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Drs. M. Hariyanto
SMA Negeri 3 Malang
(Public Senior High School)
Jl. Sultan Agung Utara No 7 Phone (0341) 324 768 Malang 65111
(web site : http://www.har-chemist.co.nr )
Before we study about buffer solution, we should review the previous material, how to
calculate the pH of acid, base, the mixture of acid and base, and Bronsted-Lowry theory of acid-base.
Complete the following table!
2. pH of mixture
No Acid Conjugate-base + H+
1 H2O
2 CH3COOH
3 HCN
4 NH4+
No Base + H+ Conjugate-acid
1 H2O + H+
2 NH3
3 HCO3-
4 HPO42-
3 CH3COOH (aq) + CH3COONa (aq) CH3COOH (aq) = weak acid Acidic buffer
CH3COO- (aq) = the salt of
CH3COOH
4 HCl (aq) + Cl- (aq) …………………………….. Not buffer
……………………………..
CONCLUSION
Based on the data above, conclude how to make the acidic buffer solutions and alkaline buffer
solutions?
02. Determine the kind of substance that remains, and classify into acidic buffer solution /
alkaline buffer solution / not buffer!
a. 100 mL of ethanoic acid solution 0.1M is added into 50 mL of sodium hydrokxide
solution 0.1 M.
b. 100 mL of ethanoic acid solution 0.1M is added into 50 mL of calcium hydrokxide
solution 0.1 M.
c. 100 mL of ammonia solution 0.1M is added into 50 mL of sulfuric acid solution 0.1
M.
d. 100 mL of ammonia solution 0.1M is added into 50 mL of nitric acid solution 0.1 M.
Definition
An acidic buffer solution is simply one which has a pH less than 7. Acidic buffer
solutions are commonly made from a weak acid and its conjugate-base or and
one of its salts - often a sodium salt,
You can change the pH of the buffer solution by changing the ratio of acid to
salt, or by choosing a different acid and one of its salts.
An alkaline buffer solution has a pH greater than 7. Alkaline buffer solutions are
commonly made from a weak base and its conjugate-acid or and one of its
salts.
A buffer solution has to contain things which will remove any hydrogen ions or
hydroxide ions that you might add to it - otherwise the pH will change. Acidic
and alkaline buffer solutions achieve this in different ways.
Ethanoic acid is a weak acid, and the position of this equilibrium will be well to
the left:
Adding sodium
ethanoate to this adds lots of extra ethanoate ions. According to Le Chatelier's
Principle, that will tip the position of the equilibrium even further to the left.
The solution will therefore contain these important things:
Other things (like water and sodium ions) which are present aren't important to
the argument.
The buffer solution must remove most of the new hydrogen ions otherwise the
pH would drop markedly.
Hydrogen ions combine with the ethanoate ions to make ethanoic acid.
Although the reaction is reversible, since the ethanoic acid is a weak acid, most
of the new hydrogen ions are removed in this way.
Since most of the new hydrogen ions are removed, the pH won't change
very much - but because of the equilibria involved, it will fall a little bit.
Alkaline solutions contain hydroxide ions and the buffer solution removes most
of these.
This time the situation is a bit more complicated because there are two
processes which can remove hydroxide ions.
The most likely acidic substance which a hydroxide ion is going to collide with is
an ethanoic acid molecule. They will react to form ethanoate ions and water.
Because most of the new hydroxide ions are removed, the pH doesn't increase
very much.
Remember that there are some hydrogen ions present from the ionisation of
the ethanoic acid.
Hydroxide ions can combine with these to make water. As soon as this
happens, the equilibrium tips to replace them. This keeps on happening until
most of the hydroxide ions are removed.
Again, because you have equilibria involved, not all of the hydroxide ions are
removed - just most of them. The water formed re-ionises to a very small extent
to give a few hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions.
Ammonia is a weak base, and the position of this equilibrium will be well to the
left:
Adding ammonium chloride to this adds lots of extra ammonium ions. According
to Le Chatelier's Principle, that will tip the position of the equilibrium even
further to the left.
Other things (like water and chloride ions) which are present aren't important to
the argument.
There are two processes which can remove the hydrogen ions that you are
adding.
Most, but not all, of the hydrogen ions will be removed. The ammonium ion is
weakly acidic, and so some of the hydrogen ions will be released again.
Remember that there are some hydroxide ions present from the reaction
between the ammonia and the water.
Hydrogen ions can combine with these hydroxide ions to make water. As soon
as this happens, the equilibrium tips to replace the hydroxide ions. This keeps
on happening until most of the hydrogen ions are removed.
Again, because you have equilibria involved, not all of the hydrogen ions are
removed - just most of them.
