the rights of privacy and transparency
between the individual, which in this case is the employee, and the institution, which is the
employer. This situation was assumed to be under the veil of ignorance as Rawl’s theory put it.
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Lesson learned:
I learned the issues about workplace surveillance and its connection to privacy and distributive
justice.

2. How does workplace surveillance function?
3. What are the issues concerning surveillance?
4. Why is the purpose of surveillance?
5. How does Rawl’s theory apply in this topic?
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Privacy and the Varieties of Informational Wrongdoing
Quote:
“The person always sees itself as becoming, as something that has to be overcome, not as a
fixed reality, but as something in the making, something that has to be improved upon”
My learning expectation includes the privacy and the varieties of informational wrongdoing and
the issues and problems that are discussed in the chapter.
Review:
The issue with this chapter is about the debate between the liberalists and communitarians
over the issue of balancing individual rights and collective goods. It is more concerned with the
question of balancing the claims of those who wanted to limit their personal information to
protect individuals and others who wants to share their information to benefit the community.
The communitarians argue that the community benefits from the information about its people.
Another thing that is being pointed out by the communitarians is that the in our modern world,
we show mobility, complexity, and anonymity.
As the political philosopher, Michael Walzer, said as cited in the book, “Liberalism is plagued by
free-rider problems, by people who continue to enjoy the benefits of membership and identify
while no longer participating in the activities that produce these benefits. Communitarianism,
by contrast, is the dream of a perfect free-riderlessness”. I did like what Michael Walzer said
about this topic, it is very true that there are a lot of free-riders may it be in our school, at work,
or even at home. For me, these people are either too lazy to work, or just don’t care about
what other people thinks about him and how he burdens other people by having that kind of
attitude. Another view that I’m taking into consideration is that our country has widespread
poverty, so there are many people that have no jobs because in the first place they didn’t
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graduate from school so they cannot apply into any jobs. If and they found a job, it is of minimal
wage or lower than the minimum wage.
Lesson learned:
I learned more issues about privacy and the varieties of informational wrongdoings.

2. How does communitarianism mean?
3. What is the debate between liberalists and communitarians all about?
4. How does the community benefit from available information about its members?
5. What did Michael Walzer observed about liberalism and communitarianism?
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Defining the Boundaries of Computer Crime: Piracy, Break-Ins, and Sabotage in Cyberspace
Quote:
“Even though cases of theft can involve computer technology in some sense, a computer is not
the principal tool used to carry out the criminal act”
I expect to learn what is a computer crime and what are the things that we should consider in
categorizing crimes as computer crimes.
Review:
The main point of this chapter is to determine if the definition of computer crime could be
framed. This chapter explains and categorized crimes whether if they fall under computer crime
or cybercrime. Also to analyze crime that seems to fall under computer crime, but is really a
cybercrime. This sorting is useful because we are able to distinguish which crimes should fall
under computer crimes and which do not.
The author attempted to establish a clear and coherent criteria in determining the criminal
activities which involves the use of computers if they are genuine computer crime. The
discussion of this topic is done in a logical manner, in the first part, the author considers the
necessity of having a distinct category of crime which is called the “computer crime”. By doing
this, the legal, moral, and descriptive categories of computer crime are differentiated. Next is
the defence of the approach of having a descriptive category does make sense, and other
definitions of computer crime are reviewed. Hence, a new definition of computer crime is
proposed and also defended. And it is finally argued that the definition of computer crime could
help to extinguish at least some of the confusions associated with criminal activities with the
use of computer.
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Lesson learned:
I learned what the meaning of computer crime is and what crimes are associated with it and
what are not.

2. What is a computer crime?
3. How would you differentiate computer crime from cybercrime?
4. What are the categories of computer crime?
5. What is the new definition of computer crime from the chapter?
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Terrorism or Civil Disobedience: Toward a Hacktivist Ethic
Quote:
“One thing is sure, however. Incidents of cyberactivism are on the rise and will continue to be
on the rise in the near future”
I expect to learn what is a hacktivist and its connections to terrorism, civil disobedience, and
ethics
Review:
Hacking is easy when you know how to hack because you cannot be traced immediately if you
are using programs that could block trackers or could redirect them to other places so your
identity and your location could not be revealed. The reason of hackers in attacking websites
are unknown, there are possibilities that they are just nuisance attacks of teenagers, or is it
cyberterrorism, or an outrage over the commodified internet. The chapter gives a theory about
the hackers’ motivation, according to the author, these attacks could be an evidence of a new
form of civil disobedience, which is composed of talented computer hackers with the
consciousness of a political activist. Electronic civil disobedience, or more commonly known as
hacktivism could attack any website of a certain company, group or individual that is deemed
responsible in oppressing the ethical, social, or political rights of others.
The main purpose of the chapter is to clarify the arising tensions between the cooperative and
liberal ideology of the original creators of the “electronic frontier”. Hacktivism could play a role
in overcoming political injustice, to educate, to inform, and to be an agent of change in politics
and society. But there are uncertainties pertaining to cyber-activism, that it is possible that it
would become a cyber-terrorism.
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Lesson learned:
I learned the meaning of hacktivism and its advantages and disadvantages.

2. What is a hacktivist?
3. What is cyber-activism?
4. What is cyber-terrorism?
5. What sort of people are hactivists?
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Web Security and Privacy: An American Perspective
Quote:
“The confusion between privacy and security remains with many in the computer security
community. Privacy requires security, because without the ability to control access and
distribution of information, privacy cannot be protected. BUT SECURITY IS NOT PRIVACY”
My learning expectation includes the web security and privacy and how is it in the American
perspective
Review:
In this chapter, the problems with privacy are still discussed, there are countless issues and
problems concerning it, but there are still several ways in which it could be resolved. These are
by the use of pseudonyms, and access control lists. These methods show that information
access could be in fact, protected at a higher level. The main topic of the chapter is the
delineation of differences between privacy, security, and anonymity. The arguments of the
author are the legal protection of the US concerning web privacy, the author says that there is
no legal protection for it, but it is recognized by the American legal tradition.
Another issue in this chapter is the information that is being acquired and transferred by just
browsing the web. There are technologies available that would protect the user’s privacy
against unauthorized data gathering, these includes cryptography and web proxies. But using
cryptography, changes could still be detected and tracked. Availability of data and privacy can
be resolved in some cases by using anonymous updates. But still the market has failed in
protecting privacy because of the limited legal protection and the available technological
protections are unused. To sum it all, the author argued that the American legal tradition shows
that the Americans are concerned about privacy, but privacy threats are invisible or could not
easily be seen.
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Lesson learned:
One of the thins that I learned is the concepts about web security and privacy in the American
perspective.
1. Where did the American common law originated?

2. What is the main topic of the chapter?
3. What are the issues that are again discussed in this chapter with regards to privacy?
4. What are some methods to protect ones privacy?
5. Do you think that those methods are enough to protect the user’s privacy effectively?
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The meaning of anonymity in an information age

Quote: “even where fragments of information do not lead to information that is uniquely
identifying, people may be identified with a high degree of probability when various properties
are compounded to include a smaller and smaller set of individuals who satisfy them all”
I expect to learn more about what good can anonymity do to us specially in this era that
information is everywhere. I also want to learn about the consequence of being anonymous.
Review:
In this chapter the author talks about should anonymity be protected in electronic interactions
and communications? So what is the real meaning of anonymity? The natural meaning of
anonymity as reflected in ordinaty usage or a dictionary definition is remaining nameless, that
is to say, conducting oneself without revealing one’s name.
Being anonymous gives advantage to those people to evade consequences and responsibility.
Also being anonymous gives us protection, in a way that our real identity will not be shown to
them.
My purpose here is not suggest that anonymity in an information age is impossible. I am mainly
arguing that achieving it is a more demanding business than merely allowing people to withhold
their names.
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Lessons learned:
I learned that being anonymous for me is like being coward. I also learned the advantages of
being anonymous and some disadvantage. I also learned that people who wants to be
anonymous only seeks protection.
1. What is anonymity?
2. Is being anonymous bad or good?
3. What are the advantages of being anonymous?
4. What are the disadvantages of being anonymous?
5. Why do people want to be anonymous?
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Ethical Considerations for the Information Professions

Quote: “what is clearly happening … is a growing division of labor between the low-paid
insecure and often unsafe jobs in the service sector, assembly and manufacturing, and a
minority of highly privileged managerial, technical and professional positions”
I am expecting to learn about what ethical considerations would a Information professions have
to consider.
Review:
In this chapter it is said that information ethics, much like the technologies that continue to
contribute to its complexity, wills thrive and present new challenges to all of us. It is also sited
in this chapter that there is still a major divide between the theory surrounding information
ethics and its application in the field of information work. We could not blame philosophers
about why is there still a gap between the application and the ethics itself.
Also in this chapter there is a brief introduction to the philosophical foundations of ethics and
morality and an overview of basic principles of information ethics, describes particular issues
and areas of particular concern to information professionals, and discusses code of ethics for
the information professions.
Many of IT professionals today doesn’t even know that there is IT-Ethics. Most of them don’t
even find time what is it. This is the problem that we must consider.
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Lessons learned:
I have learned that Internet's rapid expansion has enabled an equally rapid expansion of
web based professional services, it has not been matched by the consideration and
understanding of the related ethical implications involved.
1. What can IT professionals do to us?

2. Do all IT professionals know about IT-Ethics?
3. Is there a gap between ethic application and the theoretical?
4. Who are the information workers?
5. Give example of major issues over information ethics?
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Subsumption Ethics

Quote: “what is clearly happening … is a growing division of labor between the low-paid
insecure and often unsafe jobs in the service sector, assembly and manufacturing, and a
minority of highly privileged managerial, technical and professional positions”
I am expecting to learn about what ethical considerations would a Information professions have
to consider.
Review:
In this chapter the author started to explain the meaning of subsumption ethics. He said the it is
the process by which decisions became incorporated into the operation of information
technology system, and subsequently forgotten. He also sited the IT systems by nature repeats
operations over and over.
Another meaning of subsumption in general is the process of building larger components from
smaller ones. This is very applicable in computer systems, small components are tested, and
once they are working reliably they subsumed into larger systems.
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Lessons Learned:
I learned that subsumption ethics is very good for the IT industry. In a way that it helps in the
production of new technologies and develop better hardware and software to provide people
quality products.
1. What is the meaning of subsumption?

2. Is it good for our economy?
3. Give example of subsumption ethics.
4. How can we help in developing subsumption ethics?
5. What will be the impact to us?
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Ethical Issues in business computing

Quote: “all companies, of whatever size, should consider their use of computer systems. If a
policy on the computer use has not already been developed, it is not just sensible but essential
that urgent consideration is given to the ways in which systems are currently being used. Clear
guidelines need to be in force, to both support staff and ensure appropriate use is made of
computer systems for which the company is responsible”
I would like to learn how computers affect the business community, how much help it do to us.
I also want to learn about the ethical issues revolving the business computing.
Review:
in this chapter the author talks about the impact of computer systems into their businesses. In
the developing world, virtually all modern business relies heavily upon the use of computers.
This is a fact that we must all accept. We are now into computer age, where in information is
what runs the world.
What is business computing? The task of defining what is meant by business computing is by no
means straight forward. One complication is that there is no one type of computer or computer
system that must be used by business people.
There are 4 possible levels of business computing
Level one – small scale businesses
Level two – large business organization
Level three – large businesses enough to employ a designated computer specialist
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Level four – at least one team of computer specialist
Lessons learned:
I learned that computer is everywhere. Businesses with the help of computers boost their sales
and marketing and minimize delays and have more accurate generation of reports. I also
learned about the 4 levels in business computing.
1. What is business computing?

2. How can computer systems affect businesses?
3. What are the 4 levels of business computing?
4. How could we know what level of business computing we are going to implement?
5. What is the difference between computer and computer systems?
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The practitioner from within: revisiting the virtues

Quote: “It is unrealistic to discuss computer ethics without emerging languages of

technology, philosophy, psychology and sociology.”
I would like to learn more about the connection of ethics and morality.
Review:
In this chapter the author points outs the information technology offers many opportunities for
breaches of morality. As users of computer technology, we are faced with a myriad of ethical
problems generated by computer-mediated action. Invasions of privacy, using the internet for
pornography and illegal access to information systems have become as newsworthy as the sex
scandals and more far-searching
It is very important for student to know all about ethics and morality specially before they
graduate and become IT practitioners.
In one part of this chapter the author argues about character-forming vs. action-guiding
theories. He said that virtue ethics offers character forming theory that has been more
successful with my students than the action-guiding theories.
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Lessons learned:
I learned about ethics and morality and how technology and cyberspace contribute to the
spread of immorality. It is also important to know about ethics specially during our college days
in order for us to develop core values and respect others.
1. Enumerate the core values and explain each.

