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Page 269

How are Punnett squares used?

They’re used to predict and compare genetic variations that will result from a cross

4. Define the terms genotype and phenotype

A genotype is the genetic makeup of the organism, which may vary with eachindividual even if they share the same phenotype. The phenotype is the physicalcharacteristics affected by the genotypes.

5. What is the probability that a seed from the cross will produce a tallplant? Use a Punnett square to explain your answer and to compare theprobable genetic variations in F2 plants.

Tt Tttt TtttttProbability for tall: 50% Probability for short: 50%.Heterozygous: 50% homozygous tall: 0% homozygous short: 50%

Page 2743. What is the difference between incomplete dominance andcodominance?

In incomplete dominance the phenotype is somewhere in between the twohomozygous phenotypes: red+white=pink. In codominance, both phenotypes arepresent: red+white=red and white

4. Why are fruit flies an ideal organism for genetic research?

Fruit flies are small, easy to keep in the laboratory, and can produce plenty of offspring in a very short amount of time.

Page 2802. What are gene maps, and how are they produced?

Gene map-map showing relative locations of each known gene on a particularchromosome. To produce a gene map, find the rate at which linked genes wereseparated and recombined.

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Page 28414. State how you would determine the genotype of a white ram

A white ram could either have homozygous genes of heterozygous genes. In orderto figure out which, the parents and their parents will be needed. If the ram’sparents are a white ram and a black ram, then the ram is heterozygous. If theparents are two white rams, then the genotype could be homozygous orheterozygous. If this is the case then it would be necessary to find the parents’genotypes in the same way.

15. In rabbits, B is an allele for black coat and b is an allele for brown coat.

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Write the genotype for a rabbit that is homozygous for black coat

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Write the genotype for a rabbit that is heterozygous for black coat

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18. State one reason it is important to study inheritance of human geneticdiseases

By studying the inheritance of human genetic diseases scientists can help preventgenetic disorders in the future

Page 28524. Genes that control hair or feather color in some animals are expresseddifferently in the winter than in the summer. For example, snowshoe haresare white in winter and brown in summer.a. Explain how such a difference in the expression of the gene for fur colormight be beneficial to the snowshoe hare

A brown hare can blend very well with the trees surrounding it during summer, butin the winter when everything is white, it stands out very much. If its fur turns whitethen it’ll blend well into the background again.

b. Describe how the snowshoe hare’s fur color can change but the genesthe animal inherited from its parents do not change

The genes might tell the rabbit’s coat color to change, but genes themselves don’tchange. It’s merely the phenotype that’s changing.

Page 2995. What is the role of DNA polymerase in DNA replication?

It joins individual nucleotides to produce a DNA molecule, and proofreads each newDNA to make sure each molecule is a perfect copy of the original DNA.

Page 3062. What happens during transcription?

RNA polymerase binds to DNA and separates the DNA strands. RNA polymerasethen uses one strand of DNA as a template from which nucleotides are assembledinto a strand of RNA

3. What happens during translation?

Cell uses information from messenger RNA to produce proteins

Page 3082. What is the significance of mutations to living things?

Mutation allows for genetic variation, and in some cases mutations can be verybeneficial to the organism and the whole species in general.

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