The hydroxide ions from the alkali are removed by a simple reaction with
ammonium ions.
Because the ammonia formed is a weak base, it can react with the water - and
so the reaction is slightly reversible. That means that, again, most (but not all)
of the the hydroxide ions are removed from the solution.
Drs. M. Hariyanto
SMA Negeri 3 Malang
(Public Senior High School)
Jl. Sultan Agung Utara No 7 Phone (0341) 324 768 Malang 65111
(web site : http://www.har-chemist.co.nr )
Conclusion
Notes
3. Calculate the pH of 600 mL of HCN 0.01 M dand 100 mL of KCN 0.01 M, given
that Ka HF = 6 x 10-4
4. Calculate the pH of 100 mL of HF 0,06 M and 100 mL of BaF2 0.01 M, given that
Ka HF = 6 x 10-4
5. Determine the pH of 180 mL of NH3 0.01 M and 100 mL ofNH4NO3 0.01 M , given
that Kb NH3 = 1.8 x 10-5
8. How many grams of ammonium chloride (Mr = 53,5) must be added into 200 mL of
ammonia 0,1M to form the buffer solution that has pH = 9.
Given thatKb NH3 = 1 x 10-5
9. Determine the proportion of volume of H2CO3 0.01 M and HCO3- 0.5 M to form the
buffer solution that has pH = 6 – log 5 (Ka H2CO3 = 5 x 10-7)
10. Calculate the pH of 200 mL larutan HF 0.1 M and 100 mL of Ba(OH)2 0.025 M.
Given that Ka HF = 6 x 10-4
11. Calculate the pH of 200 mL of NH3 0.1 M and 100 mL of HCl 0.1M. Given that
Kb NH3 = 1 x 10-5
12. How many grams of NaOH powder (Mr = 40) must be added into 500 mL of acetic
acid 0.1 M to form the buffer that has pH = 5. Ka CH3COOH = 1 x 10-5
14. How many dropps of sulfuric acid 1 M must be dropped and dropped intoharus 100
mL of ammonia 0.01 M to form the buffer that has pH-nya 9 + log 9
(Kb NH3 = 1 x 10-5)
15. One liter of the buffer solution that made from barium hydroxide aqueous solution
0.1 M and hydrofluoric acid 0.1 M has pH = 4 – log 6. When Ka HF = 6 x 10-4,
determine the volume of each solution in the initial mixture.
16. Five hundreds milliliters of buffer solution that made from amonia 0.1 M and sulfuric
acid 0.1 M has pH = 9. If Kb NH3 = 1 x 10-5, determine the volume of each solution
in the initial mixture.
17. Five hundreds milliliters of buffer solution that made from amonia 0.1 M and
sulfuric acid 0.1 M has pH = 9 - log 6. If Kb NH3 = 1 x 10-5,
a. determine the volume of each solution in the initial mixture.
b. Determine the pH after the buffer is added by 50 mL of sulfuric acid 0.2 M
Drs. M. Hariyanto
SMA Negeri 3 Malang
(Public Senior High School)
Jl. Sultan Agung Utara No 7 Phone (0341) 324 768 Malang 65111
(web site : http://www.har-chemist.co.nr )
Procedure
PART I
1. Prepare 2 pieces of clean reaction tube
2. Pour to each tube above, 2 mL of hydrochloric acid 0.1 M and 2 dropps of
universal indicator, and measure its pH.
3. Do the following experiments :
a. Into the first tube (1.1), add dropp by dropp the solution of NaOH 0.1 M
until the colour changes. Write the number of dropp and pH.
b. Into the second tube (1.2), dilute two times by adding 2 mL of aquadest,
observe its colour!, if the colour has not changed, dilute 3 times by adding 2
mL of aquadest , etc until the colour changes. Write the volume of adding
aquadest and its pH.
PART II
1. Prepare 2 pieces of clean reaction tube
2. Pour to each tube above, 2 mL of sodium hydroxide 0.1 M and 2 dropps of
universal indicator, and measure its pH.
3. Do the following experiments :
a. Into the first tube (1.1), add dropp by dropp the solution of HCl 0.1 M until
the colour changes. Write the number of dropp and pH.
PART III
1. Prepare 3 pieces of clean reaction tube
2. Pour to each tube above, the mixture of 1 mL of acetic acid 0.1 M and 1 mL of
sodium acetic 0.1 M, then add 2 dropps of universal indicator, and measure its pH.