2. What do you mean by revisiting the virtues?
3. What ethics offers character-forming theory?
4. What does ICT means?
5. What does Louden states about ethics?
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Double Encryption of Anonymized Electronic Data Interchange

Quote: “150 participating primary care doctors deliver regularly an update of all their patient
records to a central database.”
I would like to learn about the meaning of double encryption and what it have to do with
anonymized electronic data interchange.
Review:
In this chapter the author talks about a system called IPCI(integrated primary care information)
which help in the national drug-safety system. The aim IPCI is to evaluate the safety of
prescribed drugs. It is the one responsible in regulating drugs before they are send to the
market.
Double encryption is like before passing the message to the main receiver it will be decoded
and encrypted again by a system to ensure security and anonymity.
Lessons Learned:
I learned about the importance of double encryption in sending important data. And as a
receiver I would like double encryption in order for it to be more secure.
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1. What is double encryption?

2. Why do people use double encryption?
3. Why is anonymity important?
4. Why do people want their data to be encrypted?
5. What is IPCI?
100
No, PAPA: Why Incomplete Code of Ethics is Better Than None At All

Quote: “Those who write moral codes (or things that could be mistaken for them) need to be
aware of the possibility that they may be abused. Codes that address some issues but not the
others are very common, and particularly open to such abuse on issues at the edge of
their competence. Codes should make it clear what their area of competence is. More
importantly, thought, authors of codes should always make it clear that their code is no
substitute for careful moral consideration and especially in areas or on questions where
there is no clear guidance in the code..”
Some career counselors suggest a student also focus on "people skills" and business skills rather
than purely technical skills because such "soft skills" are allegedly more difficult to offshore.It is
the quasi-management aspects of software engineering that appear to be what has kept it from
being impacted by globalization.
Review:
In this chapter the author talks about “computer ethics” and it has been used to refer to
applications by professional philosophers of traditional Western theories like utilitarianism,
Kantianism, or virtue ethics, to ethical cases that significantly involve computers and computer
networks. “Computer ethics” also has been used to refer to a kind of professional ethics in
which computer professionals apply codes of ethics and standards of good practice within their
profession. The same considerations are highly likely to apply to any moral code that is
developed (whether in computing or elsewhere). Authors of incomplete moral codes risk
encouraging others to act in immoral ways with the author's apparent sanction.
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Lessons learned:
I learned in this chapter that in most countries of the world, the “information revolution”
has altered many aspects of life significantly: commerce, employment, medicine, security,
transportation, entertainment, and so on. Consequently, information and communication
technology (ICT) has affected in good ways and bad ways community life, family life, human
relationships, education, careers, freedom, and democracy.
1. What is PAPA?
2. What dos ACM means?
3. What are the ethical issues with PAPA?
4. What is ICT?
5. What are the 4 areas of issue?
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103
. Foundations of Information Ethics
Quote: “IE is a patient-oriented, ontocentric, ecological macroethics (Floridi and Sanders, 1999)
Learning Expectations: I particularly expect to know the fundamentals of information ethics

within the so-called information society, including how IE should be able to address ethical
challenges arising in the infosphere.
Review: The chapter illustrates the differences between IE and other disciplines such as
computer ethics, business ethics, medical ethics, among others. Luciano Floridi has introduced
the use of the RPT Model to understand the moral issues of information as a resource, as a
target and as a product within the informational system or environment called the infosphere.
The need to formulate an information ethics that can treat the world of data, information, and
knowledge, vis-a-vis other important cycles such as creation, elaboration, distribution,
communication, storage, protection usage, and possible destruction of information is laudable.
While it is helpful for students to understand IE through the use of the Resource-Product-Target
(RPT) Model, it was also noted that microethical approaches to information ethics is
inadequate, in that it is too simplistic and inadequately inclusive. Information ethics, as
explained by Floridi, is a patient-oriented, ontocentric, ecological macroethics. Explanations of
IE as macroethics is equated with the intrinsic worthiness of life and the intrinsically negative
value of suffering. It furthers notes that, information, like any form of life is deemed to enjoy
some essential properties or moral interests that deserve n demand to be respected. Towards
the end of the chapter are discussions on the two recurrent objections against such as, if it
really makes sense to be talking of information entities and the Agents, and if IE is indeed
inapplicable. It is concluded that while there may be some limitations of micro-ethical approach
to IE, it is finally noted that without IE’s contributions, people can not fully understand the
moral facts of ICT-related problems.
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Lessons Learned
I learned that in this information society, human being is indeed part of a whole, a part limited
in time and space. And that, a unified approach can help explain and relate the main senses in
which IE has been discussed. With the three approaches to understanding IE, it is also learned
that the RPT Model is useful to explain, among other things, why any technology that radically
modifies the “life of information” is bound to have produced moral implications for any moral
agent. It was also understood that ethical issues on information would include hacking, security
which refers to those related to digital warfare and terrorism, vandalism (from burning of
repositories of information to the spread of viruses in computers, piracy, intellectual property,
open source, freedom of expression, censorship, filtering and content control.
1. What may be some good frames along information ethics that should be incorporated in
the RPT Model to make this a better paradigm?
2. How do we minimize the occurrence information ethical challenges such as hacking,
security which refers to those related to digital warfare and terrorism, vandalism (from
burning of repositories of information to the spread of viruses in computers, piracy,
intellectual property, open source, freedom of expression, censorship, filtering and
content control?
3. What is a so-called ”morally qualifiable action in relation to freedom of expression?”
4. How would availability, accessibility and accuracy of informational resource be
maximized in order to address ethical issues on these areas of concern?
5. With the rising technologies contributory to the information society, what are the
seemingly missing elements that should have expanded the scope of IE?
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Milestones in the History of Information and Computer Ethics “
Quote: “Cybernetics takes the view that the structure of the machine or of the organism is an
index of a performance that may be expected from it. The fact that the mechanical rigidity of
the insect is such as to limit its intelligence while the mechanical fluidity of the human being
provides for his almost indefinite intellectual expansion is highly relevant … The human species
is strong only insofar as it takes advantage of the innate, adaptive, learning faculties that its
physiological structures make possible. (Weiner, 1954, pp.57-58)
Learning Expectations: I expect to know how information and computer ethics emerge as a
concept and reality, and how these concepts play a key role in the information society. Further,
it would be exciting to find out the key people who have great contributions to the growth of
information and computer ethics, and how thoughts and concepts evolved into more significant
applications in the society. Knowing how the evolution of information and computer ethics was
carried out or challenged by the society is very critical in understanding the historical
background of these two very related concepts.
Review: It was noted in the literature of Terrel Ward Bynum that the birth of information ethics
as an academic field was unintentional and quite accidental. It was Norbert Weiner that
accidentally introduced to the world such concept as information ethics. He laid the foundation
of information and computer ethics. What was very magnanimous was Weiner’s unintentional
undertakings that would lead the world to the Information and Computer Ethics, and of which
the concept of computer ethics was coined by Walter Manor which he referred to as new
branch of applied ethics. In fact Weiner’s achievement in the 1950s and early 1960s was more
comprehensive as it encompasses other field of computer ethics such. The evolution becomes
more significant with the birth of a clearer understanding of certain ethical problems that are
aggravated, transformed or created by computer technology. Deborah Johnson did not believe
that computer technology generates new ethical problems, and in this period, a debates
ensued. The year 1985 was a “watershed” in the evolution of computer ethics, due to the effect
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of Johnson’s agenda-setting principles. Towards 1990s, anew twist in understanding IE occurred
with Gotterbarn’s articles and researches. It says further that although “human values
approach” to computer ethics is helpful, Floridi’s theory on Information Ethics was regarded as
a foundation to the development of computer ethics.
Lessons learned: Reading through the milestones of information and computer ethics gave me
deeper appreciation of the contributions of certain people whose insights and ideas brought to
birth varied ethical challenges in this information age.
1. What might have been the socio-political and economic factors that nurtured the
development of ideas on information and computer ethics?
2. How was the evolution of computer and information ethics in the Philippines?
3. How will the fast growth of computers worldwide negatively affect the whole humanity?
4. Behind the success and positive contributions of computers and computer technology
over time, how extensive were the discussions of the imminent danger and moral
obligations of this technology and ideas to the security, safety and peace of people
worldwide?
5. Can the positive effects of computers outweigh the negative effects this technology can
affect humankind, if not today, in the future?
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Moral Methodology and Information Technology
Quote: “The best procedure for ethics . . . is the going back and forth between intuitions about
fairly specific situations on the one side, and the fairly general principles that we formulate to
make sense of the moral practice on the other, adjusting either, until finally we bring them all
into coherence.” (James Griffin, 1993)
Learning Expectations: In reading this literature of Jereon Van Den Hoven, I expect to get
deeper into the meaning of methods on ethics and information technology that is different
from applied ethics. I would want to know more about certain methodological ideas of applied
ethics as they relate to methods of ethics technology.
Review: The literature of Hoven has clarified and challenged the moral fiber of computer
technology. It noted how the way we should be thinking about IT, and that it should not very
different from the way we ought to proceed in other discipline of computer technology and
infrastructure ethics. The chapter explains how ethics and the meaning of ethical terms change
in the past 100 year. Indeed, there has been a longstanding and central debate in practical
ethics about methodology. Hoven expressed his conformity with the thoughts of Dancy (2004)
on the fact that the effects of generalism or the concept that moral thought and judgment are
dependent on the suitable supply of moral principles. Hoven clarified as well the particularist
view that the desideratum of situational adequacy or the regulative ideal of doing justice to
situations and persons in a particular historical context, is very important. He also presented in
a fair fashion the principle of reflective equilibrium as an alternative to both generalism and
particularism. This is going back and forth between intuitions about fairly specific situations on
the one side and the fairly general principles that we formulate to make senses of our moral
practice on the other, adjusting either until eventually we all bring them into coherence. A
good twist in the Hoven’s literature would be seen on the way he explains the parallel
development of IT with other engineering disciplines which is a shift from attention to
technology to attention to the technology’s human and values context. It was worthwhile to
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trace the development on how Value Sensitive Design (VSD) came into being and affected the
technology in the long run.
Lessons learned: I learned that while there various ways or approaches to computer ethics, all
these seem to capture an aspect of our moral thinking about our current problems in moral
lives. All these contribute significantly to the methodology of computer ethics. I learned as well
that we should be wary of the danger in thinking that they are uniquely correct and exclude all
others. Thus, it was a worthwhile learning that we should be cautious of not committing the
mistake of thinking that one theory can address all our problems.
1. On top of the presented methodological approaches on the way we morally frame

information and computer technology, are there any more theories and methodological
paradigms that can sufficiently clarify moral issues on information technology?
2. What is the evolving meaning of converging technologies, in relation to those thought
out by Bill Joy, Larry Lesig and Peter Singer?
3. Are we convinced that hybrid deontic logics can effectively be used to explain some
moral considerations in software?
4. How are computers fascinating technology?
5. What is the role of the social and behavioral sciences in substantiating and taking into
account the needs and interests of computer technology users?
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Value Sensitive Design (VSD) and Information Systems (IS)
Quote: ”What is wrong, I think, is that we have permitted technological metaphors . . . and
technique itself to so thoroughly pervade our thought processes that we have finally abdicated
to technology the very duty to formulate questions . . . Where a simple man might ask: “Do we
need these things? “, what electronic wizardly will make them safe?” Where a simple man will
ask “is it good?”, technology asks “will it work?” (Weizenbaum, 1972, pp 611-612)
Learning Expectations: It is interesting to know in this literature of Friedman, Kahn and Borning
how to design information and computational systems that can support enduring human
values. I would also expect to be clarified on the whole information cycle and all entities
involved (including the moral agent A) in this cycle, including their changes, actions, and
interactions as part of the informational environment, or infosphere. I expect to know more the
details of the revised RPT model. It would be also nice to understand the nature of IE
ontologically, rather than epistemologically, and how this modifies the interpretation of the
scope and goals of IE. In this literature, I expect to know more about the term value to which it
was referred to as simply economic worth of an object, or a broader sense of what a person or
group of people consider important in their lives.
Review: The authors of this literature sum up the growing interests and challenge to address
values in design. It has sufficiently and successfully provided enough detail about VSD so that
other researchers and designers can critically examine, use and extend this approach. It was
aimed by the authors that this approach can contribute to a principled and comprehensive
consideration of values in the design of information and computational systems. In the revised
RPT Model, the agent is embodied and embedded, as an informational agent, in an equally
informational environment. A simple analogy may help to introduce this new perspective. It
asked readers to imagine looking at the whole universe from a chemical perspective. Every
entity and process will satisfy a certain chemical description. To simplify, a human being, for
example, will be 90% water and 10% something else. Then it went further to consider an
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informational perspective. The same entities will be described as clusters of data, that is, as
informational objects. More precisely, an agent will be a discrete, self-contained, encapsulated
package containing the appropriate data structures, which constitute the nature of the entity,
and the state of the object, its unique identity and its attributes. The literature clarifies the
nature of IE ontologically, rather than epistemologically. It noted that not only can an ecological
IE gain a global view of the whole life cycle of information, thus overcoming the limits of other
microethical approaches, but it can also claim a role as macroethics, that is, as an ethics that
concerns the whole realm of reality. The explanations that VSD is a theoretically grounded
approach to the design of technology that accounts for human values in a principled and
comprehensive manner throughout the design process was very helpful in the whole context of
the information system.
Lessons Learned: I learned that VSD is a theoretically-grounded approach in designing