3. Do the following experiments :
a. Into the first tube (1.1), add dropp by dropp the solution of HCl 0.1 M until
the colour changes. Write the number of dropp and pH.
b. Into the first tube (1.2), add dropp by dropp the solution of NaOH 0.1 M
until the colour changes. Write the number of dropp and pH.
c. Into the second tube (1.3), dilute two times by adding 2 mL of aquadest,
observe its colour!, if the colour has not changed, dilute 3 times by adding 2
mL of aquadest , etc until the colour changes. Write the volume of adding
aquadest and its pH.
PART III
1. Prepare 3 pieces of clean reaction tube
2. Pour to each tube above, the mixture of 1 mL of ammonia 0.1 M and 1 mL of
ammonium chloride 0.1 M, then add 2 dropps of universal indicator, and measure its
pH.
3. Do the following experiments :
a. Into the first tube (1.1), add dropp by dropp the solution of HCl 0.1 M until
the colour changes. Write the number of dropp and pH.
b. Into the first tube (1.2), add dropp by dropp the solution of NaOH 0.1 M
until the colour changes. Write the number of dropp and pH.
c. Into the second tube (1.3), dilute two times by adding 2 mL of aquadest,
observe its colour!, if the colour has not changed, dilute 3 times by adding 2
mL of aquadest , etc until the colour changes. Write the volume of adding
aquadest and its pH.
Observation result
PART I : 2 mL of HCl 0.1 M is added by NaOH 0.1 M and diluted
The solution Volume colour pH change
that added dropps / initial after initial after
mL
NaOH 0.1 M
Aquadest
Aquadest
NaOH 0.1 M
Aquadest
PART IV: 1 mL of NH30.1 M and 1 mL of NH4Cl 0.1 M are added by HCl 0.1 M,
NaOH 0.1 M and diluted
The solution Volume colour pH change
that added dropps / initial after initial after
mL
HCl 0.1 M
NaOH 0.1 M
Aquadest
Assignments
Based on the data above, plot the graph of volume versus the pH changes.
ADDING AN ACID
NaOH 0.1 M An acidic buffer solution An alkaline buffer solution pH
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
DILUTION
HCl 0.1 M NaOH 0.1 M Acidic buffer alkaline buffer pH
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Conclusion
Based on the slope of the graph above , conclude the effect of adding a little acid, a little
alkali and dilution to the change of pH of an acid, an alkali, an acidic buffer, and an
alkaline buffer solution.
Drs. M. Hariyanto
SMA Negeri 3 Malang
(Public Senior High School )
Jl. Sultan Agung Utara No. 7 Telp (0341) 324768 Malang 65111
(Web site : http://www.har-chemist.co.nr )
No Questions answer
1 Based on the chemical formula of salt, ……………………………………….
mention the components of salt! ……………………………………….
OBSERVATION RESULT
QUESTIONS
nO QUESTIONS ANSWER
1 Based on the experiments above, mention ……………………………………
the properties of each salt solution, acidic / ……………………………………
alkaline or neutral ……………………………………
……………………………………
2 If the salts that hydrolized in water are not ……………………………………
the neutral salts, mention which are the ……………………………………
salts that hydrolized in the experiment ……………………………………
above! ……………………………………
CONCLUSION
1. The kind of salt based on the strength of parent acid and parent
base
No The strength of The property of salt
The parent base The parent acid ( acidic / basic / neutral)
1
2
3
4
A salt of a strong acid and a strong base (such as NaCl from HCl and NaOH)
produces a neutral solution when dissolved in water. However, when a salt of a weak acid
and a strong base (e.g. NaAc from acetic acid and NaOH), a strong acid and a weak base
(e.g. NH4Cl from ammonia and HCl), or a weak acid and a weak base (NH4Ac) is
dissolved in water, the solution does not have a neutral pH. These phenomena are
explained by the reaction of the salts of weak acids and weak bases with water in
hydrolysis reactions. As shown in Figure 2.1, these hydrolysis reactions produce the
parent weak acids and weak bases of the salts:
As you can see in the figure above, the salt of a weak acid, such as acetate ion, acts
as a base in water, and the salt of a weak base, such as ammonium ion, acts as a weak
acid. From our previous discussion on the reactions of acids and bases with water in
Disassociations, you should know that the Kb of acetate ion can be calculated from the Ka
of acetic acid, and that the Ka of ammonium ion can be calculated from the Kb of
ammonia, as shown in figure 2.1.
Another type of hydrolysis reaction comes from the reaction of metal ions with
high charges. Such ions act as Lewis acids to water molecules, as shown in Figure 2.2. A
metal ion can bond to water by accepting an lone pair from the oxygen of a water
molecule, and this increases the acidity of water molecule. Like other acids, we can
calculate the Ka and calculate the pH of a solution containing such ions.
To calculate the pH of a solution containing the salt of a weak acid or a weak base,
treat the problem exactly as you did when calculating the pH of weak acid and base
solutions above in Calculating pH's, Heading . Mixtures of salts of weak acids and weak
bases present a challenging mathematical problem that we will not cover in our treatment
of acid-base chemistry.
Drs. M. Hariyanto
SMA Negeri 3 Malang
(Public Senior High School )
Jl. Sultan Agung Utara No. 7 Telp (0341) 324768 Malang 65111
(Web site : http://www.har-chemist.co.nr )
1. THE SALT FROM THE STRONG BASE (LOH) AND STRONG ACID (HZ)
No Questions Solution
1 The chemical formulae of salt LZ
2. THE SALT FROM STRONG BASE (LOH) AND WEAK ACID (HA)
No Questions Solution
1 The chemical formulae of salt LA (1)
5 The relation among Kh, Kw and Ka a. Ionization of water : H2O ↔ ........ + ........
a. Write the formulae of Kw Kw = ........................ (5a)
b. Write ionization of weak acid, HA
and write theformulae of its Ka b. HA ↔ ........ + ..........
Ka =...........................
3. THE SALT FROM WEAK BASE (MOH) AND STRONG ACID (HZ)
No Pertanyaan Penyelesaian
1 The chemical formulae of salt MZ (1)
5 The relation among Kh, Kw and Ka a. Ionization of water : H2O ↔ ........ + ........
a. Write the formulae of Kw Kw = ........................ (5a)
b. Write ionization of weak acid, HA
and write theformulae of its Ka b. MOH ↔ ........ + ..........
Kb =...........................
4. THE SALT FROM WEAK BASE (MOH) AND WEAK ACID (HA)
No Questions Solution
1 The chemical formulae of salt MA (1)
Questions
No Questions Answer
1 Based on the the strength of parent base and .................................................................
parent acid, clasify the kind of salt and give 1 .................................................................
example of each salt! .................................................................
Conclusion
SB-WA [A-] =
concentration
anion of salt
WB-SA [M+] =
concentration
of cation of
salt
WB-WA
SB = strong base
SA = strong acid
WB = weak base
WS = weak acid
Drs. M. Hariyanto
SMA Negeri 3 Malang
(Public Senior High School)
Jl. Sultan Agung Utara No 7 Phone (0341) 324 768 Malang 65111
(web site : http://www.har-chemist.co.nr )
A. Solubility
1. Definition of solubilty
Complete the following table!
Questions
Based on the data above, answer the following questions!
No Questions Answer
1 Based on the data above, what are ..........................................................
the factors that influence the value of ..........................................................
solubility of substance in water? ..........................................................
1. If the solubility of BaSO4 in water is 1 x 10-5 mol/L, determine the solubility of BaSO4 by
unit mg/L (Mr BaSO4 = 233)
2. The solubility of Mg(OH)2 in water is 2 x 10-4 M, how many grams of Mg(OH)2 that can
soluble in 500 mL of water ( Mr Mg(OH)2=58)
3. The maximum mass of L2X3 (Mr=100) that can dissolve in 200 mL of water is 5 x 10-3 mg.
Calculate the solubility of L2X3 in water by unit moles/L
Expression of Ksp
Before you write the expression of Ksp (solubility product constant) of saturated
substance, answer the following questions!
No Questions Answer
1 Ag2CrO4 is the saturated substance, Ag2CrO4(s) ↔ .......(aq) + ........(aq)
Write the ionization of Ag2CrO4 in
water!
2 Write the equilibrium constant (K)
of equation no 1 K = ................................................
Individual assignments
Fill the blank !
NO The chemical The equilibrium equation The formulae of
formulae Ksp
1 AgCl AgCl(s) ↔ Ag+(aq) + Cl-(aq) Ksp=[Ag+][Cl-]
2 CaCO3
3 Ag2S
4 Fe(OH)3
5 CuCl2
6 Al2(SO4)3
7 PbCl2
8 BaSO4
9 Al(OH)3
10 BaF2
Conclusion
If the saturated substance is symbolized by LxAy, Write the ionization equation and its Ksp
expression
4. Determine the Ksp of AgCl, if the solubility of AgCl in water = 0,7175 mg/500 mL
5. How many miligrams of Ag3PO4 (Mr=419) that can soluble in 500 mL of water, given that
its Ksp = 2,7 x 10-11?