technology that considers human values in a better, principled and wide-ranging manner
throughout the design process. I learned, as well, the meanings and details of the tripartite
methodology that includes the conceptual, empirical and technical investigations. Te eight
features of VSD mentioned in this chapter are very laudable, in that it gave me a broader
perspective on looking at the information system and its value-laden contents, meanings and
purposes.
1. How is the essence of value learned w2in this information system context relate to the
making of information system more pragmatic at this period of times?
2. With the fast twist or evolution of technology, what would VSD play its role in the
future?
3. Is computer ethics capable of sufficiently advancing our understanding of key values
that lie at the intersection of computer technology and human lives?
4. How does VSD become proactive in influencing the design of technology throughout the
design process?
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5. Are there substantial or significant benefits that direct stakeholders (those who interact
directly with the computer system or its inputs) and indirect stakeholders (those who
are affected by the use of the system) get from VSD?
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Personality-Based, Rule-Utilitarian, and Lockean Justification of Intellectual Property
Quote: “Intellectual property is an extension of individual personality. Rule-utilitarians ground

intellectual property rights in social progress and incentives to innovate. Lockeans argue that
rights are justified in relation to labor and merit. While each of these stand of justification has
weaknesses, there are also strengths. Intellectual property is generally characterized as non-
physical property that is the product of cognitive processes, and whose value is based upon
some idea or collection of ideas. Typically, rights do not surround the abstract nonphysical
entity, or of intellectual property, rather, intellectual property rights surround the control of
physical manifestations or expressions. System of intellectual property protects rights to ideas
by protecting rights to produce and control physical embodiments of those ideas.” (Moore,
1997)
Learning Expectations
I expect to learn after going though this article certain strategies to understand and justify
intellectual property rights.
Review: The literature of Adam Moore presented a very descriptive and helpful view on
understanding intellectual property, including justifications attached to this notion. I commend
Moore in presenting that arguments that intellectual property rights have generally taken three
forms. Personality theorists maintain that intellectual property is an extension of individual
personality. Rule-utilitarians ground intellectual property rights in social progress and
incentives to innovate. Lockeans argue that rights are justified in relation to labor and merit.
While each of these strands of justification has weaknesses, there are also strengths.
Intellectual property is generally characterized as nonphysical property that is the product of
cognitive processes and whose value is based upon some idea or collection. The domain of
patent production is the invention and discovery of new and useful processes, machines,
articles of manufacture, or composition of matter. Patents yield the strongest form of
protection, in that a 20-years exclusive monopoly is granted over any expression or
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implementation of the protected work. In IE, the ethical discourse concerns any entity,
understood informationally, that is, not only all persons, their cultivation, well-being, and social
interactions, not only animals, plants, and their proper natural life, but also anything that exists,
from paintings and books to stars and stones; anything that may or will exist, like future
generations; and anything that was but is no more, like our ancestors or old civilizations.
Lessons Learned: I learned the critical significance of knowing about intellectual property.
Indeed, I am convinced that in the increasingly knowledge-driven economy, intellectual
property (IP) is a key consideration in day-to-day business decisions. New products, brands and
creative designs appear almost daily on the market and are the result of continuous human
innovation and creativity. Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are often the driving
force behind such innovations. Their innovative and creative capacity, however, is not always
fully exploited as many SMEs are not aware of the intellectual property system or the
protection it can provide for their inventions, brands, and designs. If left unprotected, a good
invention or creation may be lost to larger competitors that are in a better position to
commercialize the product or service at a more affordable price, leaving the original inventor or
creator without any financial benefit or reward. Adequate protection of a company's
intellectual property is a crucial step in deterring potential infringement and in turning ideas
into business assets with a real market value. Taking full advantage of the IP system enables
companies to profit from their innovative capacity and creativity, which encourages and helps
fund further innovation.
1. How will intellectual property protection helps in preventing competitors from copying
or closely imitating a company's products or services, in research and development
(R&D) and marketing, in creating a corporate identity through a trademark and branding
strategy, in negotiating licensing, franchising or other IP-based contractual agreements,
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in increasing the market value of the company, in acquiring venture capital and
enhancing access to finance, and in obtaining access to new markets?
2. How would governments help strengthen their capacity to develop strategies, policies
and programs to meet the intellectual property needs of SMEs?
3. How will intellectual property protection helps in preventing competitors from avoiding
wasteful investments?
4. How do we properly address issues such as the insufficient information on the relevance
of IP in day-to-day business, the high costs associated with obtaining and enforcing IP
rights, and the perceptions that the IP system is esoteric, too cumbersome and time-
consuming?
5. What do the Personality Theorists mean by their concept that intellectual property is an
extension of individual personality.
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Informational Privacy: Concepts, Theories and Controversies
Quote: "Privacy is the claim of individuals, groups, or institutions to determine for themselves
when, how, and to what extent information about themselves is communicated to others."
Alan Westin (1967)
Learning Expectations: After reading the literature, I hope to know the various theories,
concepts, paradigms and issues of informational privacy.
Review: Herman Tavani is very effective in explaining in his literature the various concepts,
theories, and controversies about informational privacy. In same manner as Arthur R. Miller
defines the basic attribute of an effective right to privacy as the individual's ability to control
the flow of information concerning or describing him -- a capability that often is essential to the
establishment of social relationships and the maintenance of personal freedom. The chapter
explains some unitary, derivative and cluster definitions of privacy. It even touched on the issue
of its close relation to the question on whether privacy should be viewed as a full-fledged right,
or simply in terms of one or more interests that individuals have. The excerpt made discussion
of the four distinct kinds of privacy which are physical, decisional, psychological, and
informational. It took the case of the United States where privacy has evolved considerably
since the eighteenth century. I indeed believe that we call our society “the information society”
because of the pivotal role played by intellectual, intangible assets (knowledge-based
economy), information-intensive services (business and property services, communications,
finance, and insurance), and public sectors (education, public administration, health care).
Lessons Learned: It was worthwhile to know the different views presented by theorists over
time. I learned that informational privacy defined in terms of restricted access stresses the
importance of setting up zones that enable individuals to limit or restrict others from accessing
their personal information. I learned that one has privacy in a situation with regard to others if
in that situation, one is protected from intrusion, interference and information access by other.
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1. What is the difference between “’mental privacy”’ and “’psychological privacy?”’

2. How far are the discrepancies of the old and new theories and concepts of
informational privacy?
3. How is the economic and political conditions of countries affect the institutions of
policies on informational privacy?
4. How is the evolution of informational privacy in the Philippines?
5. Is there a significant differences of the policies on informational privacy by various
countries worldwide?
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Online Anonymity
Quote: “To be fully anonymous means that a person cannot be identified according to any of . .
. seven dimensions of identity knowledge. The seven dimensions are: locatability, linkable
pseudonyms, nonlinkable pseudonyms, pattern knowledge, social categorization, symbols of
eligibility-noneligibility.” (Marx, 1999)
Learning Expectations: This literature of Wallace must give me a better understanding of the
essence of anonymity and privacy, and what are the goals and ethics governing this concept.
Review: Wallace has been very eloquent in describing the nature and features of anonymity
within the context of social structures. Indeed, anonymity may be considered an expression of a
widespread feature of contemporary social organization and of the extent to which
technological features of that organization affect whom we interact, how we interact with one
another, and how we think of ourselves related, socially and ethically, to others. It istru that
anonymity may be deliberately sought or something that occurs spontaneously from the sheer
complexity of modern life. The idea of a kind of naturally occurring, spontaneous anonymity is
imbodied in characterizations of someone as a member of an anonymous mass or in
expressions such as the logic of anonymity in modern life.
Lessons Learned: After reading this chapter, I was able to get a clearer view of the concept of
anonymity, and that I learned its importance within the context of social structures and
informational system. I learned that anonymity can be used to shield someone from
accountability for action, to ensure privacy, to prevent discrimination or stigmatization, to
facilitate communication, and to avoid reprisals, among others. I also learned such a thing as
anonymity and identity theft, whereby identity theft involves stealing identifying information
and, in effect, using it as a pseudonym to misdirect identification.
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1. How vast are the contributions of online anonymity to the rising cases of child
pornography?
2. How do governments and private entities set effective policies or rules to minimize the
alarming rates of child pornography?
3. How would online anonymity affect the act of expression of self?
4. Is the concept of anonymity relative?
5. What negative effects to self and privacy that online communication is capable of
doing?
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Ethical Issues Involving Computer Security: Hacking, Hacktivism,
and Counterhacking
Quote: “I am unable to think of any other item that someone may buy and maintain, only to
have others claim a right to use it when it is idle. For instance, the thought of someone walking
up to my expensive car and driving off in it simply because it is not currently being used is
ludicrous. Likewise, because I am away of work, it is not proper to hold a party at my house
because it is otherwise not being used. The related positions that unused computing capacity is
shared resource, and that my privately developed software belongs to everyone, are equally
silly (and unethical) positions.”’ (Spafford, 2001)
Learning Expectations: I expect to learn the intricacies of critical or major issues in computer or
information security such as hacking, hacktivism, and counterhacking, and how these problems
are accomplished or executed, and for what purposes. I expect as well to know more about the
various types of unauthorized computer intrusions by private persons and groups. I would
want to find out intrusions that are motivated by malicious intentions and by certain benign
intentions, such as the intent to expose security vulnerabilities.
Review: There are many debatable issues raised in this chapter that certainly makes my reading
very exciting. Himma in his book notes that “hacking” refers to the acts in which a person gains
unauthorized entry to the computers of another person, and that hacking can be good or bad.
The ‘”hacker” is used to refer to someone who has committed such acts. It called for argument
that depending on purposes, Himma argues that hacking is not absolutely wrong or a misdoing
or an infringement into the personal privacy of a person. However, I believe that any
unauthorized acts like hacking is definitely not permissible because of the unauthorized access
into a person’s life. However, we can also view it the other way, depending on the purpose for
which the acts are made. Himma cited a principle allowing otherwise wrongful acts to secure
greater moral good. This is what Himma called the Necessity Principle. This view to me seems
justifying a morally wrong act on some perspective.
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Lessons Learned: I learned that computer hacking is not absolutely wrong, for as long as the
purpose for which it is made is for the greater good, to save life or to improve something. I also
learned to critically assess the value of hacking and its effect to intrusion to privacy rights. Now
I can readily discuss all these very interesting issues on privacy rights and intrusion of privacy
through hacking and hacktivism.
1. How would the Necessity Principle promoted by Himma affect the humanity if no proper
control system or policy is instituted?
2. Would intrusion to privacy if made with a greater good purpose be prone to abuse?
3. How will a Defense Principle be used to justify the use of force only against the direct
sources of attack?
4. What measures must be instituted in order to lessen abuses to the justifications on
hacking?
5. With the exercise of the Necessity Principle, the Defense principle, and the Evidentiary
Restrictions as justification for intrusions, would that mean that protection to privacy is
secondary to protection of a common or greater good?
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Information Ethics and the Library Profession
Quote: At the center of the librarian’s commitment to humanity’s search for truth and
understanding is the goal of remaining always neutral in the battle of competing ideas. No
matter how precious to us any faith or philosophy or social movement might be, we have to
keep our distance and maintain our impartiality as we help to insure that all the people can
hear all the arguments and establish for themselves what is right or true. (Fink, 1989, p. 353)
Learning Expectations: I expect to learn a lot about ethical considerations within the
repositories of information like libraries. I also am excited to know the values of the profession
that manages the repositories of information, and such related concepts as intellectual
freedom and information accessibility. There are issues on information accessibility that are
worth learning in this literature of Mathiesen and Fallis.
Review: The book of Mathiesnand Fallis gave a very comprehensive understanding of the
library profession and the ethical standards and values attached to their profession and the
performance of their profession. The evolution of the role of the repositories of information,
commonly known as the library, and the role of the care-takers of these libraries, normally
known as librarians, has made today’s librarians as protectors and promoters of information,
information accessibility and information provision. Certain authors consider them teachers
because they play an key role in instructing people on how and where to avail and access the
needed information, and to some extend sometimes, which information are related to what
information. In other words, it notes the relevance of the responsibility or functions of
librarians as information supplier or sources. The core values of these professionals must
therefore be strictly observed and executed in order to minimize incidence of information
selection biases, among other issues governing the practice of this profession and the
management of information that they directly handled and managed.
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1. How do librarians minimize selection biases in providing information, or in providing a

value added service that would fairly select materials without biasing the selection
process toward a certain viewpoint?
2. How do governments and private institutions that manage libraries update their policies
in the face of the fast emerging influence of information technology like internet?
3. How do we institute measures to protect children from any hazard in the use of library?
4. Why are librarians considered teachers?
5. How effective and substantial are libraries as repositories of information?
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Ethical Interest in Free Software (FS) and Open Source Software (OSS)
Quote: “The fact that this bazaar style seemed to work, and work well, came as a distinct shock.
As I learned my way around, I worked hard not just individual projects, but also at trying to
understand why the Linux world not only didn’t fly apart in confusion but seemed to go from
strength to strength at a speed barely imaginable to cathedral-builders.” (Raymond, 2001)
Learning Expectation: I expect to know the distinction and meanings of both the FS and OSS,
including the philosophies and evolution o these movements. Who are the key people that
were instrumental in the growth and evolution of FS and OSS, and what are the principles
behind the growth of these two concepts are information that I expect to learn from this
chapter.
Review: The literature of Grodzinsky and Wolf made remarkable explanations of FS and OSS, as
it attempted to compare and explore their histories, their philosophies, and development,
including certain critical issues challenging these two concepts. The authors argue that the FS
and OSS has a philosophical and social perspective of analyzing. It was Richard Stallman in 1985
who first articulated the ideals of the FS movement, however, his concepts seems ambiguous.
The FSS grew significantly right after the introduction of the internet. These two concepts were
lambasted by Meyer when he contrasted Stallman’s concepts, saying that software is the
legitimate property of someone and that free software is defined in terms of being no-cost,
unrestricted I nits use, and freely available in terms of the source code. He further noted that
much free software is a ”copycat” of some propriety piece of software. But I don’t seem also to
agree to Watson that the world would be a better place if there are no copyright restriction.
This idea is highly debatable. The book discussed about the attraction for OSS developers was
due to the autonomy of the programmer. Although developers who embrace OSS do gain a
certain degree of autonomy not readily available to those working on commercial software, the
claim for complete autonomy, to me, does not seem to be valid. The literature further notes of
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certain ethical responsibilities of software developers. Yes, I agree that there should a
strengthened professional accountability of software developers.
Lessons Learned: I came to know the evolution of FS and OSS, and the implications of their
growth. I also learned the many issues and challenges faced by both concepts, including their
value and contributions to the growth and development of societies and of the online
information community. Most of all, I learned that the FS movement can be credited with the
providing an impetus for establishing notions of freedom for other types of digital media.
1. How much accountability to the public must software developers internalize and
exercise?
2. Are there sufficient campaign by the governments of the world and the private sector
on the need to inculcate and practice ethical responsibilities of software developers?
3. How is copyright be affected with the call for information access freedom?
4. Is there a code of ethics governing a global network of software developers?
5. Are there imminent negative effects to the psychological frames of mind of people of
the development of FS and OSS?
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Internet Research Ethics (IRE): The Field and its Critical Issues
Quote: “The global reach of the Internet means that research participants may be drawn from a
wide range of nations and cultures. Coupled with the often international collaborations behind
online research, this fact of a global range of participants forces a still more demanding
questions for ethicists: Given precisely the often significant national differences in the Western
world between more deontological and more consequentialist approaches to IRE, how are we
to develop a research ethics that is legitimate for researchers and participants from more than
one nation, culture, and traditional of ethics and thereby research ethics?” (Walther, 2002)
Learning Expectations: I expect to learn the meaning, essence and issues of IRE. It is also
worthwhile to trace the history of this concept. I hope to learn certain methodological concerns
in internet research undertakings.
Review: Although a relatively young discipline, the IRE has been fast catching interests of all
sectors worldwide. In spite of its new emergence in the global community, I believe that here is
a wide ranging literature on internet research. With this trend, it is believable that a global IRE
may emerge and that a conjoin shared norms will be established across cultures and sectors.
The interests are still zooming high, meaning young and professional researchers, including
educational institutions now have a considerable range of information, guidelines to consider,
technology, opportunities and facilities for discussion and development. It is noted in the
literature that the research ethics implicated by a given ethical problem or difficulty is deeply
entwined with and defined by the specific methodology that shape a specific research project.
Lessons Learned: I learned the wide-ranging reach of online research, and the globalization fo
IRE. I came to know more about the evolution of IRE, as well as its ethical concerns. I came to
better understand some basic IRE issues such as anonymity and confidentiality, the issue of
copyright, of revealing identities, of the concept of public and private spaces, and the respect
for persons in the course of the research undertaking.
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1. Are there imminent dangers to virtual research?

2. How are inter-cultural research attracts research professional and research students?
3. Are there limits to online research? If so, what might have caused restrictions and limits
to the globalizing of IRE?
4. What are the code of ethics and professional conduct of IRE?
5. What are the methodological approaches and ethical dilemmas in computer-mediated
research?
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Health Information Technology: Challenges in Ethics, Science and Uncertainty
Quote: “As a practical matter, it is often essential for individual to disclose sensitives, even
potentially embarrassing, information to health care provider to obtain appropriate care. Trust
in professional ethics and established health privacy and confidentiality rules encourages
individuals to share information they would not want publicly known. In addition, limits on
disclosure are designed to protect individuals from tangible and intangible harms due to
widespread availability of personal health information. Individual trust in the privacy and
confidentially of their personal health information also promotes public health because
individuals with potentially contagious or communicable disease are not inhibited from seeking
treatment…. In an age in which electronic transaction are increasingly common and security
lapses are widely reported, public support for the National Health Information Network
depends on public on confidence and trust that personal health information is proceed. Any
system of personal health information collection, storage, retrieval, use and dissemination
requires the utmost trust of the public. The health care industry must commit to incorporation
privacy and confidentiality protections so that they permeate the entire health records system
(National Committee on Vital and Health Statistics, 2006).”
I expect to learn on how information technology help doctors and scientist in their medical and
scientific works. I also expect to know about what uncertainties await them in their professions.
Review:
In this chapter it is said that many professionals regard ethics as a source of code for the
edification of the not-yet-virtuous. Rather, ethics, as a branch of philosophy and has the task of
studying morality, or public accounts of the rightness or wrongness of actions.
Also in this chapter Bertand Russell made it clear that there are no experiments we can do to
determine the answers to questions about morality and ethics. Instead, human reason provides
the tool for such interrogations and conclusions.
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The use of computers or more generally information technology in the health profession is
indeed a rich source of ethical issues and challenges.
Lessons learned:
I learned that information technology help a lot in the development of science and health. I also
understand the way scientist and medical people view Information technology.
1. How do scientist view information technology?

2. In what way did Information technology help in their work?
3. What is privacy?
4. Why do they need confidentiality?
5. What is CDSS?
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Ethical issues of information and business
Quote:” However, there are also good economic and philosophical arguments against it. One of
this is that the stakeholder view takes away the advantage of the shareholder model, which is
simplicity of purpose and reduction of complexity. By concentrating on the profit motive,
managers are free to focus their energy and creativity on an achievable goal. A realization of
the stakeholder model would politicize the role of managers and thereby lead to slower change
and less innovation (Weizsacker, 1999).”
I am expecting to learn more about ethical issues regarding information and business.
Review:
Without information a business will surely close down, because information is the most
important key in a business. The more liable the information the more accurate generation of
report will be and they will predict it accurately. The outcome will be a big success. That’s how
vital information is into a business.
Businesses and the economic system they work in have an important influence on ethical issues
arising information and information and communication technology. This chapter aims at
establishing a link between several sets of ethical discourses that concern similar topics.
The chapter points out areas where these two sets of discourses overlap and where they have
the potential to inform each other. Some ethical issues are as follows examples of issues that
arise in business and computer ethics, including privacy and employee surveillance and
intellectual property, as well as some macro level issues including globalization and digital
divides.
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Lessons Learned:
I learned more about the issues surrounding the businesses when it comes to information being
send to them. Information gathering is one critical part of a business. Accurate information will
provide accurate predictions of what’s to come.
1. What is ICT?
2. How can it help in running businesses?
3. How can information help in business?
4. How important is information for a business?
5. How can business affect our daily lives?
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Responsibilities for Information on the Internet
Quote:
“Special attention is given to the principle that personal data shall not be further processed”
I want to learn about the responsibilities entailed with the information on the internet
Review:
What the author points out in this chapter is what could be said about the responsibilities of
internet service providers or ISP’s which are involved in the dissemination of data in the
internet. The focus of this chapter is on the information that don’t have a clear illegal or
immoral character. After discussing these topics in the previous part of the chapter, the author
would focus on other types of actors other than the ISP’s which are : “those who put forward
information on the Internet, the so-called content providers, the organizations that provide the
infrastructure for the dissemination of that information, the so-called internet service and
access providers, the receivers or users of the information, third parties, such as those that
deliver quality certificates for websites, and others”.
The author started the discussion with mapping out the normally considered conditions of
responsibility in the moral theory. After the discussion about responsibility, the author
continued with explanations on of the different ways where information in the internet may
have unintended or indirect bad consequences for the users. And the author concludes the
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chapter with explaining the different responsibilities involved in using the internet and in
portraying information using it.
Lesson learned:
What I’ve learned in this chapter is the kinds of responsibilities for information and other issues
regarding the use of internet.
1. What are ISP’s?