Drs. M. Hariyanto
SMA Negeri 3 Malang
(Public Senior High School)
Jl. Sultan Agung Utara No 7 Phone (0341) 324 768 Malang 65111
(web site : http://www.har-chemist.co.nr )
Precipitation reaction
When we mix two electrolytes substances that by theorytically produce precipitation,
but in facts we will get 3 possibility of products; no precipitation occurs (unsaturated),
will have precipitated (saturated) or produce precipitation (supersaturated)
Why these are happened?
Observe the following data! And complete it!
Conclusion
Based on the data , conclude the relation among Qc, Ksp and the forming of
precipitation!
Solution :
The number of mole of Pb(NO3)2 = 100 x 0.005 = 5 mmoles
The number of mole of HCl = 100 . 0,005 = 5 mmoles
PbCl2 → Pb2+ + 2 NO3-
5 mmoles ∼ 5 mmoles ∼ 10 mmoles
HCl → H+ + Cl-
5 mmoles ∼ 5 mmoles ∼ 5 mmoles
1. One hundred mililitres of the saturated solution of BaF2 , contains 17.5 mg of precipitation
after evaporated. Determine the Ksp for BaF2 , given that the relative atomic mass of Ba
and F are 137 and 19.
2.How many grams of Al2(SO4 )3 that can dissolve in 250 mL of solution , if Ksp for
Al2(SO4)3 = 3,2 . 10-34.(Ar Al = 27; O = 16 ; S = 32.)
3. Calculate the pH of the saturated solution of Al(OH)3 , if Ksp for Al(OH)3 = 1,6. 10-35.
5. Should precipitation occurs of BaSO4 ,If 200 mL of Ba(NO3)2 0.025 M is mixed with 300
mL of Na2SO4 0.05 M. ( Ksp for BaSO4 = 1.5 x 10-9)
6.The solution of FeBr3 0.2 M is dropped by NH3 solution, determine the pH when start
precipitation of Fe(OH)3, Ksp for Fe(OH)3 = 1.6 x 10-36 ( assume that the volume of mixture
doesn’t change by ammonia addition)
7. Ksp forBaSO4 = 1 x 10-10. If barium hydroxide that its pH= 11 is mixed with sulfuric acid
that its pH = 3 so the volume of mixture 1 Litre.
a. predict ! Should precipitation occurs?
b. if precipitation occurs, calculate the mass of BaSO4 that precipited (Mr=233)
c. calculate the concentration of Ba2+ and SO42- in solution!.
8. One litre of MgCl2 0.0001 M is added drop by drop with KOH 2 M, if Ksp for
Mg(OH)2 = 9 x 10-12, how many drops of KOH required to start precipitation of
Mg(OH)2 ?
9. Gived that Ksp for BaSO4 = 1 x 10-10, Ksp for MgSO4 = 1 x 10-5, Ksp for SrSO4 = 3 x 10-7
and Ksp for CaSO4 = 3 x 10-6. If into the 500 mL of the mixture of BaCl2, MgCl2, SrCl2
andCaCl2 that their concentration are 0.0002 M are added by 500 mL of Na2SO4
0.00002 M, determine which is the salt that precipited?
No Questions Answer
1 Given that the equilibrium in ........................................................
saturated solution: ........................................................
Ag2SO4(s) ↔ 2Ag+(ag) + SO42-(aq)
Where will the eqilibrium system
shift? If :
a. added by SO42- ion
b. added by Ag+ ion
Individual assignments
What will happen if AgCl is dissolved in NaCl solution or AgNO3 solution?
Compare the solubility of AgCl in NaCl solution or AgNO3 solution with solubility of
AgCl in water? Change or not?
No Questions answer
1 If AgCl is dissolved in NaCl x M AgCl(s) ↔ ......(ag) + .....(aq)
so it will happen two ionizations. NaCl(aq)→ ......(aq) + ......(aq)
Write the equation of the both
ionizations!
Conclusion
Solution :
The solubility of BaSO4 in Na2SO4 0,01 M = x mol/L
BaSO4(s) ↔ Ba2+ (aq) + SO42-(aq)
xM ~ xM ~ x M
Na2SO4(aq) → 2 Na+ (aq) + SO42-(aq)
0.01 M ~ 0.02 M ~ 0.01 M
BaSO4(s) ↔ Ba2+ (aq) + SO42-(aq)
Initial : a M 0M 0.01 M
Solubility : x M - ~ xM ~ x M +
Equilibrium : (a-x) M xM (0.01 + x)M
Note : x is very small compared to 0.01 and hence the approximation that ( 0.01 + x ) M = 0,01 M is justified.
1. Given that Ksp for AgCl = 1 x 10-10, determine the solubility of AgCl in:
a. water
b. Na2SO4 0.1 M
c. NaCl 0.01 M
d. CaCl2 0.005 M
e. AgNO3 0.01 M