2. What are CP’s?
3. What are the three parties focused upon the author?
4. What is the main point of discussion of this chapter?
5. What are the issues presented by the author?
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Virtual Reality and Computer Simulation
Quote: “Decency standard vary widely across different individuals and cultures, however, and
what is shocking or immoral to some will not be so to others. Some will find any depiction of
nudity, violence or physical deformities indecent, whereas others will find any such depiction
acceptable. The depiction of particular acts, persons or objects may be considered
blasphemous in certain religions but not outside these religions. (Brey, 1999)
Learning Expectations: I expect to learn about the evolution of virtual technology and
computer simulation. While I wish to know more about the distinction between the virtual and
real, I also would like to learn about their applications and the emerging ethical issues on the
subject area. I expect also to learn about the ills and goods of computer games in relation to
values and gender.
Review: The literature provided by Brey initially discussed virtual reality and computer
simulation not receiving much attention from ethicists, and this relative neglect is unjustified,
leading to a rise of ethical questions in relation to computer technologies. I find it valid to for
the technologies to raise important ethical questions about the way in which they represent
reality and the misrepresentations, biased representations, and offensive representations that
they may contain. Although immersive virtual reality systems are not yet used on a large scale
non-immersive virtual reality is regularly experienced by hundreds of millions of users, in the
form of computer games and virtual environments for exploration and social networking. These
forms of virtual reality also raised ethical question regarding their benefits and harms to
society, and the values and biases contained in them. What makes the subject more interesting
is that the VR and computer simulation are representational media in that they represent real
or fictional objects and events through various kinds of representations. I believe that when
simulations aim to be realistic, they must be subjected to certain standard of accuracy so that
the degree of freedom is assessed. Virtual child pornography has also been touched, whereby it
was argued that virtual child pornography is absolutely wrong as this incidence harms the
children.
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Lesson Learned: I learned that there are varied issues confronting virtual reality and computer
simulation. I also learned that there must be a campaign to practice professional responsibility
and accountability among designers, by way of incorporating appropriate values systems into
their products/works. Also, I came to know better that on computer games, players do not just
develop values on the basis of the structure of the game itself, as they also develop them by
interacting with other players. Indeed, computer games, according to research, are a medium
for boys and men.
1. Why are virtual games not significantly attractive to women and girls?
2. How do governments effectively curb child pornography amidst the rising market of
computer games and virtual reality?
3. What is the evolution of virtual reality and simulation in the Philippines?
4. Has virtual reality and computer simulation beneficial to special sectors like those of
children and women?
5. Are reality and virtuality absolute concepts?
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Genetic Information: Epistemological and Ethical Issues
Quote:
“Special attention is given to the principle that personal data shall not be further processed”
My expectations include, the meaning of genetic information in this context
Review:
In this chapter, the author emphasizes the understanding of the way the information-related
concepts of molecular biology are interpreted to figure out the reason of the possible incorrect
application. In this chapter, the author analyzed the basic information that is related in
molecular biology and discusses the potential effects if they are misused; these are included in
the first part of the chapter. While science in this aspect is treated as a sort of package of ideas,
so the open-source model gets the same treatment as old and originary way, as the book puts
it, of scientific research . The social aspects of works of science in a similar way, activities like
publishing papers, giving talks, and sharing results helps scientists to obtain status among their
peers. The conclusion of the author is that as the industry progresses, there is an increasing
demand among researchers to redraw the boundaries of intellectual property. Instead of just
learning and living with the current system, they want to improve it, and they are armed with
moral arguments, evidence of economic efficiency, etc. which renews the traditional
cooperation that was only found in the sciences and academies. I agree with the statement that
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we should strive to improve ourselves in everything we do and be not contented with just
adapting to changes.
Lesson learned:
I’ve learned about genetic information and the issues that comes with it
1. What is the issue concerning genetic information?

2. What is the main topic of the chapter?
3. What activities works as science in the social aspect?
4. What is the conclusion of the author?
5. What is open-source information technology?
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The Ethics of Cyber Conflict
Quote: “the necessity condition requires that there be a good faith subjective, and objectively
reasonable, belief that there were no alternative to the counterstrike. The reasonableness
condition requires that the harm produced by the counterattack be proportional to the harm
avoided”
I wanted to learn more about what kind of conflicts exist in the cyberspace. I also wanted to
know what cause these conflict and what are their effects to us.
Review:
In this chapter the author talks about some issues regarding cyberspace. Issues that are
unethical and must find solutions about it. He also explained what cause these issues like for
bragging rights or launching a virus just for fun. These are just some of the example of unethical
doings.
He also point out the 3 areas of cyber conflict where the ethical issues are more problematic.
The first one is at the state level and have something to do with the national security the
second one talks about the dilemma that involves non-state actors. He also points out about
the cyber terrorism which is the integration of terrorism with cyberspace. And lastly the third
one is about cyber defense particularly on a program that is called “hack back” or “strike back”
concepts where in once attack automatically triggers an attack to the attacker.
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Lessons learned:
In this chapter I learned what are the issues that produces conflict in cyberspace. I also
understand the concept of counterstrike where in once attack triggers a counter attack. This is
very intriguing concept specially when it comes to cyber ethics.
1. Is it ethical to have revenge?
2. What are the 3 common issues regarding cyber conflict?
3. What is the definition of cyber conflict?
4. What is hack back?
5. What is cyber terrorism?
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A Practical Mechanism for Ethical Risk Assessment – A SoDIS Inspection
Quote: “Amatrix can be set up for each ethical rule such as “Don’t cause harm.” The column
headers of the “Don’t cause harm” matrix are the stakeholders, such as the “developer” and
the “customer,” and there is a row for each major requirement or task. The SoDIS analyst then
visits each cell in the matrix, asking for each requirement whether meeting this requirement
violates that obligation to the stakeholder”
In this chapter I would expect to learn more about how to manage risk when dealing with
software. I also want to learn on what is the practical mechanism in creating ethical risk
assessment. I also want to learn about SoDIS its meaning and its uses.
Review:
In this chapter the author always talks about the Risk that you need to assess, manage and
even diversify. Just for example: A simple eating of your favorite pie might end you up in a
room in one of the most expensive hospital in our country. You can never ever do
something without risking something, that’s why you have to weigh up the possible
consequences of decisions. A little decision might cause a million disasters. Disasters that is
possibly reduced or diminished when properly assessed. Analysis of risk in any field is really
important, in science, risk can cause the extinction of human race, in finance, financial crisis,
just like what we are experiencing now, and as to advance technology like internet,
invasion of privacy and security
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Lessons learned:
I learned that risk assessment is important in software development. As they always say
nothing is perfect. Making software is not an easy job that’s why it is important to asses the
risks first
1. How can risk assessment help in developing softwares?
2. What is SoDIS?
3. Explain the concept of risk identification?
4. What is risk assessment?
5. Is risk assessment necessary? Explain.
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The Digital Divide: A Perspective for the Future
Quote: Similar gaps exist between the affluent developed world and the impoverished
developing world. Although internet access is increasing across the world, it is still the case that
a comparatively small percentage of the developing world’s poor has internet access. A 2005
UNESCO report indicated that only 11% of the world’s population has access to the internet,
but 90% of these persons live on the affluent industrialized developed world.” (Ponce, 2005)
Learning Expectations: I expect to learn about the essence of digital divide and its implications
to people and society. I also expect to review some empirical studies illustrating perceived
failures of computer technologies.
Review: This chapter presented the meaning of digital divides and its implications to the future.
It was noted that the distribution of resources is vital. Bottis and Himma defined digital divide
as not any particular gap between the rich and the poor or between and among nations, but
rather it is about perceived gaps in the distribution of resources. In this context, resources are
the communication and information technologies, and the skills required to appropriately make
use of the technologies. It was noted that there are existing gaps in access to information and
ICTs within and among nations. I agree wit the contention that this digital divides must be
drastically eliminated, and that affluent nations must help impoverished nations in this context
of access to information and ICTs.
Lesson Learned: I learned that so-called digital divide is not about the disparity between the
rich and the poor, the local and global. This is about a variety of gaps that relates to inequitable
distribution of resources. This includes the lack of meaningful access to information
communication technologies (ICT), and in having the skills required to make proper use of
resources. I learned, based on a US study, that the more that people become more and more
wired, they alienate themselves from traditional societal functions and activities. Meaning, the
more they use internet, the more they lose contact with their social environment.
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1. What is the real situation of the world today with regard to access to ICT and to
information?
2. What is the relationship between the inequality produced by the digital divide and the
inequalities we have known for centuries, like the male-female inequality, among
others?
3. Is digital divide a crisis or a myth?
4. What is information gap?
5. How is educated related to digital divides?
143
Intercultural Information Ethics (IIE)
Quote: “Basic moods, through which the uniqueness of the world and the finitude of our
existence become manifests, are a trans-cultural experience common to all human beings. They
concern our awareness of the common world.” (Baier, 2006)
Learning Expectations: I expect to learn a comprehensive background of an IIE, and such

notions as morality concerns and issues affecting in intercultural information phenomenon. I
expect to get a full grasp of information on experiences and trends of other countries with
regard to IIE, and the complexity of its related concepts.
Review:
Indeed, IIE is an emerging field. The literature of Capurro provided various fundamental insights
on the effect of IIE on Information and Communication Technology (ICT). Because of the
newness of the IIE as a discipline, it is but expected that there still so many countries that are
yet to embrace IIE in the conduct of their ICTs. As noted in the Capurro’s book, there are still
many cultures whereby their IIEs have not been analyzed , such as the Eastern Europe and the
Arabic World. It is understood in the explanations that IIE not only deals with the question of
the impact of ICT on local cultures but explores also how specific ICT and media issues can be
evaluated to a full extent. The question of privacy has always been discussed. I believe that
there is a need indeed to strengthen the foundational debates on the sources of morality from
a IIE perspective. The universality of values as against the locality of cultures will continue to
interplay in the process of growth of information system across cultures worldwide.
Lessons Learned: I learned that the emergence of new forms of informational empowerment
do not function independently from the informational practices that make them possible, and
thus, need to be understood less as an absolute gain of freedom and more as the way freedom
and power are continually produced and reproduced and processes of governmentality. I also
144
learned that there is great impact of IIE in various culture, and how this affect lifestyle of people
in intercultural settings was a very exciting subject of scrutiny.
1. Are views of human existence dependent on moods and understanding?

2. Are cultural frameworks considered closed world?
3. How sensible is the contention that the information society is(and has always been)
culturally fragmented into different information societies?
4. Has computer revolution threatened to marginalize non-western cultural traditions?
5. Would it make sense to say that the cultural-social framework of a society is formed
mainly by the political-social system, and particularly by the predominating ethic and
religious values?
145
Contemporary Moral
Problem Book Review
ITETHIC
John Paulo Cantancio

3/2/2009
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution

3.0 Philippines License.
146
Egoism and moral skepticism
James Rachel
Quote: “No one, it is commonly believed, would have such iron strength of mind as to
stand fast in doing right or keep his hands off other men’s goods, when he could go to
the market-place and fearlessly help himself to anything he wanted, enter houses and
sleep with any woman he chose, set prisoners free and kill men at his pleasure, and in a
word go about among men with the power of a god. He would behave no better than the
other; both would take the same course.”
Review:
James Rachele is a university professor of philosophy at the university of

Alabama at Birmingham. Rachele examines psychological egoism and ethical egoism,
two popular views used to attack conventional morality. Psychological egoism holds that
all human actions are self-interest, whereas ethical egoism says that all actions ought to
be self-interest. The legend of Gyges is one good example of egoism. In the real world,
I would do the same if ever I have the same powers as Gyges. But maybe I would not
last that long, because I was raised well by my parents and still have conscience in me.I
have learned the difference between ethical and psychological egoism. I also learn
about the different points of view of the author on how he viewed the situation.
I also learned the basic human nature of selfishness and greed. But it is not
always about selfishness. There are just times that people seem to think that way,
maybe for some reasons we really can’t understand. I also learned that egoist are rare
in our society not all of us are like them. We as human being, often think about others
1st before our self, or in some instance we think first of our self but think about others
next. But it is normal because we are given the freedom to choose what we want to do.
But still there are limit on what we must argue. If the egoist really doesn’t care about
others, then he just reach the limit. We as humans must also act accordingly to the
actions of an individual.
147
1. What are the 2 kinds of egoism?

2. Who is the author of this chapter?
3. What did the Gyges do?
4. If you were the Gyges, will you do the same?
5. Are you an egoist?
Review Questions:
1. Explain the legend of Gyges. What question about morality are raised by the
story?
In the legend of Gyges a man is given the power to cloak. So the question is if you
that man will you do the same? Or if not what will you do? For me I believe in a
saying that “great power comes great responsibility” even if you have this kind of
power this doesn’t make you God. You still have the moral responsibility of helping
others. You should not only think about your self. Remember that in the end all of us
will be judged the same(in a Christian perspective)
2. Distinguish between psychological and ethical egoism.
Psychological egoism is being selfish and only thinks of himself. He basically doesn’t
think before he acts and often thinks of himself as a unstoppable person. While the
ethical is some how for me is more less brutal because in some way he thinks why
will he do this or that? he somehow reasons out before he acts
3. Rachels Discusses two arguments for psychological egoism. What are these
arguments, and how does he reply to them?
148
a. 1st argument : One is selfish and the other is unselfish. how can you
differentiate the 2? if for example helping his friend rather than going to
the country? he chooses to stay because that’s what he wanted to do. will
you call him unselfish if he did what he wanted to do? there are so many
points of view in this statement. one thing is what do he really wants to
do? is he oblige by the fact that he must help his friend despite the want to
go out of the country? in this case it is precisely called unselfishness.
Because he thinks of his friend 1st rather than what he really wants to do.
b. 2nd argument : Since so called unselfish actions always produce a sense
of self-satisfaction in the agent and since this sense of satisfaction is a
pleasant state of consciousness, it follows that the point of the action is
really to achieve a pleasant state of consciousness rather than to bring
about any good for others. there for the action "unselfish" is only at a
superficial level of analysis. this only shows that all of us are selfish in
ways that we want to achieve that state of satisfaction. Like what
mr.Lincon did. He help the pig in order to get that state where in he don’t
need to think of that pig for the whole day and he did it for himself.
4. What three commonplace confusions does Rachels detect in the thesis of

psychological egoism?
a. 1st confusion is selfishness with self interest - in this confusion it is stated
that doing something in your own interest. example is going to the doctor
when you feel bad or brushing your teeth. both are showing self interest
and involves behavior that ignores others.
b. 2nd confusion is the assumption that every action is done either from
self-interest or from other-regarding motives. - in this confusion one good
example is if the person knows the connection of smoking and cancer why
don’t he stop smoking? if he is selfish he must think of himself there for he
must stop smoking. But why don’t he stop?
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c. 3rd confusion is the common but false assumption that a concern for one’s
own welfare is incompatible with any genuine concern for the welfare of
others. – in this confusion we often made assumption that being selfish is
different from being unselfish because they are 2 different things. This is
for me is wrong because even the most selfish human will never know
when he will show unselfishness. It is inevitable.
5. State the argument for saying that ethical egoism is inconsistent. Why doesn’t
rachels accepts this arguments?
a. Being ethical is some how different because there are so many factors
affecting your decision and after you did it there will be some question
about it for example why? Or for whom? And other things. These
arguments will be more complicated if Rachels accepts it.
6. According to Rachels, why shouldn’t we hurt others, and why should we help
others? How can the egoist reply?
a. It is our moral obligation to not hurt other also we should help others. For
us it is an obligation given to us by God and there for must be done. While
in the egoistic point of view it seems that there is no limitation on their
obligation.
Discussion Questions
1. Has Rachels answer the question raised by Glaucon, namely “why be moral?” if
so what exactly is his answer?
a. For me he already answered the question when he said that “why should I
set fire to this department store?”.” because if you do many people will die
and get hurt” that is one answer.
2. Are genuine egoists rare, as Rachels claims? Is it a fact that most people care
about others, even people they don’t know?
150
a. I think it is rare. Most of the people now a days even those what so called
selfish people don’t think of them self most of the time. There will come a
time that, that person will not just think of himself anymore.
3. Suppose we define ethical altruism as the view that one should always act for the
benefits of the others and never in ones own self-interest. Is such a view immoral
or not?
a. I think its immoral because how can you help others if you cant help your
self. That’s one saying that tells us to start with our selves.
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Religion, Morality and Conscience
By: John Arthur
Amazon.com: http://www.amazon.com/Contemporary-Moral-Problems-James-
White/dp/0534584306/ref=pd_bbs_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1233793391&sr=8-1
Quote: “Whatever implies contradiction does not come within the scope of divine
omnipotence, because it cannot have the aspect of possibility. Hence it is more
appropriate to say that such things cannot be done than that God cannot do them”-
Thomas Aquinas
Review:
This chapter was written by John Arthur He talks about the Religion, Morality and Conscience. What do we know
about morality? Does morality needs religion? Or it is just a social? In this chapter John Arthur discusses, and rejects,
three ways morality has been thought to depend on religion: that without the motivation or religion people could not
be expected to do the right thing; that religion is necessary to provide us guidance and teaches us what really is the
right and wrong.
Do we really need religion in order for us to learn what is right? I have read about the different points of view
and arguments that commence in this essay and for me I think it is not. I come to think of it, why do people need
religion any way? People needs to have some motivation I agree which they find in religion. These are just some of
my comments that I formulated while I was reading thing essay. I have learned a lot about that’s the difference of
religion, morality and conscience. That morality is everywhere. There are also some arguments that talks about
morality as a social. It also teaches us that morality plays a big role in our society, that without it there would be chaos
all around us. Morality is what binds us all, it is also the reason why we help others, putting our self in their position
and thinking first before we act. Religion, morality and conscience are 3 words that makes us human beings.
1. Do people need religion?

2. Why do people think morality as social?
3. What Is morality?
4. What is conscience?
5. Why do we need to be moral?
152
Review Questions:
1. According to Arthur, how are morality and religion different?
a. Morality is built unto us since then yet some time we don’t show it most of
the time. So we need religion in order for us to get motivated and improve
our selves.
2. Why isn’t religion necessary for moral motivation?
a. It really depends on that person if he needs motivation or not. For example

if he know that if kills it will be taken against him. If he can motivate
himself to do good why need religion?
3. Why isn’t religion necessary as a source of moral knowledge?
a. Different religion had different belief yet they the common thing is they
believe that there is a higher being in which they believe in, that’s why
they do things or act according on what they believe. If you believe that
there is someone that is more superior than you, and believe in that
concept you can teach yourself what to do.
4. What is the divine command theory? Why does Arthur reject this theory?
a. In the divine command theory it is stated that God is the foundation of

morality that with out him there will be no morality. Arthur doesn’t believe
in this because he believes that morality is somehow human nature.
5. According to Arthur, how are morality and religion connected?
a. He believes that morality and religion somehow are connected because

they teach people what is right and wrong and it enables the person to
enhance those morality with the teaching of religion.
153
6. Dewey says that morality is social. What does this mean, according to Arthur?
a. Arthur said that being moral needs conscience because we need to put
ourselves into the shoes of others. Before we act think first what that
person will feel and decide if you must do it or not.
Discussion Questions:
1. Divine command theory had been there ever since. People need someone to
believe in for them to do good. They also believe in the concept of when you give
or do good it would be given back ten folds. Having these commandment makes
us a better persons.
2. As human we have our duties to non-human because without them there will be
no humans. Even if they are not like us we still need to think of them as human.
3. Ethics is about doing the right thing. Education pupils with moral ethics is a must
in order for us to be more human and become less barbaric.
Utilitarianism
By: John Stuart Mill
154
Quote: “The ingredient of happiness are very various, and each of them is desirable in
itself” – John Stuart Mill
Review:
John Stuart Mill is one of the most respected British philosopher. In this chapter he explains to us the what is
the meaning of utilitarianism and the principle of utility. Where in he said that life has no higher end than pleasure. He
also explains that Utility or happiness, considered as the directive rule of human conduct. Which means we do things
because that’s what make us happy. As what Jesus of Nazareth told us “Love your neighbor as you love your self” in
Mills point of view this is a good example of perfection of utilitarian morality. This points out that the happiness of an
individual must be in harmony with the interest of others.
He also points out that if a person wants something there are 2 ways that he could end up, he could be
happy by mere possession of it, or unhappy by failure to achieve it. These philosophies can help us along as we grow
up on what ever decisions we make in our daily lives. Remember that we have our own decision to make and these
are just guide philosophies.
1. What is happiness?
2. Why be unhappy if you could be happy?
3. What are the 2 kinds of pleasure?
4. What is the pleasure?
5. Who is the writer of utilitarianism?
Review Questions:
1. State and explain the principle of Utility? Show how it could be used to justify
actions that are conventionally viewed as wrong, such as lying and stealing.
a. The principle of utility is based on the happiness of the majority. For

example what will the majority thinks about stealing or lying? If the
majority thinks that these two are wrong then it would be wrong.
155
2. How does Mill reply to the objection that Epicureanism is a doctrine worthy only
of swine?
a. He said that the highest point in a human perspective is pleasure. Then

they must have done anything that would only pleasure them. That all of
the things that pleasure them is right.
3. How does Mill distinguish between higher and lower pleasures?
a. Higher pleasure means that if ever you play a game that is more complex
than the other then you will have a higher quality of pleasure. While in the
other hand lower pleasure is like playing checkered than chess because
chess is more demanding than checkers but they both have pleasure in
playing it.
4. According to Mill, whose happiness must be considered?
a. Mill believed that for some persons "the need of excitement is a disease."
Rather, true human happiness consists in a give and take involving both
excitement and tranquility, both pleasure and pain.
5. Carefully reconstruct Mill’s proof of the principle of Utility.
a. Mill states that people love virtue only because it constitutes a part of
happiness. Mill argues that happiness is not an abstract idea, but a whole
with component parts. Because virtue is a part of happiness, and
promotes the general happiness, utilitarianism encourages the
development of virtue.
Discussion:
156
1. For me happiness is both pain and pleasure. Because for me how can you know
that you are happy if you haven’t felt the pain. Absence of pain is inevitable
because there will come a time that one will suffer pain in his life time.
2. For me I think Mill is right about the higher pleasure. In some ways people have
the nature of excitement that they feel more pleasure if there is more complexity
in it.
3. For me its not. People got their own perspective and its not right to say what they
must do. Lets just let them decide what they really want.
4. For me I think its effective. Come to think of it, why do we work hard all day? Why
do we need to work anyway? For me we need to work hard in order for us to buy
those things that we need, to eat foods that we want and other things that
pleasures us. People move because they want pleasure and happiness in their
lives, so this is why I think it is effective.
Trying Our Ones New Sword
By: Mary Midgley
Quote: “ideals like discipline and devotion will not move anybody unless he himself
accepts them” – Mary Midgley
Review:
In this chapter we will see how Mary Midgley explains the theory of “moral isolationism”. This explains the
different morals of different cultures. She said the “we cannot criticize cultures that we do not understand”. How can
157
you really explain what is immoral? If what is immoral to you is moral to them? These are just some of the questions
that you will develop along the reading of this chapter.
Another argument is that how can we judge them if we can’t understand their culture. That is why we need
to know them first before we make opinions or judgments to their culture or heritage. It is better if we just have to
make good opinions so that they can be motivated and be proud of their culture and heritage.
She also points out the ancient Japanese culture of trying out one’s new sword. As what the title of this
chapter is, she explains that a new katana must first be used in a human to try if it will work well, so that if used in
battle they won’t fail their ancestor and the emperor. This is just one good example that Midgley explains that we
cannot judge other cultures morality.
1. What is a katana?
2. What culture uses tsujigiri?
3. Why cant we judge other culture?
4. Do different culture have different morality?
5. What do we call that barrier or cultures?
Review Questions:
6. What is “moral isolationism”?

a. It is forbidding us to interfere with other culture rather than where you came
from because you don’t know them and how can u criticize them if your not
one of them. He also said that it also forbids us to take critical position to any
other culture.
7. Explain the Japanese custom of tsujigiri. What question does Midgley ask about the
custom?
158
a. Tsujigiri is a Japanese custom where in before using a new samurai one must
1st try it, because you must make sure that it is working properly well because
if not it may injure your reputation. For us we really don’t understand these
kind of things so we better not criticize it because we are not Japanese.
8. What is wrong with moral isolationism, according to Midgley?

a. There are some questions about isolationism one is, if we live with them for a
short period of time? Are we credible to judge them? Criticize them? Or it will
take more than that to be able to do such thing?.
9. What does Midgley think is the basis for criticizing other culture?
a. As Midgley said there is no close box. This only means that through out
history different culture criticize each other and learn from them. Comparing
their culture and others and try to adapt other things.
Discussion Question:
1. For me Midgley have no right to judge one persons work because she doesn’t
know the culture for which that person grew. Each has its own opinions, but if
ever you will make opinion on others work its better if it would be positive so that
there will be no conflicts.
2. For me it is unreal. This may be applicable before during the time of ancient
Japan. But now a days there has been what we so called globalization. Other
culture mixed with other culture and there for have the right to make an opinion
on both sides. Other is there has been some standards that had been set for us
to follow, that’s why it would be unreal not to criticize other culture.
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The Need For More Than Justice
By: Annette Baier
Quote: “The best moral theory is the one that best harmonizes justice and care”
Review:
In this chapter Baier criticize the works of Rawls, Kant and Gilligan. She stated that justice alone is not
morally correct. She also stated that care alone is not evident specially when it is just an option. She thinks that
justice and care must be together in order to formulate the right theory. She said that care being an option is not
enough. She also explains the importance of relationships specially child-parent relationship where in justice is set
aside and emotions arise.
1. Distinguish between the justice and care perspectives. According to Gilligan, how
do these perspectives develop?
a. Baier thinks that care and justice must be united. She thinks that justice is
inadequate as a moral theory as what is stated by Kant and Rawls. Also
the care perspective of Gilligan. She thinks that they overlooked the
inequalities between peoples relationship and set aside some emotions
such as love. Baier thinks that the best moral theory is the one that
harmonize justice and care.
2. Explain Kohlberg’s theory of moral development. What criticism do Giligan and

Baier make of this theory?
a. There are 3 stages according to Kohlberg. The first one is the pre-
conventional, which you try to please others. The second one is the
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conventional where in you are already knowing the rules and standards
and try to follow them. The last one is the post-conventional where in they
tend to challenge or test the rules and standards they follow. Baier criticize
the Gilligan for putting the care as an option and not set as the minimum.
3. Baier says there are three important differences between Kantian liberals and
their critics. What are these differences?
a. The difference are the relative weight put on relationships between equals,
the relative weight put on freedom of choice, and on the authority of
intellect over emotions.
4. Why does Baier attack the Kantian view that the reason should control unruly
passions?
a. There are some instances that love overcomes reason like in parenthood.
Can a parent be just? If for example his son did something wrong and
must be punished. As a father it will be just fine because he is your son
and you love him.
Discussion:
1. It simply means to use the concept of patriarchals to defend the marginalized

people. New values replace the old ones but it does not necessarily mean that
we are to abandon the old values of justice, freedom, and rights
2. The thing that is wrong with the Kantian view is that it considers women and
minorities as ineligible to draft legislations and to vote.
3. Freedom of choice is very important because it is the essence of being a human,

having free will and to be able to decide for our own being.
The Debate Over Utilitarianism
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By: James Rachelle
Quote: “the woman who worked harder has a superior claim to the promotion, not
because it promotes the general welfare for her to get it but because she has earned it”
– James Rachelle
Review:
In this chapter James Rachelle shows us the debate of the anti utilitarianism and the utilitarianism. We will
also see how each side defend its own believes and how they explain their points of views. Rachelle believes in
utilitarianism but he thinks that it needs modifications. So many philosophers argue with this kind of philosophy some
even want this philosophy to be erased.
Also in this chapter we will know the difference between hedonism and utilitarianism. How can we apply it in
present situation and how your action is affected by it. There are also some arguments that makes utilitarianism very
vulnerable in some situation testing if there philosophy is really the right thing to do. Rachels also explains the
addition of merits to utilitarian. That hard work should have corresponding merits.
There are so much in this chapter that you will know about the pros and cons of each arguments. Every
arguments have special corresponding answers and conclusion.
1. What is justice?
2. What is rights?
3. Are promises an obligation?
4. How can you weight in a situation?
5. What is merits?
Review Questions:
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1. Rachels says that classical utilitarianism can be summed up in three
propositions. What are they?
a. 1st, actions are to be judged right or wrong solely in virtue of their

consequences.
b. 2nd, in assessing consequences, the only thing that matters is the amount
of happiness or unhappiness that is caused
c. 3rd, in calculating the happiness or unhappiness that will be caused, no
one’s happiness is to be counted as more important than anyone else’s.
2. Explain the problem with hedonism. How do defenders of utilitarianism respond

to this problem?
a. Hedonism misunderstands the nature of happiness. Happiness is not

something that is recognized as good and sought for its own sake .Right
actions, it says are the ones that produce the most good. But what is
good? The classical utilitarian reply is; one thing, and one thing only,
namely happiness.
3. What are the objection about justice, rights and promises?
a. Justice – what if lying is the right thing to do?(in a utilitarian point of

view)will you do it?
b. Rights – What if you violate ones rights?(in a utilitarian point of view the
majority is right and in this case their had been only one unhappy person
and 2 happy person. So is this the right thing to do?)
c. Promises – what if you promised your friend to meet in a particular place
at a particular time, but you still have work to do. What will you do? In a
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utilitarian point of view what if doing the work will make him more happy?
Will you still meet him or not?
4. Distinguish between rule and act utilitarianism. How does rule-utilitarianism reply
to the objections?
a. For rule utilitarianism, the correctness of a rule is determined by the

amount of good it brings about when followed. In contrast, act
utilitarianism judge actions in terms of the goodness of their
consequences without reference to rules of action.
5. What is the third line of defense?
a. A small group of contemporary utilitarian has had a very different

response to the anti-utilitarian arguments point out that the classical theory
is at odds with ordinary notions of justice, individual rights, and so on; to
this, their response is essentially “so what”
1. For me it in no because moral beliefs as an individual had a root, and there are
many reasons why we believe such thing. Every individual has its own view point
of utilitarianism and he also got his own point. We should respect what ever
moral belief every have.
2. 1st of all we must consider non-human animals. We have been given this gift to
think and to care about others not only us human but also those non-human. We
have duties that we must consider in order to live.
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3. Yes I do. I believe that merits must be given consideration because it tend to sum
up the hard work that an individual has done and it must be given consideration.
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The categorical imperative
By: Immanuel Kant
Quote: “Act only on that maxim through which you can at the same time will that it
should become a universal law”
Review:
Immanuel Kant is a German philosophers and one of the most important philosopher of all time. Kant
believes that our moral duty can be formulated in one supreme rule, which is the categorical imperative, from which
all our duties can be derived. In this chapter Kant talks about “The good will” and “Duty”. The good will is doing
something even if there is nothing in return. While the duty is doing something that must be done because it is a
must.
You will also learn different points of view and different versions of categorical imperative. What are its
advantage and disadvantages and why must we follow that kind of setting. You also learn the meaning of self love
which leads to some arguments about it. Different scenarios will also show you how people seem to look at that
perspective and see what is the law of nature is all about.
1. What is categorical imperative?
2. What is Duty?
3. Is good will the same as duty?
4. What is the difference of Duty and Good Will?
5. What is Self Love?
Review Questions:
1. Explain Kant’s account of the good will
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a. Good will is to conceive anything at all in the world, or even out of it, which
can be taken as good without qualification. It is also considered to be the
only rule but many versions. They also constitute to the inner worth of the
person.
2. Distinguish between hypothetical and categorical imperatives.
a. A hypothetical imperative compels action in a given circumstance: if I wish

to quench my thirst, I must drink something. A categorical imperative, on
the other hand, denotes an absolute, unconditional requirement that
asserts its authority in all circumstances, both required and justified as an
end in itself
3. State the first formulation of the categorical imperative and explain how Kant
uses this rule to derive some specific duties toward self and others.
a. Kant concludes that a moral proposition that is true must be one that is not
tied to any particular conditions, including the identity of the person
making the moral deliberation. A moral maxim must have universality,
which is to say that it must be disconnected from the particular physical
details surrounding the proposition, and could be applied to any rational
being. This leads to the first formulation of the categorical imperative
4. State the second version of the categorical imperative, explain it.
a. Kant derives the second version from the first one. He concluded that
every rational action must set before itself not only a principle, but also an
end. The free will is the source of all rational action. But to treat it as a
subjective end is to deny the possibility of freedom in general.
167
1. For me they are both different because the 1st imperative talks only about self
love. While the second imperative, talks about self love but with additional
questions like “is it right?”. For me the second is better because it adds
conscience in it, where you do it or not the most important thing is you come
to think what is really the right thing.
2. I really don’t agree because what if your self interest is for others and you
don’t have duties for them then it is not moral. Duties are like laws we must
do because it is our obligation. It is not right to say that when you do
something that have nothing to do with the motive of duty then it will have no
moral worth.
3. For me I think it is a good criticism, because Kant did not explain well the
limitations of self love. Every person believes in different thing, what if you
found out that you are sick and have no possibility that you will survive so for
the sake of self-love then you will commit suicide. This is something that is
not right. So I think it is a good criticism.
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Taking Rights Seriously
By: Ronald Dworkin
Quote: “if a person have the rights to do something and it is wrong to interfere with
them”
Review:
In this chapter Ronald Dworkin talks about the rights of a person but in a strong sense, which means it is “ a
must”. We will also learn about the rights of a person and laws of the government. On how to exercise these rights
and how can there be harmony between the rights of a person and the law of the government.
Dworkin also talks about the two kinds of rights. One is the moral rights where in it is about the conscience
and religious beliefs. The other one is about the legal rights that are made by the law makers the a person must
follow.
Dworkin also talks about the two forms of government and what are their advantage and disadvantages.
There are also some good examples of rights like the rights of freedom of speech, where in there are some
arguments whether the government have the right to stop it or not.
1. What is Freedom of speech?
2. What is a government?
3. What is moral rights?
4. What is legal rights?
5. Who make the law?
Review Questions:
1. What does Dworkin mean by right in the strong sense? What rights in the sense
are protected by the U.S Constitution?
169
a. The government don’t have the right to interfere against the right of the
other. For example the government don’t have the right to interfere against
someone who is talking because there is what is so called freedom of
speech except if it is against another rights.
2. Distinguish between legal and moral rights. Give examples of legal rights that are
not moral and moral that are not legal.
a. Legal rights are those rights that are written in the constitution and there
for we must follow it. While the moral rights are our rights that are not
written.
For example honor your mother and your father. This is for us Christians is
a moral rights but there is no law regarding that you must honor your
mother and you father
Another example is trespassing. There is a law which tells us that
trespassing is a crime. But in morality there is no such thing as
trespassing.
3. What are the two models of how a government might define the rights of its
citizens? Which does Dworkin find more attractive?
a. The model talks about the balance between public interest and personal
interest. Which for Dworkin opinion is false. While the second model talks
about the political equality. Which talks about every person even if he is
weak must have the same respect and concern like those powerful
members.
4. According to Dworkin, what two important ideas are behind the institution of
rights?
170
a. The first one is about the individual rights on the person. Where in it tells
us that each of us is as important as the other person because each of us
have the same rights. Another one is the majority rights, where in we must
look at a bigger picture of the situation where in the majority must be
followed.
1. Yes, a person can break the law if it is against his rights. One good example is
during the time of EDSA people power. People are violating the law because
they think that the law is violating their rights.
2. In some ways it is compatible because of the majority aspect of both

utilitarianism and the rights. Both are based on the majority of the people.
3. For me it is yes because according to Kant you must do the right thing and
invoke some conscience in doing it. it like the rights of a person, if that particular
person thinks that what he is doing is the right thing then he must do it.
171
Master and Slave Morality
By: Friedrich Nietzsche
Quote: “He who has not a hard heart when young, will never have one” – Friedrich
Nietzsche
Review:
This chapter was written by Friedrich Nietzsche(1844-1900). He was a German philosopher and poet who is
often viewed as a source of modern existentialism and deconstructionism. In this chapter the author is trying to
defend about the Master and Slave morality where in the “Master” or the superior individual must exercise its “will to
power”. This kind of mentality is present during the ancient days of kings and queens. During those times there are
just 2 kinds of people, the master and those who are slaves. This kind of mentality is still present now a day but not
as brutal as before. Now the masters that he talks about are those company owners or people that have the power.
While I was reading this chapter I come to think of it. Why do we really need to be fair with one another if we
got power or money? But why do people let themselves to be slaves? There are arguments distracting my mind while
reading this essay. There had been so many conflicts. As I go along the paragraphs in the essay I learned the
different views and opinions of the author and those arguments or why and why not? I also discover that being the
master does not mean that you have to be arrogant to your slaves. Being a master comes the responsibilities and
duties of morality. As what they always say, in every part of our society there must be morality.
1. What is will to power?

2. Where do Friedrich Nietzsche live?
3. What are the 2 kinds of people according to Friedrich?
4. What part of the society are the master?
5. What part of the society are the slaves?
Review Questions:
172
1. How does Nietzsche characterize a good and healthy society?
a. He said that a good and healthy society must exercise the master morality
for the rich and powerful and the slave morality for those who are weak
and poor.
2. What is Nietzsche’s view of injury, violence and exploitation?
a. Nietzsche said that injury, violence and exploitation are the fundamental
principle of society. He also said that these are standard of life and every
one must learn how to deal with it.
3. Distinguish between master morality and slave morality.
a. He said that there are certain standard when dealing with “master
morality” and also in “slave morality”. When you are a superior person you
have to act as master there for learn to be more charismatic and learn
how to handle those people under you. When you are a inferior person
learn how to follow commands and be more down to earth.
4. Explain the will to power?
a. The will to power is that every specific body strives to become master of
all but you will encounter other people with the same philosophy and
unites to gain more power.
Discussion Questions :
173
1. For me his philosophy is justified as Nazism. He thinks of will of power all of the
time and for him he there are 2 kinds of people those who are superior and
inferior. As Christians all of us must have the same rights provided by law so that
all of the people can have a life
2. A creator of a "master morality" that reflects the strength and independence of
one who is liberated from all values, except those that he deems valid.
174
Happiness and Virtue
By: Aristotle
Quote: “”
Review:
1. What is happiness, according to Aristotle? How is it related to virtue? How is it

related to pleasure?
a. Happiness for Aristotle is somehow not for honor, pleasure or anything
else but for the sake of itself. We are doing such things for the sake of our
own happiness. Happiness and virtue makes no big difference. We make
such things even if we know that it will make no good. Just for the “its
sake”. Pleasure is somehow connected to happiness in the sense of
satisfying our self. Conflicts occurs because sometimes it is just not by
nature pleasant but as an adventure charm,
2. How does Aristotle explain moral virtue? Give some examples.

a. The moral virtue is a mean and in what sense it is so, and that it is a mean
between two vices, the one involving excess, and the other as a
deficiency, and that is such because its characteristic is to aim at what is
intermediate in passions and in actions, has been sufficiently stated. A
person with the virtue of obedience. People seem to be obedience
because they know that there will some consequence in a way of failure if
175
they did not do it. It is up to them how will they accept the fact that they
failed.
3. Is it possible for everyone in our society to be happy, as Aristotle explains it? If

not, who cannot be happy?
a. As my understanding, it is possible that all people is happy but if we will
include the creatures or creation by God then I do not think so it is
possible that all creatures will be happy. In the reading, it states that “by
the fact that the other animals have no share in happiness, being
completely deprived of such activity. I think those creatures by God that
incapable of the virtuous activities are those who cannot be happy.
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS:
1 . A life of pleasure is irresistible yet many consequences. For example if you haven’t
felt the pain and failure. how can you be able to get thru those kind of obstacles. We as
human must feel not just pleasure but also failure. that’s why we are called human
being because we have the power to think and to act accordingly to what is needed.
2. I don’t agree, they can’t say that they have more knowledge that they are happier
than anyone else. Many people have different opinions about happiness and different
ways how to become happy. Most philosophers view it that the more you know the
happier you will be. For me it is not like, because for me happiness have different
criteria and to be happy you must have those different criteria and there for you will be
happy.
176
A Theory of Justice
By: John Rawls
Quote: “injustice, then, is simply inequalities that are not to the benefit of all”
Review:
In this chapter John Rawls talks about justice and its 2 basic principle. Rawls bring up some arguments that
st
need intellectual thinking and justification. The 1 one is about the equal liberties of all. This means that we must
have the same rights and is just if we don’t interfere with the rights of others. Rawls made an example of freedom of
st
speech, this right must be practice by all of us but there are some instances that before we practice we must 1 ask
nd
permission because we may be interfering with others. The 2 principle is the inequality when it comes to politics and
business. For me this is eminent in our society today. For example in the military there is what you call chain of
command. Come to think of it how can we be equal if there are people above us? For me we need this in order to
lead us in the right way, and it is also stated that this is valid if it is for our advantage.
1. What for you is the meaning of justice?
2. What is the meaning of equal liberties?
3. Is freedom of speech part of our liberties?
4. If we are equal then why is there such thing as chain of command?
5. What will be our limitation in what you so called equal liberties?
Review Questions:
1. Carefully explain Rawls’ conception of the origin position?
a. The origin of position as Rawl explains is the hypothetical condition

wherein the citizens of in that world is under the veil of ignorance, they
177
have no idea of their skills, intellect, and social status. He used this origin
of position to explain how justice as fairness could be achieved.
2. State and explain Rawls’ first principle of justice.
a. The 1st principle explains about the equal basic liberties. Which means
equal in rights for example right to vote, freedom of speech and other
things that ever person must have. The first principle also explains that
fairness is a must in our society.
3. State and explain the second principle. Which principle has priority such that it
cannot be sacrificed?
a. The 2nd principle explains about the arrangement of social and economical
inequalities. Which means there are some instances that inequality is
evident for example is the chain of command, authority etch. But Rawls’
explain that inequality is just if it is for the benefit of all. For example is the
authority, if there are no authorities who will prevent you from doing wrong
then I think it will be chaotic.
Discussion:
1. On the first principle there are limitations and some of this are the rules
imposed by our government and our religion. One good example is
engaging in homosexual activities, in other countries that religion is not
that important to them homosexual activities are just fine. There are
even places where same sex marriage are not a violation. While for
those using drugs, maybe you are using it in your very homes in some
private places but if you will view it in a bigger picture it can affect the
community in a big way. Such examples are those pregnant women
that are addictive to drugs, they don’t think anymore the most
important thing for them is to take some dosage. What if all of us are
like that then there will be chaos.
178
179
The Nature and Value of Rights
By: Joel Fienberg
Quote: “all duties are correlated with the rights of those to whom the duty is owed”
Review:
In this chapter Feinberg wants us to imagine a placed named Nowheresville where non of us has a right.
There is no rights to violate because there is non. So Feinberg wants us to imagine a place where in there is no limit
on what you can do to a particular person because there is nothing to stop you. Just imagine how inconvenience and
violence that world can be.
Feinberg wants us to learn the importance of rights to out daily lives and what are their limitations. He also
wants us to reflect on the morality of some particular situations because along the way. Feinberg will add piece by
piece some duties, rights and the presence of God. This is a good experiment because you can really reflect on the
situation and ask your self. What if?
1. What is Nowheresville?
2. What is rights?
3. Who is the author of The nature and value of rights?
4. What are duties?
5. What is the difference of Duties and rights?
Review Questions:
1. Describe Nowheresville. How is this world different from our world?
180
a. It is a place where in there are no rights. It is a world where in every one
can’t justify themselves because they’ve got no right to lean on. It is an
ugly place to live in. this is the complete opposite of our world. Without
rights people seem to abuse their power and go over the moral obligation.
2. Explain the doctrine of the logical correlativity of rights and duties. What is
Feinberg’s position on this doctrine?
a. This is the doctrine that all duties entail other peoples rights and all rights
entail other peoples duties. Only the first part of the doctrine, the alleged
entailment from duties to rights, need concern us here. Feinberg tend to
believe that in some sense yes and some no. He further explain that duty
comes from the word due which means. That it simply tells us that we
must do it. He told us that all duties are correlated with the rights of those
to whom the duty is owed.
3. How does Feinberg explain the concept of personal desert? How would personal
desert work in Nowheresville?
a. To deserve something good is for there to be “a certain propriety” in your

receiving it, a propriety based either on the kind of person you are or on
some specific thing that you’ve done. This sort of “propriety” is “a kind of
fittingness between one party’s character or action and another party’s
favorable response, much like that between humor and laughter, or good
performance and applause.
4. Explain the sovereign right-monopoly. How would this work in nowheresville?
a. In order to escape the state of nature, men make a covenant among

themselves to transfer their right of nature to a single entity who will
thereby have the legitimate authority to enforce covenants. This will be
181
like dictatorship where in all the powers will be put upon one person only.
The outcome will depends on how that person will lead them.
5. What are claim-rights? Why does Feinberg think they are morally important?
a. To have a right is to have a claim against someone whose recognition as

valid is called for by some set of governing rules or moral principles. To
have a claim in turn, is to have a case meriting consideration, that is, to
have reasons or grounds that put one in a position to engage in formative
and propositional claiming.
Discussion questions:
1. Yes because he made a realistic approach by making an imaginary world where

in at first there are no rights and there for no justice. After he added different
duties and different rights and see how the community will be. This is one good
way of experimenting how people will act depending on what rights are there.
2. The activity of claiming, finally, as much as any other thing, makes for self-
respect and respect for others, and gives a sense to the notion of personal
dignity
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Source
White, J. E. CONTEMPORARY MORAL PROBLEMS (SEVENTH EDITION).
Amazon.com:http://www.amazon.com/Contemporary-Moral-Problems-James-
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National Library OR and Claim Stub
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Use Case Narrative
Copyright Registration System Use Case

Narrative
Accomplish Copyright Form
Identification summary
Title: Accomplish Copyright Form
Summary: This use case allows the applicant to fill-in the needed information on the form
Actors: Applicant, Copyright Staff
Creation Date: ??? Date of Update: ???
Version: ??? Person in Charge:
Flow of Events
Preconditions:
1. The National Library should be open
2. The material that to be copyrighted is finished
3. There should be an applicant
Main Success Scenario:
1. The applicant gets an application form from the Copyright office

2. Then the applicant should fill-in the information on the form
3. The applicant should purchase a stamp
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5. The applicant gives back the form to the Copyright office
Alternative Sequences:
1. The applicant already has a form

1. The applicant has already completed a form which is downloaded from the Library’s site
2. The applicant should proceed in purchasing a stamp
Error Sequences:
1. The affidavit hasn’t been notarized
186
a. The affidavit isn’t notarized because there is no notary public available
b. Use case ends
2. There is no stamp to be purchased
a. There are no stamps available in the store
b. Use case ends
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a. There are no forms to be given to the applicant
b. Use case ends
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Title: Pay Copyright Fee
Summary: This use case allows the applicant to pay the copyright fee needed to proceed in
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Actors: Applicant, Copyright Staff, Cashier
Flow of Events
Preconditions:
1. The cashier should be open

2. The copyright office is still open
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1. The copyright staff signs the form and indicates the amount to be paid
2. The applicant pays the copyright fee to the cashier
3. The cashier issues a receipt to the applicant
1. There are some fields needed to be filled-up

1. The applicant has left a blank field
2. The applicant fills up the blank and submits the form back to the copyright staff
Error Sequences:
187
1. The cashier is closed
a. The cashier closed before the applicant could pay the copyright fee
b. Use case ends
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Title: File Copyright Request
Summary: This use case allows the applicant to file a copyright request to the copyright office
Flow of Events
Preconditions:
1. The material should have two copies

2. The applicant have paid the copyright fee
3. The form is verified by the copyright staff
1. The applicant submits the form, material, and receipt to the copyright staff
2. The copyright staff files the form and material to be copyrighted
3. The copyright staff returns the receipt with a claim stub to the applicant
1. The applicant has only one copy of the material

1. The applicant has one copy of the material
2. The applicant should provide one more copy of the material
Error Sequences:
1. The copyright office is already closed

a. The copyright office is already closed when the applicant returned
b. Use case ends
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Title: Ask Copyright Information
Summary: This use case allows the applicant to ask for information from the copyright staff
Flow of Events
Preconditions:
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1. The applicant asks a question to the copyright staff

2. The staff answers the applicant
1. The applicant has another question

1. The applicant asks another question to the copyright staff
2. The staff answers the applicant
Error Sequences:
1. The copyright staff is not present

a. The applicant goes in the copyright office and the copyright staff is not present
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It-Ethic Reader Cantancio

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Ethics Reader

A compilation of reviews from Hand book on computer ethics, Fortune

Author: Cantancio John Paulo

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution

This is my first book on computer ethics. After days of sleepless nights

I. Fortune at the bottom of the pyramid

3. Is taxation an effective way to reduce or eradicate poverty?

“The real economic profit is in the effective use of capital”

5. Does the BOP strategy have importance in your life?

“A business system is at the heart of the ecosystem for wealth creation”

2. What composes those private sectors?

3. Why is it that a business system is the basis for wealth creation?

4. What is a symbiotic relationship?

5. Why can’t an economy advance if it is directed towards the extralegal entities?

“Poor countries might be rich if we consider trapped assets”

2. How could we alleviate poverty in developing countries?

3. How could assets be converted into capital?

4. Do you think corruption will ever end in developing countries?

2. What is needed in converting the poor into a market?

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Quote:” Because of information technology there are no peripheries”

1. What Is computer revolution?

According to Moor aspects of the computer revolution will continue to spring up in

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Quote:” privacy is often to be taken as an aspect of autonomy”

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Quote: ” Because Global information infrastructure (GII), a seamless web of

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1. What are the 3 concepts being explained?

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Quote:” Computer ethics is a field of professional ethics concerned with issues of

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1. What is the internet?

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1. What do Russians use to control their people

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1. What is the meaning of PICS?

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1. What is the meaning of DMCA?

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To learn more about DeCSS and how it works.

I learned that copying a technology will be a big liability in your part

1. What is DeCSS trial?

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1. Who are those cyber punks?

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1. What is intellectual property?

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Amazon Link: http://www.amazon.com/Cyberethics-Morality-Cyberspace-Richard-

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Amazon Link: http://www.amazon.com/Cyberethics-Morality-Cyberspace-Richard-

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Amazon Link: http://www.amazon.com/Cyberethics-Morality-Cyberspace-Richard-

1. What is privacy in your own words?

1. What is the main purpose of the directive?

1. What is the main argument in the first part of the chapter?